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Kuehnast T, Kumpitsch C, Mohammadzadeh R, Weichhart T, Moissl-Eichinger C, Heine H. Exploring the human archaeome: its relevance for health and disease, and its complex interplay with the human immune system. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38555566 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This Review aims to coalesce existing knowledge on the human archaeome, a less-studied yet critical non-bacterial component of the human microbiome, with a focus on its interaction with the immune system. Despite a largely bacteria-centric focus in microbiome research, archaea present unique challenges and opportunities for understanding human health. We examine the archaeal distribution across different human body sites, such as the lower gastrointestinal tract (LGT), upper aerodigestive tract (UAT), urogenital tract (UGT), and skin. Variability in archaeal composition exists between sites; methanogens dominate the LGT, while Nitrososphaeria are prevalent on the skin and UAT. Archaea have yet to be classified as pathogens but show associations with conditions such as refractory sinusitis and vaginosis. In the LGT, methanogenic archaea play critical metabolic roles by converting bacterial end-products into methane, correlating with various health conditions, including obesity and certain cancers. Finally, this work looks at the complex interactions between archaea and the human immune system at the molecular level. Recent research has illuminated the roles of specific archaeal molecules, such as RNA and glycerolipids, in stimulating immune responses via innate immune receptors like Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) and 'C-type lectin domain family 4 member E' (CLEC4E; also known as MINCLE). Additionally, metabolic by-products of archaea, specifically methane, have demonstrated immunomodulatory effects through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways. Despite these advancements, the mechanistic underpinnings of how archaea influence immune activity remain a fertile area for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Kuehnast
- D&R Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Kumpitsch
- D&R Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- D&R Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- D&R Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Division of Innate Immunity, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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Xiao Y, Feng J, Jia J, Li J, Zhou Y, Song Z, Guan F, Li X, Liu L. Vitamin K1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-triggered skeletal muscle damage revealed by faecal bacteria transplantation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:81-97. [PMID: 38018317 PMCID: PMC10834346 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated muscle weakness is common in patients of intensive care units (ICUs), and it is closely associated with poor outcomes. The mechanism of sepsis-induced muscle weakness is unclear. Recent studies have found that gut microbiota and metabolites are involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of gut microbiota and metabolites on sepsis-associated muscle weakness. METHODS In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model, mice with different sensitivities to LPS-induced inflammation were considered as donor mice for the faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) assay, and recipient mice were divided into sensitive (Sen) and resistant (Res) groups. Skeletal muscle mass and function, as well as colonic barrier integrity were tested and gut microbiota and metabolite composition were analysed in both groups of mice. The effect of intestinal differential metabolite vitamin K1 on LPS-triggered muscle damage was investigated, and the underlying mechanism was explored. RESULTS Recipients exhibited varying LPS-triggered muscle damage and intestinal barrier disruption. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of Sen exhibited upregulated expression levels of MuRF-1 (0.825 ± 0.063 vs. 0.304 ± 0.293, P = 0.0141) and MAFbx (1.055 ± 0.079 vs. 0.456 ± 0.3, P = 0.0092). Colonic tight junction proteins ZO-1 (0.550 ± 0.087 vs. 0.842 ± 0.094, P = 0.0492) and occludin (0.284 ± 0.057 vs. 0.664 ± 0.191, P = 0.0487) were significantly downregulated in the Sen group. Metabolomic analysis showed significantly higher vitamin K1 in the faeces (P = 0.0195) and serum of the Res group (P = 0.0079) than those of the Sen group. After vitamin K1 intervention, muscle atrophy-related protein expression downregulated (P < 0.05). Meanwhile SIRT1 protein expression were upregulated (0.320 ± 0.035 vs. 0.685 ± 0.081, P = 0.0281) and pNF-κB protein expression were downregulated (0.815 ± 0.295 vs. 0.258 ± 0.130, P = 0.0308). PI3K (0.365 ± 0.142 vs. 0.763 ± 0.013, P = 0.0475), pAKT (0.493 ± 0.159 vs. 1.183 ± 0.344, P = 0.0254) and pmTOR (0.509 ± 0.088 vs. 1.110 ± 0.190, P = 0.0368) protein expression levels were upregulated in TA muscle. Meanwhile, vitamin K1 attenuated serum inflammatory factor levels. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin K1 might ameliorate LPS-triggered skeletal muscle damage by antagonizing NF-κB-mediated inflammation through upregulation of SIRT1 and regulating the balance between protein synthesis and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingshun Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathogen and Microbiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Song
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fasheng Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Guruceaga X, Perez-Cuesta U, Martin-Vicente A, Pelegri-Martinez E, Thorn HI, Cendon-Sanchez S, Xie J, Nywening AV, Ramirez-Garcia A, Fortwendel JR, Rementeria A. The Aspergillus fumigatus maiA gene contributes to cell wall homeostasis and fungal virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327299. [PMID: 38343890 PMCID: PMC10853476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two distinct in vitro infection models of Aspergillus fumigatus, using murine macrophages (RAW264.7) and human lung epithelial cells (A549), were employed to identify the genes important for fungal adaptation during infection. Transcriptomic analyses of co-incubated A. fumigatus uncovered 140 fungal genes up-regulated in common between both models that, when compared with a previously published in vivo transcriptomic study, allowed the identification of 13 genes consistently up-regulated in all three infection conditions. Among them, the maiA gene, responsible for a critical step in the L-phenylalanine degradation pathway, was identified. Disruption of maiA resulted in a mutant strain unable to complete the Phe degradation pathway, leading to an excessive production of pyomelanin when this amino acid served as the sole carbon source. Moreover, the disruption mutant exhibited noticeable cell wall abnormalities, with reduced levels of β-glucans within the cell wall but did not show lack of chitin or mannans. The maiA-1 mutant strain induced reduced inflammation in primary macrophages and displayed significantly lower virulence in a neutropenic mouse model of infection. This is the first study linking the A. fumigatus maiA gene to fungal cell wall homeostasis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Guruceaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Uxue Perez-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Eduardo Pelegri-Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Harrison I. Thorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Healths Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Saioa Cendon-Sanchez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jinhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Healths Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ashley V. Nywening
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jarrod R. Fortwendel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Earle K, Valero C, Conn DP, Vere G, Cook PC, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Gago S. Pathogenicity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2023; 14:2172264. [PMID: 36752587 PMCID: PMC10732619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from immunosuppression, chronic respiratory conditions or more recently, concomitant viral or bacterial pulmonary infections are recognised risks factors for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge of the mechanistic basis of pulmonary aspergillosis with a focus on emerging at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Earle
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Valero
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George Vere
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J. Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Park E, Jeon H, Lee N, Yu J, Park H, Satoh T, Akira S, Furuyama T, Lee C, Choi J, Rho J. TDAG51 promotes transcription factor FoxO1 activity during LPS-induced inflammatory responses. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111867. [PMID: 37203866 PMCID: PMC10308371 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory responses is important for innate immunity. Here, we show that T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51/PHLDA1) is a novel regulator of the transcription factor FoxO1, regulating inflammatory mediator production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. TDAG51 induction by LPS stimulation was mediated by the TLR2/4 signaling pathway in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). LPS-induced inflammatory mediator production was significantly decreased in TDAG51-deficient BMMs. In TDAG51-deficient mice, LPS- or pathogenic Escherichia coli infection-induced lethal shock was reduced by decreasing serum proinflammatory cytokine levels. The recruitment of 14-3-3ζ to FoxO1 was competitively inhibited by the TDAG51-FoxO1 interaction, leading to blockade of FoxO1 cytoplasmic translocation and thereby strengthening FoxO1 nuclear accumulation. TDAG51/FoxO1 double-deficient BMMs showed significantly reduced inflammatory mediator production compared with TDAG51- or FoxO1-deficient BMMs. TDAG51/FoxO1 double deficiency protected mice against LPS- or pathogenic E. coli infection-induced lethal shock by weakening the systemic inflammatory response. Thus, these results indicate that TDAG51 acts as a regulator of the transcription factor FoxO1, leading to strengthened FoxO1 activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui‐Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Hyoeun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Hye‐Won Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tatsuo Furuyama
- Department of Clinical ExaminationKagawa Prefectural University of Health SciencesKagawaJapan
| | - Chul‐Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jong‐Soon Choi
- Division of Life ScienceKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
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Curson JE, Liu L, Luo L, Muusse TW, Lucas RM, Gunther KS, Vajjhala PR, Abrol R, Jones A, Kapetanovic R, Stacey KJ, Stow JL, Sweet MJ. TLR4 phosphorylation at tyrosine 672 activates the ERK/c-FOS signaling module for LPS-induced cytokine responses in macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250056. [PMID: 37058370 PMCID: PMC10947571 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
TLRs engage numerous adaptor proteins and signaling molecules, enabling a complex series of post-translational modifications (PTMs) to mount inflammatory responses. TLRs themselves are post-translationally modified following ligand-induced activation, with this being required to relay the full spectrum of proinflammatory signaling responses. Here, we reveal indispensable roles for TLR4 Y672 and Y749 phosphorylation in mounting optimal LPS-inducible inflammatory responses in primary mouse macrophages. LPS promotes phosphorylation at both tyrosine residues, with Y749 phosphorylation being required for maintenance of total TLR4 protein levels and Y672 phosphorylation exerting its pro-inflammatory effects more selectively by initiating ERK1/2 and c-FOS phosphorylation. Our data also support a role for the TLR4-interacting membrane proteins SCIMP and the SYK kinase axis in mediating TLR4 Y672 phosphorylation to permit downstream inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. The corresponding residue in human TLR4 (Y674) is also required for optimal LPS signaling responses. Our study, thus, reveals how a single PTM on one of the most widely studied innate immune receptors orchestrates downstream inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E.B. Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Liping Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Timothy W. Muusse
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Richard M. Lucas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kimberley S. Gunther
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Parimala R. Vajjhala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Rishika Abrol
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Katryn J. Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer L. Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Hatinguais R, Kay M, Salazar F, Conn DP, Williams DL, Cook PC, Willment JA, Brown GD. Development of Negative Controls for Fc-C-Type Lectin Receptor Probes. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0113523. [PMID: 37158741 PMCID: PMC10269840 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc-C-type lectin receptor (Fc-CTLRs) probes are soluble chimeric proteins constituted of the extracellular domain of a CTLR fused with the constant fraction (Fc) of the human IgG. These probes are useful tools to study the interaction of CTLRs with their ligands, with applications similar to those of antibodies, often in combination with widely available fluorescent antibodies targeting the Fc fragment (anti-hFc). In particular, Fc-Dectin-1 has been extensively used to study the accessibility of β-glucans at the surface of pathogenic fungi. However, there is no universal negative control for Fc-CTLRs, making the distinction of specific versus nonspecific binding difficult. We describe here 2 negative controls for Fc-CTLRs: a Fc-control constituting of only the Fc portion, and a Fc-Dectin-1 mutant predicted to be unable to bind β-glucans. Using these new probes, we found that while Fc-CTLRs exhibit virtually no nonspecific binding to Candida albicans yeasts, Aspergillus fumigatus resting spores strongly bind Fc-CTLRs in a nonspecific manner. Nevertheless, using the controls we describe here, we were able to demonstrate that A. fumigatus spores expose a low amount of β-glucan. Our data highlight the necessity of appropriate negative controls for experiments involving Fc-CTLRs probes. IMPORTANCE While Fc-CTLRs probes are useful tools to study the interaction of CTLRs with ligands, their use is limited by the lack of appropriate negative controls in assays involving fungi and potentially other pathogens. We have developed and characterized 2 negative controls for Fc-CTLRs assays: Fc-control and a Fc-Dectin-1 mutant. In this manuscript, we characterize the use of these negative controls with zymosan, a β-glucan containing particle, and 2 human pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans yeasts and Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. We show that A. fumigatus conidia nonspecifically bind Fc-CTLRs probes, demonstrating the need for appropriate negative controls in such assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Madalaine Kay
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fabián Salazar
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A. Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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The Lipid Raft-Associated Protein Stomatin Is Required for Accumulation of Dectin-1 in the Phagosomal Membrane and for Full Activity of Macrophages against Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2023; 8:e0052322. [PMID: 36719247 PMCID: PMC9942578 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00523-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages belong to the first line of defense against inhaled conidia of the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In lung alveoli, they contribute to phagocytosis and elimination of conidia. As a counterdefense, conidia have a gray-green pigment that enables them to survive in phagosomes of macrophages for some time. Previously, we showed that this conidial pigment interferes with the formation of flotillin-dependent lipid raft microdomains in the phagosomal membrane, thereby preventing the formation of functional phagolysosomes. Besides flotillins, stomatin is a major component of lipid rafts and can be targeted to the membrane. However, only limited information on stomatin is available, in particular on its role in defense against pathogens. To determine the function of this integral membrane protein, a stomatin-deficient macrophage line was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that stomatin contributes to the phagocytosis of conidia and is important for recruitment of the β-glucan receptor dectin-1 to both the cytoplasmic membrane and phagosomal membrane. In stomatin knockout cells, fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes, recruitment of the vATPase to phagosomes, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were reduced when cells were infected with pigmentless conidia. Thus, our data suggest that stomatin is involved in maturation of phagosomes via fostering fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. IMPORTANCE Stomatin is an integral membrane protein that contributes to the uptake of microbes, e.g., spores of the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. By generation of a stomatin-deficient macrophage line by advanced genetic engineering, we found that stomatin is involved in the recruitment of the β-glucan receptor dectin-1 to the phagosomal membrane of macrophages. Furthermore, stomatin is involved in maturation of phagosomes via fostering fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. The data provide new insights on the important role of stomatin in the immune response against human-pathogenic fungi.
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Chen Q, Liu F, Wu Y, He Y, Kong Q, Sang H. Fungal melanin-induced metabolic reprogramming in macrophages is crucial for inflammation. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101359. [PMID: 36701872 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The overuse of antifungal and immunosuppressant drugs and the higher frequency of organ transplantation has resulted in mycosis being increasingly intractable, and there is a great need for the development of new therapies. Melanin is an important virulence factor that can inhibit the inflammatory response in the host and facilitate fungal survival by several methods. However, a recent study showed that the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α axis in macrophages was activated after melanin-binding proteins recognised the DHN melanin of Aspergillus fumigatus, with a resulting metabolic shift towards glycolysis (i.e., metabolic reprogramming). As a result, antimicrobial compounds (e.g., inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species) were increased to fight the fungal invasion. Actually, DHN melanin from other fungi and DOPA melanin can induce inflammation and stimulate the production of melanin-binding antibodies. In addition, DOPA melanin contains conserved repeating units that are similar to those of DHN melanin. Therefore, we evaluated the associated evidence to propose an interesting and reasonable hypothesis that melanin promotes inflammation by metabolic reprogramming, which could provide a research direction for antifungal therapy. It suggests that regulating the metabolism of immune cells can guide the inflammatory response against fungi, despite the presence of immunosuppressant melanin. Since the biochemical molecules of glycolysis are clearly described, regulating glycolysis in macrophages may be easier than inventing new antifungal drugs. Further clarification of our hypothesis may strengthen the candidacy of melanin for future antifungal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Yifan He
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China
| | - Qingtao Kong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China.
| | - Hong Sang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China; Department of Dermatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, China.
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10
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Cohen-Kedar S, Shaham Barda E, Rabinowitz KM, Keizer D, Abu-Taha H, Schwartz S, Kaboub K, Baram L, Sadot E, White I, Wasserberg N, Wolff-Bar M, Levy-Barda A, Dotan I. Human intestinal epithelial cells can internalize luminal fungi via LC3-associated phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142492. [PMID: 36969163 PMCID: PMC10030769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first to encounter luminal microorganisms and actively participate in intestinal immunity. We reported that IECs express the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1, and respond to commensal fungi and β-glucans. In phagocytes, Dectin-1 mediates LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) utilizing autophagy components to process extracellular cargo. Dectin-1 can mediate phagocytosis of β-glucan-containing particles by non-phagocytic cells. We aimed to determine whether human IECs phagocytose β-glucan-containing fungal particles via LAP. Methods Colonic (n=18) and ileal (n=4) organoids from individuals undergoing bowel resection were grown as monolayers. Fluorescent-dye conjugated zymosan (β-glucan particle), heat-killed- and UV inactivated C. albicans were applied to differentiated organoids and to human IEC lines. Confocal microscopy was used for live imaging and immuno-fluorescence. Quantification of phagocytosis was carried out with a fluorescence plate-reader. Results zymosan and C. albicans particles were phagocytosed by monolayers of human colonic and ileal organoids and IEC lines. LAP was identified by LC3 and Rubicon recruitment to phagosomes and lysosomal processing of internalized particles was demonstrated by co-localization with lysosomal dyes and LAMP2. Phagocytosis was significantly diminished by blockade of Dectin-1, actin polymerization and NAPDH oxidases. Conclusions Our results show that human IECs sense luminal fungal particles and internalize them via LAP. This novel mechanism of luminal sampling suggests that IECs may contribute to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance towards commensal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Cohen-Kedar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
| | - Efrat Shaham Barda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Masha Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Keizer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanan Abu-Taha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kawsar Kaboub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liran Baram
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Sadot
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ian White
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Wasserberg
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Meirav Wolff-Bar
- Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
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11
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Bott KN, Feldman E, de Souza RJ, Comelli EM, Klentrou P, Peters SJ, Ward WE. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bone Loss in Rodent Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:198-213. [PMID: 36401814 PMCID: PMC10107812 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis has traditionally been characterized by underlying endocrine mechanisms, though evidence indicates a role of inflammation in its pathophysiology. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria that reside in the intestines, can be released into circulation and stimulate the immune system, upregulating bone resorption. Exogenous LPS is used in rodent models to study the effect of systemic inflammation on bone, and to date a variety of different doses, routes, and durations of LPS administration have been used. The study objective was to determine whether systemic administration of LPS induced inflammatory bone loss in rodent models. A systematic search of Medline and four other databases resulted in a total of 110 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random-effects meta-analyses were used for bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD). Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. Shorter-term (<2 weeks) and longer-term (>2 weeks) LPS interventions were analyzed separately because of intractable study design differences. BV/TV was significantly reduced in both shorter-term (SMD = -3.79%, 95% CI [-4.20, -3.38], I2 62%; p < 0.01) and longer-term (SMD = -1.50%, 95% CI [-2.00, -1.00], I2 78%; p < 0.01) studies. vBMD was also reduced in both shorter-term (SMD = -3.11%, 95% CI [-3.78, -2.44]; I2 72%; p < 0.01) and longer-term (SMD = -3.49%, 95% CI [-4.94, -2.04], I2 82%; p < 0.01) studies. In both groups, regardless of duration, LPS negatively impacted trabecular bone structure but not cortical bone structure, and an upregulation in bone resorption demonstrated by bone cell staining and serum biomarkers was reported. This suggests systemically delivered exogenous LPS in rodents is a viable model for studying inflammatory bone loss, particularly in trabecular bone. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten N Bott
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn Feldman
- Lakehead University Library, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena M Comelli
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra J Peters
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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12
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Histoplasma capsulatum Activates Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Progenitors through a Mechanism Dependent on TLR2, TLR4, and Dectin-1. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101108. [PMID: 36294673 PMCID: PMC9604687 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), a multipotent and self-renewing population responsible for the generation and maintenance of blood cells, have been the subject of numerous investigations due to their therapeutic potential. It has been shown that these cells are able to interact with pathogens through the TLRs that they express on their surface, affecting the hematopoiesis process. However, the interaction between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) with fungal pathogens such as Histoplasma capsulatum has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if the interaction of HSPCs with H. capsulatum yeasts affects the hematopoiesis, activation, or proliferation of these cells. The results indicate that HSPCs are able to adhere to and internalize H. capsulatum yeasts through a mechanism dependent on TLR2, TLR4, and Dectin-1; however, this process does not affect the survival of the fungus, and, on the contrary, such interaction induces a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β, as well as the immune mediators Arg-1 and iNOS. Moreover, H. capsulatum induces apoptosis and alters HSPC proliferation. These findings suggest that H. capsulatum directly modulates the immune response exerted by HPSC through PRRs, and this interaction could directly affect the process of hematopoiesis, a fact that could explain clinical manifestations such as anemia and pancytopenia in patients with severe histoplasmosis, especially in those with fungal spread to the bone marrow.
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13
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Henß I, Kleinemeier C, Strobel L, Brock M, Löffler J, Ebel F. Characterization of Aspergillus terreus Accessory Conidia and Their Interactions With Murine Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896145. [PMID: 35783442 PMCID: PMC9245049 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All Aspergillus species form phialidic conidia (PC) when the mycelium is in contact with the air. These small, asexual spores are ideally suited for an airborne dissemination in the environment. Aspergillus terreus and a few closely related species from section Terrei can additionally generate accessory conidia (AC) that directly emerge from the hyphal surface. In this study, we have identified galactomannan as a major surface antigen on AC that is largely absent from the surface of PC. Galactomannan is homogeneously distributed over the entire surface of AC and even detectable on nascent AC present on the hyphal surface. In contrast, β-glucans are only accessible in distinct structures that occur after separation of the conidia from the hyphal surface. During germination, AC show a very limited isotropic growth that has no detectable impact on the distribution of galactomannan. The AC of the strain used in this study germinate much faster than the corresponding PC, and they are more sensitive to desiccation than PC. During infection of murine J774 macrophages, AC are readily engulfed and trigger a strong tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) response. Both processes are not hampered by the presence of laminarin, which indicates that β-glucans only play a minor role in these interactions. In the phagosome, we observed that galactomannan, but not β-glucan, is released from the conidial surface and translocates to the host cell cytoplasm. AC persist in phagolysosomes, and many of them initiate germination within 24 h. In conclusion, we have identified galactomannan as a novel and major antigen on AC that clearly distinguishes them from PC. The role of this fungal-specific carbohydrate in the interactions with the immune system remains an open issue that needs to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Henß
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinemeier
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Strobel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Genetics and Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank Ebel
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14
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Gibbons JG, D’Avino P, Zhao S, Cox GW, Rinker DC, Fortwendel JR, Latge JP. Comparative Genomics Reveals a Single Nucleotide Deletion in pksP That Results in White-Spore Phenotype in Natural Variants of Aspergillus fumigatus. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:897954. [PMID: 37746219 PMCID: PMC10512363 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.897954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a potentially deadly opportunistic human pathogen. A. fumigatus has evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade detection by the immune system. For example, the conidium surface is covered in a layer of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin which masks the antigen macrophages use for recognition. DHN melanin also protects conidia from ultraviolet radiation and gives A. fumigatus conidia their characteristic green-grayish color. Here, we conducted genomic analysis of two closely related white-spore natural variants of A. fumigatus in comparison to two closely related green-spore isolates to identify a genetic basis of the white-spore phenotype. Illumina whole-genome resequencing data of the four isolates was used to identify variants that were shared in the white-spore isolates and different from both the green-spore isolates and the Af293 reference genome (which is also a green-spore isolate). We identified 4,279 single nucleotide variants and 1,785 insertion/deletions fitting this pattern. Among these, we identified 64 variants predicted to be high impact, loss-of-function mutations. One of these variants is a single nucleotide deletion that results in a frameshift in pksP (Afu2g17600), the core biosynthetic gene in the DHN melanin encoding gene cluster. The frameshift mutation in the white-spore isolates leads to a truncated protein in which a phosphopantetheine attachment site (PP-binding domain) is interrupted and an additional PP-binding domain and a thioesterase domain are omitted. Growth rate analysis of white-spore and green-spore isolates at 37°C and 48°C revealed that white-spore isolates are thermosensitive. Growth rate of A. fumigatus Af293 and a pksP null mutant in the Af293 background suggests pksP is not directly involved in the thermosensitivity phenotype. Further, our study identified a mutation in a gene (Afu4g04740) associated with thermal sensitivity in yeasts which could also be responsible for the thermosensitivity of the white-spore mutants. Overall, we used comparative genomics to identify the mutation and protein alterations responsible for the white-spore phenotype of environmental isolates of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Gibbons
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Paolo D’Avino
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Shu Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Grace W. Cox
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - David C. Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jarrod R. Fortwendel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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15
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Haist M, Ries F, Gunzer M, Bednarczyk M, Siegel E, Kuske M, Grabbe S, Radsak M, Bros M, Teschner D. Neutrophil-Specific Knockdown of β2 Integrins Impairs Antifungal Effector Functions and Aggravates the Course of Invasive Pulmonal Aspergillosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823121. [PMID: 35734179 PMCID: PMC9207500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β2-integrins are heterodimeric surface receptors that are expressed specifically by leukocytes and consist of a variable α (CD11a-d) and a common β-subunit (CD18). Functional impairment of CD18, which causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-1 results in an immunocompromised state characterized by severe infections, such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The underlying immune defects have largely been attributed to an impaired migratory and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). However, the exact contribution of β2-integrins for PMN functions in-vivo has not been elucidated yet, since the mouse models available so far display a constitutive CD18 knockout (CD18-/- or CD18hypo). To determine the PMN-specific role of β2-integrins for innate effector functions and pathogen control, we generated a mouse line with a Ly6G-specific knockdown of the common β-subunit (CD18Ly6G cKO). We characterized CD18Ly6G cKO mice in-vitro to confirm the PMN-specific knockdown of β2-integrins. Next, we investigated the clinical course of IPA in A. fumigatus infected CD18Ly6G cKO mice with regard to the fungal burden, pulmonary inflammation and PMN response towards A. fumigatus. Our results revealed that the β2-integrin knockdown was restricted to PMN and that CD18Ly6G cKO mice showed an aggravated course of IPA. In accordance, we observed a higher fungal burden and lower levels of proinflammatory innate cytokines, such as TNF-α, in lungs of IPA-infected CD18Ly6G cKO mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed higher levels of CXCL1, a stronger PMN-infiltration, but concomitantly elevated apoptosis of PMN in lungs of CD18Ly6G cKO mice. Ex-vivo analysis further unveiled a strong impairment of PMN effector function, as reflected by an attenuated phagocytic activity, and a diminished generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil-extracellular traps (NET) in CD18-deficient PMN. Overall, our study demonstrates that β2-integrins are required specifically for PMN effector functions and contribute to the clearance of A. fumigatus by infiltrating PMN, and the establishment of an inflammatory microenvironment in infected lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Haist
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maximilian Haist,
| | - Frederic Ries
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Monika Bednarczyk
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Siegel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kuske
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Radsak
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Taylor MD, Fernandes TD, Yaipen O, Higgins CE, Capone CA, Leisman DE, Nedeljkovic-Kurepa A, Abraham MN, Brewer MR, Deutschman CS. T cell activation and IFNγ modulate organ dysfunction in LPS-mediated inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:221-232. [PMID: 35141943 PMCID: PMC9351424 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0921-492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS challenge is used to model inflammation-induced organ dysfunction. The effects of T cell activation on LPS-mediated organ dysfunction and immune responses are unknown. We studied these interactions through in vivo administration of anti-CD3ε (CD3) T cell activating antibody and LPS. Mortality in response to high-dose LPS (LPSHi; 600 μg) was 60%; similar mortality was observed with a 10-fold reduction in LPS dose (LPSLo; 60 μg) when administered with CD3 (CD3LPSLo). LPSHi and CD3LPSLo cohorts suffered severe organ dysfunction. CD3LPSLo led to increased IFNγ and IL12p70 produced by T cells and dendritic cells (cDCs) respectively. CD3LPSLo caused cDC expression of CD40 and MHCII and prevented PD1 expression in response to CD3. These interactions led to the generation of CD4 and CD8 cytolytic T cells. CD3LPSLo responded to IFNγ or IL12p40 blockade, in contrast to LPSHi. The combination of TCR activation and LPS (CD3LPSLo) dysregulated T cell activation and increased LPS-associated organ dysfunction and mortality through T cell and cDC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taylor
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Tiago D Fernandes
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Omar Yaipen
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Cassidy E Higgins
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Christine A Capone
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Daniel E Leisman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Nedeljkovic-Kurepa
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Mabel N Abraham
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Mariana R Brewer
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Clifford S Deutschman
- The Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
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17
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Osbron CA, Goodman AG. To die or not to die: Programmed cell death responses and their interactions with Coxiella burnetii infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:717-736. [PMID: 35020241 PMCID: PMC9018580 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular, macrophage-tropic bacterium and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. The epidemiology of Q fever is associated with the presence of infected animals; sheep, goats, cattle, and humans primarily become infected by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In humans, the acute phase of the disease is characterized primarily by influenza-like symptoms, and approximately 3-5% of the infected individuals develop chronic infection. C. burnetii infection activates many types of immune responses, and the bacteria's genome encodes for numerous effector proteins that interact with host immune signaling mechanisms. Here, we will discuss two forms of programmed cell death, apoptosis and pyroptosis. Apoptosis is a form of non-inflammatory cell death that leads to phagocytosis of small membrane-bound bodies. Conversely, pyroptosis results in lytic cell death accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Both apoptosis and pyroptosis have been implicated in the clearance of intracellular bacterial pathogens, including C. burnetii. Finally, we will discuss the role of autophagy, the degradation of unwanted cellular components, during C. burnetii infection. Together, the review of these forms of programmed cell death will open new research questions aimed at combating this highly infectious pathogen for which treatment options are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164.,Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
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18
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Rogava M, Braun AD, van der Sluis TC, Shridhar N, Tüting T, Gaffal E. Tumor cell intrinsic Toll-like receptor 4 signaling promotes melanoma progression and metastatic dissemination. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:142-151. [PMID: 34528710 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most melanoma-associated deaths result from the early development of metastasis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression on nontumor cells is well known to contribute to tumor development and metastatic progression. The role of TLR4 expression on tumor cells however is less well understood. Here we describe TLR4 as a driver of tumor progression and metastatic spread of melanoma cells by employing a transplantable mouse melanoma model. HCmel12 melanoma cells lacking functional TLR4 showed increased sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor α induced cell killing in vitro compared to cells with intact TLR4. Interestingly, TLR4 knockout melanoma cells also showed impaired migratory capacity in vitro and a significantly reduced ability to metastasize to the lungs after subcutaneous transplantation in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that activation of TLR4 also promotes migration in a subset of human melanoma cell lines. Our work describes TLR4 as an important mediator of melanoma migration and metastasis and provides a rationale for therapeutic inhibition of TLR4 in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Rogava
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dominik Braun
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Naveen Shridhar
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Gaffal
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Kordes M, Ormond L, Rausch S, Matuschewski K, Hafalla JCR. TLR9 signalling inhibits Plasmodium liver infection by macrophage activation. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:270-284. [PMID: 34773640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a pivotal role in first-line pathogen defense. TLRs are also likely triggered during a Plasmodium infection in vivo by parasite-derived components. However, the contribution of innate responses to liver infection and to the subsequent clinical outcome of a blood infection is not well understood. To assess the potential effects of enhanced TLR-signalling on Plasmodium infection, we systematically examined the effect of agonist-primed immune responses to sporozoite inoculation in the P. berghei/C57Bl/6 murine malaria model. We could identify distinct stage-specific effects on the course of infection after stimulation with two out of four TLR-ligands tested. Priming with a TLR9 agonist induced killing of pre-erythrocytic stages in the liver that depended on macrophages and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These factors have previously not been recognized as antigen-independent effector mechanisms against Plasmodium liver stages. Priming with TLR4 and -9 agonists also translated into blood stage-specific protection against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). These insights are relevant to the activation of TLR signalling pathways by adjuvant systems of antimalaria vaccine strategies. The protective role of TLR4-activation against ECM might also explain some unexpected clinical effects observed with pre-erythrocytic vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kordes
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise Ormond
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Tong J, Duan Z, Zeng R, Du L, Xu S, Wang L, Liu Y, Chen Q, Chen X, Li M. MiR-146a Negatively Regulates Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced TNF-α and IL-6 Secretion in THP-1 Macrophages. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:341-354. [PMID: 34089172 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatu (A. fumigatus) is one of the most common important fungal pathogens that cause life-threatening infectious disease in immunocompromised individuals. However, the host immune response against this pathogenic mold is not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in regulating innate immunity. Thus, we investigated the function of miR-146a in inflammatory responses in macrophages after A. fumigatus stimulation in this study. We found that TNF-α and IL-6 were increased in THP-1 macrophage-like cells treated with A. fumigatus at both the mRNA and protein levels. The interaction between THP-1 macrophage-like cells and A. fumigatus resulted in a long-lasting increase in miR-146a expression dependent on p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling. In A. fumigatus-challenged THP-1 macrophage-like cells, overexpression of miR-146a by miR-146a mimics decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production, whereas downregulation of miR-146a by anti-miR-146a significantly enhanced the level of TNF-α and IL-6. Our study demonstrates that the crosstalk between miR-146a and the inflammation-regulating p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways might be a fine-tuning mechanism in the modulation of the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with A. fumigatus. Our findings illuminate the crucial role of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of human diseases associated with A. fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Flotillin-Dependent Membrane Microdomains Are Required for Functional Phagolysosomes against Fungal Infections. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108017. [PMID: 32814035 PMCID: PMC10054021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts form signaling platforms on biological membranes with incompletely characterized role in immune response to infection. Here we report that lipid-raft microdomains are essential components of phagolysosomal membranes of macrophages and depend on flotillins. Genetic deletion of flotillins demonstrates that the assembly of both major defense complexes vATPase and NADPH oxidase requires membrane microdomains. Furthermore, we describe a virulence mechanism leading to dysregulation of membrane microdomains by melanized wild-type conidia of the important human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus resulting in reduced phagolysosomal acidification. We show that phagolysosomes with ingested melanized conidia contain a reduced amount of free Ca2+ ions and that inhibition of Ca2+-dependent calmodulin activity led to reduced lipid-raft formation. We identify a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human FLOT1 gene resulting in heightened susceptibility for invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Collectively, flotillin-dependent microdomains on the phagolysosomal membrane play an essential role in protective antifungal immunity.
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22
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Shukla D, Patidar A, Sarma U, Chauhan P, Pandey SP, Chandel HS, Bodhale N, Ghosh SK, Guzman CA, Ebensen T, Silvestre R, Sarkar A, Saha B, Bhattacharjee S. Interdependencies between Toll-like receptors in Leishmania infection. Immunology 2021; 164:173-189. [PMID: 33964011 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on a pathogen's surface imply their simultaneous recognition by the host cell membrane-located multiple PAMP-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The TLRs on endosomes recognize internalized pathogen-derived nucleic acids and trigger anti-pathogen immune responses aimed at eliminating the intracellular pathogen. Whether the TLRs influence each other's expression and effector responses-termed TLR interdependency-remains unknown. Herein, we first probed the existence of TLR interdependencies and next determined how targeting TLR interdependencies might determine the outcome of Leishmania infection. We observed that TLRs selectively altered expression of their own and of other TLRs revealing novel TLR interdependencies. Leishmania major-an intra-macrophage parasite inflicting the disease cutaneous leishmaniasis in 88 countries-altered this TLR interdependency unfolding a unique immune evasion mechanism. We targeted this TLR interdependency by selective silencing of rationally chosen TLRs and by stimulation with selective TLR ligands working out a novel phase-specific treatment regimen. Targeting the TLR interdependency elicited a host-protective anti-leishmanial immune response and reduced parasite burden. To test whether this observation could be used as a scientific rationale for treating a potentially fatal L. donovani infection, which causes visceral leishmaniasis, we targeted the inter-TLR dependency adopting the same treatment regimen. We observed reduced splenic Leishman-Donovan units accompanied by host-protective immune response in susceptible BALB/c mice. The TLR interdependency optimizes TLR-induced immune response by a novel immunoregulatory framework and scientifically rationalizes targeting TLRs in tandem and in sequence for redirecting immune responses against an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neelam Bodhale
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Thomas Ebensen
- Helmholtz Center for Infectious Diseases, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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23
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Fu YL, Harrison RE. Microbial Phagocytic Receptors and Their Potential Involvement in Cytokine Induction in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662063. [PMID: 33995386 PMCID: PMC8117099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential process for the uptake of large (>0.5 µm) particulate matter including microbes and dying cells. Specialized cells in the body perform phagocytosis which is enabled by cell surface receptors that recognize and bind target cells. Professional phagocytes play a prominent role in innate immunity and include macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These cells display a repertoire of phagocytic receptors that engage the target cells directly, or indirectly via opsonins, to mediate binding and internalization of the target into a phagosome. Phagosome maturation then proceeds to cause destruction and recycling of the phagosome contents. Key subsequent events include antigen presentation and cytokine production to alert and recruit cells involved in the adaptive immune response. Bridging the innate and adaptive immunity, macrophages secrete a broad selection of inflammatory mediators to orchestrate the type and magnitude of an inflammatory response. This review will focus on cytokines produced by NF-κB signaling which is activated by extracellular ligands and serves a master regulator of the inflammatory response to microbes. Macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8 and IL12 which together increases vascular permeability and promotes recruitment of other immune cells. The major anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages include IL10 and TGFβ which act to suppress inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and other immune cells. Typically, macrophage cytokines are synthesized, trafficked intracellularly and released in response to activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or inflammasomes. Direct evidence linking the event of phagocytosis to cytokine production in macrophages is lacking. This review will focus on cytokine output after engagement of macrophage phagocytic receptors by particulate microbial targets. Microbial receptors include the PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptors (SRs), C-type lectin and the opsonic receptors. Our current understanding of how macrophage receptor stimulation impacts cytokine production is largely based on work utilizing soluble ligands that are destined for endocytosis. We will instead focus this review on research examining receptor ligation during uptake of particulate microbes and how this complex internalization process may influence inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin Fu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rene E. Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Liu S, Youngchim S, Zamith-Miranda D, Nosanchuk JD. Fungal Melanin and the Mammalian Immune System. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040264. [PMID: 33807336 PMCID: PMC8066723 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanins are ubiquitous complex polymers that are commonly known in humans to cause pigmentation of our skin. Melanins are also present in bacteria, fungi, and helminths. In this review, we will describe the diverse interactions of fungal melanin with the mammalian immune system. We will particularly focus on Cryptococcus neoformans and also discuss other major melanotic pathogenic fungi. Melanin interacts with the immune system through diverse pathways, reducing the effectiveness of phagocytic cells, binding effector molecules and antifungals, and modifying complement and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Liu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
| | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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F. Q. Smith D, Casadevall A. Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftab013. [PMID: 33544836 PMCID: PMC7981337 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) have emerged as a model system to explore experimental aspects of fungal pathogenesis. The benefits of the G. mellonella model include being faster, cheaper, higher throughput and easier compared with vertebrate models. Additionally, as invertebrates, their use is subject to fewer ethical and regulatory issues. However, for G. mellonella models to provide meaningful insight into fungal pathogenesis, the G. mellonella-fungal interactions must be comparable to mammalian-fungal interactions. Indeed, as discussed in the review, studies suggest that G. mellonella and mammalian immune systems share many similarities, and fungal virulence factors show conserved functions in both hosts. While the moth model has opened novel research areas, many comparisons are superficial and leave large gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed concerning specific mechanisms underlying G. mellonella-fungal interactions. Closing these gaps in understanding will strengthen G. mellonella as a model for fungal virulence in the upcoming years. In this review, we provide comprehensive comparisons between fungal pathogenesis in mammals and G. mellonella from immunological and virulence perspectives. When information on an antifungal immune component is unknown in G. mellonella, we include findings from other well-studied Lepidoptera. We hope that by outlining this information available in related species, we highlight areas of needed research and provide a framework for understanding G. mellonella immunity and fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Q. Smith
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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Weekate K, Chuenjitkuntaworn B, Chuveera P, Vaseenon S, Chompu-Inwai P, Ittichaicharoen J, Chattipakorn S, Srisuwan T. Alterations of mitochondrial dynamics, inflammation and mineralization potential of lipopolysaccharide-induced human dental pulp cells after exposure to N-acetyl cysteine, Biodentine or ProRoot MTA. Int Endod J 2021; 54:951-965. [PMID: 33503268 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Biodentine, ProRoot MTA and their combinations, on cell viability, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, mineralization and on the expression of genes related to inflammatory cytokine production, mitochondrial dynamics and cell apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). METHODOLOGY Isolated hDPCs were exposed to 20 μg mL-1 of Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS for 24 h, before the experiment, except for the control group. Eight experimental groups were assigned: (i) control (hDPCs cultured in regular medium), (ii) +LPS (hDPCs cultured in LPS medium throughout the experiment), (iii) -LPS/Media, (iv) -LPS/BD, (v) -LPS/MTA, (vi) -LPS/NAC, (vii) -LPS/BD + NAC and (viii) -LPS/MTA + NAC. Cell viability was measured using Alamar blue assay at 24 and 48 h. Production of mtROS was evaluated at 6 and 24 h by MitoSOX Red and MitoTracker Green. The expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, Bcl-2, Bax, Mfn-2 and Drp-1 genes were investigated at 6 h using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For differentiation potential, cells were cultured in the osteogenic differentiation media and stained using Alizarin red assay at 14 and 21 days. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and one-way anova were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS NAC was associated with significantly greater LPS-induced hDPC viability (P < 0.05). Both Biodentine and MTA extracts promoted cell survival, whereas the combination of NAC to these material extracts significantly increased the number of viable cells at 24 h (P < 0.05). Biodentine, MTA or NAC did not alter the mtROS level (P > 0.05). NAC supplementation to the MTA extract significantly reduced the level of IL-6 and TNF-α expression (P < 0.05). Regarding mitochondrial dynamics, the use of NAC alone promoted significant Mfn-2/Drp-1 expression (P < 0.05). Most of the groups exhibited a level of Bcl-2/Bax gene expression similar to that of the control group. The increases in mineralization productions were observed in most of the groups, except the LPS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The antioxidant effect of NAC was not evident under the LPS-induced condition in DPC in vitro. NAC combined either with Biodentine or MTA improved LPS-induced hDPCs survival at 24 h. The combination of NAC with MTA promoted mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weekate
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - B Chuenjitkuntaworn
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - P Chuveera
- Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S Vaseenon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - P Chompu-Inwai
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - J Ittichaicharoen
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S Chattipakorn
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - T Srisuwan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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27
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Hassan MIA, Keller M, Hillger M, Binder U, Reuter S, Herold K, Telagathoti A, Dahse HM, Wicht S, Trinks N, Nietzsche S, Deckert-Gaudig T, Deckert V, Mrowka R, Terpitz U, Peter Saluz H, Voigt K. The impact of episporic modification of Lichtheimia corymbifera on virulence and interaction with phagocytes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:880-896. [PMID: 33598103 PMCID: PMC7851798 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by the ancient lineage Mucorales are emerging and increasingly reported in humans. Comprehensive surveys on promising attributes from a multitude of possible virulence factors are limited and so far, focused on Mucor and Rhizopus. This study addresses a systematic approach to monitor phagocytosis after physical and enzymatic modification of the outer spore wall of Lichtheimia corymbifera, one of the major causative agents of mucormycosis. Episporic modifications were performed and their consequences on phagocytosis, intracellular survival and virulence by murine alveolar macrophages and in an invertebrate infection model were elucidated. While depletion of lipids did not affect the phagocytosis of both strains, delipidation led to attenuation of LCA strain but appears to be dispensable for infection with LCV strain in the settings used in this study. Combined glucano-proteolytic treatment was necessary to achieve a significant decrease of virulence of the LCV strain in Galleria mellonella during maintenance of the full potential for spore germination as shown by a novel automated germination assay. Proteolytic and glucanolytic treatments largely increased phagocytosis compared to alive resting and swollen spores. Whilst resting spores barely (1–2%) fuse to lysosomes after invagination in to phagosomes, spore trypsinization led to a 10-fold increase of phagolysosomal fusion as measured by intracellular acidification. This is the first report of a polyphasic measurement of the consequences of episporic modification of a mucormycotic pathogen in spore germination, spore surface ultrastructure, phagocytosis, stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), phagolysosomal fusion and intracellular acidification, apoptosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and virulence.
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Key Words
- AFM, Atomic Force Microscopy
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
- CD14, Cluster of differentiation 14
- CFW, Calcofluor white
- Galleria mellonella
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HSI, Hyperspectral imaging
- Hyperspectral imaging (HIS)
- IPS, Insect physiological saline
- Intracellular survival
- LCA, Lichtheimia corymbifera attenuated
- LCV, Lichtheimia corymbifera virulent
- MD-2, Myeloid Differentiation factor 2
- MH-S, Murine alveolar macrophages
- MM6, Acute monocytic leukemia derived human monocyte Mono-Mac-6
- Monocytes
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline solution
- PI, Phagocytosis index
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy
- TLRs, Toll like receptors
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Abdelwahab Hassan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Pests & Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth St. (Postal code: 12622) Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Monique Keller
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Hillger
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41/2, 6020 Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimental Nephrology Group, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.,ThIMEDOP-Thüringer Innovationszentrum für Medizintechnik-Lösungen, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristina Herold
- Experimental Nephrology Group, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anusha Telagathoti
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Saiedeh Wicht
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Biocenter - Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Trinks
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Biocenter - Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Deckert-Gaudig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242, USA
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimental Nephrology Group, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.,ThIMEDOP-Thüringer Innovationszentrum für Medizintechnik-Lösungen, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Biocenter - Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Saluz
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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28
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De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1901071. [PMID: 32223047 PMCID: PMC7816268 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system responds in a rapid and non-specific manner against immunologic threats; inflammation is part of this response. This is followed by a slower but targeted and specific response termed the adaptive or acquired immune response. There is emerging evidence that dietary components, including yeast-derived β-glucans, can aid host defense against pathogens by modulating inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immune training refers to a newly recognized phenomenon wherein compounds may "train" innate immune cells, such that monocyte and macrophage precursor biology is altered to mount a more effective immunological response. Although various human studies have been carried out, much uncertainty still exists and further studies are required to fully elucidate the relationship between β-glucan supplementation and human immune function. This review offers an up-to-date report on yeast-derived β-glucans as immunomodulators, including a brief overview of the current paradigm regarding the interaction of β-glucans with the immune system. The recent pre-clinical work that has partly decrypted mode of action and the newest evidence from human trials are also reviewed. According to pre-clinical studies, β-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from baker's yeast may offer increased immuno-surveillance, although the human evidence is weaker than that gained from pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Institute for Global Food SecurityQueens University BelfastBelfastNorthern IrelandBT9 5DLUK
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Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040323. [PMID: 33260702 PMCID: PMC7712150 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate Sporothrix virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis to kill Galleria mellonella larvae, but not S. globosa. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the S.globosa wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of S.globosa or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation.
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30
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Rodriguez-de la Noval C, Ruiz Mendoza S, de Souza Gonçalves D, da Silva Ferreira M, Honorato L, Peralta JM, Nimrichter L, Guimarães AJ. Protective Efficacy of Lectin-Fc(IgG) Fusion Proteins In Vitro and in a Pulmonary Aspergillosis In Vivo Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040250. [PMID: 33120893 PMCID: PMC7712007 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis cases by Aspergillus fumigatus have increased, along with fungal resistance to antifungals, urging the development of new therapies. Passive immunization targeting common fungal antigens, such as chitin and β-glucans, are promising and would eliminate the need of species-level diagnosis, thereby expediting the therapeutic intervention. However, these polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic. To overcome this drawback, we developed the lectin-Fc(IgG) fusion proteins, Dectin1-Fc(IgG2a), Dectin1-Fc(IgG2b) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Fc(IgG2a), based on their affinity to β-1,3-glucan and chitooligomers, respectively. The WGA-Fc(IgG2a) previously demonstrated antifungal activity against Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. In the present work, we evaluated the antifungal properties of these lectin-Fc(s) against A. fumigatus. Lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) bound in a dose-dependent manner to germinating conidia and this binding increased upon conidia germination. Both lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) displayed in vitro antifungal effects, such as inhibition of conidia germination, a reduced length of germ tubes and a diminished biofilm formation. Lectin-Fc(IgG)(s) also enhanced complement deposition on conidia and macrophage effector functions, such as increased phagocytosis and killing of fungi. Finally, administration of the Dectin-1-Fc(IgG2b) and WGA-Fc(IgG2a) protected mice infected with A. fumigatus, with a 20% survival and a doubled life-span of the infected mice, which was correlated to a fungal burden reduction in lungs and brains of treated animals. These results confirm the potential of lectin-Fc(IgGs)(s) as a broad-spectrum antifungal therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rodriguez-de la Noval
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Susana Ruiz Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (L.H.); (L.N.)
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.-d.l.N.); (S.R.M.); (D.d.S.G.); (M.d.S.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2629-2410
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31
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. Crosstalk between circadian rhythms and the microbiota. Immunology 2020; 161:278-290. [PMID: 33090484 PMCID: PMC7692254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence daily molecular oscillations in gene/protein expression and aspects of biology and physiology, including behaviour, body temperature and sleep–wake cycles. These circadian rhythms have been associated with a number of metabolic, immune and microbial changes that correlate with health and susceptibility to disease, including infection. While light is the main inducer of circadian rhythms, other factors, including the microbiota, can have important effects on peripheral rhythms. The microbiota have been of significant interest to many investigators over the past decade, with the development of molecular techniques to identify large numbers of species and their function. These studies have shown microbial associations with disease susceptibility, and some of these have demonstrated that alterations in microbiota cause disease. Microbial circadian oscillations impact host metabolism and immunity directly and indirectly. Interestingly, microbial oscillations also regulate host circadian rhythms, and the host circadian rhythms in turn modulate microbial composition. Thus, it is of considerable interest and importance to understand the crosstalk between circadian rhythms and microbiota and especially the microbial influences on the host. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of circadian microbial oscillations and how they influence host immunity. In addition, we discuss how host circadian rhythms can also modulate microbial rhythms. We also discuss potential connections between microbes and circadian rhythms and how these may be used therapeutically to maximize clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Pearson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Florence Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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32
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Keizer EM, Wösten HAB, de Cock H. EphA2-Dependent Internalization of A. fumigatus Conidia in A549 Lung Cells Is Modulated by DHN-Melanin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:534118. [PMID: 33123097 PMCID: PMC7573251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.534118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 and ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) receptors recognize β-glucan present in the fungal cell wall. Inhibition of Dectin-1 with the monoclonal 2a11 antibody was shown to reduce internalization of conidia of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus into epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the EphA2 receptor present on A549 epithelial type II lung cells in the interaction with A. fumigatus conidia. We assessed whether EphA2 is involved in association and internalization of conidia by receptor inhibition by an antibody or by using the kinase inhibitor dasatinib. A 50% reduction of internalization of conidia was observed when this receptor was blocked with either the EphA2-specific monoclonal antibody or dasatinib, which was similar when Dectin-1 was inhibited with the 2a11 monoclonal antibody. Inhibition of both receptors reduced the internalization to 40%. EphA2 inhibition was also assessed in a hydrophobin deletion strain (ΔrodA) that exposes more β-glucan and a dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin deletion strain (ΔpksP) that exposes more glucosamine and glycoproteins. The ΔrodA strain behaved similar to the wild-type strain with or without EphA2 inhibition. In contrast, the ΔpksP mutant showed an increase in association to the A549 cells and a decrease in internalization. Internalization was not further decreased by EphA2 inhibition. Taken together, the presence of DHN-melanin in the spore cell wall results in an EphA2-dependent internalization of conidia of A. fumigatus into A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Keizer
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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33
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Kim SJ, Howe C, Mitchell J, Choo J, Powers A, Oikonomopoulos A, Pothoulakis C, Hommes DW, Im E, Rhee SH. Autotaxin loss accelerates intestinal inflammation by suppressing TLR4-mediated immune responses. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49332. [PMID: 32875703 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) converts lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingosyl-phosphorylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, respectively. Despite the pivotal function of ATX in lipid metabolism, mechanisms by which ATX regulates immune and inflammatory disorders remain elusive. Here, using myeloid cell lineage-restricted Atx knockout mice, we show that Atx deficiency disrupts membrane microdomains and lipid rafts, resulting in the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex formation and the suppression of adaptor recruitment, thereby inhibiting TLR4-mediated responses in macrophages. Accordingly, TLR4-induced innate immune functions, including phagocytosis and iNOS expression, are attenuated in Atx-deficient macrophages. Consequently, Atx-/- mice exhibit a higher bacterial prevalence in the intestinal mucosa compared to controls. When combined with global Il10-/- mice, which show spontaneous colitis due to the translocation of luminal commensal microbes into the mucosa, myeloid cell lineage-restricted Atx knockout accelerates colitis development compared to control littermates. Collectively, our data reveal that Atx deficiency compromises innate immune responses, thereby promoting microbe-associated gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cody Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jonathon Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Alexandra Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W Hommes
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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34
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Yoshizawa K, Takeuchi K, Nakamura T, Ukai S, Takahashi Y, Sato A, Takasawa R, Tanuma SI. Antinociceptive activity of the novel RAGE inhibitor, papaverine, in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain. Synapse 2020; 75:e22188. [PMID: 32979223 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is known to mediate the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or the toll-like receptors (TLRs). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether papaverine, a novel RAGE inhibitor, could suppress inflammatory pain in mice after several time points, which was induced by the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). We also investigated the influence of redox modulation during a state of chronic inflammatory pain. Although papaverine did not suppress CFA-induced mechanical allodynia on Day 7, papaverine significantly suppressed CFA-induced mechanical allodynia on Days 14 and 28. In contrast, the radical scavenger N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) suppressed mechanical allodynia in mice on Days 7 and 14, but not on Day 28. We demonstrated that the RAGE inhibitor improves mechanical allodynia in chronic inflammatory conditions. Moreover, we also found that high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributed to the early phase of CFA-induced mechanical allodynia. Precisely, lower ROS levels contributed to the inflammatory pain response via the all-thiol HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway during the chronic state. These findings led us to propose that ROS levels modulate RAGE and/or TLR4-mediated inflammatory allodynia by regulating the concentrations of disulfide HMGB1 or all-thiol HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kota Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Toka Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Saki Ukai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yukino Takahashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takasawa
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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35
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Immune defence to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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36
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Tian LX, Tang X, Ma W, Wang J, Zhang W, Liu K, Chen T, Zhu JY, Liang HP. Knockout of cytochrome P450 1A1 enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by targeting NF-κB activation. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2316-2328. [PMID: 32935470 PMCID: PMC7609787 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is accompanied by overactivation of multiple pro-inflammatory factors. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) has been shown to aggravate lung injury in response to hyperoxia. However, the relationship between CYP1A1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI is unknown. In this study, CYP1A1 was shown to be upregulated in mouse lung in response to LPS. Using CYP1A1-deficient (CYP1A1-/-) mice, we found that CYP1A1 knockout enhanced LPS-induced ALI, as evidenced by increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide in lung; these effects were mediated by overactivation of NF-κB and iNOS. Furthermore, we found that aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatinine levels were elevated in serum of LPS-induced CYP1A1-/- mice. Altogether, these data provide novel insights into the involvement of CYP1A1 in LPS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Ping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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37
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Obar JJ. Sensing the threat posed by Aspergillus infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:47-55. [PMID: 32898768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system can tune its inflammatory response to the threat level posed by an invading pathogen. It is well established that the host utilizes numerous 'patterns of pathogenicity', such as microbial growth, invasion, and viability, to achieve this tuning during bacterial infections. This review discusses how this notion fits during fungal infection, particularly regarding Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Moreover, how the environmental niches filled by A. fumigatus may drive the evolution of the fungal traits responsible for inducing the strain-specific inflammatory responses that have been experimentally observed will be discussed. Moving forward understanding the mechanisms of the fungal strain-specific inflammatory response due to the initial interactions with the host innate immune system will be essential for enhancing our therapeutic options for the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Obar
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hinman Box 7556, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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38
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Bruning EE, Coller JK, Wardill HR, Bowen JM. Site-specific contribution of Toll-like receptor 4 to intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:877-888. [PMID: 32730645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a highly conserved protein of innate immunity, responsible for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as immune recognition of external and internal ligands. TLR4 is expressed on a variety of cell types throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including on epithelial and immune cell populations. In a healthy state, epithelial cell expression of TLR4 greatly assists in homeostasis by shaping the host microbiome, promoting immunoglobulin A production, and regulating follicle-associated epithelium permeability. In contrast, immune cell expression of TLR4 in healthy states is primarily centred on the maturation of dendritic cells in response to stimuli, as well as adequately priming the adaptive immune system to fight infection and promote immune memory. Hence, in a healthy state, there is a clear distinction in the site-specific roles of TLR4 expression. Similarly, recent research has indicated the importance of site-specific TLR4 expression in inflammation and disease, particularly the impact of epithelial-specific TLR4 on disease progression. However, the majority of evidence still remains ambiguous for cell-specific observations, with many studies failing to provide the distinction of epithelial versus immune cell expression of TLR4, preventing specific mechanistic insight and greatly impacting the translation of results. The following review provides a critical overview of the current understanding of site-specific TLR4 activity and its contribution to intestinal/immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E Bruning
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, The University of Groningen (University Medical Centre Groningen), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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39
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Detection of Beta-Glucan Contamination in Nanotechnology-Based Formulations. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153367. [PMID: 32722261 PMCID: PMC7436117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the potential contamination of pharmaceutical products with innate immunity modulating impurities (IIMIs) is essential for establishing their safety profiles. IIMIs are a large family of molecules with diverse compositions and structures that contribute to the immune-mediated adverse effects (IMAE) of drug products. Pyrogenicity (the ability to induce fever) and activation of innate immune responses underlying both acute toxicities (e.g., anaphylactoid reactions or pseudoallergy, cytokine storm) and long-term effects (e.g., immunogenicity) are among the IMAE commonly related to IIMI contamination. Endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria are the best-studied IIMIs in that both methodologies for and pitfalls in their detection and quantification are well established. Additionally, regulatory guidance documents and research papers from laboratories worldwide are available on endotoxins. However, less information is currently known about other IIMIs. Herein, we focus on one such IIMI, namely, beta-glucans, and review literature and discuss the experience of the Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL) with the detection of beta-glucans in nanotechnology-based drug products.
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40
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Kapetanovic R, Afroz SF, Ramnath D, Lawrence GM, Okada T, Curson JE, de Bruin J, Fairlie DP, Schroder K, St John JC, Blumenthal A, Sweet MJ. Lipopolysaccharide promotes Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and associated inflammatory responses in macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:528-539. [PMID: 32686869 PMCID: PMC7497224 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a multitude of functions, including energy generation and cell signaling. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics (i.e. the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion) also regulate immune functions. Here, we reveal that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increases mitochondrial numbers in mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs) and human monocyte‐derived macrophages. In BMMs, this response requires Toll‐like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and the TLR adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) but is independent of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with this phenomenon being a consequence of mitochondrial fission, the dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) GTPase that promotes mitochondrial fission is enriched on mitochondria in LPS‐activated macrophages and is required for the LPS‐mediated increase in mitochondrial numbers in both BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Pharmacological agents that skew toward mitochondrial fusion also abrogated this response. LPS triggered acute Drp1 phosphorylation at serine 635 (S635), followed by sustained Drp1 dephosphorylation at serine 656 (S656), in BMMs. LPS‐induced S656 dephosphorylation was abrogated in MyD88‐deficient BMMs, suggesting that this post‐translational modification is particularly important for Tlr4‐inducible fission. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of Tlr4‐inducible fission had selective effects on inflammatory mediator production, with LPS‐inducible mitochondrial fission promoting the expression and/or secretion of a subset of inflammatory mediators in BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Thus, triggering of Tlr4 results in MyD88‐dependent activation of Drp1, leading to inducible mitochondrial fission and subsequent inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Syeda Farhana Afroz
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Grace Mep Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Takashi Okada
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - James Eb Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jost de Bruin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Justin C St John
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Glaser T, Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Francis H, Lenci I, Grassi G, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Glaser S, Alpini G, Meng F. Pro-inflammatory signalling and gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis: Differences and similarities along the path. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5955-5965. [PMID: 32314869 PMCID: PMC7294142 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a spectrum of injury, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In humans, in fact, fatty changes in the liver, possibly leading to end-stage disease, were observed after chronic alcohol intake or in conditions of metabolic impairment. In this article, we examined the features and the pro-inflammatory pathways leading to non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. The involvement of several events (hits) and multiple inter-related pathways in the pathogenesis of these diseases suggest that a single therapeutic agent is unlikely to be an effective treatment strategy. Hence, a combination treatment towards multiple pro-inflammatory targets would eventually be required. Gut-liver crosstalk is involved not only in the impairment of lipid and glucose homoeostasis leading to steatogenesis, but also in the initiation of inflammation and fibrogenesis in both NAFLD and ALD. Modulation of the gut-liver axis has been suggested as a possible therapeutic approach since gut-derived components are likely to be involved in both the onset and the progression of liver damage. This review summarizes the translational mechanisms underlying pro-inflammatory signalling and gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. With a multitude of people being affected by liver diseases, identification of possible treatments and the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms are elements of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton Glaser
- Texas A&M University College of MedicineCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe Grassi
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | | | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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42
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Ferling I, Dunn JD, Ferling A, Soldati T, Hillmann F. Conidial Melanin of the Human-Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Disrupts Cell Autonomous Defenses in Amoebae. mBio 2020; 11:e00862-20. [PMID: 32457245 PMCID: PMC7251208 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00862-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophyte that causes fatal lung infections in immunocompromised individuals. Following inhalation, conidia are ingested by innate immune cells and can arrest phagolysosome maturation. How this virulence trait could have been selected for in natural environments is unknown. Here, we found that surface exposure of the green pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-(DHN)-melanin can protect conidia from phagocytic uptake and intracellular killing by the fungivorous amoeba Protostelium aurantium and delays its exocytosis from the nonfungivorous species Dictyostelium discoideum To elucidate the antiphagocytic properties of the surface pigment, we followed the antagonistic interactions of A. fumigatus conidia with the amoebae in real time. For both amoebae, conidia covered with DHN-melanin were internalized at far lower rates than were seen with conidia lacking the pigment, despite high rates of initial attachment to nonkilling D. discoideum When ingested by D. discoideum, the formation of nascent phagosomes was followed by transient acidification of phagolysosomes, their subsequent neutralization, and, finally, exocytosis of the conidia. While the cycle was completed in less than 1 h for unpigmented conidia, the process was significantly prolonged for conidia covered with DHN-melanin, leading to an extended intracellular residence time. At later stages of this cellular infection, pigmented conidia induced enhanced damage to phagolysosomes and infected amoebae failed to recruit the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) membrane repair machinery or the canonical autophagy pathway to defend against the pathogen, thus promoting prolonged intracellular persistence in the host cell and the establishment of a germination niche in this environmental phagocyte.IMPORTANCE Infections with Aspergillus fumigatus are usually acquired by an inhalation of spores from environmental sources. How spores of a saprophytic fungus have acquired abilities to withstand and escape the phagocytic attacks of innate immune cells is not understood. The fungal surface pigment dihydroxynaphtalene-melanin has been shown to be a crucial factor for the delay in phagosome maturation. Here, we show that this pigment also has a protective function against environmental phagocytes. Pigmented conidia escaped uptake and killing by the fungus-eating amoeba Protostelium aurantium When ingested by the nonfungivorous phagocyte Dictyostelium discoideum, the pigment attenuated the launch of cell autonomous defenses against the fungal invader, such as membrane repair and autophagy, leading to prolonged intracellular retention. Membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage may result in an influx of nutrients and thus may further promote intracellular germination of the fungus, indicating that A. fumigatus has acquired some of the basic properties of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Ferling
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Joe Dan Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ferling
- Heid-Tech, Technische Schule Heidenheim, Heidenheim an der Brenz, Germany
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
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Van Looveren K, Timmermans S, Vanderhaeghen T, Wallaeys C, Ballegeer M, Souffriau J, Eggermont M, Vandewalle J, Van Wyngene L, De Bosscher K, Libert C. Glucocorticoids limit lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal inflammation by a double control system. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49762. [PMID: 32383538 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can lead to a lethal endotoxemia, which is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) characterized by a systemic release of cytokines, such as TNF. Endotoxemia is studied intensely, as a model system of Gram-negative infections. LPS- and TNF-induced SIRS involve a strong induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), some of which cause cell death in the intestinal epithelium cells (IECs). It is well known that glucocorticoids (GCs) protect against endotoxemia. By applying numerous mutant mouse lines, our data support a model whereby GCs, via their glucocorticoid receptor (GR), apply two key mechanisms to control endotoxemia, (i) at the level of suppression of TNF production in a GR monomer-dependent way in macrophages and (ii) at the level of inhibition of TNFR1-induced ISG gene expression and necroptotic cell death mediators in IECs in a GR dimer-dependent way. Our data add new important insights to the understanding of the role of TNF in endotoxemia and the two separate key roles of GCs in suppressing TNF production and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Van Looveren
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Timmermans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wallaeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Souffriau
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melanie Eggermont
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lise Van Wyngene
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kanoh H, Nitta T, Go S, Inamori KI, Veillon L, Nihei W, Fujii M, Kabayama K, Shimoyama A, Fukase K, Ohto U, Shimizu T, Watanabe T, Shindo H, Aoki S, Sato K, Nagasaki M, Yatomi Y, Komura N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Natori Y, Yoshimura Y, Zonca A, Cattaneo A, Letizia M, Ciampa M, Mauri L, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Suzuki A, Inokuchi JI. Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of GM3 ganglioside molecular species in TLR4 signaling in obesity. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101732. [PMID: 32378734 PMCID: PMC7298289 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling via TLR4 plays critical roles in pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, but the contribution of different lipid species to metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases is less clear. GM3 ganglioside in human serum is composed of a variety of fatty acids, including long‐chain (LCFA) and very‐long‐chain (VLCFA). Analysis of circulating levels of human serum GM3 species from patients at different stages of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation reveals that levels of VLCFA‐GM3 increase significantly in metabolic disorders, while LCFA‐GM3 serum levels decrease. Specific GM3 species also correlates with disease symptoms. VLCFA‐GM3 levels increase in the adipose tissue of obese mice, and this is blocked in TLR4‐mutant mice. In cultured monocytes, GM3 by itself has no effect on TLR4 activation; however, VLCFA‐GM3 synergistically and selectively enhances TLR4 activation by LPS/HMGB1, while LCFA‐GM3 and unsaturated VLCFA‐GM3 suppresses TLR4 activation. GM3 interacts with the extracellular region of TLR4/MD2 complex to modulate dimerization/oligomerization. Ligand‐molecular docking analysis supports that VLCFA‐GM3 and LCFA‐GM3 act as agonist and antagonist of TLR4 activity, respectively, by differentially binding to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Our findings suggest that VLCFA‐GM3 is a risk factor for TLR4‐mediated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Nihei
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Watanabe
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shindo
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sorama Aoki
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Nagasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Computational Diagnostic Radiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Organization for Research and Community Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshimura
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asia Zonca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Allendorf DH, Franssen EH, Brown GC. Lipopolysaccharide activates microglia via neuraminidase 1 desialylation of Toll‐like Receptor 4. J Neurochem 2020; 155:403-416. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hua Z, Hou B. The role of B cell antigen presentation in the initiation of CD4+ T cell response. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:24-35. [PMID: 32304104 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
B cells have been known for their ability to present antigens to T cells for almost 40 years. However, the precise roles of B cell antigen presentation in various immune responses are not completely understood. The term "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was proposed to distinguish APCs that are required for initiating the immune responses from those use antigen presentation to enhance their own effector functions. Unlike dendritic cells, which are defined as professional APCs for their well-established functions in activating naive T cells, B cells have been shown in the past to mostly present antigens to activated CD4+ T cells mainly to seek help from T helper cells. However, recent evidence suggested that B cells can act as professional APCs under infectious conditions or conditions mimicking viral infections. B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) and the innate receptor Toll-like receptors are activated synergistically in response to pathogens or virus-like particles, under which conditions B cells are not only potent but also the predominant APCs to turn naive CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper cells. The discovery of B cells as professional APCs to initiate CD4+ T cell response provides a new insight for both autoimmune diseases and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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47
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Kwon OC, Choi B, Lee E, Park J, Lee E, Kim E, Kim S, Shin M, Kim T, Hong S, Lee C, Yoo B, Robinson WH, Kim Y, Chang E. Negative Regulation of Osteoclast Commitment by Intracellular Protein Phosphatase Magnesium‐Dependent 1A. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:750-760. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Chan Kwon
- University of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical Center, and Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkun Choi
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Jin Lee
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Eun Park
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Lee
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Young Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Min Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Min‐Kyung Shin
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Hwan Kim
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seokchan Hong
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Keun Lee
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong‐Gil Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Chang
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
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48
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Hu Y, Lu S, Xi L. Murine Macrophage Requires CD11b to Recognize Talaromyces marneffei. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:911-920. [PMID: 32273736 PMCID: PMC7108879 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s237401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) is an emerging pathogenic fungus. Macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1, CR3, CD11b/CD18) is an important receptor on innate immune cells and can recognize pathogens. However, the importance of CR3 in phagocytosis of T. marneffei by macrophages and their responses to T. marneffei have not been clarified. Methods We show that interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages (pMacs) or RAW264.7 macrophages with T. marneffei of its conidia spores and yeast cells enhances CR3 expression on macrophages. The phagocytosis rate was determined using flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect CD11b expression, and the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in the co-culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. Results Incubation of mouse macrophages with T. marneffei promoted phagocytosis of T. marneffei, which was dramatically mitigated by pretreatment with anti-CD11b antibody or knockdown of CR3 expression on macrophages. Then, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 production in macrophages incubation with heat-killed T. marneffei was detected. CD11b expression on mouse macrophages was upregulated by T. marneffei. Incubation of T. marneffei promoted phagocytosis of T. marneffei by macrophages and high levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, which were mitigated and abrogated by pre-treatment with anti-CD11b or knockdown of CD11b expression. Conclusion These data indicated that murine macrophage requires CD11b to recognize Talaromyces marneffei and their cytokine responses to heat-killed T. marneffei in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxuan Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Liu Y, He X, Yang F, Han S, Qin A, Wu G, Liu M, Li Z, Wang J, Yang X, Hu D. ING4 alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by regulating the NF-κB pathway via a direct interaction with SIRT1. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:127-137. [PMID: 31811786 PMCID: PMC7384142 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex inflammatory disorder in which high mortality is associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4), which is a cofactor of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase complexes, could negatively regulate this inflammation. However, the exact molecular signaling pathway regulated by ING4 remains uncertain. As a pivotal histone deacetylase, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), which is widely accepted to be an anti‐inflammatory molecule, has not been found to be linked to ING4. This study investigated how ING4 is involved in the regulation of inflammation by constructing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced macrophage and mouse sepsis models. Our results revealed that ING4 expression decreased, whereas the levels of proinflammatory cytokines increased in LPS‐stimulated cultured primary macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. ING4 transfection was confirmed to alleviate the LPS‐induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ING4‐overexpressing mice were hyposensitive to an LPS challenge and displayed reduced organ injury. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation indicated a direct interaction between ING4 and the SIRT1 protein. Moreover, ING4 could block nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) P65 nuclear translocation and restrict P65 acetylation at lysine 310 induced by LPS treatment. These results are the first to clarify that the anti‐inflammatory role of ING4 is associated with SIRT1, through which ING4 inhibits NF‐κB signaling activation. Our studies provide a novel signaling axis involving ING4/SIRT1/NF‐κB in LPS‐induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anhui Qin
- The Fifteenth Squadron of the Fourth Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, The Four Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaofeng Wu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengdong Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Luo X, Wu W, Liang Y, Xu N, Wang Z, Zou H, Liu J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the lectin receptor-like kinase LORE regulates plant immunity. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102856. [PMID: 31922267 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate immune responses. Medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids (mc-3-OH-FAs), which are widely present in Gram-negative bacteria, were recently shown to be novel PAMPs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis PRR LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION (LORE) is a G-type lectin receptor-like kinase that recognizes mc-3-OH-FAs and subsequently mounts an immune response; however, the mechanisms underlying LORE activation and downstream signaling are unexplored. Here, we report that one of the mc-3-OH-FAs, 3-OH-C10:0, induces phosphorylation of LORE at tyrosine residue 600 (Y600). Phosphorylated LORE subsequently trans-phosphorylates the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL34 and its close paralogs, PBL35 and PBL36, and therefore activates plant immunity. Phosphorylation of LORE Y600 is required for downstream phosphorylation of PBL34, PBL35, and PBL36. However, the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopAO1 targets LORE, dephosphorylating the tyrosine-phosphorylated Y600 and therefore suppressing the immune response. These observations uncover the mechanism by which LORE mediates signaling in response to 3-OH-C10:0 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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