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Oluwagbemiga A, Johnson A, Olaniyi M. Education and Intimate Partner Violence Among Married Women in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis of Individual and Community-Level Factors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:3831-3863. [PMID: 36226415 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221109896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented an inverse relationship between lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) and a woman's educational accomplishment. Moreover, women without formal education were more likely to report lifetime IPV in comparison with women who completed more than 12 years of education. Therefore, this study examines the individual and community-level factors that determine the degree of IPV vis-à-vis women's education. Data set of currently married women were extracted from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The study employed three levels of statistical analysis. The result of the analysis reveals that the nature of IPV differs due to women's educational status. Women with the highest level of education experienced the least of all the three IPV indicators identified in this study. A significant relationship exists with women's education and ever experienced physical violence (primary odds ratio [OR] = 1.29; secondary OR = 1.44, higher OR = 0.71). The ORs of ever experienced sexual violence decrease as women's education increases (secondary OR = 1.10, higher OR = 0.63). The higher significant effect of husband/partner who drinks alcohol on all the three indicators of IPV was affirmed (p < .01). Except for community labor participation, all other community variables were significant with emotional violence and sexual violence (p < .05). The study established that both individual and community factors influence the incidence of IPV in the study area. The study concludes that women empowerment alone cannot reduce the incidence of IPV as revealed in the study; community sensitization about the consequences of IPV on the health of women and the well-being of the family should be intensified.
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Qiu Z, Guo Y, Wang J, Zhang H. Associations of Parenting Style and Resilience With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Middle School Students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:897339. [PMID: 35846635 PMCID: PMC9285101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parenting style and resilience are independently associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, no study has tested the interaction effects between the patterns of parenting style and resilience on mental health in adolescent populations. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the interaction effects between the patterns of parenting style and resilience on depression/anxiety symptoms among middle school students in China. Methods A sample of 2,179 Chinese middle school students were included in this study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to examine parenting style patterns. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of different parenting patterns and resilience with depression/anxiety symptoms, as well as the interaction effect. Results Latent profile analysis results showed that the most suitable model included three-profile solution, which were labeled as positive parenting, negative parenting, and moderate parenting. Subsequent analyses indicated that students across profiles exhibited significant differences in their depression/anxiety symptoms. Specifically, compared to moderate parenting, negative parenting was positively associated with depression/anxiety symptoms, while positive parenting was negatively associated with these symptoms. Moreover, low levels of resilience were positively associated with depression/anxiety symptoms compared to a high level of resilience. Although the interaction effect was not significant, there were differences in the associations between different parenting patterns and symptoms of depression and anxiety when stratifying resilience. Conclusion The present study identified three-profile solution of parenting styles among Chinese middle school students using LPA as a person-centered approach. Future interventions targeting depression/anxiety symptoms in adolescents may consider the potential influence of patterns of parenting styles, or improved resilience, to achieve better intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Qiu
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Psychological Center of Hefei No.1 High Senser School, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hongbo Zhang,
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Boyd DT, Jones KV, Quinn CR, Gale A, Williams EDG, Lateef H. The Mental Health of Black Youth Affected by Community Violence: Family and School Context as Pathways to Resilience. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020259. [PMID: 35204979 PMCID: PMC8870431 DOI: 10.3390/children9020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Black youth who experience community violence occupy multiple environments with varying levels of influence on how they display resiliency to prevent adverse mental health outcomes. Considering the recent rise of mental health concerns (i.e., increase in suicidal outcomes) among Black youth, along with the abundance of research illustrating the detrimental impact of community violence, more research is needed to examine how different environmental factors (e.g., family and school) shape how youth protect their mental health while displaying resiliency navigating community violence. The purpose of this study was to examine how family and school contexts predict Black youths' ability to display resiliency to navigate community violence and prevent adverse mental health outcomes. This study utilized a path analysis to examine the associations between parent relationships, parent bonding, school climate, resilience to adverse community experiences, community violence, and mental health among 548 Black adolescents in Chicago. Findings highlight that parent relationships, parent bonding, and school climate influence the association between resilience to community violence and mental health outcomes among Black youth. Implications for mental health practice and policy among Black youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte T. Boyd
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristian V. Jones
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;
| | - Camille R. Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Adrian Gale
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Ed-Dee G. Williams
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Husain Lateef
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
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Goodrum NM, Smith DW, Hanson RF, Moreland AD, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG. Longitudinal Relations among Adolescent Risk Behavior, Family Cohesion, Violence Exposure, and Mental Health in a National Sample. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 48:1455-1469. [PMID: 32845455 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Violence is a public health concern linked with mental health problems among adolescents, and risk behavior increases the likelihood of violence exposure. Family cohesion may attenuate the negative effects of risk behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine family cohesion as a moderator in the relation between risk behavior (substance use and delinquency) and violence exposure, and to explore longitudinal associations among cohesion, violence exposure, and subsequent mental health outcomes (PTSD and depression). Data were drawn from the National Survey of Adolescents-Replication, a nationally representative sample of 3604 adolescents, with data collected via structured phone interviews at three waves spanning a two-year period. Hypotheses were tested using longitudinal structural equation modeling. Findings revealed that high family cohesion attenuated the relation between risk behavior and subsequent violence exposure. Wave 2 violence exposure was associated with more Wave 3 mental health problems, but high family cohesion was related to fewer subsequent symptoms. Follow-up analyses revealed that family cohesion moderated the relation between risk behavior and experiencing, but not witnessing, violence. Several demographic associations were observed. Although risk behavior increases exposure to violence, and in turn, mental health problems, family cohesion may serve as a protective factor, attenuating the link between risk behavior and subsequent negative consequences. This effect emerged even when accounting for demographic and socioeconomic covariates. Interventions with adolescents should target family relationships as a protective factor to reduce risk of violence exposure and mental health problems, particularly for adolescents who are engaging in high-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Goodrum
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Daniel W Smith
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Rochelle F Hanson
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Angela D Moreland
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Benjamin E Saunders
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Dean G Kilpatrick
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, 2nd Fl. S., MSC 861, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Culyba AJ, Branas CC, Guo W, Miller E, Ginsburg KR, Wiebe DJ. Route Choices and Adolescent-Adult Connections in Mitigating Exposure to Environmental Risk Factors During Daily Activities. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8852-NP8878. [PMID: 31057045 PMCID: PMC8024113 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519846859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While adolescent-adult connections have been shown to be protective against violence perpetration and victimization, mechanisms through which these connections confer protection from violence are poorly understood. We assessed whether adolescent-adult connections protected youth in lower resource urban neighborhoods from exposure to environmental risk factors for violence during daily activities. We overlaid on the city landscape minute-by-minute activity paths from 274 randomly sampled predominantly African American male youth, ages 10 to 24, enrolled in a population-based study of daily activities in Philadelphia, PA, to calculate environmental exposures and to compare exposures along actual versus shortest potential travel routes. Adolescent-adult connections were defined using brief survey questions and detailed family genograms. Analyses demonstrated that youth's selected travel routes resulted in significantly lower exposure to several types of crime, including vandalism, narcotics arrests, and disorderly conduct, than would have occurred on shortest potential routes. On average, youth with adolescent-adult connections spent less time outdoors than youth without connections, although these differences did not reach statistical significance (p = .06). There were no significant differences in environmental risk factors encountered by youth with versus without adolescent-adult connections. Future mixed-methods research combining qualitative and geographic information systems (GIS) approaches should investigate which factors shape travel decisions during daily activities to guide multimodal violence prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Culyba
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Miller
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Meloy M, Curtis K, Tucker S, Previ B, Storrod ML, Gordon G, Larson M, Webb W, Delacruz M. Surviving All the Way to College: Pathways Out of One of America's Most Crime Ridden Cities. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:4277-4309. [PMID: 30056774 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518789899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to better understand the factors and processes related to resilience of youth who are among the most at risk for academic failure and involvement in the criminal justice system. To address the research questions about resilience and risk, in-depth interviews were conducted with a racially and ethnically diverse sample (N = 146) from one of the "most dangerous" cities in America. To obtain an objective assessment of risk, crime data were disaggregated by the city's census tracts. Respondents were recruited from a college campus that is located within the city limits of the research site. The retrospective interviews included questions related to family structure and dynamics, educational experiences and support, peers, mentors, extra-curricular activities, neighborhood attributes, inner traits of the respondent, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Results suggest that this diverse sample of college students and recent graduates were not immune from the dangers and adversity known to exist within the northeastern city where they grew up. Crime rates and poverty indicators within the neighborhoods far exceeded national averages and findings indicate participants were exposed to serious forms and levels of community violence. Furthermore, outcome data suggest that participants also suffered from many traditional ACEs (e.g., high rates of parental separation, household substance abuse and mental illness, and family incarceration). The outcomes suggested a trifecta of protective factors in the respondent's resilience: engaged parenting, self-selected high schools, and the interaction of an individual's inner traits and local ecological supports. Community level suggestions include targeted parental programming, educational support, gang and crime resistance initiatives, and coping interventions for community violence exposure. Future resilience studies should consider an array of ecological factors that may help mediate the harms associated with exposure to community violence as well as data on household level stressors.
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Woods-Jaeger B, Siedlik E, Adams A, Piper K, O'Connor P, Berkley-Patton J. Building a Contextually-Relevant Understanding of Resilience among African American Youth Exposed to Community Violence. Behav Med 2020; 46:330-339. [PMID: 32787725 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2020.1725865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies consistently demonstrate that African American youth experience disproportionate levels of community violence, which is associated with negative health and well-being outcomes among these youth. The frequency and severity of community violence exposure is a unique challenge for these youth and requires tailored approaches to promote resilience after community violence exposure. However, limited research exists that operationalizes resilience after community violence based on the unique context and lived experience of African American youth. Developing a more contextually relevant understanding of resilience is critical to reducing health inequities experienced by African American youth and promoting their well-being. Five focus groups were conducted with 39 African American adolescents (ages 13-18) exposed to community violence. Participants also completed a brief survey that included questions on demographics, adverse childhood experiences, social capital, and resilience. Focus-group transcripts were independently coded by two members of the research team and analyzed using an inductive approach. Youth highlighted key indicators of resilience including the ability to persevere, self-regulate, and change to adapt/improve. Youth also described family, peer, and cultural contexts that impact how resilience is produced and manifested, highlighting trust, perceived burdensomeness, self-determination, connectedness, and mental health stigma as key factors within these contexts. Results of this qualitative study support the development of health promotion programs for African American youth exposed to community violence that address unique risks and build on existing protective factors within family, peer, and cultural contexts.
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Nyarko F, Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S, Punamäki RL. Emotional intelligence and cognitive skills protecting mental health from stress and violence among Ghanaian youth. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03878. [PMID: 32395655 PMCID: PMC7205861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the protective mental health function of high emotional intelligence (EI), and cognitive skills (CS) among Ghanaian adolescents when exposed to stressful life-events and violence. It examines, first, how exposure to stressful life-events and violent experiences is associated with mental health, indicated by depressive and psychological distress symptoms, and, second, whether EI and CS could serve as possible moderators between stress, violence and mental health problems. Participants were 415 Ghanaian secondary education students. They reported about their depressive symptoms (Bireleson), psychological distress (Strength and Difficult Questionnaire, SDQ), and emotional intelligence (Trait Emotional Intelligence Question-naire, TEIQue), cognitive skills (The Amsterdam Executive Function Inventory). They also reported their stressful life-events and violent experiences. Statistical analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). As hypothesized, high level of stressful life events were associated with high levels of depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Yet violent experiences did not associate with mental health problems. Against hypothesis, high levels of EI and CS could not protect adolescents mental health from negative effects of stressful life events or violent experiences. A direct effects were found between low level of EI and CS and high level of mental health problems. The results are discussed in relations to psychological and cultural factors present in EI and CS in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nyarko
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samuli Kangaslampi
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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9
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Longitudinal relationship between inferiority and aggression in Chinese college students: The moderation of left-behind experience. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Adolescents’ online social network use and life satisfaction: A latent growth curve modeling approach. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Culyba AJ, Miller E, Albert SM, Abebe KZ. Co-occurrence of Violence-Related Risk and Protective Behaviors and Adult Support Among Male Youth in Urban Neighborhoods. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1911375. [PMID: 31517967 PMCID: PMC6745057 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Male youth in lower-resource neighborhoods bear a disproportionate burden of violence involvement, but little is known about clusters of specific violence-related behaviors to inform cross-cutting interventions that address multiple forms of violence. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between adult support and patterns of violence and risk or protective behavior co-occurrence among male youths in urban neighborhoods. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analysis of baseline and end-of-program data from a recently completed cluster-randomized sexual violence prevention trial across 20 lower-resource neighborhoods. Participants were male youths, aged 13 to 19 years, enrolled at youth-serving community agencies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from July 27, 2015, to June 5, 2017. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019. EXPOSURES Social support and natural mentoring, as defined by validated survey measures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Validated survey measures (youth violence, bullying, sexual and dating violence, history of exposure to violence and related adversities, substance use, school engagement, and future orientation) were assessed for detailed co-occurrence patterns using hierarchical clustering, dendrograms, and heatmaps across prespecified domains. Wilcoxon rank sum tests and logistic regression models examined associations between adult support and violence involvement. RESULTS Among 866 participants, the mean (SD) age was 15.5 (1.6) years and 632 participants (77.5%) identified as African American. All 866 participants completed baseline surveys and 577 completed end-of-program surveys. Seven clusters of risk and protective behaviors emerged: (1) school engagement; (2) career and future aspirations; (3) substance use and bullying exposure; (4) exposure to violence and related adversities, sexual violence exposure, peer delinquency, and gang involvement; (5) sexual violence, youth violence, and bullying perpetration; (6) dating abuse perpetration; and (7) physical or sexual partner violence perpetration. The strongest association cluster occurred among sexual violence perpetration behaviors. Youth with high social support engaged in significantly fewer of the 40 prespecified risk behaviors (high social support median [interquartile range], 8 [5-12] behaviors vs low social support median [interquartile range], 10 [6-14] behaviors; mean difference, 1.64 behaviors; 95% CI, 0.63-2.64 behaviors; P = .004). High social support and natural mentoring were both inversely associated with gang involvement (social support: odds ratio [OR], 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.71; and natural mentoring: OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25-0.76) and sexual violence exposure (social support: OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.64; and natural mentoring: OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.98). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that co-occurrence of risk and protective behaviors differ significantly among youth with vs without adult support. Violence prevention interventions designed to leverage adult support should address broader co-occurrence patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Culyba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UMPC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UMPC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M. Albert
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaleab Z. Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Fishbein DH, Michael L, Guthrie C, Carr C, Raymer J. Associations Between Environmental Conditions and Executive Cognitive Functioning and Behavior During Late Childhood: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1263. [PMID: 31231280 PMCID: PMC6558397 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have established the influence of detrimental home conditions on child cognition and behavior; however, fewer have assessed these outcomes in the context of relatively "normal" range of home environmental conditions. Given the exquisite sensitivity to the environment of the neural substrates that undergird executive functioning (EF) and behavioral self-regulation in children, it is possible that a range of conditions within the home, even in the absence of maltreatment or economic deprivation, may impact these outcomes. The purpose of the present exploratory investigation was to further define the relationship between features of the home environment using the HOME inventory (a structured interview and observation of parent and child) and several dimensions of child EF and behavioral problems. In addition, this study sought to elucidate potentially differential associations between home and parent-reported neighborhood conditions-a hypothetically less direct influence on cognition in this age group-and level of child functioning. A battery of EF performance tasks and a widely-used checklist of behavioral problems were administered to 66 children, 8-11 years old from a lower middle income, working class sample. Results showed significant relationships between the home environment and several dimensions of EF and behavioral problems. In contrast, neighborhood conferred additional effects only on rule-breaking and aggression, not cognition, which is consistent with evidence that externalizing behavior in this age group becomes increasingly oriented toward outside influences. These findings warrant follow-up studies to establish causality. A broader program of research designed to delve further into the relationship between nuanced influences from the home and child cognition and behavior has implications for parenting strategies that foster healthy development. Neighborhood contexts should also be considered during early and mid-adolescent years based on existing studies and findings reported herein suggesting that this period of newfound autonomy and the heightened significance of peer relationships may influence externalizing behaviors, with implications for protective courses of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Larry Michael
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Charles Guthrie
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Christine Carr
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - James Raymer
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Resilience in Children Exposed to Violence: A Meta-analysis of Protective Factors Across Ecological Contexts. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2019; 22:406-431. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Role of adolescent exposure to rockets in the links between personality vulnerability and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 31:1367-1380. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the role of repeated exposure to rocket attacks in the links between personality vulnerability (dependency and self-criticism) and internalizing/externalizing psychopathology. A main-effect vulnerability model (personality leads to psychopathology) was compared with a main-effect scarring model (psychopathology leads to personality vulnerability). Also, a stress-diathesis pattern (personality vulnerability is activated under stress) was compared to a dual-vulnerability pattern (either personality vulnerability or stress, but not both, lead to psychopathology). Israeli adolescents (N = 362) repeatedly exposed to rocket attacks were assessed annually over 3 years. In 2008 and 2010, personality and psychopathology were assessed. Cumulative exposure was measured as the sums of exposure across the three assessment waves. Theoretical models were tested via Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Structural Equation Modeling analyses. Baseline dependency and self-criticism were associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas baseline depression was associated with an increase in dependency. Under low, not high, levels of rocket exposure, self-criticism and depression were longitudinally associated. Violence commission was associated with an increase in dependency under high, not low, cumulative exposure. Results are consistent with both scarring and vulnerability models, and with both stress-diathesis and dual-vulnerability patterns of adolescent risk and resilience.
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Haj-Yahia MM, Leshem B, Guterman NB. The Roles of Family and Teacher Support in Moderating and Mediating Externalized and Internalized Outcomes of Exposure to Community Violence Among Arab and Jewish Adolescents in Israel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4465-4488. [PMID: 29484906 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18759624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study examined family and teacher support as factors that can protect adolescents from internalized and externalized problems after exposure to community violence (ECV). Self-administered questionnaires were filled out by a sample of 1,832 Arab and Jewish Israeli high school students. The Arab adolescents reported significantly higher levels of community violence victimization, internalized problems, externalized problems, family support, and teacher support than the Jewish adolescents. The girls reported higher levels of internalized problems, and the boys reported higher levels of externalized problems. ECV predicted high levels of internalized and externalized problems, family support predicted low levels of internalized and externalized problems, and teacher support had no predictive role. Path analysis confirmed the significance of the relationships between ECV effects, support variables, and gender. The limitations of the study and implications of the findings for future research and for the development of family care and family intervention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil B Guterman
- 3 New York University Silver School of Social Work, New York City, USA
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16
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Darawshy NAS, Haj-Yahia MM. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Palestinian adolescents from Israel as consequences of their exposure to community violence: Are they moderated by their self-efficacy and collective efficacy? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:61-73. [PMID: 29426036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the findings of a study that examined the rates and the consequences of exposure to community violence (ECV) as reflected in witnessing and experiencing such violence, among Palestinian adolescents from Israel. In particular, it examined the extent to which these adolescents exhibit high levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms as consequences of such exposure, and the extent to which self-efficacy and collective efficacy moderate these consequences. A systematic random sample of 760 Palestinian adolescents in Israel (320 boys, and 440 girls) filled out a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that most of the adolescents had witnessed community violence during the last year and during lifetime, and more than one third had directly experienced such violence during their lifetime compared with 19.6% during the last year. Boys were exposed to community violence more often than girls. Moreover, participants' ECV predicted high levels of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that collective efficacy moderated the correlation between experiencing community violence and internalizing symptoms, whereas self-efficacy moderated the correlation between witnessing community violence and externalizing symptoms. There is a need for providing support for youth from close adults as well as from formal and informal resources in the community before and after their ECV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad M Haj-Yahia
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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17
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Graham PW, Yaros A, Lowe A, McDaniel MS. Nurturing Environments for Boys and Men of Color with Trauma Exposure. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018; 20:105-116. [PMID: 28547524 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-017-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Boys and men of color are exposed to traumatic experiences at significantly higher rates than are other demographic groups. To understand and address the mental and behavioral health effects of trauma, including violent incidents, on this population, we review the literature showing the context for, outcomes of, and potential responses to trauma exposure. We present the existing research about the unique challenges and associated negative outcomes for boys and men of color, as well as identify the gaps in the literature. We present the potential nurturing responses by systems such as schools, law enforcement, and communities to trauma-exposed boys and men of color, and we describe evidence-based programs and practices that directly address trauma. Finally, we argue that, rather than using a deficit model, a model of optimal development can be used to understand how to support and protect boys and men of color through nurturing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Graham
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Anna Yaros
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ashley Lowe
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Mark S McDaniel
- UNC Center for Community Capital and Urban Investment Strategies Center, Kenan Institute of Private Enterprise, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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18
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Kliewer W, Yendork JS, Wright AW, Pillay BJ. Adjustment Profiles of Low-Income Caregivers from the United States and South Africa: Contrasts and Commonalities. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2018; 27:522-534. [PMID: 29622947 PMCID: PMC5880044 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although low-income parents living in under-resourced communities in the United States and around the world face challenges, many do well while others struggle in one or more areas of functioning. The present study examined patterns of adjustment among maternal caregivers living in the United States (US) (N = 320) and South Africa (SA) (N = 324). Cluster analyses across four domains of functioning representing both positive and negative adjustment and conducted within country revealed similar patterns of adjustment, with a majority of caregivers (37.8% in the US; 47.5% in SA) landing in a "holding steady" pattern, exhibiting good but not exceptional adjustment. Other patterns of adjustment (three additional in the US sample; two additional in the SA sample) showed elevated impairment in somatic complaints, problems with alcohol, or life satisfaction. In both the US and SA, support from family, friends, and neighbors differentiated the adjustment profiles. Further, both current stressors within and outside of the family and previous stressors including direct and indirect exposure to violence discriminated caregivers who were "holding steady" from those who were struggling in one or more domains. Additionally, across both countries, caregivers who were "holding steady" evidenced less avoidant coping. Implications of this work for fostering resilience among caregivers and their children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Kliewer
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Muftić LR, Smith M. Sex, Parental Incarceration, and Violence Perpetration Among a Sample of Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:316-338. [PMID: 26390893 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515605123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Limited attention has been directed at adult children with a history of parental incarceration. The goal of the current study is to expand our understanding of the gendered effects of imprisonment on the adult offspring of incarcerated parents through the exploration of violence perpetration among a sample of young adults. Congruent with problem behavior theory, it is hypothesized that young adults who have been affected by parental incarceration will report greater aversive outcomes (i.e., more risk factors and violence perpetration) than their peers without a history of parental incarceration. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that parental incarceration predicts violent perpetration even after controlling for individual and familial risk factors and demographic characteristics. A series of bivariate and multivariate statistical models utilizing self-report data from 534 college students were generated to test said hypotheses. In addition, the moderating effects of students' sex and exposure to parental incarceration on the relationship between violence perpetration and risk factors were explored through the utilization of split logistic regression models. Roughly 1 in 10 (13.3%) students surveyed had experienced parental incarceration. As expected, students affected by parental incarceration were significantly more likely to perpetrate violence than their peers not affected by parental incarceration, net individual and familial risk. Although only a small percentage of students had experienced the imprisonment of a parent, parental incarceration predicted violence perpetration in young adulthood. These findings highlight the need to explore the long-lasting effects of parental incarceration on prisoners' offspring across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Smith
- 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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20
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Nuttman-Shwartz O. Children and adolescents facing a continuous security threat: Aggressive behavior and post-traumatic stress symptoms. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:29-39. [PMID: 28437731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive research evidence indicating that children and youth are the most vulnerable population for developing psychological symptoms relating to war and terror. Although studies have documented a wide range of detrimental emotional and behavioral effects of such exposure, much less is known about the effects of exposure to a continuous security threat for children and adolescents. Against this background, the current article examined the implications of continuous exposure to missile attacks among 1096 children and adolescents enrolled in public schools near the Israeli border with Gaza. Participants filled out quantitative questionnaires, which relate to the pathological consequences of continuous exposure to security threats, and to the role of the school and the community as a protective environment against disruptive behavior resulting from such exposure. The findings revealed that PTSS responses were mainly related to the security threat, whereas interpersonal aggression resulted from other types of traumatic events. Significant differences were found between aggression and posttraumatic symptoms, by age and gender. PTSS was found to be lower for older participants and higher for girls, whereas aggression was higher for boys and higher for older participants. Furthermore, the sense of belonging to the place of residence was negatively associated with PTSS as well as with aggressive behavior: the higher the participants' sense of belonging, the lower their levels of PTSS and aggressive responses. In contrast, the sense of belonging to the school was negatively associated only with aggressive behavior: the higher the participants' sense of belonging to the school, the lower their aggressive responses. The findings are discussed in the light of trauma theories and in light of the results of previous research. The study contributed to knowledge about the differential consequences of exposure to a security threat, and highlighted the importance of differential interventions with children who show post-traumatic symptoms versus those who show aggressive behavior. Accordingly, the security situation should not overshadow social issues that need to be addressed, such as family violence and aggression among school children.
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21
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Merrill LC, Jones CW, Drury SS, Theall KP. The differential impact of oxytocin receptor gene in violence-exposed boys and girls. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 59:60-67. [PMID: 28341538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood violence exposure is a prevalent public health problem. Understanding the lasting impact of violence requires an enhanced appreciation for the complex effects of violence across behavioral, physiologic, and molecular outcomes. This subject matched, cross-sectional study of 80 children explored the impact of violence exposure across behavioral, physiologic, and cellular outcomes. Externalizing behavior, diurnal cortisol rhythm, and telomere length (TL) were examined in a community recruited cohort of Black youth. Given evidence that genetic variation contributes to individual differences in response to the environment, we further tested whether a polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576) moderated associations between violence and youth outcomes. Exposure to violence was directly associated with increased externalizing behavior, but no direct association of violence was found with cortisol or TL. Oxytocin genotype, however, moderated the association between violence and both cortisol and TL, suggesting that pathways linked to oxytocin may contribute to individual differences in the physiologic and molecular consequences of violence exposure. Sex differences with OXTR in cortisol and TL outcomes were also detected. Taken together, these findings suggest that there are complex pathways through which violence exposure impacts children, and that these pathways differ by both genetic variation and the sex of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia C Merrill
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Christopher W Jones
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Stacy S Drury
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Katherine P Theall
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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22
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Anyan F, Hjemdal O. Adolescent stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Resilience explains and differentiates the relationships. J Affect Disord 2016; 203:213-220. [PMID: 27310100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some adolescents exhibit resilience even in the face of high levels of stress exposure. Despite this relationship, studies that investigate explanations for how resilience interacts with risk to produce particular outcomes and why this is so are lacking. The effect of resilience across the relationship between stress and symptoms of anxiety and stress and symptoms of depression was tested to provide explanations for how resilience interacts with stress and symptoms of anxiety, and depression. METHOD In a cross-sectional survey, 533 Ghanaian adolescents aged 13-17 years (M=15.25, SD=1.52), comprising 290 girls and 237 boys completed the Resilience Scale for Adolescents, Adolescent Stress Questionnaire, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, and Short Mood Feeling Questionnaire. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted. RESULTS The results indicated that resilience partially mediated the relationship between stress, and symptoms of anxiety, and depression. Effects of stress were negatively associated with resilience, and positively associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. In a differential moderator effect, resilience moderated the relationship between stress and symptoms of depression but not stress and symptoms of anxiety. LIMITATIONS Although the findings in this study are novel, they do not answer questions about protective mechanisms or processes. CONCLUSIONS Evidence that resilience did not have the same effect across stress, and symptoms of anxiety and depression may support resilience as a dynamic process model. Access to different levels of resilience shows that enhancing resilience while minimizing stress may improve psychiatric health in adolescents' general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Anyan
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Abstract
Using a person-centered approach, we examine phenomenological variations in exposure to violence for Black males and describe risk and protective factors associated with patterns of violence exposure. We ran K-means iterative cluster analysis to determine patterns of violence exposure and conducted analysis of variance to test whether clusters differed. Data are from 287 Black males ( M = 18.9) who participated in the Black Youth Project–Youth Culture Survey. Participants in the current study self-identified as Black or African American and male, and completed the political participation, health, and demographic portions of the survey questionnaire. We found four clusters of violence exposure that were related to demographic characteristics, maternal closeness, neighborhood condition, and sociopolitical inequity. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of exposure to violence among young Black males and the individual and environmental risk and protective factors that are related to types and levels of exposure. This examination of quality of violence exposure in the context of available risks and protective factors may help clinicians and researchers improve their intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elan C. Hope
- North Carolina State Univeristy, Raleigh, NC, USA
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24
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Hardaway CR, Sterrett-Hong E, Larkby CA, Cornelius MD. Family Resources as Protective Factors for Low-Income Youth Exposed to Community Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1309-22. [PMID: 26748921 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to community violence is a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems; however, resources within the family can decrease the likelihood that adolescents will experience internalizing and externalizing problems as a result of such exposure. This study investigates the potential moderating effects of kinship support (i.e., emotional and tangible support from extended family) and parental involvement on the relation between exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing violence and violent victimization) and socioemotional adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems) in low-income adolescents. The sample included 312 (50 % female; 71 % African American and 29 % White) low-income youth who participated in a longitudinal investigation when adolescents were age 14 (M age = 14.49 years) and again when they were 16 (M age = 16.49 years). Exposure to community violence at age 14 was related to more internalizing and externalizing problems at age 16. High levels of kinship support and parental involvement appeared to function as protective factors, weakening the association between exposure to violence and externalizing problems. Contrary to prediction, none of the hypothesized protective factors moderated the association between exposure to violence and internalizing problems. The results from this study suggest that both kinship support and parental involvement help buffer adolescents from externalizing problems that are associated with exposure to community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily R Hardaway
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Box 90989, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | | | - Cynthia A Larkby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie D Cornelius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Chen P, Voisin DR, Jacobson KC. Community Violence Exposure and Adolescent Delinquency: Examining a Spectrum of Promotive Factors. YOUTH & SOCIETY 2016; 48:33-57. [PMID: 33364640 PMCID: PMC7755159 DOI: 10.1177/0044118x13475827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether promotive factors (future expectations, family warmth, school attachment, and neighborhood cohesion) moderated relationships between community violence exposure and youth delinquency. Analyses were conducted using N = 2,980 sixth to eighth graders (M age = 12.48; 41.1% males) from a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample. After controlling for demographic factors, delinquency was positively associated with community violence exposure and inversely associated with each of the promotive factors. When interaction effects between all promotive factors and community violence exposure were examined simultaneously, only future expectations moderated the relationship between community violence exposure and delinquency. Specifically, community violence exposure had a weaker association with delinquency for youth reporting high versus low levels of future expectations. Results indicate that while promotive factors from family, school, and neighborhood domains are related to lower rates of delinquency, only future expectations served as a protective factor that specifically buffered youth from the risk effects of community violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Chaux E, Castellanos M. Money and age in schools: Bullying and power imbalances. Aggress Behav 2015; 41:280-93. [PMID: 25219327 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
School bullying continues to be a serious problem around the world. Thus, it seems crucial to clearly identify the risk factors associated with being a victim or a bully. The current study focused in particular on the role that age and socio-economic differences between classmates could play on bullying. Logistic and multilevel analyses were conducted using data from 53,316 5th and 9th grade students from a representative sample of public and private Colombian schools. Higher age and better family socio-economic conditions than classmates were risk factors associated with being a bully, while younger age and poorer socio-economic conditions than classmates were associated with being a victim of bullying. Coming from authoritarian families or violent neighborhoods, and supporting beliefs legitimizing aggression, were also associated with bullying and victimization. Empathy was negatively associated with being a bully, and in some cases positively associated with being a victim. The results highlight the need to take into account possible sources of power imbalances, such as age and socio-economic differences among classmates, when seeking to prevent bullying. In particular, interventions focused on peer group dynamics might contribute to avoid power imbalances or to prevent power imbalances from becoming power abuse. Aggr. Behav. 41:280-293, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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27
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Taylor LK, Merrilees CE, Goeke-Morey MC, Shirlow P, Cummings EM. Trajectories of Adolescent Aggression and Family Cohesion: The Potential to Perpetuate or Ameliorate Political Conflict. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2014; 45:114-28. [PMID: 25310245 PMCID: PMC4395507 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2014.945213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Correlations between intergroup violence and youth aggression are often reported. Yet longitudinal research is needed to understand the developmental factors underlying this relation, including between-person differences in within-person change in aggression through the adolescent years. Multilevel modeling was used to explore developmental and contextual influences related to risk for youth aggression using 4 waves of a prospective, longitudinal study of adolescent/mother dyad reports (N = 820; 51% female; 10-20 years old) in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a setting of protracted political conflict. Experience with sectarian (i.e., intergroup) antisocial behavior predicted greater youth aggression; however, that effect declined with age, and youth were buffered by a cohesive family environment. The trajectory of aggression (i.e., intercepts and linear slopes) related to more youth engagement in sectarian antisocial behavior; however, being female and having a more cohesive family were associated with lower levels of youth participation in sectarian acts. The findings are discussed in terms of protective and risk factors for adolescent aggression, and more specifically, participation in sectarian antisocial behavior. The article concludes with clinical and intervention implications, which may decrease youth aggression and the perpetuation of intergroup violence in contexts of ongoing conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Taylor
- a Department of Peace & Conflict Studies , University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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28
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Kennedy TM, Ceballo R. Who, What, When, and Where? Toward a Dimensional Conceptualization of Community Violence Exposure. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of research on the psychological consequences of community violence exposure among youth has conceptualized and measured community violence as a single, homogenous construct that indiscriminately gives rise to a wide range of outcomes. However, it is increasingly recognized that community violence exposure is comprised of many disparate characteristics. Thus, a more dimensional theoretical approach to the study of community violence exposure is proposed; such an approach will more precisely clarify how community violence exposure is differentially associated with specific outcomes. In particular, the dimensions of type, severity, physical proximity, relational proximity (familiarity with the persons involved), and chronicity of community violence exposure are suggested as potential moderating factors that may each, individually and in interaction, differentially impact youths’ well-being. In order to account for greater contextual complexity in children's experiences of community violence, several recommendations for new methodological approaches and research directions are proposed and discussed. Such a theoretical shift is critical to advance our understanding of the processes underlying the links between community violence exposure and youth outcomes, as well as to inform more targeted and effective interventions for youth exposed to community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci M. Kennedy
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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29
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Miller RN, Fagan AA, Wright EM. The Moderating Effects of Peer and Parental Support on the Relationship Between Vicarious Victimization and Substance Use. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2014; 44:362-380. [PMID: 25530628 DOI: 10.1177/0022042614526995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
General strain theory (GST) hypothesizes that youth are more likely to engage in delinquency when they experience vicarious victimization, defined as knowing about or witnessing violence perpetrated against others, but that this relationship may be attenuated for those who receive social support from significant others. Based on prospective data from youth aged 8 to 17 participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), this article found mixed support for these hypotheses. Controlling for prior involvement in delinquency, as well as other risk and protective factors, adolescents who reported more vicarious victimization had an increased likelihood of alcohol use in the short term, but not the long term, and victimization was not related to tobacco or marijuana use. Peer support did not moderate the relationship between vicarious victimization and substance use, but family support did. In contrast to strain theory's predictions, the relationship between vicarious victimization and substance use was stronger for those who had higher compared with lower levels of family support. Implications of these findings for strain theory and future research are discussed.
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30
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The protective effects of neighborhood collective efficacy on adolescent substance use and violence following exposure to violence. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 43:1498-512. [PMID: 24170438 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that exposure to violence can result in many negative consequences for youth, but the degree to which neighborhood conditions may foster resiliency among victims is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that neighborhood collective efficacy attenuates the relationship between adolescent exposure to violence, substance use, and violence. Data were collected from 1,661 to 1,718 adolescents participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, who were diverse in terms of sex (51% male, 49% female), race/ethnicity (48% Hispanic, 34% African American, 14% Caucasian, and 4% other race/ethnicity), and age (mean age 12 years; range 8-16). Information on neighborhood collective efficacy was obtained from adult residents, and data from the 1990 U.S. Census were used to control for neighborhood disadvantage. Based on hierarchical modeling techniques to adjust for the clustered data, Bernoulli models indicated that more exposure to violence was associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and perpetration of violence. Poisson models suggested that victimization was also related to a greater variety of substance use and violent behaviors. A moderating effect of collective efficacy was found in models assessing the variety of substance use; the relationship between victimization and substance use was weaker for youth in neighborhoods with higher versus lower levels of collective efficacy. These findings are consistent with literature indicating that social support can ameliorate the negative impact of victimization. This investigation extends this research to show that neighborhood social support can also help to promote resiliency among adolescents.
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31
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Murray KW, Haynie DL, Howard DE, Cheng TL, Simons-Morton B. Adolescent Reports of Aggression as Predictors of Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Expectations. FAMILY RELATIONS 2013; 62:637-648. [PMID: 27087729 PMCID: PMC4832930 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between adolescent self-report of aggression and adolescents' perceptions of parenting practices in a sample of African American early adolescents living in low-income, urban communities. Sixth graders (N = 209) completed questionnaires about their aggressive behaviors and perceptions of caregivers' parenting practices at two time points during the school year. Path model findings reveal that adolescent-reported aggression at Time 1 predicted higher levels of perceived parent psychological control and perceived parent expectations for aggressive solutions to conflicts at Time 2. Findings suggest that early adolescent aggression elicits negative parenting behaviors at a subsequent time point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | | | | | - Bruce Simons-Morton
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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32
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Borisova II, Betancourt TS, Willett JB. Efforts to Promote Reintegration and Rehabilitation of Traumatized Former Child Soldiers: Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone: The Role of Caregivers and Their Awareness of the Violence Adolescents Experienced During the War. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2013; 22:803-828. [PMID: 29249893 PMCID: PMC5730280 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2013.824059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the role of caregivers in the reintegration of former child soldiers from Sierra Leone. Using data on 282 youth and their respective caregivers, our aim is to focus on the caregiver-child relationship after reintegration. We investigate the extent to which caregivers know about child soldiers' experiences of direct and indirect violence, as well as involvement in war activities. We further examine variables that might shape the degree of caregiver knowledge of child's war experiences. Finally, we examine if caregiver knowledge of war experiences is associated with child's psychosocial outcomes. Findings highlight the importance of developing thoughtful programs that consider the needs of the child in the context of the family and caregivers with whom he or she is reunified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina I Borisova
- Department of Education and Child Development, Save the Children US, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Theresa S Betancourt
- Department of Global Health and Population, François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John B Willett
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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Henrich CC, Shahar G. Effects of exposure to rocket attacks on adolescent distress and violence: a 4-year longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:619-27. [PMID: 23702451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of Israeli adolescents' exposure to rocket attacks over time were examined, focusing on anxiety, depression, aggression, and violence commission. METHOD A sample of 362 adolescents from southern Israel was followed from 2008 through 2011 with four annual assessments. Measures included exposure to rocket attacks (gauging whether children were affected by rocket attacks, both directly and indirectly, through friends and family), anxiety (items from the State Anxiety Inventory), depression (the Center for Epidemiological Studies Child Depression Scale), aggression (the Orpinas Aggression Scale), and violence commission (from the Social and Health Assessment). RESULTS Concurrent and longitudinal findings differed. Wave 1 exposure to rockets attacks was associated with Wave 1 anxiety, depression, and aggression. Longitudinal results evinced only modest effects of exposure on anxiety and depression, no effects on aggression, but robust effects on violence commission. Exposure to terror attacks before the study predicted increased odds of violence commission at the fourth and final wave, controlling for violence commission at the first, second, and third wave. Exposure to rocket attacks in the second wave predicted increased odds of violence commission at the third wave. CONCLUSION This is the first longitudinal study attesting to the prospective longitudinal effect of exposure to terrorism on adolescent violence. Findings should serve as a red flag for health care practitioners working in civil areas afflicted by terrorism and political violence.
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34
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Stoddard SA, Whiteside L, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Walton MA. The relationship between cumulative risk and promotive factors and violent behavior among urban adolescents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 51:57-65. [PMID: 22744013 PMCID: PMC3684171 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-012-9541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Resiliency theory posits that some youth exposed to risk factors do not develop negative behaviors due to the influence of promotive factors. This study examines the effects of cumulative risk and promotive factors on adolescent violent behavior and tests two models of resilience-the compensatory model and the protective model-in a sample of adolescent patients (14-18 years old; n = 726) presenting to an urban emergency department who report violent behavior. Cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors consist of individual characteristics and peer, family, and community influences. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test the two models of resilience (using cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors) for violent behavior within a sample of youth reporting violent behavior. Higher cumulative risk was associated with higher levels of violent behavior. Higher levels of promotive factors were associated with lower levels of violent behavior and moderated the association between risk and violent behaviors. Our results support the risk-protective model of resiliency and suggest that promotive factors can help reduce the burden of cumulative risk for youth violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stoddard
- Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH 1 Room 3726, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Schultz D, Jaycox LH, Hickman LJ, Setodji C, Kofner A, Harris R, Barnes D. The relationship between protective factors and outcomes for children exposed to violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2013; 28:697-714. [PMID: 24047048 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop prevention and intervention programs for children exposed to violence, it is necessary to understand what factors might help alleviate the negative effects of violence exposure. In this study, we sought to test whether relationships exist between certain protective factors and subsequent adjustment and to examine whether violence re-exposure contributed to changes in outcomes over time. The analyses revealed that caregiver reports of both child self-control and the quality of the parent-child relationship were related to changes in child posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and behavior problems. Furthermore, children experiencing more categories of violence re-exposure had increased behavior problems at follow-up compared to those without re-exposure. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between these protective factors and outcomes for children exposed to violence and suggest that intervening to bolster these protective factors could improve outcomes.
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Stoddard SA, Zimmerman MA, Bauermeister JA. A Longitudinal Analysis of Cumulative Risks, Cumulative Promotive Factors, and Adolescent Violent Behavior. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2012; 22:542-555. [PMID: 23049231 PMCID: PMC3462005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of cumulative risk and promotive factors on violent behavior across the high school years of adolescence in a sample of predominately African American urban adolescents (n = 750). Cumulative risk and promotive factor indices represented individual characteristics, and peer, parental, and familial influences. Using growth curve modeling, we describe trajectories of cumulative risk and promotive factors and test the associations between the time-varying cumulative risk and promotive factor indices and violent behavior. Higher risk was associated with higher levels of violent behavior. Higher levels of promotive factors were associated with less violent behavior and moderated the association between risk and violent behaviors. The results support the risk-protective model of resiliency. Implications for prevention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stoddard
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health University of Michigan 3726 SPH 1 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor MI 48109
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Schofield TJ, Conger RD, Conger KJ, Martin MJ, Brody G, Simons R, Cutrona C. Neighborhood disorder and children's antisocial behavior: the protective effect of family support among Mexican American and African American Families. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 50:101-13. [PMID: 22089092 PMCID: PMC3496766 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-011-9481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a sample of 673 Mexican Origin families, the current investigation examined the degree to which family supportiveness acted as a protective buffer between neighborhood disorder and antisocial behavior during late childhood (i.e. intent to use controlled substances, externalizing, and association with deviant peers). Children's perceptions of neighborhood disorder fully mediated associations between census and observer measures of neighborhood disorder and their antisocial behavior. Family support buffered children from the higher rates of antisocial behavior generally associated with living in disorderly neighborhoods. An additional goal of the current study was to replicate these findings in a second sample of 897 African American families, and that replication was successful. These findings suggest that family support may play a protective role for children living in dangerous or disadvantaged neighborhoods. They also suggest that neighborhood interventions should consider several points of entry including structural changes, resident perceptions of their neighborhood and family support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Schofield
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, 202 Cousteau Place Suite 100, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Chronic family economic hardship, family processes and progression of mental and physical health symptoms in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 42:821-36. [PMID: 22927008 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research has documented the relationship between family stressors such as family economic hardship and marital conflict and adolescents' mental health symptoms, especially depressive symptoms. Few studies, however, have examined the processes whereby supportive parenting lessens this effect and the progression of mental health and physical health symptoms in adolescence. The present study investigates the influences of chronic family economic hardship on adolescents' multiple health problem symptoms (i.e., symptoms of anxiety, and depression and physical complaints) through parents' marital conflict, and supportive parenting; it also examines how there adolescents' health problems mutually influence one another throughout adolescence. We used Structural Equation Modeling to analyze data from a longitudinal sample of European American mothers, fathers, and target adolescents (N = 451, 53% female) to examine direct and indirect effects. Findings generally supported the hypothesized model. Chronic family economic hardship contributed to mental and physical health problems of adolescents. This influence largely was mediated through supportive parenting. Moreover, supportive parenting buffered marital conflict on depressive symptoms of adolescents. Also, there was a tendency for females to show more stable depressive symptoms than males. The study demonstrates key mediating pathways and additional moderating influences based on the family stress model and also highlights the importance of improving health resources for adolescents.
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Fernando GA. Bloodied but unbowed: resilience examined in a South asian community. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2012; 82:367-75. [PMID: 22880975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construct of resilience was examined in a South Asian community impacted by natural and human-made disasters. Forty-three Sinhala, Tamil, and Muslim Sri Lankans (27 women; age range 21-62 years) participated in 6 focus groups, conducted in either Sinhala or Tamil, to elicit participants' own ideas about components of resilience. Schema analysis of transcripts revealed that although some elements of resilience were common across ethnocultural groups, others differed by ethnic group. The differences appeared to be as much a function of type of trauma exposure as of culture. Components of resilience included many that are recognized in the western construct of resilience as well as 2 culturally unique components: strong will relating either to religious faith or to karma and psychosocial gratitude. These components could be examined in future measures of resilience with similar populations. Findings also revealed that some components of resilience can be taught; thus they can be the focus of interventions and public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaithri A Fernando
- Department of Psychology, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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Stoddard SA, Zimmerman MA, Bauermeister JA. Thinking about the future as a way to succeed in the present: a longitudinal study of future orientation and violent behaviors among African American youth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 48:238-46. [PMID: 21104432 PMCID: PMC3107351 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-010-9383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has linked higher levels of hopelessness about one's future to violent behavior during adolescence; however, little is known about this relationship over time for adolescents. Using growth curve modeling, we tested the association between future orientation and violent behavior across the high school years of adolescence in a sample of African American youth (n = 681). Variation based on demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, SES, previous violence) was explored. At baseline, differences in violent behavior varied by demographic characteristics. Overall, violent behavior decreased with age. Higher levels of future orientation were associated with greater decreases in violent behavior over time. Demographic characteristics were not associated with change in violent behavior overtime. Our findings suggest that future orientation can act as a promotive factor for at risk African American youth. Interventions that help support the development of future goals and aspirations could play a vital role in violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stoddard
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Stoddard SA, McMorris BJ, Sieving RE. Do social connections and hope matter in predicting early adolescent violence? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 48:247-56. [PMID: 21181556 PMCID: PMC3165137 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-010-9387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We tested relationships between social connections, hope, and violence among young adolescents from socially distressed urban neighborhoods, and examined whether relationships between adolescents' family and school connectedness and violence involvement were mediated by hopefulness. Data were from middle school students involved in the Lead Peace demonstration study. The sample (N = 164) was 51.8% female; 42% African American, 28% Asian, 13% Hispanic, and 17% mixed race or other race; average age was 12.1 years; 46% reported physical fighting in the past year. In multivariate models, parent-family connectedness was protective against violence; school connectedness was marginally protective. Hopefulness was related to lower levels of violence. The relationship between school connectedness and violence was mediated by hopefulness; some evidence for mediation also existed in the family-parent connectedness and violence relationship. Findings warrant continued exploration of hopefulness as an important protective factor against violence involvement, and as a mediator in relationships between social connections and violence involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stoddard
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls Street, Room 4320, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, USA.
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Hartinger-Saunders RM, Rittner B, Wieczorek W, Nochajski T, Rine CM, Welte J. Victimization, Psychological Distress and Subsequent Offending Among Youth. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2011; 33:2375-2385. [PMID: 21984856 PMCID: PMC3187546 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Rittner
- University at Buffalo 685 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1050, USA
| | - William Wieczorek
- Buffalo State College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue # 8203 Buffalo, NY 14222-1004, USA
| | - Thomas Nochajski
- University at Buffalo 685 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1050, USA
| | - Christine M. Rine
- Plymouth State University, Mary Taylor House 102, Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1595, USA
| | - John Welte
- Buffalo State College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue # 8203 Buffalo, NY 14222-1004
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Schiavone DB. Exploring adolescent experiences with exposure to community violence. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2011; 24:79-87. [PMID: 21501284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TOPIC Exposure to violence negatively impacts the lives and health of adolescents. Twenty-two adolescents participated in focus groups to discuss the issue of community violence. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore adolescents' experiences with exposure to community violence, their perceived needs, and recommendations for community interventions. SOURCES Data from content analysis of transcriptions of focus group discussions described the adolescents' recommendations for solutions. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated that these adolescent participants sustain personal strengths despite feelings of helplessness related to high prevalence of exposures to community violence. Further research to investigate community interventions for adolescents exposed to community violence is needed. Implications and recommendations for nurses are discussed.
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Lindstrom Johnson SR, Finigan NM, Bradshaw CP, Haynie DL, Cheng TL. Examining the link between neighborhood context and parental messages to their adolescent children about violence. J Adolesc Health 2011; 49:58-63. [PMID: 21700158 PMCID: PMC3124663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Living in violent neighborhoods has been shown to alter adolescent's social cognitions and increase aggressive behavior. A similar process may also occur for parents and result in parental support of aggressive behavior. This research examines the influence of perceived neighborhood violence and neighborhood collective efficacy on parental attitudes toward violence and the messages they give their adolescent children about how to resolve interpersonal conflict. METHOD Data were collected from 143 African American parents and their adolescent children recruited from three inner-city middle schools to participate in a parenting intervention. Models were fit using structural equation modeling in Mplus. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, exposure to neighborhood violence was not predictive of either aggressive attitudes or conflict solutions for parents or adolescents. Rather, a mixed effect was found for neighborhood collective efficacy, with higher perceived neighborhood collective efficacy related to less violent attitudes for adolescents but not for parents. Collective efficacy also predicted the messages that parents gave their adolescents about interpersonal conflict, with higher collective efficacy related to messages that were less supportive of violence. CONCLUSION Parent and adolescent perception of neighborhood collective efficacy influences the messages that adolescents receive about interpersonal conflict resolution. This suggests that for parents living in violent neighborhoods, their appraisal of the neighborhood is more important in shaping conflict resolution messages than their own experiences with violence. Parent- and family-based programs to prevent youth violence need to address neighborhood factors that influence the messages adolescents receive about how to resolve conflict.
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Bacchini D, Concetta Miranda M, Affuso G. Effects of parental monitoring and exposure to community violence on antisocial behavior and anxiety/depression among adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2011; 26:269-292. [PMID: 20234055 DOI: 10.1177/0886260510362879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of gender, exposure to community violence, and parental monitoring upon antisocial behavior and anxiety/depression in adolescence. Involved in the study were 489 adolescents (290 males and 189 females) from 4 secondary schools in the city of Naples, Italy. The age of participants ranged from 16 to 19 (mean age = 17.53, standard deviation = 1.24). All were in the 3rd (11th grade) or 5th year (13th grade) of high school. Self-reported measures were used to assess antisocial behavior, symptoms of anxiety/depression, parental monitoring and exposure to community violence as a victim or as a witness. First of all we tested, through a hierarchical multiple regression, the independent contribution of gender, exposure to community violence and parental monitoring upon antisocial behavior and symptoms of anxiety/depression; then we tested the moderating role of gender and parental monitoring on the negative effects of exposure to violence. The results show that male gender, high level of exposure to community violence (both as a victim and a witness), and low level of parental monitoring predict a higher involvement in antisocial behavior. Female gender, being a victim and low level of parental monitoring predict symptoms of anxiety/depression. Furthermore, parental monitoring and gender play a moderating role, minimizing or amplifying the negative effects of exposure to community violence. The results of the research suggest that a similar pattern of risk and protective factors can give rise to multiple paths of adaptive or maladaptive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bacchini
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
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Wong NT, Zimmerman MA, Parker EA. A typology of youth participation and empowerment for child and adolescent health promotion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 46:100-14. [PMID: 20549334 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-010-9330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that increasing egalitarian relations between young people and adults is optimal for healthy development; however, the empirical assessment of shared control in youth-adult partnerships is emerging, and the field still requires careful observation, identification, categorization and labeling. Thus, our objective is to offer a conceptual typology that identifies degrees of youth-adult participation while considering the development potential within each type. We use an empowerment framework, rooted in evidence-based findings, to identify five types of youth participation: (1) Vessel, (2) Symbolic, (3) Pluralistic, (4) Independent and (5) Autonomous. The typology is constructed as a heuristic device to provide researchers, practitioners and policy-makers with a common language for articulating degrees of youth participation for optimal child and adolescent health promotion.
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Stoddard SA, Henly SJ, Sieving RE, Bolland J. Social connections, trajectories of hopelessness, and serious violence in impoverished urban youth. J Youth Adolesc 2010; 40:278-95. [PMID: 20690037 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Youth living in impoverished urban neighborhoods are at risk for becoming hopeless about their future and engaging in violent behaviors. The current study seeks to examine the longitudinal relationship between social connections, hopelessness trajectories, and subsequent violent behavior across adolescence. Our sample included 723 (49% female) African American youth living in impoverished urban neighborhoods who participated in the Mobile Youth Survey from 1998 through 2006. Using general growth mixture modeling, we found two hopelessness trajectory classes for both boys and girls during middle adolescence: a consistently low hopelessness class and an increasingly hopeless class with quadratic change. In all classes, youth who reported stronger early adolescent connections to their mothers were less hopeless at age 13. The probability of later adolescent violence with a weapon was higher for boys and was associated with the increasingly hopeless class for both boys and girls. Implications for new avenues of research and design of hope-based prevention interventions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stoddard
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA.
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Frampton KL, Jenkins JM, Dunn J. Within-family differences in internalizing behaviors: the role of children's perspectives of the mother-child relationship. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:557-68. [PMID: 20069353 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this exploratory, within-family, longitudinal study was to examine whether children's perspectives of the mother-child relationship explained within-family differences in children's responses to a shared family stressor (maternal depressive symptoms) over time. Children (ages 8 to 15 years; N = 68) residing in 34 families were drawn from a general population study in the UK. Predictor variables were assessed at Time 1 and change in internalizing behavior from Time 1 to Time 2 (2 years later) was examined. As children were nested within families, data were analyzed using multilevel modeling, controlling for previous child behavior. Child perspective of the mother-child relationship, in interaction with maternal depressive symptoms, was found to explain within-family differences in internalizing over time. Children with a negative perspective (compared to mothers' perspectives) were the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of maternal depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Frampton
- Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1V6.
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Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J. Toward a stress process model of children's exposure to physical family and community violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2010; 12:71-94. [PMID: 19434492 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretically informed models are required to further the comprehensive understanding of children's ETV. We draw on the stress process paradigm to forward an overall conceptual model of ETV (ETV) in childhood and adolescence. Around this conceptual model, we synthesize research in four dominant areas of the literature which are detailed but often disconnected including: (1) exposure to three forms of physical violence (e.g., child physical maltreatment, interparental violence, and community ETV); (2) the multilevel correlates and causes of ETV (e.g., neighborhood characteristics including concentrated disadvantage; family characteristics including socio-economic status and family stressors); (3) a range of consequences of ETV (e.g., internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, role transitions, and academic outcomes); and (4) multilevel and cross domain mediators and moderators of ETV influences (e.g., school and community factors, family social support, and individual coping resources). We highlight the range of interconnected processes through which violence exposures may influence children and suggest opportunities for prevention and intervention. We further identify needed future research on children's ETV including coping resources as well as research on cumulative contributions of violence exposure, violence exposure modifications, curvilinearity, and timing of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Foster
- Department of Sociology, Texas A&M University, MS 4351 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Moderating effects of family environment on the association between children's aggressive beliefs and their aggression trajectories from childhood to adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21:189-205. [PMID: 19144230 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study explored how children's aggressive beliefs and their family environments combine to influence the development of child aggression from middle childhood into adolescence. We utilized a "variable-centered" empirical approach, specifically examining whether children's aggressive beliefs represent a risk factor for their aggressive behaviors and whether this risk can be moderated by children's family environment. These questions were tested with individual growth modeling, using the data from a community-representative sample of 440 mother-child dyads, interviewed four times over a 6-year study period. The accelerated longitudinal design of the study enabled examination of children's aggression trajectories from age 7 to age 19. The results supported the hypothesis that elevated aggressive beliefs in children represent a risk factor for aggression, as higher aggressive beliefs were associated with greater aggression at the youngest age, as well as with increased aggression over time. However, as hypothesized, family environment moderated this association, such that changes in children's aggression over time were contingent upon the interaction of their aggressive beliefs with family environment. Specifically, aggression was reduced in children with high aggressive beliefs if they experienced better than average family environment, which included less family conflict and more family cohesion.
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