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Reynaert S, D'Hose T, De Boeck HJ, Laorden D, Dult L, Verbruggen E, Nijs I. Can permanent grassland soils with elevated organic carbon buffer negative effects of more persistent precipitation regimes on forage grass performance? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170623. [PMID: 38320706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural practices enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) show potential to buffer negative effects of climate change on forage grass performance. We tested this by subjecting five forage grass varieties differing in fodder quality and drought/flooding resistance to increased persistence in summer precipitation regimes (PR) across sandy and sandy-loam soils from either permanent (high SOC) or temporary grasslands (low SOC) in adjacent parcels. Over the course of two consecutive summers, monoculture mesocosms were subjected to rainy/dry weather alternation either every 3 days or every 30 days, whilst keeping total precipitation equal. Increased PR persistence induced species-specific drought damage and productivity declines. Soils from permanent grasslands with elevated SOC buffered plant quality, but buffering effects of SOC on drought damage, nutrient availability and yield differed between texture classes. In the more persistent PR, Festuca arundinacea FERMINA was the most productive species but had the lowest quality under both ample water supply and mild soil drought, whilst under the most intense soil droughts, Festulolium FESTILO maintained the highest yields. The hybrid Lolium × boucheanum kunth MELCOMBI had intermediate productivity and both Lolium perenne varieties showed the lowest yields under soil drought, but the highest forage quality (especially the tetraploid variety MELFORCE). Performance varied with plant maturity stage and across seasons/years and was driven by altered water and nutrient availability and related nitrogen nutrition among species during drought and upon rewetting. Moreover, whilst permanent grassland soils showed the most consistent positive effects on plant performance, their available water capacity also declined under increased PR persistence. We conclude that permanent grassland soils with historically elevated SOC likely buffer negative effects of increasing summer weather persistence on forage grass performance, but may also be more sensitive to degradation under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Reynaert
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Tommy D'Hose
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Food and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - David Laorden
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Biology, Darwin street 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liselot Dult
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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2
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Fernandez M, Malagoli P, Vincenot L, Vernay A, Améglio T, Balandier P. Molinia caerulea alters forest Quercus petraea seedling growth through reduced mycorrhization. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plac043. [PMID: 36751368 PMCID: PMC9893876 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oak regeneration is jeopardized by purple moor grass, a well-known competitive perennial grass in the temperate forests of Western Europe. Below-ground interactions regarding resource acquisition and interference have been demonstrated and have led to new questions about the negative impact of purple moor grass on ectomycorrhizal colonization. The objective was to examine the effects of moor grass on root system size and ectomycorrhization rate of oak seedlings as well as consequences on nitrogen (N) content in oak and soil. Oak seedlings and moor grass tufts were planted together or separately in pots under semi-controlled conditions (irrigated and natural light) and harvested 1 year after planting. Biomass, N content in shoot and root in oak and moor grass as well as number of lateral roots and ectomycorrhizal rate in oak were measured. Biomass in both oak shoot and root was reduced when planting with moor grass. Concurrently, oak lateral roots number and ectomycorrhization rate decreased, along with a reduction in N content in mixed-grown oak. An interference mechanism of moor grass is affecting oak seedlings performance through reduction in oak lateral roots number and its ectomycorrhization, observed in conjunction with a lower growth and N content in oak. By altering both oak roots and mycorrhizas, moor grass appears to be a species with a high allelopathic potential. More broadly, these results show the complexity of interspecific interactions that involve various ecological processes involving the soil microbial community and need to be explored in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Fernandez
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Lucie Vincenot
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire ECODIV USC INRAE 1499, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Vernay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Balandier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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3
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Reynaert S, Zi L, AbdElgawad H, De Boeck HJ, Vindušková O, Nijs I, Beemster G, Asard H. Does previous exposure to extreme precipitation regimes result in acclimated grassland communities? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156368. [PMID: 35654184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will likely increase weather persistence in the mid-latitudes, resulting in precipitation regimes (PR) with longer dry and wet periods compared to historic averages. This could affect terrestrial ecosystems substantially through the increased occurrence of repeated, prolonged drought and water logging conditions. Climate history is an important determinant of ecosystem responses to consecutive environmental extremes, through direct damage, community restructuring as well as morphological and physiological acclimation in species or individuals. However, it is unclear how community restructuring and individual metabolic acclimation effects interact to determine ecosystem responses to subsequent climate extremes. Here, we investigated, if and how, differences in exposure to extreme or historically normal PR induced long-lasting (i.e. legacy) effects at the level of community (e.g., species composition), plant (e.g., biomass), and molecular composition (e.g., sugars, lipids, stress markers). Experimental grassland communities were exposed to long (extreme) or short (historically normal) dry/wet cycles in year 1 (Y1), followed by exposure to an identical PR or the opposite PR in year 2 (Y2). Results indicate that exposure to extreme PR in Y1, reduced diversity but induced apparent acclimation effects in all climate scenarios, stimulating biomass (higher productivity and structural sugar content) in Y2. In contrast, plants pre-exposed to normal PR, showed more activated stress responses (higher proline and antioxidants) under extreme PR in Y2. Overall, Y1 acclimation effects were strongest in the dominant grasses, indicating comparatively high phenotypical plasticity. However, Y2 drought intensity also correlated with grass productivity and structural sugar findings, suggesting that responses to short-term soil water deficits contributed to the observed patterns. Interactions between different legacy effects are discussed. We conclude that more extreme PR will likely alter diversity in the short-to midterm and select for acclimated grassland communities with increased productivity and attenuated molecular stress responses under future climate regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Reynaert
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lin Zi
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Olga Vindušková
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Jones AG, Clymans W, Palmer DJ, Crockatt ME. Revaluating forest drought experiments according to future precipitation patterns, ecosystem carbon and decomposition rate responses: A meta-analysis. AMBIO 2022; 51:1227-1238. [PMID: 34697767 PMCID: PMC8931167 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Moisture availability is a strong determinant of decomposition rates in forests worldwide. Climate models suggest that many terrestrial ecosystems are at risk from future droughts, suggesting moisture limiting conditions will develop across a range of forests worldwide. The impacts of increasing drought conditions on forest carbon (C) fluxes due to shifts in organic matter decay rates may be poorly characterised due to limited experimental research. To appraise this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of forest drought experiment studies worldwide, examining spatial limits, knowledge gaps and potential biases. To identify limits to experimental knowledge, we projected the global distribution of forest drought experiments against spatially modelled estimates of (i) future precipitation change, (ii) ecosystem total above-ground C and (iii) soil C storage. Our assessment, involving 115 individual experimental study locations, found a mismatch between the distribution of forest drought experiments and regions with higher levels of future drought risk and C storage, such as Central America, Amazonia, the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, equatorial Africa and Indonesia. Decomposition rate responses in litter and soil were also relatively under-studied, with only 30 experiments specifically examining the potential experimental impacts of drought on C fluxes from soil or litter. We propose new approaches for engaging experimentally with forest drought research, utilising standardised protocols to appraise the impacts of drought on the C cycle, while targeting the most vulnerable and relevant forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G. Jones
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
| | - Wim Clymans
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - David J. Palmer
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand
| | - Martha E. Crockatt
- Earthwatch Institute, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DE UK
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5
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Wilfahrt PA, Schweiger AH, Abrantes N, Arfin‐Khan MAS, Bahn M, Berauer BJ, Bierbaumer M, Djukic I, Dusseldorp M, Eibes P, Estiarte M, Hessberg A, Holub P, Ingrisch J, Schmidt IK, Kesic L, Klem K, Kröel‐Dulay G, Larsen KS, Lõhmus K, Mänd P, Orbán I, Orlovic S, Peñuelas J, Reinthaler D, Radujković D, Schuchardt M, Schweiger JM, Stojnic S, Tietema A, Urban O, Vicca S, Jentsch A. Disentangling climate from soil nutrient effects on plant biomass production using a multispecies phytometer. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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6
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Wang M, Wang S, Zhao J, Ju W, Hao Z. Global positive gross primary productivity extremes and climate contributions during 1982-2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145703. [PMID: 33610992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) quantifies the photosynthetic uptake of carbon by the terrestrial ecosystem. Positive GPP extremes represent the potential capacity of the terrestrial ecosystem to uptake carbon dioxide. Studying the positive GPP extreme is vital for the global carbon cycle and mitigation of global warming. With increasing climate extreme events, many kinds of research focus on studying negative GPP and the negative impact of climatic extremes on GPP. There is still a lack of research on positive GPP extremes and whether climatic extremes could be beneficial to global carbon uptake. In this study, we used daily Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) to simulate GPP of the global terrestrial ecosystem during 1982-2016 and combined TRENDY models to detect positive GPP extremes and investigate the effects of climate extremes on GPP. We found the results of the TRENDY models have large differences in some areas of the globe, and the BEPS model driven by remote sensing data could be more suitable for simulating the long-term time series of global terrestrial GPP. Compared to other plant functional types, grasslands contributed the most to positive GPP extremes, accounting for approximately 41.6% (TRENDY) and 34.8% (BEPS) of the global positive GPP extremes. The probabilities of positive GPP extremes caused by positive precipitation extremes were significantly higher than those caused by temperature and radiation in most areas of the globe, indicating that sufficient precipitation (not a flood) would boost the carbon uptake ability of the global terrestrial ecosystem to form positive GPP extremes. On the contrary, the partial correlation coefficients between temperature and GPP were negative in most areas of globe, suggesting that global warming will not be conducive to carbon uptake of the terrestrial ecosystem. This study may provide new knowledge on the global positive GPP extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Weimin Ju
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuo Hao
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Van Sundert K, Arfin Khan MAS, Bharath S, Buckley YM, Caldeira MC, Donohue I, Dubbert M, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Eskelinen A, Finn A, Gebauer T, Haider S, Hansart A, Jentsch A, Kübert A, Nijs I, Nock CA, Nogueira C, Porath-Krause AJ, Radujković D, Raynaud X, Risch AC, Roscher C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schuchardt MA, Schütz M, Siebert J, Sitters J, Spohn M, Virtanen R, Werner C, Wilfahrt P, Vicca S. Fertilized graminoids intensify negative drought effects on grassland productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2441-2457. [PMID: 33675118 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Droughts can strongly affect grassland productivity and biodiversity, but responses differ widely. Nutrient availability may be a critical factor explaining this variation, but is often ignored in analyses of drought responses. Here, we used a standardized nutrient addition experiment covering 10 European grasslands to test if full-factorial nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition affected plant community responses to inter-annual variation in drought stress and to the extreme summer drought of 2018 in Europe. We found that nutrient addition amplified detrimental drought effects on community aboveground biomass production. Drought effects also differed between functional groups, with a negative effect on graminoid but not forb biomass production. Our results imply that eutrophication in grasslands, which promotes dominance of drought-sensitive graminoids over forbs, amplifies detrimental drought effects. In terms of climate change adaptation, agricultural management would benefit from taking into account differential drought impacts on fertilized versus unfertilized grasslands, which differ in ecosystem services they provide to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Sundert
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A S Arfin Khan
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siddharth Bharath
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maren Dubbert
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Isotope Biogeochemistry and Gas Fluxes, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Department of Experimental Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Department of Physiological Diversity, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alain Finn
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Geobotany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amandine Hansart
- Département de biologie, CNRS, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carla Nogueira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anita J Porath-Krause
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dajana Radujković
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, UPEC, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anita C Risch
- Community Ecology Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Max A Schuchardt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Community Ecology Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Julia Siebert
- Department of Experimental Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith Sitters
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Spohn
- Department of Soil and Environment, Sveriges Landbruksuniversitet (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Global Change Ecology Centre of Excellence, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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8
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Yahdjian L, Sala OE, PiÑEiro-Guerra JM, Knapp AK, Collins SL, Phillips RP, Smith MD. Why Coordinated Distributed Experiments Should Go Global. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The performance of coordinated distributed experiments designed to compare ecosystem sensitivity to global-change drivers depends on whether they cover a significant proportion of the global range of environmental variables. In the present article, we described the global distribution of climatic and soil variables and quantified main differences among continents. Then, as a test case, we assessed the representativeness of the International Drought Experiment (IDE) in parameter space. Considering the global environmental variability at this scale, the different continents harbor unique combinations of parameters. As such, coordinated experiments set up across a single continent may fail to capture the full extent of global variation in climate and soil parameter space. IDE with representation on all continents has the potential to address global scale hypotheses about ecosystem sensitivity to environmental change. Our results provide a unique vision of climate and soil variability at the global scale and highlight the need to design globally distributed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yahdjian
- Ecology Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Manuel PiÑEiro-Guerra
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Conservação, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, in João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and the director of the Semiarid Grassland Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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9
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Yuan M, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Liu J, Chen H, Peng C, Li P, Li M, Wang M, Zhao P. Global response of terrestrial gross primary productivity to climate extremes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142337. [PMID: 33182195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climate events undoubtedly have essential impacts on ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP), but the global spatio-temporal patterns of GPP responses to climate extremes are unclear. In this study, we analyzed the responses of GPP to temperature and precipitation extremes during historical (1901-2016) and future (2006-2100) periods using climate extreme indices (CEIs) developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices. Eight temperature-related CEIs and eight precipitation-related CEIs were used for this analysis, along with three future greenhouse gas concentration trajectory scenarios generated by the IPCC: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. Our results show that under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, most climate extremes are increasing from the historical period into the future, indicating a warming globe with more frequent and more intense extreme climate events. But the increasing rate is only persistently enhanced with time under scenario RCP 8.5. GPP shows a continuous negative relationship with cold CEIs and positive relationship with wet CEIs from the historical period into the future. In all zonal scales, the changed magnitude of GPP responds strongly to extreme value-related temperature extremes under different scenarios. However, the precipitation-related extremes with the strongest GPP response are various in different regions. In the future, GPP is most sensitive to temperature extremes in upper northern latitudes and in high-altitude regions (e.g., Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and to precipitation extremes in the tropical zone. This study may provide a basis for predicting how GPP responds to climate extremes and explaining the underlying changes in the carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Yuan
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; National Earth System Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinxun Liu
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Huai Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- Institute of Environment Sciences, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Peng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, 130024, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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10
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Ma Z, Chang SX, Bork EW, Steinaker DF, Wilson SD, White SR, Cahill JF. Climate change and defoliation interact to affect root length across northern temperate grasslands. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Ma
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Edward W. Bork
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | | | - Shannon R. White
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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11
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Wright AJ, Mommer L, Barry K, van Ruijven J. Stress gradients and biodiversity: monoculture vulnerability drives stronger biodiversity effects during drought years. Ecology 2020; 102:e03193. [PMID: 32905612 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Climate change will increase the likelihood and severity of droughts into the future. Although diversity may buffer plant communities against the negative effects of drought, the mechanisms underlying this pattern remain unclear. Higher-diversity plant communities may have a higher likelihood of including more drought-resistant species that can compensate for drought-sensitive species ("insurance effects"). Alternatively, higher-diversity communities may alter environmental conditions and improve performance of even drought-sensitive species. Here we planted nonleguminous forbs and grasses into monocultures and four- and eight-species mixtures, and measured species and plot productivity every year from 2000 to 2010. We found that six of our eight species were suppressed when growing in monoculture during dry years. These same species were unaffected by drought when growing in higher-diversity mixtures. Because of this poor performance in monoculture (not insurance effects), the biodiversity productivity relationship was strongest during the driest years. If biodiversity ameliorates hot/dry conditions and therefore improves performance of drought-sensitive species during periods of low rainfall, this may mean biodiversity can be used as a tool to protect individual species from drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California, 90032, USA
| | - L Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - K Barry
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - J van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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12
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Rambal S, Cavender-Bares J, Sparks KL, Sparks JP. Consequences of drought severity for tropical live oak (Quercus oleoides) in Mesoamerica. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02135. [PMID: 32304117 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In two Costa Rican and three Honduran sites that vary in rainfall and soil properties, we used natural isotopes, a soil water balance model, and broad-scale climate-based drought indices to study shifts in water use with ontogeny from seedlings to mature tropical live oak (Quercus oleoides) trees. Water use patterns help to explain persistence of this broadly distributed species in Mesoamerica and to evaluate likely threats of ongoing climate changes. At the end of the dry season, soil δ18 O profiles can be described by one-phase exponential decay curves. Minimum values reflect geographic origins of the last significant rain event, and curvature is inversely related to canopy closure, demonstrating its role in controlling topsoil evaporation. Partitioning of soil water sources for transpiration was analyzed with a mixing model. In the Costa Rican sites, in a relatively dry year, saplings and mature trees took up water from the upper soil. In a relatively wet year in the Honduran sites, we observed deeper water extraction. In all sites, soil storage dampens extreme variation in water availability. The size dependence of water uptake with larger stems exploiting deeper layers is translated into variation in bulk leaf δ13 C-based water use efficiency (WUE) with the exception of mature trees. From 1932 to 2015, drought severity was evaluated with the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) concurrently with simulations of the soil water balance model. Drought occurrence increased, regardless of the time period, averaged across 6, 12, or 24 months. All ontogenetic stages in all populations experienced frequent water limitation. We found evidence for linear trends toward aridification with increases of return periods of drought for October SPEI-24 declining from 42 to 6 yr in Costa Rica and from 21 to 7 yr in Honduras and recent occurrence of multiyear droughts from 2013 to 2016. October SPEI-12 and SPEI-24 were significantly related to the Oceanic Niño Indices demonstrating that local inter-annual variations in drought severity in Mesoamerica are modulated by large-scale climate forces. Drought severity in the near-term future depends on the extent to which the Pacific will adopt a more La Niña-like vs. a more El Niño-like state under ongoing climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rambal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34293, France
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Kimberlee L Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jed P Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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13
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Paschalis A, Fatichi S, Zscheischler J, Ciais P, Bahn M, Boysen L, Chang J, De Kauwe M, Estiarte M, Goll D, Hanson PJ, Harper AB, Hou E, Kigel J, Knapp AK, Larsen KS, Li W, Lienert S, Luo Y, Meir P, Nabel JEMS, Ogaya R, Parolari AJ, Peng C, Peñuelas J, Pongratz J, Rambal S, Schmidt IK, Shi H, Sternberg M, Tian H, Tschumi E, Ukkola A, Vicca S, Viovy N, Wang YP, Wang Z, Williams K, Wu D, Zhu Q. Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3336-3355. [PMID: 32012402 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model-data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter-model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water-limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily-monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal-annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter-model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Paschalis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Boysen
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Martin De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anna B Harper
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Enqing Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime Kigel
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Klaus S Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Romà Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anthony J Parolari
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Serge Rambal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Inger K Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hao Shi
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Elisabeth Tschumi
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Ukkola
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - Zhuonan Wang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Donghai Wu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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14
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Andrews CM, D'Amato AW, Fraver S, Palik B, Battaglia MA, Bradford JB. Low stand density moderates growth declines during hot droughts in semi‐arid forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony W. D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Shawn Fraver
- School of Forest Resources University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Brian Palik
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Grand Rapid MN USA
| | | | - John B. Bradford
- US Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaff AZ USA
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15
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Halbritter AH, De Boeck HJ, Eycott AE, Reinsch S, Robinson DA, Vicca S, Berauer B, Christiansen CT, Estiarte M, Grünzweig JM, Gya R, Hansen K, Jentsch A, Lee H, Linder S, Marshall J, Peñuelas J, Kappel Schmidt I, Stuart‐Haëntjens E, Wilfahrt P, Vandvik V, Abrantes N, Almagro M, Althuizen IHJ, Barrio IC, te Beest M, Beier C, Beil I, Berry ZC, Birkemoe T, Bjerke JW, Blonder B, Blume‐Werry G, Bohrer G, Campos I, Cernusak LA, Chojnicki BH, Cosby BJ, Dickman LT, Djukic I, Filella I, Fuchslueger L, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Gillespie MAK, Goldsmith GR, Gough C, Halliday FW, Joar Hegland S, Hoch G, Holub P, Jaroszynska F, Johnson DM, Jones SB, Kardol P, Keizer JJ, Klem K, Konestabo HS, Kreyling J, Kröel‐Dulay G, Landhäusser SM, Larsen KS, Leblans N, Lebron I, Lehmann MM, Lembrechts JJ, Lenz A, Linstädter A, Llusià J, Macias‐Fauria M, Malyshev AV, Mänd P, Marshall M, Matheny AM, McDowell N, Meier IC, Meinzer FC, Michaletz ST, Miller ML, Muffler L, Oravec M, Ostonen I, Porcar‐Castell A, Preece C, Prentice IC, Radujković D, Ravolainen V, Ribbons R, Ruppert JC, Sack L, Sardans J, Schindlbacher A, Scoffoni C, Sigurdsson BD, Smart S, Smith SW, Soper F, Speed JDM, Sverdrup‐Thygeson A, Sydenham MAK, Taghizadeh‐Toosi A, Telford RJ, Tielbörger K, Töpper JP, Urban O, Ploeg M, Van Langenhove L, Večeřová K, Ven A, Verbruggen E, Vik U, Weigel R, Wohlgemuth T, Wood LK, Zinnert J, Zurba K. The handbook for standardized field and laboratory measurements in terrestrial climate change experiments and observational studies (ClimEx). Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aud H. Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Hans J. De Boeck
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Amy E. Eycott
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Steinkjer Norway
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Bangor UK
| | | | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Universiteit Antwerpen Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Bernd Berauer
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - José M. Grünzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Karin Hansen
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hanna Lee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain
- CREAF Vallès Spain
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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16
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Slette IJ, Post AK, Awad M, Even T, Punzalan A, Williams S, Smith MD, Knapp AK. How ecologists define drought, and why we should do better. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3193-3200. [PMID: 31276260 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought, widely studied as an important driver of ecosystem dynamics, is predicted to increase in frequency and severity globally. To study drought, ecologists must define or at least operationalize what constitutes a drought. How this is accomplished in practice is unclear, particularly given that climatologists have long struggled to agree on definitions of drought, beyond general variants of "an abnormal deficiency of water." We conducted a literature review of ecological drought studies (564 papers) to assess how ecologists describe and study drought. We found that ecologists characterize drought in a wide variety of ways (reduced precipitation, low soil moisture, reduced streamflow, etc.), but relatively few publications (~32%) explicitly define what are, and are not, drought conditions. More troubling, a surprising number of papers (~30%) simply equated "dry conditions" with "drought" and provided little characterization of the drought conditions studied. For a subset of these, we calculated Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index values for the reported drought periods. We found that while almost 90% of the studies were conducted under conditions quantifiable as slightly to extremely drier than average, ~50% were within the range of normal climatic variability. We conclude that the current state of the ecological drought literature hinders synthesis and our ability to draw broad ecological inferences because drought is often declared but is not explicitly defined or well characterized. We suggest that future drought publications provide at least one of the following: (a) the climatic context of the drought period based on long-term records; (b) standardized climatic index values; (c) published metrics from drought-monitoring organizations; (d) a quantitative definition of what the authors consider to be drought conditions for their system. With more detailed and consistent quantification of drought conditions, comparisons among studies can be more rigorous, increasing our understanding of the ecological effects of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alison K Post
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mai Awad
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Trevor Even
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Arianna Punzalan
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sere Williams
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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17
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A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1309-1320. [PMID: 31427733 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback.
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18
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Takou M, Wieters B, Kopriva S, Coupland G, Linstädter A, De Meaux J. Linking genes with ecological strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1141-1151. [PMID: 30561727 PMCID: PMC6382341 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is the most prominent model system in plant molecular biology and genetics. Although its ecology was initially neglected, collections of various genotypes revealed a complex population structure, with high levels of genetic diversity and substantial levels of phenotypic variation. This helped identify the genes and gene pathways mediating phenotypic change. Population genetics studies further demonstrated that this variation generally contributes to local adaptation. Here, we review evidence showing that traits affecting plant life history, growth rate, and stress reactions are not only locally adapted, they also often co-vary. Co-variation between these traits indicates that they evolve as trait syndromes, and reveals the ecological diversification that took place within A. thaliana. We argue that examining traits and the gene that control them within the context of global summary schemes that describe major ecological strategies will contribute to resolve important questions in both molecular biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Germany
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19
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Asbjornsen H, Campbell JL, Jennings KA, Vadeboncoeur MA, McIntire C, Templer PH, Phillips RP, Bauerle TL, Dietze MC, Frey SD, Groffman PM, Guerrieri R, Hanson PJ, Kelsey EP, Knapp AK, McDowell NG, Meir P, Novick KA, Ollinger SV, Pockman WT, Schaberg PG, Wullschleger SD, Smith MD, Rustad LE. Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Asbjornsen
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - John L. Campbell
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest Service Durham New Hampshire
| | - Katie A. Jennings
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Cameron McIntire
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Michael C. Dietze
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAdvanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Brooklyn College New York New York
| | - Rosella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Eric P. Kelsey
- Department of Atmospheric Science and ChemistryPlymouth State University Plymouth New Hampshire
- Mount Washington Observatory North Conway New Hampshire
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Scott V. Ollinger
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Will T. Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | | | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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20
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Volaire F. A unified framework of plant adaptive strategies to drought: Crossing scales and disciplines. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2929-2938. [PMID: 29350812 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation to drought has been extensively studied at many scales from ecology to molecular biology across a large range of model species. However, the conceptual frameworks underpinning the definition of plant strategies, and the terminology used across the different disciplines and scales are not analogous. 'Drought resistance' for instance refers to plant responses as different as the maintenance of growth and productivity in crops, to the survival and recovery in perennial woody or grassland species. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a unified conceptual framework of plant adaptive strategies to drought based on a revised terminology in order to enhance comparative studies. Ecological strategies encapsulate plant adaptation to multidimensional variation in resource variability but cannot account for the dynamic and short-term responses to fluctuations in water availability. Conversely, several plant physiological strategies have been identified along the mono-dimensional gradient of water availability in a given environment. According to a revised terminology, dehydration escape, dehydration avoidance, dehydration tolerance, dormancy, and desiccation tolerance are clearly distinguishable. Their sequential expression is expressed as water deficit increases while cavitation tolerance is proposed here to be a major hydraulic strategy underpinning adaptive responses to drought of vascular plants. This continuum of physiological strategies can be interpreted in the context of the ecological trade-off between water-acquisition vs. water-conservation, since growth maintenance is associated with fast water use under moderate drought while plant survival after growth cessation is associated with slow water use under severe drought. Consequently, the distinction between 'drought resistance' and 'drought survival', is emphasized as crucial to ensure a correct interpretation of plant strategies since 'knowing when not to grow' does not confer 'drought resistance' but may well enhance 'drought survival'. This framework proposal should improve cross-fertilization between disciplines to help tackle the increasing worldwide challenges that drought poses to plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Volaire
- INRA USC 1338, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex, France
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21
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Stampfli A, Bloor JMG, Fischer M, Zeiter M. High land-use intensity exacerbates shifts in grassland vegetation composition after severe experimental drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2021-2034. [PMID: 29323767 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change projections anticipate increased frequency and intensity of drought stress, but grassland responses to severe droughts and their potential to recover are poorly understood. In many grasslands, high land-use intensity has enhanced productivity and promoted resource-acquisitive species at the expense of resource-conservative ones. Such changes in plant functional composition could affect the resistance to drought and the recovery after drought of grassland ecosystems with consequences for feed productivity resilience and environmental stewardship. In a 12-site precipitation exclusion experiment in upland grassland ecosystems across Switzerland, we imposed severe edaphic drought in plots under rainout shelters and compared them with plots under ambient conditions. We used soil water potentials to scale drought stress across sites. Impacts of precipitation exclusion and drought legacy effects were examined along a gradient of land-use intensity to determine how grasslands resisted to, and recovered after drought. In the year of precipitation exclusion, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in plots under rainout shelters was -15% to -56% lower than in control plots. Drought effects on ANPP increased with drought severity, specified as duration of topsoil water potential ψ < -100 kPa, irrespective of land-use intensity. In the year after drought, ANPP had completely recovered, but total species diversity had declined by -10%. Perennial species showed elevated mortality, but species richness of annuals showed a small increase due to enhanced recruitment. In general, the more resource-acquisitive grasses increased at the expense of the deeper-rooted forbs after drought, suggesting that community reorganization was driven by competition rather than plant mortality. The negative effects of precipitation exclusion on forbs increased with land-use intensity. Our study suggests a synergistic impact of land-use intensification and climate change on grassland vegetation composition, and implies that biomass recovery after drought may occur at the expense of biodiversity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stampfli
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Zeiter
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Pflug EE, Buchmann N, Siegwolf RTW, Schaub M, Rigling A, Arend M. Resilient Leaf Physiological Response of European Beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) to Summer Drought and Drought Release. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29515605 PMCID: PMC5825912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental constraint to trees, causing severe stress and thus adversely affecting their functional integrity. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a key species in mesic forests that is commonly expected to suffer in a future climate with more intense and frequent droughts. Here, we assessed the seasonal response of leaf physiological characteristics of beech saplings to drought and drought release to investigate their potential to recover from the imposed stress and overcome previous limitations. Saplings were transplanted to model ecosystems and exposed to a simulated summer drought. Pre-dawn water potentials (ψpd), stomatal conductance (gS), intercellular CO2 concentration (ci), net-photosynthesis (AN), PSII chlorophyll fluorescence (PItot), non-structural carbohydrate concentrations (NSC; soluble sugars, starch) and carbon isotope signatures were measured in leaves throughout the growing season. Pre-dawn water potentials (ψpd), gS, ci, AN, and PItot decreased as drought progressed, and the concentration of soluble sugars increased at the expense of starch. Carbon isotopes in soluble sugars (δ13CS) showed a distinct increase under drought, suggesting, together with decreased ci, stomatal limitation of AN. Drought effects on ψpd, ci, and NSC disappeared shortly after re-watering, while full recovery of gS, AN, and PItot was delayed by 1 week. The fast recovery of NSC was reflected by a rapid decay of the drought signal in δ13C values, indicating a rapid turnover of assimilates and a reactivation of carbon metabolism. After recovery, the previously drought-exposed saplings showed a stimulation of AN and a trend toward elevated starch concentrations, which counteracted the previous drought limitations. Overall, our results suggest that the internal water relations of beech saplings and the physiological activity of leaves are restored rapidly after drought release. In the case of AN, stimulation after drought may partially compensate for limitations on photosynthetic activity during drought. Our observations suggest high resilience of beech to drought, contradicting the general belief that beech is particularly sensitive to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Pflug
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf T. W. Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Rodgers VL, Smith NG, Hoeppner SS, Dukes JS. Warming increases the sensitivity of seedling growth capacity to rainfall in six temperate deciduous tree species. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply003. [PMID: 29484151 PMCID: PMC5815139 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the effects of climate change on tree species and communities is critical for understanding the future state of our forested ecosystems. We used a fully factorial precipitation (three levels; ambient, -50 % ambient, +50 % ambient) by warming (four levels; up to +4 °C) experiment in an old-field ecosystem in the northeastern USA to study the climatic sensitivity of seedlings of six native tree species. We measured whole plant-level responses: survival, total leaf area (TLA), seedling insect herbivory damage, as well as leaf-level responses: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf-level water content (LWC), foliar nitrogen (N) concentration, foliar carbon (C) concentration and C:N ratio of each of these deciduous species in each treatment across a single growing season. We found that canopy warming dramatically increased the sensitivity of plant growth (measured as TLA) to rainfall across all species. Warm, dry conditions consistently reduced TLA and also reduced leaf C:N in four species (Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana), primarily as a result of reduced foliar C, not increased foliar N. Interestingly, these conditions also harmed the other two species in different ways, increasing either mortality (Populus grandidentata) or herbivory (Quercus rubra). Specific leaf area and LWC varied across species, but did not show strong treatment responses. Our results indicate that, in the northeastern USA, dry years in a future warmer environment could have damaging effects on the growth capacity of these early secondary successional forests, through species-specific effects on leaf production (total leaves and leaf C), herbivory and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki L Rodgers
- Math and Science Division, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Susanne S Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Hoover DL, Wilcox KR, Young KE. Experimental droughts with rainout shelters: a methodological review. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hoover
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Kevin R. Wilcox
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Kristina E. Young
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Texas El Paso 500 West University El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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25
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Knapp AK, Avolio ML, Beier C, Carroll CJW, Collins SL, Dukes JS, Fraser LH, Griffin-Nolan RJ, Hoover DL, Jentsch A, Loik ME, Phillips RP, Post AK, Sala OE, Slette IJ, Yahdjian L, Smith MD. Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1774-1782. [PMID: 27633752 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has the potential to cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that the incidence of extreme precipitation years (defined statistically from historical precipitation records) is increasing, there is a clear need to identify ecosystems that are most vulnerable to these changes and understand why some ecosystems are more sensitive to extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies of naturally occurring extreme precipitation years, combined with results from a relatively small number of experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding of differences in ecosystem sensitivity, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple ecosystem types and focused on water can enhance our understanding of differential ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes, but there are many design challenges to overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental approaches for manipulating precipitation under field conditions to inform the design of 'Drought-Net', a relatively low-cost CDE that simulates extreme precipitation years. A common method for imposing both dry and wet years is to alter each ambient precipitation event. We endorse this approach for imposing extreme precipitation years because it simultaneously alters other precipitation characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent with natural precipitation patterns. However, we do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites - a common approach to standardization in CDEs. This is because precipitation variability varies >fivefold globally resulting in a wide range of ecosystem-specific thresholds for defining extreme precipitation years. For CDEs focused on precipitation extremes, treatments should be based on each site's past climatic characteristics. This approach, though not often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses to be directly compared across disparate ecosystems and climates, facilitating process-level understanding of ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
| | - Claus Beier
- Centre for Catchments and Urban Water Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway
| | - Charles J W Carroll
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC30-2020, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lauchlan H Fraser
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, V2C0C8, Canada
| | - Robert J Griffin-Nolan
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - David L Hoover
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, BayCEER, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Michael E Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7005, USA
| | - Alison K Post
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Cátedra de Ecología. Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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26
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Barkaoui K, Navas M, Roumet C, Cruz P, Volaire F. Does water shortage generate water stress? An ecohydrological approach across Mediterranean plant communities. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Barkaoui
- CIRAD UMR SYSTEM F‐34398 Montpellier France
- CNRS CEFE UMR 5175 Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie‐Laure Navas
- Montpellier SupAgro CEFE UMR 5175 Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CNRS CEFE UMR 5175 Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Pablo Cruz
- INRA UMR 1248 AGIR Centre de recherche de Toulouse Castanet‐Tolosan Cedex France
| | - Florence Volaire
- INRA USC 1338 CEFE UMR 5175 Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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27
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Malisch CS, Salminen JP, Kölliker R, Engström MT, Suter D, Studer B, Lüscher A. Drought Effects on Proanthocyanidins in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) Are Dependent on the Plant's Ontogenetic Stage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9307-9316. [PMID: 27960281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a forage legume, which improves animal health and the environmental impact of livestock farming due to its proanthocyanidin content. To identify the impact of drought on acetone/water-extractable proanthocyanidin (PA) concentration and composition in the generative and vegetative stages, a rain exclosure experiment was established. Leaves of 120 plants from 5 different sainfoin accessions were sampled repeatedly and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results showed distinct differences in response to drought between vegetative and generative plants. Whereas vegetative plants showed a strong response to drought in growth (-56%) and leaf PA concentration (+46%), generative plants showed no response in growth (-2%) or PA concentration (-9%). The PA composition was stable across environments. The five accessions varied in PA concentrations and composition but showed the same pattern of response to the experimental treatments. These results show that the ontogenetic stage at which drought occurs significantly affects the plant's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten S Malisch
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Marica T Engström
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Smith NG, Pold G, Goranson C, Dukes JS. Characterizing the drivers of seedling leaf gas exchange responses to warming and altered precipitation: indirect and direct effects. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw066. [PMID: 27658816 PMCID: PMC5091920 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic forces are projected to lead to warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns globally. The impact of these climatic changes on the uptake of carbon by the land surface will, in part, determine the rate and magnitude of these changes. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty in how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to climate in the future. Here, we used a fully factorial warming (four levels) by precipitation (three levels) manipulation experiment in an old-field ecosystem in the northeastern USA to examine the impact of climatic changes on leaf carbon exchange in five species of deciduous tree seedlings. We found that photosynthesis generally increased in response to increasing precipitation and decreased in response to warming. Respiration was less sensitive to the treatments. The net result was greater leaf carbon uptake in wetter and cooler conditions across all species. Structural equation modelling revealed the primary pathway through which climate impacted leaf carbon exchange. Net photosynthesis increased with increasing stomatal conductance and photosynthetic enzyme capacity (Vcmax), and decreased with increasing respiration of leaves. Soil moisture and leaf temperature at the time of measurement most heavily influenced these primary drivers of net photosynthesis. Leaf respiration increased with increasing soil moisture, leaf temperature, and photosynthetic supply of substrates. Counter to the soil moisture response, respiration decreased with increasing precipitation amount, indicating that the response to short- (i.e. soil moisture) versus long-term (i.e. precipitation amount) water stress differed, possibly as a result of changes in the relative amounts of growth and maintenance demand for respiration over time. These data (>500 paired measurements of light and dark leaf gas exchange), now publicly available, detail the pathways by which climate can impact leaf gas exchange and could be useful for testing assumptions in land surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Grace Pold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carol Goranson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Drought Effects in Climate Change Manipulation Experiments: Quantifying the Influence of Ambient Weather Conditions and Rain-out Shelter Artifacts. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Estiarte M, Vicca S, Peñuelas J, Bahn M, Beier C, Emmett BA, Fay PA, Hanson PJ, Hasibeder R, Kigel J, Kröel-Dulay G, Larsen KS, Lellei-Kovács E, Limousin JM, Ogaya R, Ourcival JM, Reinsch S, Sala OE, Schmidt IK, Sternberg M, Tielbörger K, Tietema A, Janssens IA. Few multiyear precipitation-reduction experiments find a shift in the productivity-precipitation relationship. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2570-81. [PMID: 26946322 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined productivity-precipitation relationships of ecosystems are needed as benchmarks for the validation of land models used for future projections. The productivity-precipitation relationship may be studied in two ways: the spatial approach relates differences in productivity to those in precipitation among sites along a precipitation gradient (the spatial fit, with a steeper slope); the temporal approach relates interannual productivity changes to variation in precipitation within sites (the temporal fits, with flatter slopes). Precipitation-reduction experiments in natural ecosystems represent a complement to the fits, because they can reduce precipitation below the natural range and are thus well suited to study potential effects of climate drying. Here, we analyse the effects of dry treatments in eleven multiyear precipitation-manipulation experiments, focusing on changes in the temporal fit. We expected that structural changes in the dry treatments would occur in some experiments, thereby reducing the intercept of the temporal fit and displacing the productivity-precipitation relationship downward the spatial fit. The majority of experiments (72%) showed that dry treatments did not alter the temporal fit. This implies that current temporal fits are to be preferred over the spatial fit to benchmark land-model projections of productivity under future climate within the precipitation ranges covered by the experiments. Moreover, in two experiments, the intercept of the temporal fit unexpectedly increased due to mechanisms that reduced either water loss or nutrient loss. The expected decrease of the intercept was observed in only one experiment, and only when distinguishing between the late and the early phases of the experiment. This implies that we currently do not know at which precipitation-reduction level or at which experimental duration structural changes will start to alter ecosystem productivity. Our study highlights the need for experiments with multiple, including more extreme, dry treatments, to identify the precipitation boundaries within which the current temporal fits remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwarte str. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- NIVA, Center for Catchments and Urban Water Research, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Bridget A Emmett
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwarte str. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jaime Kigel
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gyorgy Kröel-Dulay
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vacratot, H-2163, Hungary
| | - Klaus Steenberg Larsen
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Eszter Lellei-Kovács
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vacratot, H-2163, Hungary
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- NIVA, Center for Catchments and Urban Water Research, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- Department of Molecular Biology & Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Tietema
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Hofer D, Suter M, Haughey E, Finn JA, Hoekstra NJ, Buchmann N, Lüscher A. Yield of temperate forage grassland species is either largely resistant or resilient to experimental summer drought. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hofer
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS Reckenholzstrasse 191 CH‐8046 Zürich Switzerland
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zürich Universitätstrasse 2 CH‐8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Suter
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS Reckenholzstrasse 191 CH‐8046 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Eamon Haughey
- Environment Research Centre Teagasc Johnstown Castle Wexford Ireland
- School of Biology & Environmental Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John A. Finn
- Environment Research Centre Teagasc Johnstown Castle Wexford Ireland
| | - Nyncke J. Hoekstra
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS Reckenholzstrasse 191 CH‐8046 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zürich Universitätstrasse 2 CH‐8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lüscher
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS Reckenholzstrasse 191 CH‐8046 Zürich Switzerland
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Remotely-sensed detection of effects of extreme droughts on gross primary production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28269. [PMID: 27301671 PMCID: PMC4908591 DOI: 10.1038/srep28269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe droughts strongly impact photosynthesis (GPP), and satellite imagery has yet to demonstrate its ability to detect drought effects. Especially changes in vegetation functioning when vegetation state remains unaltered (no browning or defoliation) pose a challenge to satellite-derived indicators. We evaluated the performance of different satellite indicators to detect strong drought effects on GPP in a beech forest in France (Hesse), where vegetation state remained largely unaffected while GPP decreased substantially. We compared the results with three additional sites: a Mediterranean holm oak forest (Puéchabon), a temperate beech forest (Hainich), and a semi-arid grassland (Bugacpuszta). In Hesse, a three-year reduction in GPP following drought was detected only by the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) also detected this drought effect, but only after normalization for absorbed light. In Puéchabon normalized PRI outperformed the other indicators, while the short-term drought effect in Hainich was not detected by any tested indicator. In contrast, most indicators, but not PRI, captured the drought effects in Bugacpuszta. Hence, PRI improved detection of drought effects on GPP in forests and we propose that PRI normalized for absorbed light is considered in future algorithms to estimate GPP from space.
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Frank D, Reichstein M, Bahn M, Thonicke K, Frank D, Mahecha MD, Smith P, van der Velde M, Vicca S, Babst F, Beer C, Buchmann N, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Cramer W, Ibrom A, Miglietta F, Poulter B, Rammig A, Seneviratne SI, Walz A, Wattenbach M, Zavala MA, Zscheischler J. Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2861-80. [PMID: 25752680 PMCID: PMC4676934 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes drive ecological and physiological processes and alter the carbon balance are poorly understood. Here, we review the literature on carbon cycle relevant responses of ecosystems to extreme climatic events. Given that impacts of climate extremes are considered disturbances, we assume the respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms and processes to also operate in an extreme context. The paucity of well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us to develop a deductive framework for identifying the main mechanisms (and coupling thereof) through which climate extremes may act on the carbon cycle. We find that ecosystem responses can exceed the duration of the climate impacts via lagged effects on the carbon cycle. The expected regional impacts of future climate extremes will depend on changes in the probability and severity of their occurrence, on the compound effects and timing of different climate extremes, and on the vulnerability of each land-cover type modulated by management. Although processes and sensitivities differ among biomes, based on expert opinion, we expect forests to exhibit the largest net effect of extremes due to their large carbon pools and fluxes, potentially large indirect and lagged impacts, and long recovery time to regain previous stocks. At the global scale, we presume that droughts have the strongest and most widespread effects on terrestrial carbon cycling. Comparing impacts of climate extremes identified via remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case studies reveals that many regions in the (sub-)tropics are understudied. Hence, regional investigations are needed to allow a global upscaling of the impacts of climate extremes on global carbon-climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Frank
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745, Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: Dorothea Frank, tel. + 49 3641 576284, fax + 49 3641 577200, e-mail:
| | | | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e.V.14773, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernCH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Marijn van der Velde
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Biology Department, University of AntwerpWilrijk, Belgium
| | - Flurin Babst
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) e.V.14773, Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Christian Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere FlagshipGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- IPSL – Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Cramer
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon UniversitéAix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Franco Miglietta
- IBIMET-CNRVia Caproni, 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
- FoxLab, Fondazione E.MachVia Mach 1, 30158, San Michele a/Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ben Poulter
- IPSL – Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anja Rammig
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of BernCH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | | | - Ariane Walz
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Wattenbach
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre For Geosciences14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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De Boeck HJ, Vicca S, Roy J, Nijs I, Milcu A, Kreyling J, Jentsch A, Chabbi A, Campioli M, Callaghan T, Beierkuhnlein C, Beier C. Global Change Experiments: Challenges and Opportunities. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although China has the largest population in the world, a faster rate of warming than the global average, and an active global change research program, results from many of the global change experiments in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems have not been included in global syntheses. Here, we specifically analyze the observed responses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in global change manipulative experiments in China, and compare these responses to those from other regions of the world. Most global change factors, vegetation types, and treatment methods that have been studied or used elsewhere in the world have also been studied and applied in China. The responses of terrestrial ecosystem C and N cycles to N addition and climate warming in China are similar in both direction and intensity to those reported in global syntheses. In Chinese ecosystems as elsewhere, N addition significantly increased aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), litter mass, dissolved organic C, net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Warming stimulated AGB, BGB and the root-shoot ratio. Increasing precipitation accelerated GEP, NEP, microbial respiration, soil respiration, and ecosystem respiration. Our findings complement and support previous global syntheses and provide insight into regional responses to global change.
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36
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Blessing CH, Werner RA, Siegwolf R, Buchmann N. Allocation dynamics of recently fixed carbon in beech saplings in response to increased temperatures and drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:585-98. [PMID: 25877767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The response of carbon allocation to drought has often been studied in terms of short-term transport velocity of recently fixed carbon from leaves to roots and root respiration. However, its dynamic response to other environmental conditions, e.g., to changes in temperature, is less clear. Here, we investigated the effects of drought, increased temperatures and their combination on transport velocity as well as on distribution of recent photoassimilates for different compounds, such as sugars, starch, organic acids and amino acids. We used a (13)CO(2) pulse-labelling approach and studied the recovery of (13)C in different plant tissues and compounds of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) during a 9-day chase period. Neither total dry biomass nor dry weights of leaves or roots were affected by drought or increased temperatures. Generally, the fast transfer of recently fixed assimilates from leaves to roots took about 1 day, while (13)C enrichment in soil CO(2) efflux peaked only 2 days after labelling. Increased temperatures prolonged mean transfer times of recent photoassimilates from the leaves to the roots, probably caused by enhanced intermediate storage alongside basipetal transfer, clearly impacting short-term carbon allocation. This temperature effect was seen in the delayed peak in (13)C excess of root sugars, decoupling the roots from the leaves in the short term. On average, ∼40% of the (13)C label initially present in the plant was recovered in the roots (over all treatment combinations), providing strong evidence for preferred carbon allocation into the roots at the end of the growing season. Root starch was the principal compound for long-term storage of carbon, whereas leaf (transitory) starch was remobilized again after some days, exhibiting the longest mean residence times under dry and warm conditions. These observation clearly point to different functionalities of the same compound (i.e., starch) in different plant tissues and the crucial role of roots for long-term carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Blessing
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
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Unger S, Jongen M. Consequences of Changing Precipitation Patterns for Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands: A Review. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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White SR, Bork EW, Cahill JF. Direct and indirect drivers of plant diversity responses to climate and clipping across northern temperate grassland. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0144.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Bahn M, Reichstein M, Dukes JS, Smith MD, McDowell NG. Climate-biosphere interactions in a more extreme world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:356-359. [PMID: 24383455 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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40
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Klein T, Yakir D, Buchmann N, Grünzweig JM. Towards an advanced assessment of the hydrological vulnerability of forests to climate change-induced drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:712-716. [PMID: 24117758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Zang U, Goisser M, Grams TEE, Häberle KH, Matyssek R, Matzner E, Borken W. Fate of recently fixed carbon in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings during drought and subsequent recovery. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:29-38. [PMID: 24420388 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drought reduces the carbon (C) assimilation of trees and decouples aboveground from belowground carbon fluxes, but little is known about the response of drought-stressed trees to rewetting. This study aims to assess dynamics and patterns of C allocation in beech saplings under dry and rewetted soil conditions. In October 2010, 5-year-old beech saplings from a forest site were transplanted into 20 l pots. In 2011, the saplings were subjected to different levels of soil drought ranging from non-limiting water supply (control) to severe water limitation with soil water potentials of less than -1.5 MPa. As a physiologically relevant measure of drought, the cumulated soil water potential (i.e., drought stress dose (DSD)) was calculated for the growing season. In late August, the saplings were transferred into a climate chamber and pulse-labeled with (13)C-depleted CO2 (δ(13)C of -47‰). Isotopic signatures in leaf and soil respiration were repeatedly measured. Five days after soil rewetting, a second label was applied using 99 atom% (13)CO2. After another 12 days, the fate of assimilated C in each sapling was assessed by calculating the (13)C mass balance. Photosynthesis decreased by 60% in saplings under severe drought. The mean residence time (MRT) of recent assimilates in leaf respiration was more than three times longer than under non-limited conditions and was positively correlated to DSD. Also, the appearance of the label in soil respiration was delayed. Within 5 days after rewetting, photosynthesis, MRT of recent assimilates in leaf respiration and appearance of the label in soil respiration recovered fully. Despite the fast recovery, less label was recovered in the biomass of the previously drought-stressed plants, which also allocated less C to the root compartment (45 vs 64% in the control). We conclude that beech saplings quickly recover from extreme soil drought, although transitional after-effects prevail in C allocation, possibly due to repair-driven respiratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Zang
- Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Dr-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, D-95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of present and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget.
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Vogel A, Fester T, Eisenhauer N, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Weisser WW, Weigelt A. Separating drought effects from roof artifacts on ecosystem processes in a grassland drought experiment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70997. [PMID: 23936480 PMCID: PMC3731277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1: Given the predictions of increased drought probabilities under various climate change scenarios, there have been numerous experimental field studies simulating drought using transparent roofs in different ecosystems and regions. Such roofs may, however, have unknown side effects, called artifacts, on the measured variables potentially confounding the experimental results. A roofed control allows the quantification of potential artifacts, which is lacking in most experiments. 2: We conducted a drought experiment in experimental grasslands to study artifacts of transparent roofs and the resulting effects of artifacts on ecosystems relative to drought on three response variables (aboveground biomass, litter decomposition and plant metabolite profiles). We established three drought treatments, using (1) transparent roofs to exclude rainfall, (2) an unroofed control treatment receiving natural rainfall and (3) a roofed control, nested in the drought treatment but with rain water reapplied according to ambient conditions. 3: Roofs had a slight impact on air (+0.14°C during night) and soil temperatures (-0.45°C on warm days, +0.25°C on cold nights), while photosynthetically active radiation was decreased significantly (-16%). Aboveground plant community biomass was reduced in the drought treatment (-41%), but there was no significant difference between the roofed and unroofed control, i.e., there were no measurable roof artifact effects. 4: Compared to the unroofed control, litter decomposition was decreased significantly both in the drought treatment (-26%) and in the roofed control treatment (-18%), suggesting artifact effects of the transparent roofs. Moreover, aboveground metabolite profiles in the model plant species Medicago x varia were different from the unroofed control in both the drought and roofed control treatments, and roof artifact effects were of comparable magnitude as drought effects. 5: Our results stress the need for roofed control treatments when using transparent roofs for studying drought effects, because roofs can cause significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Vogel
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Lu M, Zhou X, Yang Q, Li H, Luo Y, Fang C, Chen J, Yang X, Li B. Responses of ecosystem carbon cycle to experimental warming: a meta-analysis. Ecology 2013; 94:726-38. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0279.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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