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Identification of Two Kinase Inhibitors with Synergistic Toxicity with Low-Dose Hydrogen Peroxide in Colorectal Cancer Cells in vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010122. [PMID: 31906582 PMCID: PMC7016670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is among the most common types of cancers. With this disease, diffuse scattering in the abdominal area (peritoneal carcinosis) often occurs before diagnosis, making surgical removal of the entire malignant tissue impossible due to a large number of tumor nodules. Previous treatment options include radiation and its combination with intraperitoneal heat-induced chemotherapy (HIPEC). Both options have strong side effects and are often poor in therapeutic efficacy. Tumor cells often grow and proliferate dysregulated, with enzymes of the protein kinase family often playing a crucial role. The present study investigated whether a combination of protein kinase inhibitors and low-dose induction of oxidative stress (using hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) has an additive cytotoxic effect on murine, colorectal tumor cells (CT26). Protein kinase inhibitors from a library of 80 substances were used to investigate colorectal cancer cells for their activity, morphology, and immunogenicity (immunogenic cancer cell death, ICD) upon mono or combination. Toxic compounds identified in 2D cultures were confirmed in 3D cultures, and additive cytotoxicity was identified for the substances lavendustin A, GF109203X, and rapamycin. Toxicity was concomitant with cell cycle arrest, but except HMGB1, no increased expression of immunogenic markers was identified with the combination treatment. The results were validated for GF109203X and rapamycin but not lavendustin A in the 3D model of different colorectal (HT29, SW480) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaca, Panc01). In conclusion, our in vitro data suggest that combining oxidative stress with chemotherapy would be conceivable to enhance antitumor efficacy in HIPEC.
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Saffari TM, Mathot F, Bishop AT, Shin AY. New methods for objective angiogenesis evaluation of rat nerves using microcomputed tomography scanning and conventional photography. Microsurgery 2019; 40:370-376. [PMID: 31758730 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nerve regeneration involves multiple processes, which enhance blood supply that can be promoted by growth factors. Currently, tools are lacking to visualize the vascularization patterns in transplanted nerves in vivo. The purpose of this study was to describe three-dimensional visualization of the vascular system in the rat sciatic nerve and to quantify angiogenesis of nerve reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 12 Lewis rats (weighing 250-300 g), 10 mm sciatic nerve gaps were repaired with ipsilateral reversed autologous nerve grafts. At 12 and 16 weeks of sacrifice, Microfil® contrast compound was injected in the aorta. Nerve autografts (N = 12) and contralateral untreated nerves (N = 12) were harvested and cleared while preserving the vasculature. The amount of vascularization was measured by quantifying the vascular surface area using conventional photography (two-dimensional) and the vascular volume was calculated with microcomputed tomography (three-dimensional). For each measurement, a vessel/nerve area ratio was calculated and expressed in percentages (vessel%). RESULTS The vascular volume measured 3.53 ± 0.43% in autografts and 4.83 ± 0.45% vessels in controls at 12 weeks and 4.95 ± 0.44% and 6.19 ± 0.29% vessels at 16 weeks, respectively. The vascular surface area measured 25.04 ± 2.77% in autografts and 26.87 ± 2.13% vessels in controls at 12 weeks, and 28.11 ± 3.47% and 33.71 ± 2.60% vessels at 16 weeks, respectively. The correlation between both methods was statistically significant (p = .049). CONCLUSIONS Both methods are considered to successfully reflect the degree of vascularization. Application of this technique could be used to visualize and objectively quantify angiogenesis of the transplanted nerve graft. Moreover, this simple method is easily reproducible and could be extrapolated to any other desired target organ ex vivo in small animals to investigate the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiam M Saffari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Mathot
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Allen T Bishop
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Wang S, Li M, Zhang W, Hua H, Wang N, Zhao J, Ge J, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Ye D, Yang C. Growth differentiation factor 15 promotes blood vessel growth by stimulating cell cycle progression in repair of critical-sized calvarial defect. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9027. [PMID: 28831101 PMCID: PMC5567281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of large bone defects remains a challenge for surgeons, tissue engineering represents a promising approach. However, the use of this technique is limited by delayed vascularization in central regions of the scaffold. Growth differentiation factor 15(GDF15) has recently been reported to be a potential angiogenic cytokine and has an ability to promote the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs). Whether it can be applied for promoting vascularized bone regeneration is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that GDF15 augmented the expression of cyclins D1 and E, induced Rb phosphorylation and E2F-1 nuclear translocation, as well as increased HUVECs proliferation. Furthermore, we also observed that GDF15 promoted the formation of functional vessels at an artificially-induced angiogenic site, and remarkably improved the healing in the repair of critical-sized calvarial defects. Our results confirm the essential role of GDF15 in angiogenesis and suggest its potential beneficial use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab/Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfei Hua
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningtao Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab/Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Lv Y, Xiao J, Liu J, Xing F. E2F8 is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:1205-1213. [PMID: 28607595 PMCID: PMC5463435 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F transcriptional factors are widely expressed in a number of tissues and organs, possessing many regulatory functions related to cellular proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair, cell-cycle and cell apoptosis. E2F8 is a recently identified member of the E2F family with a duplicated DNA-binding domain feature discriminated from E2F1-6, controlling gene expression in a dimerization partner-independent manner. It is indispensable for angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and embryonic development. Although E2F8 and E2F7 perform complementary and overlapping functions in many cell metabolisms, E2F8, but not E2F7, overexpresses remarkably in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to facilitate the HCC occurrence and development via activating a E2F1/ Cyclin D1 signaling pathway to regulate the G1- to S-phase transition of cell cycle progression or transcriptionally suppressing CDK1 to induce hepatocyte polyploidization. It also involves closely a variety of cellular physiological functions and pathological processes, which may bring a new breakthrough for the treatment of certain diseases, especially the HCC. Here, we summarize the latest progress of E2F8 on its relevant functions and mechanisms as well as potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lv
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Pinto MP, Sotomayor P, Carrasco-Avino G, Corvalan AH, Owen GI. Escaping Antiangiogenic Therapy: Strategies Employed by Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091489. [PMID: 27608016 PMCID: PMC5037767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is widely recognized as one of the "hallmarks of cancer". Consequently, during the last decades the development and testing of commercial angiogenic inhibitors has been a central focus for both basic and clinical cancer research. While antiangiogenic drugs are now incorporated into standard clinical practice, as with all cancer therapies, tumors can eventually become resistant by employing a variety of strategies to receive nutrients and oxygen in the event of therapeutic assault. Herein, we concentrate and review in detail three of the principal mechanisms of antiangiogenic therapy escape: (1) upregulation of compensatory/alternative pathways for angiogenesis; (2) vasculogenic mimicry; and (3) vessel co-option. We suggest that an understanding of how a cancer cell adapts to antiangiogenic therapy may also parallel the mechanisms employed in the bourgeoning tumor and isolated metastatic cells delivering responsible for residual disease. Finally, we speculate on strategies to adapt antiangiogenic therapy for future clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
| | - Paula Sotomayor
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330032, Chile.
- Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile.
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile.
- Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile.
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Tikhomirova IA, Muravyov AV, Petrochenko EP, Kislov NV, Cheporov SV, Peganova EV. Alteration of red blood cell microrheology by anti-tumor chemotherapy drugs. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Effect of Guibi-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, on Retinal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Proliferative Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29900-10. [PMID: 26694358 PMCID: PMC4691154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular pathologic angiogenesis is an important causative risk factor of blindness in retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and neovascular macular degeneration. Guibi-tang (GBT) is a frequently used oriental herbal formula in East Asian countries, and is also called Qui-pi-tang in Chinese and Kihi-To in Japanese. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of GBT on retinal pathogenic neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 75% hyperoxia for five days on postnatal day 7 (P7). The mice were then exposed to room air from P12 to P17 to induce ischemic proliferative retinopathy. GBT (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered daily for five days (from P12 to P16). On P17, Retinal neovascularization was measured on P17, and the expression levels of 55 angiogenesis-related factors were analyzed using protein arrays. GBT significantly decreased retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in OIR mice, and protein arrays revealed that GBT decreased PAI-1 protein expression levels. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that GBT reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) mRNA levels in OIR mice. GBT promotes potent inhibitory activity for retinal neovascularization by decreasing VEGF, FGF2, and PAI-1 levels.
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8
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Obeidat M, Li L, Ballermann BJ. TIMAP promotes angiogenesis by suppressing PTEN-mediated Akt inhibition in human glomerular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F623-33. [PMID: 25007873 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00070.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of TIMAP, an endothelial cell (EC)-predominant protein phosphatase 1-regulatory subunit, is poorly understood. We explored the potential role of TIMAP in the Akt-dependent regulation of glomerular EC proliferation, survival, and in vitro angiogenesis. To deplete TIMAP, the EC were transfected with TIMAP-specific or nonspecific small interfering (si) RNA. The rate of electrical impedance development across subconfluent EC monolayers, a measure of the time-dependent increase in EC number, was 93 ± 2% lower in TIMAP-depleted than in control EC. This effect on cell proliferation was associated with reduced DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis: TIMAP silencing reduced 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation by 38 ± 2% during the exponential phase of EC proliferation, and cleaved caspase 3 as well as caspase 3 activity increased in TIMAP-depleted relative to control cells. Furthermore, TIMAP depletion inhibited the formation of angiogenic sprouts by glomerular EC in three-dimensional culture. TIMAP depletion strongly diminished growth factor-stimulated Akt phosphorylation without altering ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting a specific effect on the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway. Endogenous TIMAP and PTEN colocalized in EC and coimmunoprecipitated from EC lysates. The inhibitory PTEN phosphorylation on S370 was significantly reduced in TIMAP-depleted compared with control EC, while phosphorylation of PTEN on the S380/T382/T383 cluster remained unchanged. Finally, the PTEN inhibitor bpV(phen) fully reversed the suppressive effect of TIMAP depletion on Akt phosphorylation. The data indicate that in growing EC, TIMAP is necessary for Akt-dependent EC proliferation, survival, and angiogenic sprout formation and that this effect of TIMAP is mediated by inhibition of the tumor suppressor PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Obeidat
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laiji Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zeng KW, Li N, Dong X, Ma ZZ, Jiang Y, Jin HW, Tu PF. Sprengerinin C exerts anti-tumorigenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:261-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Bottsford-Miller JN, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Resistance and escape from antiangiogenesis therapy: clinical implications and future strategies. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:4026-34. [PMID: 23008289 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.41.9242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis has long been considered an important target for cancer therapy. Initial efforts have primarily focused on targeting of endothelial and tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. As evidence emerges that angiogenesis has significant mechanistic complexity, therapeutic resistance and escape have become practical limitations to drug development. Here, we review the mechanisms by which dynamic changes occur in the tumor microenvironment in response to antiangiogenic therapy, leading to drug resistance. These mechanisms include direct selection of clonal cell populations with the capacity to rapidly upregulate alternative proangiogenic pathways, increased invasive capacity, and intrinsic resistance to hypoxia. The implications of normalization of vasculature with subsequently improved vascular function as a result of antiangiogenic therapy are explored, as are the implications of the ability to incorporate and co-opt otherwise normal vasculature. Finally, we consider the extent to which a better understanding of the biology of hypoxia and reoxygenation, as well as the depth and breadth of systems invested in angiogenesis, may offer putative biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Insights gained through this work may offer solutions for personalizing antiangiogenesis approaches and improving the outcome of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Bottsford-Miller
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1362, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
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Muravyov AV, Maimistova AA, Tikhomirova IA, Bulaeva SV, Mikhailov PV, Muravyov AA. Role of protein kinases of human red cell membrane in deformability and aggregation changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s036211971202017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Lüke M, Krott R, Warga M, Szurman P, Grisanti S, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Schneider T, Lüke C. Effects of the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and taurine on retinal function in isolated superfused retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:242-8. [PMID: 16453129 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genistein has the potential to act as an intraocular antiangiogenic agent. Its therapeutical use, however, is limited by toxic side effects on the retina. This study was designed to evaluate the simultaneous use of taurine as a neuroprotective drug. METHODS Bovine retinas were isolated and perfused with an oxygen-preincubated nutrient solution. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded as a transretinal electrical potential using Ag/AgCl electrodes. At stable ERG amplitudes, genistein at concentrations of 11, 37, and 150 microM was added to the nutrient solution for 45 min, in the absence or presence of taurine (3 mM). Thereafter, the retina was reperfused with the nutrient solution for another 100 min. The percentage of b-wave reduction during genistein and genistein/taurine application was calculated. RESULTS The b-wave amplitude was reduced by a smaller amount during the application of genistein (11 and 37 microM) in the presence of taurine compared with genistein alone. For both, genistein/taurine and genistein alone the b-wave recovered completely during the wash-out of the drugs. However, during the application of the highest tested concentration of genistein (150 microM), taurine did not protect completely, leading to an irreversible b-wave reduction. CONCLUSIONS The adjuvant use of taurine reduces the genistein-induced retinal toxicity to a certain degree. However, the protective effect of taurine is limited and there is only a narrow therapeutic index for a combined intravitreal administration of genistein in coapplication with taurine to inhibit pathological ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lüke
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Ejaz S, Lim CW. Toxicological overview of cigarette smoking on angiogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:335-344. [PMID: 21783609 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of generating new capillary blood vessels. It occurs under tight regulation in the female reproductive system, during wound healing and during embryogenesis. Angiogenesis also plays an important role in the pregnancy-associated changes in the reproductive tract. Cigarette smoke inhibits processes that may hinder normal process of angiogenesis resulting in abnormal blood supply to tissues, decreased repair and remodeling. This report summarizes the evidences of the causal association between tobacco smoking and disruption of angiogenesis. Application of small amount of nicotine on day 5 old chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) did not disrupt the process of angiogenesis, while application of mainstream smokes (MSS) solutions to CAMs caused varying levels of disruption on normal process of angiogenesis and adversely affect capillary plexus formation, diameters of secondary and tertiary vessels. We have also observed that at equivalent doses, sidestream smoke (SSS) can significantly be more potent than MSS and can alter the normal process of angiogenesis more drastically than MSS. It suggests that SSS either contains a toxicant(s) not present in MSS or that the toxicant(s) that produces these effects is present in higher concentration in SSS than in MSS. Therefore, it is undisputed that smoking can interfere the normal process of angiogenesis, which is a vital process to maintain pregnancy and development of fetus. Smoking during pregnancy is harmful to fetal development and is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, perinatal death and sudden infant death syndrome. Smoking-cessation programs remain a crucial strategy for preventing poor birth outcomes and decreasing the social and financial costs of smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ejaz
- Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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15
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Day RB, Tanabe S, Koshioka M, Mitsui T, Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Matsuoka M, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Minami E. Two rice GRAS family genes responsive to N -acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor are induced by phytoactive gibberellins: evidence for cross-talk between elicitor and gibberellin signaling in rice cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 54:261-272. [PMID: 15159627 DOI: 10.1023/b:plan.0000028792.72343.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present data showing that two members of the GRAS family of genes from rice, CIGR1 and CIGR2 (chitin-inducible gibberellin-responsive), inducible by the potent elicitor N -acetylchitooligosaccharide (GN), are rapidly induced by exogenous gibberellins. The pattern of mRNA accumulation was dependent on the dose and biological activity of the gibberellins, suggesting that the induction of the genes by gibberellin is mediated by a biological receptor capable of specific recognition and signal transduction upon perception of the phytoactive compounds. Further pharmacological analysis revealed that the CIGR1 and CIGR2 mRNA accumulation by treatment with gibberellin is dependent upon protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. In rice calli derived from slender rice 1, a constitutive gibberellin-responsive mutant, or d1, a mutant deficient in the alpha -subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein, CIGR1 and CIGR2 were induced by a GN elicitor, yet not by gibberellin. Neither gibberellin nor GN showed related activities in defense or development, respectively. These results strongly suggested that the signal transduction cascade from gibberellin is independent of that from GN, and further implied that CIGR1 and CIGR2 have dual, distinct roles in defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bradley Day
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
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Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis affords new targets for cancer therapy, since inhibition of angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth by cutting out the supply of oxygen and nutrients. Anti-angiogenic therapy is thought to be free of the severe side effects that are usually seen with cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Furthermore, anti-angiogenic therapy is thought not only to eradicate primary tumor tissues, but also to suppress tumor metastases. However, it is uncertain whether this therapy causes tumor regression because it inhibits only angiogenic events. Recently, a novel anti-angiogenic therapy called anti-neovascular therapy (ANET) has become notable. This therapy inflicts indirect lethal damage on tumor cells by damaging newly formed blood vessels using anti-cancer drugs targeting the angiogenic vasculature, since cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs cause damage to proliferating neovascular endothelial cells as well as tumor cells. Moreover, neovascular endothelial cells would not be expected to acquire drug-resistance. Traditional chemotherapy, which directly targets tumor cells, has potential problems such as low specificity and severe side effects. On the contrary, in ANET, severe side effects may be suppressed, since traditional anti-cancer agents are delivered to the neovessels by DDS technology. Besides the usage of DDS technology, anti-neovascular scheduling of chemotherapy, or metronomic-dosing chemotherapy, has also been attempted in which anti-cancer drugs are administered on a schedule to damage neovessels. In this review, we describe traditional anti-angiogenic therapy and ANET. We also discuss anti-angiogenic cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), since PDT is clinically applied to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in which uncontrolled angiogenesis occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shimizu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Li QM, Yu Q, Min CY. Expression of mutant P 53 and VEGF in experimental gastric cancer in rats and the effect of decoction Weikang-ning. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:997-1000. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i7.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of P53 gene mutation and VEGF in rats with experimental gastric cancer and the preventing effects of decoction Weikang-ning(WKN).
METHODS Male Wistar rats aged 2-3month (weight 120-140 g) were fed with MNNG to induce gastric adenocarcinoma. Rats were divided into control group, WKN group 1 and 2. The morphology of gastric mucous were observed by light microscope and electric microscope. Expression of mutant P53and VEGF were studied with immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS The malignancy phenotype of stomach epithelial cell such as heteromorphism, heteropyknosis and increased nucleus plasma ratio in rats of WKN group were slightly less severe than that in control group, also the expressed mutant P53 protein (3.4905±1.5225) and VEGF (3.519±2.204) in WKN group were decreased (P<0.01) significantly.
CONCLUSION The development of experimental gastric cancer by WKN in rats is associated with high expression of P53 and VEGF. The decoction WKN suppresses the expression P53 and VEGF and thus has the preventive and therapeutic effects on gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Li
- The Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and western medicine of Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Yu
- The Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and western medicine of Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cun-Yun Min
- The Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and western medicine of Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
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18
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Sengupta S, Sellers LA, Li RC, Gherardi E, Zhao G, Watson N, Sasisekharan R, Fan TPD. Targeting of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibits hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced angiogenesis. Circulation 2003; 107:2955-61. [PMID: 12782568 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000077501.19266.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) can sufficiently and independently induce pathophysiological angiogenesis. However, the treatment strategies have mostly been unsuccessful. The present study is the first to evaluate the possible targeting of downstream signals for the inhibition of HGF/SF-induced angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS In a multichannel scratch assay with human endothelial cells (ECs), HGF/SF induced a strong and prolonged activation of MAPK and cell proliferation that was inhibited by PD98059 and LY294002/wortmannin, selective inhibitors of MAPK and PI3K signaling modules, respectively. Western blotting demonstrated a temporal relation between the activation of the two pathways. Chemical inhibition of the PI3K and MAPK signals inhibited HGF/SF-induced chemoinvasion of ECs in vitro and blocked the HGF/SF-induced neovascularization into a polymer scaffold in vivo, as quantified by vessel counts and the clearance of radioactive 133Xe. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that MEK and PI3K inhibitors represent a promising approach to the clinical management of pathological conditions characterized by overt HGF/SF-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdo.
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19
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Sengupta S, Gherardi E, Sellers LA, Wood JM, Sasisekharan R, Fan TPD. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor can induce angiogenesis independently of vascular endothelial growth factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:69-75. [PMID: 12524227 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000048701.86621.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) promotes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and induces angiogenesis in multiple pathological conditions. The present study was designed to delineate the HGF/SF and VEGF signaling cascades during angiogenesis by using PTK787, a selective VEGF receptor antagonist. METHODS AND RESULTS PTK787 produced a concentration-dependent (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis, without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced response in vitro. In contrast, the nonspecific kinase inhibitor genistein blocked the HGF/SF-induced effect. Both VEGF and HGF/SF induced a rapid phosphorylation of extracellular receptor kinases-1 and -2 (ERKs) and Akt. PTK787 inhibited the VEGF-induced activation of Akt and ERKs, without affecting the HGF/SF-induced phosphorylation. Treatment with VEGF and HGF/SF increased total neovascularization in a murine scaffold granuloma model, but no additive or synergistic interactions were observed. PTK787 (50 mg/kg) blocked the VEGF-induced response without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that HGF/SF can induce angiogenesis independently of VEGF, possibly through the direct activation of the Akt and ERKs. These results demonstrate the necessity of a multitargeted approach for the rational design of newer therapies to inhibit pathophysiological angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/physiology
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Lymphokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Pyridines
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Umbilical Veins/drug effects
- Umbilical Veins/enzymology
- Umbilical Veins/pathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
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20
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Nico B, de Falco G, Vacca A, Roncali L, Ribatti D. In vivo absence of synergism between fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2001; 10:905-12. [PMID: 11798517 DOI: 10.1089/152581601317211006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are potent angiogenesis inducers in vivo and in vitro and may act in synergy. This possibility has been investigated by their simultaneous administration in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Macroscopic and microscopic quantification of the angiogenic response 4 days after administration clearly demonstrated the absence of synergism. When FGF-2 or VEGF concentration was fixed at 0.25 microg/embryo, the simultaneous addition of increasing concentration (0.25, 0.50, 1.0 microg/embryo) of VEGF or FGF-2 did not stimulate a synergistic dose-dependent angiogenic response. In both conditions, the angiogenic response overlapped that induced by the two growth factors administered alone. It is suggested that exogenous administration of FGF-2 and VEGF in the CAM assay may induce an activation of endogenous angiogenic factors, such as FGF-2, and endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as nitric oxide, normally expressed in the CAM during the development of its vascular tree. Thus, in an in vivo system, evaluation of synergistic action between two cytokines and discrimination of their specific activity are more difficult than in an in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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21
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Pepper MS. Role of the matrix metalloproteinase and plasminogen activator-plasmin systems in angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1104-17. [PMID: 11451738 DOI: 10.1161/hq0701.093685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteolysis is an absolute requirement for new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). This review examines the role of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and plasminogen activator (PA)-plasmin systems during angiogenesis. Specifically, a role for gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), membrane-type 1 MMP (MMP-14), the urokinase-type PA receptor, and PA inhibitor 1 has been clearly defined in a number of model systems. The MMP and PA-plasmin systems have also been implicated in experimental vascular tumor formation, and their role during this process will be examined. Antiproteolysis, particularly in the context of angiogenesis, has become a key target in therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting tumor growth and other diseases associated with neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Lüke C, Krott R, Lüke M, Lebek J, Walter P, Brunner R, Sickel W. Effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on retinal function in superfused vertebrate retina. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001; 17:151-8. [PMID: 11324982 DOI: 10.1089/10807680151125474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate safe concentrations of genistein for a potential intraocular application using the isolated retina technique on bovine retina preparations. Bovine retinas were isolated and perfused with an oxygen pre-equilibrated standard solution. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded as a transretinal potential using silver/silver-chloride electrodes. After recording of stable ERG amplitudes, genistein was added to the solution in different concentrations. The percentage of b-wave reduction under the drug was calculated. We also studied the influence of genistein on the a-wave amplitude. After the addition of aspartate, the b-wave amplitude was reduced continuously until unmasked a-wave amplitudes were reached. Genistein was then added to the aspartate containing perfusate. The percentage of a-wave amplitude reduction under the drug was calculated. Concentrations of 3.3 microMol/l and higher were found to reduce the b-wave amplitude. The a-wave amplitude was not changed by the applied concentrations. The ERG only showed toxic effects from genistein beyond concentrations that were found to inhibit endothelial cell growth in vitro. In previous studies, beneficial effects on trabecular meshwork cells were present for genistein concentrations which are distinctly higher than the maximum nontoxic concentration reported here. It was shown that the photoreceptor layer is not affected at the examined concentration range. Therefore, we attribute the toxic effects to postsynaptic interaction of genistein. Intraocular application of genistein in a sufficient concentration seems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lüke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Germany.
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23
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Claffey KP, Abrams K, Shih SC, Brown LF, Mullen A, Keough M. Fibroblast growth factor 2 activation of stromal cell vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2001; 81:61-75. [PMID: 11204275 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key component of human cancer progression and metastasis. In an effort to recapitulate early events in tumor-induced angiogenesis, we have employed a subcutaneous Matrigel implant model using immunodeficient mice as hosts. Matrigel-containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; 1.2 microg/ml) induced stromal cell infiltration into the Matrigel/skin interface within 4 days and maximal neovascularization at 7 days. Cells staining positive for the endothelial cell marker, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), were present in neovessels and in isolated cells within the Matrigel matrix. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deposited in the stromal interface present only in the FGF-2-containing but not in control Matrigel implants. VEGF expression was confirmed with in situ hybridization. High VEGF mRNA levels were observed in the infiltrating stromal cells but not in endothelial or endothelial precursors as defined by PECAM-1 staining. In vitro analysis of FGF-2-treated embryonic fibroblasts, Balb/c 3T3 cells, showed an induction of VEGF transcription, mRNA synthesis, and protein secretion as defined by transcriptional reporter, Northern blot, and ELISA assays. The FGF-2-induced VEGF expression was not dependent on select matrix adherence or signaling components because VEGF mRNA expression induced by FGF-2 was equally activated on serum, basement membrane, and fibronectin matrix substrates. Systemic application of anti-VEGF antibodies significantly repressed FGF-2-induced angiogenesis over control antibody by 88% (p < 0.001). These data support an FGF-2 angiogenic model that is dependent on endothelial cell activation, stromal cell infiltration, and VEGF expression by the infiltrating stromal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Claffey
- Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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24
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HOBSON MARKI, GREEN COLINJ, TERENGHI GIORGIO. VEGF enhances intraneural angiogenesis and improves nerve regeneration after axotomy. J Anat 2000; 197 Pt 4:591-605. [PMID: 11197533 PMCID: PMC1468175 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19740591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst there is an increased understanding of the cell biology of nerve regeneration, it remains unclear whether there is a direct interrelationship between vascularisation and efficacy of nerve regeneration within a nerve conduit. To establish this is important as in clinical surgery peripheral nerve conduit grafting has been widely investigated as a possible alternative to the use of nerve autografts. The aim of this study was to assess whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a highly specific endothelial cell mitogen, can enhance vascularisation and, indirectly, axonal regeneration within a silicone nerve regeneration chamber. Chambers containing VEGF (500-700 ng/ml) in a laminin-based gel (Matrigel) were inserted into 1 cm rat sciatic nerve defects and nerve regeneration examined in relation to angiogenesis between 5 and 180 d. Longitudinal sections were stained with antibodies against endothelial cells (RECA-1), axons (neurofilament) and Schwann cells (S-100) to follow the progression of vascular and neural elements. Computerised image analysis demonstrated that the addition of VEGF significantly increased blood vessel penetration within the chamber from d 5, and by d 10 this correlated with an increase of axonal regeneration and Schwann cell migration. The pattern of increased nerve regeneration due to VEGF administration was maintained up to 180 d, when myelinated axon counts were increased by 78 % compared with plain Matrigel control. Furthermore the dose-response of blood vessel regeneration to VEGF was clearly reflected in the increase of axonal regrowth and Schwann cell proliferation, indicating the close relationship between regenerating nerves and blood vessels within the chamber. Target organ reinnervation was enhanced by VEGF at 180 d as measured through the recovery of gastrocnemius muscle weights and footpad axonal terminal density, the latter showing a significant increase over controls (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate an overall relationship between increased vascularisation and enhanced nerve regeneration within an acellular conduit, and highlight the interdependence of the 2 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK I.
HOBSON
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - COLIN J.
GREEN
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - GIORGIO TERENGHI
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
- Correspondence to Dr G. Terenghi, Blond McIndoe Laboratories, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. Tel: +44 207 794 0500, ext. 3944; fax: +44 207 431 4528; e-mail:
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25
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Vaskuläre Veränderungen bei der diabetischen Retinopathie: Die zellulären und humoralen Interaktionsmechanismen in Antwort auf die Stoffwechselveränderungen. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03162830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Chen H, Ikeda U, Shimpo M, Maeda Y, Shibuya M, Ozawa K, Shimada K. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor activity by transfection with the soluble FLT-1 gene. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36:498-502. [PMID: 11026652 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200010000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis is involved in the etiology of some cardiovascular diseases. The soluble form of VEGF receptor, FLT-1 (sFLT-1), is a potent antagonist of VEGF. Therefore, we investigated whether transfection with the sFLT-1 gene could inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells were transfected with plasmids containing VEGF and sFLT-1 (pCMV-VEGF and pCMV-sFLT-1) by the calcium-phosphate co-precipitation method. VEGF- and/or sFLT-1-transfected HEK-293 cells were incubated for 24 h, and then conditioned medium was collected. The effects of conditioned medium on angiogenesis were tested by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Expression of VEGF protein was determined by Western blotting. The conditioned medium from sFLT-1 gene-transfected HEK-293 cells significantly inhibited recombinant VEGF-induced increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation by HUVECs. VEGF gene-transfected HEK-293 cells secreted VEGF protein into conditioned medium. This conditioned medium increased [3H]thymidine incorporation by HUVECs, which was significantly inhibited by co-transfection of sFLT-1 gene with VEGF gene. These observations suggested that sFLT-1 gene transfer could inhibit VEGF-induced DNA synthesis of vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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27
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Steinhausen K, Stumpff F, Strauss O, Thieme H, Wiederholt M. Influence of muscarinic agonists and tyrosine kinase inhibitors on L-type Ca(2+)Channels in human and bovine trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:285-93. [PMID: 10712815 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trabecularmeshwork (TM), a smooth muscle-like tissue with contractile properties, is involved in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow. However, little is known about the regulation of Ca(2+)influx in trabecular meshwork cells. We investigated the influence of acetylcholine and tyrosine kinases on Ca(2+)conductances of bovine TM (BTM) and human TM (HTM) cells using the perforated-patch configuration of the patch-clamp technique and measurements of intracellular free Ca(2+)([Ca(2+)](i)). Depolarization of the cells in the presence of 10 m m Ba(2+)or Ca(2+)led to an activation of inward currents at potentials positive to -30 mV with characteristics typical of L-type Ca(2+)currents: when using 10 m m Ba(2+), maximal inward current and inactivation time constant (tau) increased; the L-type Ca(2+)channel blocker nifedipine (1 microm) reduced and the L-type Ca(2+)channel agonist BayK8644 (5 microm) enhanced maximal inward current. Acetylcholine (100 microm) and carbachol (1 microm) led to an increase in inward Ba(2+)current whereas application of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein (50 microm) and lavendustin A (20 microm) resulted in a decrease in inward current. The application of daidzein (10 microm), an inactive analog of genistein had no effect. Depolarization of the cells with 135 m m K(+)or direct stimulation of L-type channels by application of BayK 8644 led to an increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Carbachol (1 microm) induced an increase in [Ca(2+)](i)which was decreased by application of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (50 microm). We conclude that HTM and BTM cells express voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+)channels that influence intracellular Ca(2+)concentration and thus may modulate TM contractility. The activity of L-type Ca(2+)currents is influenced by muscarinic agonists and tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinhausen
- Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12200, Germany.
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28
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Fang KS, Ionides E, Oster G, Nuccitelli R, Isseroff RR. Epidermal growth factor receptor relocalization and kinase activity are necessary for directional migration of keratinocytes in DC electric fields. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 12):1967-78. [PMID: 10341215 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.12.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human keratinocytes migrate towards the negative pole in DC electric fields of physiological strength. This directional migration is promoted by epidermal growth factor (EGF). To investigate how EGF and its receptor (EGFR) regulate this directionality, we first examined the effect of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including PD158780, a specific inhibitor for EGFR, on this response. At low concentrations, PD158780 inhibited keratinocyte migration directionality, but not the rate of migration; at higher concentrations, it reduced the migration rate as well. The less specific inhibitors, genistein, lavendustin A and tyrphostin B46, reduced the migration rate, but did not affect migration directionality. These data suggest that inhibition of EGFR kinase activity alone reduces directed motility, and inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinases, including EGFR, reduces the cell migration rate. EGFR redistribution also correlates with directional migration. EGFR concentrated on the cathodal face of the cell as early as 5 minutes after exposure to electric fields. PD158780 abolished EGFR localization to the cathodal face. These data suggest that EGFR kinase activity and redistribution in the plasma membrane are required for the directional migration of keratinocytes in DC electric fields. This study provides the first insights into the mechanisms of directed cell migration in electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Fang
- Department of Dermatology and Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
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29
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Malonne H, Langer I, Kiss R, Atassi G. Mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic implications: angiogenesis inhibitors. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:1-14. [PMID: 10390141 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026443925807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels from the existing vascular bed. In normal conditions this tightly regulated process occurs only during embryonic development, the female reproductive cycle and wound repair. In contrast, in pathological conditions such as malignant growth, atherosclerosis and diabetic retinopathy, angiogenesis becomes persistent due to an imbalance in the interplay between the positive and negative regulatory signals controlling the process. Thus, the control of tumor neovascularization may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Indeed, several anti-angiogenic drugs are currently undergoing preclinical characterization and/or clinical investigation. Recent achievement has clarified the mechanisms of action leading to pathological angiogenesis and has highlighted the role of hypoxia, growth factors, growth factor-receptors, enzymes and cell adhesion molecules involved in the process. This knowledge has permitted the design of receptor antagonists, adhesion molecule blockers and new targeted vascular approaches including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Malonne
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Institut de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Glahn D, Mark SD, Behr RK, Nuccitelli R. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block sperm-induced egg activation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1999; 205:171-80. [PMID: 9882505 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.9042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization of Xenopus laevis eggs triggers a wave of increased [Ca2+]i. The exact signal transduction pathway culminating in this Ca2+ wave remains unknown. To determine whether increases in tyrosine kinase activity are part of this pathway, we microinjected tyrosine kinase inhibitors into unfertilized eggs. Upon fertilization, signs of activation were monitored, such as fertilization envelope liftoff and the Ca2+ wave (for eggs microinjected with lavendustin A). Various concentrations of lavendustin A and tyrphostin B46 were microinjected, as well as inactive forms of these compounds (lavendustin B and tyrphostin A1) to provide negative controls. Peptide A, a 20-amino-acid peptide derived from the SH2 region of pp60(v-src) tyrosine kinase, was also microinjected. Peptide A inhibits tyrosine kinase activity but not PKA or PKG activity. Dose-response curves for lavendustin A, tyrphostin B46, and peptide A show clear inhibition of vitelline envelope liftoff by these three compounds. Confocal imaging of eggs coinjected with lavendustin A and Oregon Green-dextran showed that the Ca2+ wave was inhibited under normal insemination conditions but that the block of the Ca2+ wave could be overcome with very high sperm densities. A phenomenon of small local Ca2+ increases termed "hot spots" seen in lavendustin A containing eggs is also described. Since this inhibition of egg activation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be overcome by Ca2+ microinjection, the inhibitors must act on a step in the signal transduction cascade that is upstream of the Ca2+ wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Glahn
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
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31
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Hyodo I, Doi T, Endo H, Hosokawa Y, Nishikawa Y, Tanimizu M, Jinno K, Kotani Y. Clinical significance of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:2041-5. [PMID: 10070308 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured in gastric and colorectal cancer patients using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Firstly, serum and plasma samples were collected from 20 normal controls to compare the values of VEGF and to determine which specimen type was most suitable for detecting circulating VEGF. Seventeen of 20 normal controls had plasma VEGF levels under the limit of detection (15 pg/ml) and the levels of the remaining three controls were 21, 22 and 38 pg/ml. In contrast, all serum samples indicated high levels of VEGF (mean 238 pg/ml), ranging from 44 to 450 pg/ml. In a time-course test of two normal controls serum VEGF values increased markedly between 30 and 60 min and remained high, whilst plasma VEGF values were low up to 480 min. Thus, plasma samples are more suitable for the measurement of circulating VEGF. Next, plasma VEGF levels were examined in 44 patients with gastric cancer (8 early, 7 advanced without remote metastasis and 29 metastatic), 13 with colorectal adenoma (2 with focal cancer) and 26 with colorectal carcinoma (8 advanced without metastasis and 18 metastatic) before treatment. An extremely high plasma concentration of VEGF was seen in some cancer patients with metastasis. To discriminate these patients, a cut-off level was determined, considering both the distribution of the sample concentration and the upper limit of 95% confidence area of VEGF in the cancer patients without metastasis. The cut-off value was 108 pg/ml and most cancer patients without metastases had VEGF levels below the cut-off value. In 11 of 29 metastatic gastric cancer patients (38%) and 9 of 18 metastatic colorectal cancer patients (50%), plasma VEGF levels were higher than the cut-off value. Survival was also analysed in the patients with metastasis. It was significantly longer in the patients with low VEGF levels (below the cut-off) than in those with high VEGF levels (logrank test, P = 0.042). 34 patients with metastasis (19 gastric cancer and 15 colorectal cancer) were treated with systemic chemotherapy, and their pretreatment levels of plasma VEGF and conventional tumour markers (CEA and CA19-9) were evaluated in relation to response. The response to chemotherapy was significantly higher in patients with low VEGF levels (< or = 108 pg/ml) than in those with high VEGF levels (P = 0.047). Such a difference was not observed with CEA/CA19-9. In conclusion, plasma VEGF is a useful marker for tumour metastasis and patient survival, and a possible predictive factor for the response of patients with gastrointestinal cancer to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hyodo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Shikoku Cancer Center Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
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Wynendaele W, van Oosterom AT, Pawinski A, de Bruijn EA, Maes RA. Angiogenesis: possibilities for therapeutic interventions. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1998; 20:225-35. [PMID: 9972522 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008600603059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular proliferation normally occurs only during embryonic development, the female reproductive cycle and wound healing. Various pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy are characterized by persistent, uncontrolled angiogenesis. At the other hand, impaired development of new blood vessels has been found to be related with myocardial infarction. A series of anti-angiogenic drugs are currently included in experimental cancer treatment, whereas the failure of ulcers to heal may be limited by increased angiogenesis upon administration of growth factors. In the present review control mechanisms of the vasculature are summarized and therapeutic approaches discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wynendaele
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Leuven, Belgium
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McNamara DA, Harmey JH, Walsh TN, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. Significance of angiogenesis in cancer therapy. Br J Surg 1998; 85:1044-55. [PMID: 9717994 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For most solid tumours, surgery remains the most effective primary treatment. Despite apparently curative resection, significant numbers of patients develop secondary disease due to growth of undetected micrometastases. The ability of a tumour to metastasize is related to the degree of angiogenesis it induces. In addition, micrometastases rely on new vessel formation to provide the nutrients necessary for growth. A better understanding of how tumours acquire their blood supply may lead to more effective adjuvant therapies and improve survival following surgery. METHODS A systematic review of the literature on angiogenesis between 1971 and 1997 was performed using the Medline database to ascertain current thinking on angiogenesis and its relevance in oncological surgery. RESULTS Angiogenesis is a physiological process subject to autocrine and paracrine regulation which has the potential to become abnormal and play a part in a number of pathological states, including cancer. Increased angiogenic stimuli in the perioperative period, associated with concomitant reduction in tumour-derived antiangiogenic factors following resection of a primary tumour, result in a permissive environment which allows micrometastases to grow. CONCLUSION Recognition of the role of angiogenesis in metastatic tumour growth represents a significant development in our understanding of tumour biology. The development of antiangiogenic agents offers new promise in the treatment of malignancy. Such agents may prevent or control the development and growth of primary and metastatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A McNamara
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin
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Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1) expression in vascular endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 241:414-25. [PMID: 9637783 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the existence of a synergistic interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Here we demonstrate that bFGF increases VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/Flk-1) expression: mRNA levels were increased by 4.5- to 8.0-fold and total protein by 2.0- to 3.5-fold, in bovine microvascular endothelial (BME), aortic endothelial (BAE), and transformed fetal aortic (GM7373) endothelial cells. VEGF itself did not affect VEGFR-2 expression, and neither bFGF nor VEGF altered expression of FGF receptor-1. We also show that synergism occurs at the level of proliferation when this is measured in a three-dimensional but not in a conventional two-dimensional assay. Differences in the level of VEGFR-2 expression were also observed when cells were grown on or within collagen gels under different conditions: mRNA levels were lowest under sparse conditions, increased 20- to 26-fold at confluence, and increased even further (57-fold) when cells were cultured in suspension in three-dimensional collagen gels. Finally, a synergistic increase was seen in the level of expression of urokinase and urokinase receptor mRNAs when cells were exposed to bFGF and VEGF for 4 days. These findings demonstrate that the level of VEGFR-2 expression can be modulated by environmental factors including cytokines and the geometry of the culture conditions and provide some insight into the mechanisms of synergism between bFGF and VEGF in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University Medical Center, Geneva 4, 1211, Switzerland.
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Martel F, Calhau C, Martins MJ, Azevedo I. Uptake of [3H]-adrenaline by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes: putative involvement of P-glycoprotein. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 18:57-64. [PMID: 9728326 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2680.1998.1810057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The liver has an important role in the elimination of circulating catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are avidly taken up and metabolized by rat hepatocytes, but the nature of the mechanism(s) involved remains partially unknown. 2. The aim of this work was to further characterize the uptake of catecholamines by isolated rat hepatocytes. For that purpose, the effects of a series of chemically unrelated compounds, including substrates/inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, on [3H]-adrenaline removal was investigated. 3. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37 degrees C with 50 nM [3H]-adrenaline for 5 min. Removal of [3H]-adrenaline was calculated as the sum of [3H]-adrenaline present in cells, and its [3H]-metabolites present both in cells and in the incubation medium. Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. 4. Verapamil, quinidine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, cimetidine, tetraethylammonium, d-tubocurarine, taurocholate, daunomycin and vinblastine (100 microM), progesterone, bilirubin (200 microM), vecuronium (45 microM), and amiloride (1 mM) significantly reduced [3H]-adrenaline removal. On the other hand, cyclosporine A (100 microM) apparently had no effect. The O-methylated metabolite of adrenaline, metanephrine (30 microM), produced a 40% reduction of [3H]-adrenaline removal. 5. Vinblastine and corticosterone produced concentration-dependent decreases of [3H]-adrenaline removal, with IC50 values of 23.3 and 116.0 microM, respectively. 6. In the presence of verapamil (100 microM), desipramine (1 microM) was devoid of significant effect on [3H]-adrenaline removal. Corticosterone (40 microM) produced a further decrease (+/- 50%) on removal of the [3H]-amine. 7. Removal of [3H]-adrenaline by isolated cells did not show pH-dependence since an increase or a decrease in the pH of incubation medium (to 8.2 or 6.2, respectively) caused no alteration of that parameter. 8. In conclusion, [3H]-adrenaline is efficiently removed and subsequently metabolized by isolated rat hepatocytes. The results are compatible with the involvement of multiple mechanisms in the hepatic uptake of this amine including the type I and the type II hepatic transporters for organic cations, uptake2 and P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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Isaji M, Miyata H, Ajisawa Y, Takehana Y, Yoshimura N. Tranilast inhibits the proliferation, chemotaxis and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:1061-6. [PMID: 9401770 PMCID: PMC1565049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. First developed as an antiallergic drug, tranilast inhibits chemical mediator release from mast cells. In the present study, we examine the effects of tranilast on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and discuss the application of tranilast for angiogenic diseases. 2. Tranilast inhibited significantly the proliferation (IC50: 136 microM, 95% confidence limits: 134-137 microM) and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF)-induced chemotaxis (IC50: 135 microM, 95% confidence limits: 124-147 microM) of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) at concentrations greater than 25 micrograms ml-1. No toxicity to HDMECs measuring by LDH release and no inhibitory effects on metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity were observed even at 100 micrograms ml-1 (306 microM). 3. Tube formation of HDMECs cultured on the matrigel as an in vitro angiogenesis model was inhibited by tranilast in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value and 95% confidence limits were 175 microM and 151-204 microM, respectively. 4. In vivo angiogenesis was induced in mice by the subcutaneous injection of matrigel containing 30 ng ml-1 VEGF and 64 micrograms ml-1 heparin. Tranilast was administered orally twice a day for 3 days. Tranilast dose-dependently suppressed angiogenesis in the matrigel and a significant change was observed at a dose of 300 mg kg-1. 5. These results indicate that tranilast is an angiogenesis inhibitor which may be beneficial for the improvement of angiogenic diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, tumour invasion and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isaji
- Discovery Research, R & D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Nagano-Pref., Japan
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Bergan RC, Walls RG, Figg WD, Dawson NA, Headlee D, Tompkins A, Steinberg SM, Reed E. Similar clinical outcomes in African-American and non-African-American males treated with suramin for metastatic prostate cancer. J Natl Med Assoc 1997; 89:622-8. [PMID: 9302860 PMCID: PMC2608263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
African-American males have a higher incidence of prostate cancer than non-African-American males and an overall poorer prognosis. Environmental factors such as socioeconomic status and biological factors such as an increased frequency of androgen receptor mutation have been identified as causal. As androgen ablation therapy is ubiquitous in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, little information is available on clinical outcome independent of hormone therapy. Our experience at the Warren G. Magnusson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health with the anticancer agent, suramin, offers the opportunity to study clinical outcome in patients treated with an agent whose tumoricidal activity is not dependent on androgen receptor function. Clinical outcome was examined retrospectively in 43 patients treated on a single suramin-based protocol and evaluated as a function of ethnic background. No significant difference in time to disease progression or survival was observed between African Americans (n = 4) and the other 39 patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that therapies that work through mechanisms independent of the androgen receptor may result in similar outcomes across ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bergan
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new microvessels from parent microvessels, involves remodeling the basement membrane and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) using degrading proteases produced by the endothelial cells (ECs) and other adjacent cells, and the synthesis of ECM molecules by these cells. Degraded ECM releases previously bound heparin-binding cytokines (and growth factors) which are able to act as ligands to high-affinity receptors on various target cells, including ECs. The EC carries receptors for a number of cytokines which are produced by neighboring cells or released from the ECM and which can either induce or suppress the angiogenic phenotype of the EC. ECs are able to synthesize and secrete cytokines with auto- and paracrine effects. Angiogenesis, which virtually never occurs physiologically in adult tissues (except in the ovary, the endometrium and the placenta), is essential in wound healing and inflammation. Angiogenesis is, in fact, strictly controlled by a redundancy of pro- and anti-angiogenic paracrine peptide molecules, some of which have recently been described. The expression and synthesis of two distinct anti-angiogenic factors is, for example, controlled by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. In certain hypoxic conditions, chronic inflammatory diseases and syndromes, angiogenesis is of pathogenic and prognostic significance. Angiogenesis is, moreover, essential for the growth and metastatic spread of solid tumors. This indicates the potential for developing new therapeutic strategies not only for tumors but also in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, liver cirrhosis and diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, the therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in ischemic tissues using recombinant cytokines is also promising for clinical application. In fact, the first successful human gene therapy for stimulating angiogenesis has recently been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Norrby
- Department of Pathology, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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Schlingemann RO, van Hinsbergh VW. Role of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81:501-12. [PMID: 9274417 PMCID: PMC1722234 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.81.6.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R O Schlingemann
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London
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Varner JA. The role of vascular cell integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 in angiogenesis. EXS 1997; 79:361-90. [PMID: 9002227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9006-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Varner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0063, USA
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Abstract
Wortmannin ([1S-(1 alpha, 6b alpha, 9a beta, 11 alpha, 11b beta)]-11-(acetyloxy)-1,6b,7,8,9a,10,11,11b-octahydro-1- (methoxymethyl)-9a, 11b-dimethyl-3 H-furo[4,3,2-de]indeno[4,5-h]-2-benzopyran-3,6,9-trione), a fungal metabolite that is as a selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, was evaluated for its potential as an inhibitor of in vivo angiogenesis in a bioassay system involving growing chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes. It showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity against embryonic angiogenesis. This inhibition occurred at a dose as low as 1 ng (2.3 pmol) per egg and the ID50 value was 30 ng/egg. These findings suggest that wortmannin is a new angiogenesis inhibitor, and that it may be a lead antibiotic for a novel class of therapeutic agents for angiogenesis-dependent diseases like cancer, diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oikawa
- Department of Cancer Therapeutics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Japan
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43
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Martel F, Martins MJ, Hipólito-Reis C, Azevedo I. Inward transport of [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in rat isolated hepatocytes: putative involvement of a P-glycoprotein transporter. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 119:1519-24. [PMID: 8982496 PMCID: PMC1915793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The liver has an important role in the detoxification of organic cations from the circulation. [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]-MPP+), a low molecular weight organic cation, is efficiently taken up and accumulated by rat hepatocytes through mechanisms partially unknown. 2. The aim of the present work was to characterize further the uptake of MPP+ by rat isolated hepatocytes. The putative interactions of a wide range of drugs, including inhibitors/substrates of P-glycoprotein, were studied. 3. The uptake of MPP+ was investigated in rat freshly isolated hepatocytes (incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium with 200 nM [3H]-MPP+ for 5 min) and in the rat liver in situ (perfused with Krebs-Henseleit/BSA medium with 200 nM [3H]-MPP+ for 30 min). [3H]-MPP+ accumulation in the cells and in tissue was determined by liquid scintillation counting. 4. Verapamil (100 microM), quinidine (100 microM), amiloride (1 mM), (+)-tubocurarine (100 microM), vecuronium (45 microM), bilirubin (200 microM), progesterone (200 microM), daunomycin (100 microM), vinblastine (100 microM), cyclosporin A (100 microM) and cimetidine (100 microM) had a significant inhibitory effect on the accumulation of [3H]-MPP+ in isolated hepatocytes. Tetraethylammonium (100 microM) had no effect. 5. In the rat perfused liver, both cyclosporin A (100 microM) and verapamil (100 microM) had much less marked inhibitory effects as compared to their effects on isolated hepatocytes (0% against 35% and 45% against 96% of inhibition, respectively). 6. Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity by increasing or decreasing the pH of the incubation medium or by the presence of vanadate (1 mM) or homoarginine (500 microM) led to a significant increase in the accumulation of [3H]-MPP+ in isolated hepatocytes. 7. It was concluded that, in addition to the type I organic cation hepatic transporter, [3H]-MPP+ is taken up by rat hepatocytes through P-glycoprotein, a canalicular transport system that usually excretes endobiotics and xenobiotics. We proposed that the reversal of transport through P-glycoprotein may be related to the loss of efficacy of alkaline in isolated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously reported that the level of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is high in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taken from patients with moyamoya disease. The present study investigated the levels of other angiogenic growth factors in the CSF of moyamoya patients and the clinical significance of bFGF in moyamoya disease. METHODS The levels of bFGF, interleukin-8, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor in CSF, taken from 38 patients with moyamoya disease and 16 patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease (control group), were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We analyzed the correlation between the level of bFGF and the clinical factors of age, onset pattern, development of neovascularization, and cerebral circulation. RESULTS The CSF of moyamoya patients contained a high concentration of bFGF to a significant (P < .05) extent. The bFGF level was apparently elevated in the patients in whom neovascularization from indirect revascularization, such as encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis, was well developed (P < .01). A linear correlation between the values of bFGF and cerebral vascular response to acetazolamide (r = .7; P < .05) was revealed. The other angiogenic factors were not significantly high compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The elevation of bFGF in moyamoya disease seems to be specific and is not related simply to cerebral ischemia. Clinically, the bFGF level is a useful indicator to predict the efficacy of indirect revascularization after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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45
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Dellian M, Witwer BP, Salehi HA, Yuan F, Jain RK. Quantitation and physiological characterization of angiogenic vessels in mice: effect of basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor, and host microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1996; 149:59-71. [PMID: 8686763 PMCID: PMC1865247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A prerequisite for the development of novel angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents is the availability of routine in vivo assays that permit 1) repeated, long-term quantitation of angiogenesis and 2) physiological characterization of angiogenic vessels. We report here the development of such an assay in mice. Using this assay, we tested the hypothesis that the physiological properties of angiogenic vessels governed by the microenvironment and vessel origin rather than the initial angiogenic stimulus. Gels containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) were implanted in transparent windows in the dorsal skin or cranium of mice. Vessels could be continuously and non-invasively monitored and easily quantified for more than 5 weeks after gel implantation. Newly formed vessels were first visible on day 4 in the cranial window and day 10 in the dorsal skinfold chamber, respectively. The number of vessels was dependent on the dose of bFGF and VEGF. At 3000 ng/ml, bFGF- and VEGF-induced blood vessels had similar diameters, red blood cell velocities, and microvascular permeability to albumin. However, red blood cell velocities and microvascular permeability to albumin were higher in the cranial window than in the dorsal skinfold chamber. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction was nearly zero in both sites. Thus, newly grown microvessels resembled vessels of granulation and neoplastic tissue in many aspects. Their physiological properties were mainly determined by the microenvironment, whereas the initial angiogenic response was stimulated by growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dellian
- E.L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MassachusettsGeneral Hospital, Boston, USA
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Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Tsionou C, Coleman CN. Vascular endothelial growth factor: environmental controls and effects in angiogenesis. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 27:S151-6. [PMID: 8763869 PMCID: PMC2149987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Hlatky
- Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
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Hu DE, Hiley CR, Fan TP. Comparative studies of the angiogenic activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide, endothelins-1 and -3 and angiotensin II in a rat sponge model. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117:545-551. [PMID: 8821547 PMCID: PMC1909324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The angiogenic activity of four vasoactive peptides with a range of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor properties, i.e. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), endothelin-1, endothelin-3 and angiotensin II, were investigated in a rat sponge model. Neovascularization was assessed by the 133Xe clearance technique and confirmed by histological studies. 2 Daily doses of the vasodilator peptide, VIP (1000 pmol), caused intense neovascularization, but a lower dose (10 pmol) produced no apparent effect. However, the lower dose of VIP, when given with a subthreshold dose of interleukin-1 alpha (0.3 pmol), produced an angiogenic response similar to that seen with the higher dose of VIP. The neovascular response induced by co-administration of VIP and interleukin-1 alpha was inhibited by simultaneous administration of 100 pmol VIP (10-28), a specific VIP receptor antagonist. 3 In contrast, daily doses of 10, 100 or 1000 pmol endothelin-3 (a mixed vasoconstrictor and vasodilator with more marked vasodilator activity) or of 100 or 1000 pmol endothelin-1 (also with mixed activity but with much more pronounced vasoconstrictor response) produced no apparent effect on sponge-induced angiogenesis. 4 The vasoconstrictor peptide, angiotensin II, in daily doses of 1000 pmol, caused an intense neovascularization like VIP but lower doses of angiotensin II (10 or 100 pmol) produced no apparent effect. The lowest dose of angiotensin II (10 pmol) when administered with the subthreshold dose of interleukin-1 alpha (0.3 pmol) had no effect on the basal neovascular response in the sponges. The angiotensin II-induced neovascular response was inhibited by co-administration of 100 nmol of the specific AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, but not by the AT2 receptor antagonist, PD 123319. 5 These data show that VIP and angiotensin II possess angiogenic activity. However, endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 had no activity at the doses used. Thus the angiogenic response is not related to local vasoconstriction or vasodilatation in the sponges. The blockade of VIP- and angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis at the receptor level suggests that receptor modulation could provide a strategy for the management of angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge
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Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Vassalli JD, Orci L, Montesano R. Angiogenesis-regulating cytokines: activities and interactions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 2):31-67. [PMID: 9053296 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61109-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland
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49
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Hu DE, Fan TP. Protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C prevents cytokine-induced angiogenesis in the rat. Inflammation 1995; 19:39-54. [PMID: 7535750 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A rat sponge implant model was used to examine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in angiogenesis. Neovascular response was determined by measurements of relative sponge blood flow by a 133Xe clearance technique and confirmed histologically. Morphometric analysis was used to quantitate the amount of fibrovascular growth in the sponges. Daily doses of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 100 ng), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, 50 ng), or interleukin-1-alpha (IL-1 alpha, 50 ng) caused neovascular responses that were blocked by daily coadministration of the selective PKC inhibitor, calphostin C (4 micrograms). To confirm that calphostin C was able to inhibit PKC in vivo, its effect on the angiogenic response elicited by the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 30 micrograms) was examined. The blood flow and morphometric data clearly showed that the intense neovascularization induced by PMA was totally suppressed by coadministration of calphostin C (4 micrograms). Thus, these results suggest that cytokine-induced angiogenesis may be mediated in part through the activation of PKC and that selective inhibition of this enzyme could have therapeutic benefit in angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, U.K
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