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Yay E, Yilmaz M, Toygar H, Balci N, Alvarez Rivas C, Bolluk Kilic B, Zirh A, Paster B, Kantarci A. Parkinson's disease alters the composition of subgingival microbiome. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2250650. [PMID: 37649970 PMCID: PMC10464550 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2250650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The current study aimed to test the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease exacerbates periodontitis by altering its microbiome. Materials and Methods Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival samples from healthy controls, periodontitis patients (PD), and Parkinson's patients with periodontitis (PA+PD) were analyzed using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for targeting 40 bacterial species typically associated with periodontal disease and health. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V1-V3 regions) was performed to analyze the microbiome comprehensively. Results Parkinson's patients had mild-to-moderate motor dysfunctions. Bleeding on probing was significantly increased in the PA+PD group compared to PD (p < 0.05). With checkerboard analysis, PA was associated with increased Treponema socranskii (p = 0.0062), Peptostreptococcaceae_[G-6] [Eubacterium]_nodatum (p = 0.0439), Parvimona micra (p < 0.0001), Prevotella melaninogenica (p = 0.0002), Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum (p < 0.0001), and Streptococcus anginosus (p = 0.0020). Streptococcus intermedia (p = 0.0042), P.nodatum (p = 0.0022), P. micra (p = 0.0002), Treponema denticola (p = 0.0045), L.saburreum (p = 0.0267), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0017), Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.0020), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0002) were higher; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.0072) was lower in deep pockets in the PA+PD compared to PD. Schaalia odontolytica (p = 0.0351) and A.actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.002) were lower; C.rectus (p = 0.0002), P. micra (p = 0065), Streptococcus constellatus (p = 0.0151), T.denticola (p = 0.0141), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0057), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0316) were higher in shallow pockets in the PA+PD. Diversity decreased in PD (p = 0.001) and PA+PD (p = 0.026) compared to control, with minimal differences in alpha and beta diversities among PD and PA+PD based on NGS results. Conclusion These data demonstrated that Parkinson's disease modifies PD-associated subgingival microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Yay
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Yilmaz
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Toygar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Balci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carla Alvarez Rivas
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basak Bolluk Kilic
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zirh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruce Paster
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for subgingival bacteriome identification in a group of treated periodontitis patients: a case series. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial polymicrobial infection, characterized by profound modifications of the composition and proportion of the subgingival microbiota. Microbiological laboratory tests are sometimes used in periodontal diagnosis and monitoring of treatment, but both conventional cultivation methods and molecular techniques have some major drawbacks. Therefore, other performant bacterial identification methods must be considered. The aim of the current study was to use Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALTI-TOF MS) analysis in association with bacterial culture method to evaluate the modifications of the subgingival bacterial composition in periodontitis patients, before and after cause-related subgingival therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from periodontal pockets before and after subgingival mechanical instrumentation and adjunctive local antimicrobial applications and were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbial colonies were further assessed using MALDI-TOF-MS. A total of 36 bacterial strains were isolated from a group of 16 patients. All species from the orange complex were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. A marked reduction of detection frequency was observed in most bacterial strains, including the orange complex after cause-related periodontal treatment. The results of this study indicate that MALDI-TOF MS could be considered an accurate method for oral microbial identification and the cause-related periodontal treatment is useful for reducing the microbial burden.
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Hbibi A, Bouziane A, Lyoussi B, Zouhdi M, Benazza D. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From Basic to Advanced Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:45-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anti-Early Stage of Bacterial Recolonization Effect of Curcuma longa Extract as Photodynamic Adjunctive Treatment. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:8823708. [PMID: 33381183 PMCID: PMC7765719 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8823708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the amount of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) on subgingival recolonized plaque after mechanical debridement and photodynamic treatment by using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in combination with topical Curcuma longa gel extract. Methods A total of 12 subjects with stage III grade B periodontitis were recruited for the study. Maxillary posterior teeth with periodontal pocket >4 mm were selected. These teeth were examined for periodontal clinical data at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after treatment. All remaining teeth were treated by scaling and root planing (SRP). Then, the teeth were bilaterally divided using randomized split-mouth design with and without photodynamic adjunctive therapy (PDT). Samples of the subgingival microbiota were obtained in each visit. All samples were analyzed by multicolor TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of target bacteria. Results Throughout the six-week follow-up, long-term improvement of probing depth and bleeding on probing was revealed on the PDT group. The number of subgingival F. nucleatum and P. intermedia also significantly reduced, compared to the baseline. There was a statistically significant recolonization in F. nucleatum and P. intermedia number after 2 and 4 weeks of conventional SRP, respectively. Our quantitative PCR method showed no significant recolonization of those subgingival bacteria on PDT sites throughout the 6-week study duration. Conclusion The results showed that adjunctive photodynamic treatment by using blue LEDs in combination with topical Curcuma longa gel extract was effective to alter the recolonization patterns of F. nucleatum and P. intermedia after conventional debridement.
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Ramalingam AK, Selvi SGA, Jayaseelan VP. Targeting prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase from Porphyromonas gingivalis with the bioactive compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis. ASIAN BIOMED 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Complications in periodontitis and other systemic infections related to Porphyromonas gingivalis poses a serious impediment in the treatment process. This leads to the search of novel target proteins to develop newer drugs against P. gingivalis. Prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase (ptp-A) seem to be a vital protein in P. gingivalis virulence and can be a good target for the novel natural bioactive compounds.
Objectives
To explore the inhibitory potential of Rosmarinus officinalis biocompounds against the ptp-A of P. gingivalis.
Methods
Three-dimensional structure of ptp-A was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank with further optimization of both the protein and ligands. In silico inhibitory potential of the selected ligands against ptp-A was done by AutoDock 2.0 and was visualized with Biovia discovery studio visualizing tool with the assessment of the molecular properties of the ligands against ptp-A by molinspiration calculations and drug likeliness.
Results
High ptp-A inhibitory effect was observed using rosmarinic acid and luteolin with a bonding energy of −9.81 kcal/mol with 10 hydrogen bond interactions and −9.99 kcal/mol with 7 hydrogen bond interactions, respectively. Carnosic acid and p-coumaric acid showed a binding energy of −7.14 kcal/mol and −6.34 kcal/mol, respectively, with 5 hydrogen bond interactions. Molinspiration assessments showed R. officinalis compounds as the best drug candidates with the topological polar surface area scores <140 Å toward the best oral bioavailability.
Conclusion
The carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, p-coumaric acid, and luteolin from R. officinalis seem to possess a promising inhibitory effect against ptp-A of Candida albicans suggesting ptp-A as the best target to combat P. gingivalis with further in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Ramalingam
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences , Saveetha University , Tamil Nadu 600077 , India
| | - Smiline Girija Aseervatham Selvi
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences , Saveetha University , Tamil Nadu 600077 , India
| | - Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan
- Dental Research Cell (BRULAC-DRC), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences , Saveetha University , Tamil Nadu 600077 , India
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Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4517587. [PMID: 32328131 PMCID: PMC7150685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4517587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.
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Rams TE, Listgarten MA, Slots J. Radiographic alveolar bone morphology and progressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2018; 89:424-430. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA
| | - Max A. Listgarten
- Department of Periodontics; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; Philadelphia PA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology; Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene; University of Southern California School of Dentistry; Los Angeles CA
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 2 Signaling Shapes Macrophage Plasticity in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-Induced Bone Loss. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00552-16. [PMID: 27795356 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00552-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontal disease, which is characterized by inflammation-driven alveolar bone loss. A. actinomycetemcomitans activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) stress pathways in macrophages that are involved in host responses. During the inflammatory process in periodontal disease, chemokines are upregulated to promote recruitment of inflammatory cells. The objective of this study was to determine the role of MK2 signaling in chemokine regulation during A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenesis. Utilizing a murine calvarial model, Mk2+/+ and Mk2-/- mice were treated with live A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteria at the midsagittal suture. MK2 positively regulated the following macrophage RNA: Emr1 (F4/80), Itgam (CD11b), Csf1r (M-CSF Receptor), Itgal (CD11a), Tnf, and Nos2 Additionally, RNA analysis revealed that MK2 signaling regulated chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 in murine calvarial tissue. Utilizing the chimeric murine air pouch model, MK2 signaling differentially regulated CCL3 and CCL4 in the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Bone resorption pits in calvaria, observed by micro-computed tomography, and osteoclast formation were decreased in Mk2-/- mice compared to Mk2+/+ mice after A. actinomycetemcomitans treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that MK2 in macrophages contributes to regulation of chemokine signaling during A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced inflammation and bone loss.
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Kim S, Park MH, Song YR, Na HS, Chung J. Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans-Induced AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Is Suppressed by Xylitol in Differentiated THP-1 Macrophages. J Periodontol 2016; 87:e116-26. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Han SY, Kim BR, Ko HY, Kwon HK, Kim BI. Assessing the use of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as a clinical plaque assessment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:34-39. [PMID: 26691322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to compare the relationship between red fluorescent plaque (RF plaque) area by Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D) and disclosed plaque area by two-tone disclosure, and to assess the bacterial composition of the RF plaque by real time-PCR. METHODS Fifty healthy subjects were included and 600 facial surfaces of their anterior teeth were examined. QLF-D was taken on two separate occasions (before and after disclosing), and the RF plaque area was calculated based on Plaque Percent Index (PPI). After disclosing, the stained plaque area was analyzed to investigate the relationship with the RF plaque area. The relationship was evaluated using Pearson correlation and paired t-test. Then, the RF and non-red fluorescent (non-RF) plaque samples were obtained from the same subject for real-time PCR test. Total 10 plaque samples were compared the ratio of the 6 of bacteria using Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Regarding the paired t-test, the blue-staining plaque area (9.3±9.2) showed significantly similarity with the RF plaque area (9.1±14.9, p=0.80) at ΔR20, however, the red-staining plaque area (31.6±20.9) presented difference from the RF plaque area (p<0.0001). In addition, bacterial composition of Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus anginosus was associated with substantially more the RF plaque than the non-RF plaque (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The plaque assessment method using QLF-D has potential to detect mature plaque, and the plaque area was associated with the blue-staining area using two-tone disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Han
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Dental Hygiene, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Youn Ko
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, Oral Science Research Center, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Herbert BA, Novince CM, Kirkwood KL. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26197893 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a perio-pathogenic bacteria that has long been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The mechanisms of its pathogenicity have been studied in humans and preclinical experimental models. Although different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans have differential virulence factor expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), leukotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been most extensively studied in the context of modulating the host immune response. Following colonization and attachment in the oral cavity, A. actinomycetemcomitans employs CDT, leukotoxin, and LPS to evade host innate defense mechanisms and drive a pathophysiologic inflammatory response. This supra-physiologic immune response state perturbs normal periodontal tissue remodeling/turnover and ultimately has catabolic effects on periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this review, we have divided the host response into two systems: non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic. Non-hematopoietic barriers include epithelium and fibroblasts that initiate the innate immune host response. The hematopoietic system contains lymphoid and myeloid-derived cell lineages that are responsible for expanding the immune response and driving the pathophysiologic inflammatory state in the local periodontal microenvironment. Effector systems and signaling transduction pathways activated and utilized in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans will be discussed to further delineate immune cell mechanisms during A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Finally, we will discuss the osteo-immunomodulatory effects induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans and dissect the catabolic disruption of balanced osteoclast-osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling, which subsequently leads to net alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Herbert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Chahboun H, Arnau MM, Herrera D, Sanz M, Ennibi OK. Bacterial profile of aggressive periodontitis in Morocco: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25888404 PMCID: PMC4367901 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is one of the most severe forms of periodontal diseases. In Morocco, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been strongly associated with AgP, however limited knowledge is available about the implication of other periodontal pathogens in this entity. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of the subgingival microbiota in Moroccan patients with AgP. Methods Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 50 aggressive, 13 localized and 37 generalized periodontitis patients. Samples from 20 chronic periodontitis (ChP) patients were taken as controls. Samples collected from the four deepest periodontal pockets in each patient were pooled in pre-reduced transport fluid and examined by culture. Results A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly more frequent (p = 0.004) in generalised AgP compared to ChP, and Porphyromonas gingivalis was less prevalent in localized AgP, when compared with generalized AgP (p = 0.040) or ChP (p = 0.016). Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia were also frequently detected in all groups. Mean proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans were significantly higher in AgP groups, when compared to ChP, and generalized AgP patients harbored significantly higher proportions of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, when compared to localized AgP or ChP. Conclusions A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum were frequently detected in this Moroccan population with AgP. Differences in frequency of detection, counts and proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia suggests the presence of distinct microbiological profiles for localized AgP, generalized AgP and ChP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Chahboun
- EREB (Research Group of Oral Ecosystem), Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Maria Minguez Arnau
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oum Keltoum Ennibi
- EREB (Research Group of Oral Ecosystem), Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Fuse H, Fukamachi H, Inoue M, Igarashi T. Identification and functional analysis of the gene cluster for fructan utilization in Prevotella intermedia. Gene 2013; 515:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dahiya P, Kamal R, Luthra R, Mishra R, Saini G. Miswak: A periodontist's perspective. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2012; 3:184-7. [PMID: 23326088 PMCID: PMC3545237 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meticulous plaque control on a daily routine basis is the single most important step to achieve good oral health. Herbal chewing sticks, commonly known as Miswak, are among the ancient and traditional oral hygiene aids popular in India, Pakistan, most of the Arabian countries, and several African countries. But nowadays, because of low cost, free availability, unique chemical composition, and spiritual beliefs, miswak is being used worldwide. A large number of studies have proved that miswak is as effective as, or even superior to the present day's most common oral hygiene aid, i.e., toothbrush. The aim of this review article is to discuss various pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of miswak and also to compare the effectiveness of miswak with modern toothbrushes in terms of oral hygiene practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Dahiya
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Reet Kamal
- Department of Oral Pathology, H.P. Govt. Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - R.P. Luthra
- Department of Prosthodontics, H.P. Govt. Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Gaurav Saini
- Department of Prosthodontics, B. K. Civil Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Suzuki N, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Yamamoto M, Igarashi T. Contribution of hly homologs to the hemolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia. Anaerobe 2012; 18:350-6. [PMID: 22554902 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia is a periodontal pathogen that requires iron for its growth. Although this organism has hemolytic activity, the precise nature of its hemolytic substances and their associated hemolytic actions are yet to be fully determined. In the present study, we identified and characterized several putative hly genes in P. intermedia ATCC25611 which appear to encode hemolysins. Six hly genes (hlyA, B, C, D, E, and hlyI) of P. intermedia were identified by comparing their nucleotide sequences to those of known hly genes of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343. The hlyA-E, and hlyI genes were overexpressed individually in the non-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain JW5181 and examined its contribution to the hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates. E. coli cells expressing the hlyA and hlyI genes exhibited hemolytic activity under anaerobic conditions. On the other hand, only E. coli cells stably expressing the hlyA gene were able to lyse the red blood cells when cultured under aerobic conditions. In addition, expression of the hlyA and hlyI genes was significantly upregulated in the presence of red blood cells. Furthermore, we found that the growth of P. intermedia was similar in an iron-limited medium supplemented with either red blood cells or heme. Taken together, our results indicate that the hlyA and hlyI genes of P. intermedia encode putative hemolysins that appear to be involved in the lysis of red blood cells, and suggest that these hemolysins might play important roles in the iron-dependent growth of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Belibasakis GN, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans targets NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasome expression in human mononuclear leukocytes. Cytokine 2012; 59:124-30. [PMID: 22503597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues, as a result of local bacterial infection. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic species, highly associated with aggressive periodontitis. Periodontal inflammation is dominated by cytokines of the Interleukin (IL)-1 family. Prior to their secretion by mononuclear cells, IL-1 cytokines are processed by intracellular protein complexes, known as "inflammasomes", which can sense the bacterial challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate which inflammasomes are regulated in mononuclear cells in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans. The D7SS strain and its derivative leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin knock-out mutant strains were used to infect human mononuclear cells at a 1:10 cell: bacteria ratio, for 3 h. The expression of various inflammasome components in the cells was investigated by TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The expressions of NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP)1, NLRP2 and Absent In Melanoma (AIM)2 inflammasome sensors, as well as their effector Caspase-1 were not affected. However, NLRP3 was up-regulated, while NLRP6 was down-regulated. This effect was not dependent on the leukotoxin or the cytolethal distending toxin, as demonstrated by the use of specific gene knock-out mutant strains. IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were also up-regulated by the bacterial challenge. In conclusion, A. actinomycetemcomitans enhances NLRP3 and reduces NLRP6 inflammasome expression, irrespective of its major virulence factors, confirming the high pathogenic profile of this species, and providing further insights to the mechanisms of periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Okuda T, Kokubu E, Kawana T, Saito A, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Synergy in biofilm formation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species. Anaerobe 2011; 18:110-6. [PMID: 21945879 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilm by anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival crevice plays an important role in the development of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of coaggregation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species in biofilm formation. Coaggregation between F. nucleatum and Prevotella species was determined by visual assay. Effect of co-culture of the species on biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet staining. Effect of soluble factor on biofilm formation was also examined using culture supernatant and two-compartment co-culture separated by a porous membrane. Production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) by the organisms was evaluated using Vibrio harveyi BB170. Cells of all F. nucleatum strains coaggregated with Prevotella intermedia or Prevotella nigrescens with a score of 1-4. Addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or l-lysine inhibited coaggregation. Coaggregation disappeared after heating of P. intermedia or P. nigrescens cells, or Proteinase K treatment of P. nigrescens cells. Co-culture of F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 with P. intermedia or P. nigrescens strains increased biofilm formation compared with single culture (p < 0.01); co-culture with culture supernatant of these strains, however, did not enhance biofilm formation by F. nucleatum. Production of AI-2 in Prevotella species was not related to enhancement of biofilm formation by F. nucleatum. These findings indicate that physical contact by coaggregation of F. nucleatum strains with P. intermedia or P. nigrescens plays a key role in the formation of biofilm by these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Okuda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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Quirynen M, Van Assche N. Microbial changes after full-mouth tooth extraction, followed by 2-stage implant placement. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:581-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yano T, Fukamachi H, Yamamoto M, Igarashi T. Characterization of L-cysteine desulfhydrase from Prevotella intermedia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 24:485-92. [PMID: 19832801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrogen sulfide is responsible for lysis of red blood cells and is a major compound for oral malodor. To clarify the production mechanism of hydrogen sulfide in Prevotella intermedia, we found an L-cysteine desulfhydrase gene (lcs) homologue on the genome database of P. intermedia ATCC25611 and characterized its gene product. METHODS The lcs gene homologue cloned into pGEX6p-1 vector was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Lcs activity was assayed by detection of the reaction products (hydrogen sulfide and pyruvate) or its derivatives from L-cysteine. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to convert an amino acid of the Lcs molecule. RESULTS The purified lcs gene product catalysed the degradation of L-cysteine to pyruvate, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, indicating that the protein is L-cysteine desulfhydrase. The enzyme required pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a cofactor, and it was highly active at pH 7.0 and completely inhibited by ZnCl(2). The K(m) and V(max) of the enzyme were 0.7 mm and 4.2 micromol/min/mg, respectively. Replacement of Tyr-59, Tyr-118, Asp-198, and Lys-233 with any of the amino acids resulted in the complete disappearance of Lcs activity, implying that these amino acids are essential for enzyme activity. In addition, hydrogen sulfide produced by this enzyme lysed sheep red blood cells and modified hemoglobin. CONCLUSION These results show the enzymatic properties of L-cysteine desulfhydrase from P. intermedia ATCC25611 and also suggest that the Lcs enzyme, which produces hydrogen sulfide from L-cysteine, is closely associated with the pathogenesis of P. intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yano
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Aberg CH, Sjödin B, Lakio L, Pussinen PJ, Johansson A, Claesson R. Presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in young individuals: a 16-year clinical and microbiological follow-up study. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:815-22. [PMID: 19678862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To look for clinical signs of periodontal disease in young adults who exhibited radiographic bone loss and detectable numbers of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in their primary dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal status and radiographic bone loss were examined in each of the subjects 16 years after the baseline observations. Techniques for anaerobic and selective culture, and checkerboard, were used to detect periodontitis-associated bacterial species. The isolated A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were characterized by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Signs of localized attachment loss were found in three out of the 13 examined subjects. A. actinomycetemcomitans was recovered from six of these subjects and two of these samples were from sites with deepened probing depths and attachment loss. Among the isolated A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, serotypes a-c and e, but not d or f, were found. None of the isolated strains belonged to the highly leucotoxic JP2 clone, and one strain lacked genes for the cytolethal distending toxin. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and early bone loss in the primary dentition does not necessarily predispose the individual to periodontal attachment loss in the permanent dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Höglund Aberg
- Department of Odontology, Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Itoh T, Nakamura H, Kishi JI, Hayakawa T. The Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases by a Whole-cell Extract from Prevotella nigrescens. J Endod 2009; 35:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Angelov N, Aprecio RM, Kettering J, Lundgren T, Riggs M, Egelberg J. Recovery of putative pathogens from paper point sampling at different depths of periodontal lesions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2009; 1:1-5. [PMID: 23674898 PMCID: PMC3652342 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the recovery of three putative periodontal pathogens from periodontal lesions in samples using paper points inserted to different depths of the lesions. Methods Twenty 6–8 mm deep periodontal lesions with bleeding on probing were studied. Microbial samples were obtained using paper points inserted to three different depths of the lesions: orifice of lesion; 2 mm into the lesion; and to the base of lesion. Culturing was used for recovery and identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Results The recovery of each of the three putative periodontal pathogens was similar following sampling at the various depths of the lesions. Conclusions The findings may be explained by the fact that the paper points become saturated as they pass through the orifice of the lesion. Absorption of microorganisms will therefore primarily occur at the orifice. It is also conceivable that the pathogens may be present in similar proportions throughout the various depths of the periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Angelov
- School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Microflora subgingival en periodontitis crónica y agresiva en Bogotá, Colombia: un acercamiento epidemiológico. BIOMEDICA 2007. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v27i1.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guan SM, Nagata H, Shizukuishi S, Wu JZ. Degradation of human hemoglobin by Prevotella intermedia. Anaerobe 2007; 12:279-82. [PMID: 17081784 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of Prevotella intermedia, an obligate anaerobic rod, to degrade human hemoglobin was determined by SDS-PAGE and the degradation was quantified by scanning densitometry. Both bacterial cells and culture supernatants degraded hemoglobin. The hemoglobin degradation by P. intermedia was time-dependent, heat sensitive, pH related and was not influenced by iron restriction. Inhibition studies demonstrated that a cysteine protease might be involved in hemoglobin degradation and this protease might require metal ions for its activity and it might be thiol-requiring and trypsin-inducible. The results indicate that P. intermedia is capable to release heme from hemoglobin, hence provide a source of iron for its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Guan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang Le Road, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Takahashi N, Ishihara K, Kimizuka R, Okuda K, Kato T. The effects of tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline and ofloxacin on Prevotella intermedia biofilm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:366-71. [PMID: 17064394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia, a black-pigmented, anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium, is associated with various type of periodontitis. Antibiotic treatments via a systemic or local route have been reported as being useful for treating periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four antibiotics, tetracycline (TET), minocycline (MINO), doxycycline (DOXY) and ofloxacin (OFLX) on P. intermedia biofilms at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from one-fold to 100-fold. MICs were determined for planktonic cells. Biofilm formation was determined with the crystal violet stain method and the bioactivities in the biofilms were determined with the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -bioluminescent assay using a 96-well culture plate. At one-fold MIC, DOXY inhibited biofilm formation by P. intermedia ATCC 25611. Other antibiotics at one-fold MIC had no effects on the biofilm formation of tested bacterial strains. In P. intermedia ATCC 25611 biofilms, all the antibiotics tested showed inhibitory activities at five- to 100-fold MICs. In the biofilms of P. intermedia strains, except ATCC 25611, treated with three tetracycline antibiotics, the bioactivities were significantly increased, indicating the difficulties involved in designing antibiotic therapy for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Oral Health Science Centre, Tokyo Dental College, Masago, Chiba, Japan
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Fine DH, Kaplan JB, Kachlany SC, Schreiner HC. How we got attached to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: A model for infectious diseases. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:114-57. [PMID: 16930309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Fine
- Center for Oral Infectious Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Coulthwaite L, Pretty IA, Smith PW, Higham SM, Verran J. The microbiological origin of fluorescence observed in plaque on dentures during QLF analysis. Caries Res 2006; 40:112-6. [PMID: 16508267 DOI: 10.1159/000091056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological origin of plaque fluorescence observed during quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) analysis. Plaque was sampled from dentures, because of easy accessibility and the homogeneous background provided by the denture tooth during imaging, and the acknowledged comparability to occlusal plaque. Forty removable poly(methyl methacrylate) dentures were screened for the presence of fluorescent plaque deposits during QLF analysis. Dentures were photographed, QLF images were recorded and samples of fluorescent plaque were taken. Plaque samples were cultured on fastidious anaerobe agar, Wilkins Chalgren agar and Sabourauds dextrose agar. Plates were screened under QLF and fluorescent colonies were subcultured and identified. Areas of red, orange and green fluorescence were detected on the fitting and non-fitting surfaces of dentures. The red and orange fluorescing species were Prevotella melaninogenica, Actinomyces israelii and Candida albicans, which are generally acknowledged to be secondary colonisers, present in more mature plaque. Green fluorescence was observed in streptococcal species (early colonisers) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (important organism in plaque development). Non-fluorescent colonies were also cultured. Plaque which accumulates on susceptible surfaces tends to be associated with caries, but it may be its maturity, rather than the presence of cariogenic streptococci, that is more likely to provide a microbiological link between red fluorescence and caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Coulthwaite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Savelkoul PHM. Periodontal pathogens: a quantitative comparison of anaerobic culture and real-time PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:191-9. [PMID: 15919188 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multi-factorial chronic inflammatory and destructive disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. Quantitative anaerobic culture techniques have been used for microbial diagnosis of the different forms of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare real-time PCR with quantitative anaerobic culture for detection and quantification of 5 prominent periodontal pathogens. Real-time PCR assays with the 16s rRNA genes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, Peptostreptococcus micros and Fusobacterium spp. were developed. The PCR was validated on pure cultures of various bacterial strains. Subsequently, subgingival plaque samples from 259 adult patients with periodontitis were analyzed with quantitative anaerobic culture and real-time PCR. A standard curve for DNA quantification was created for each primer-probe set based on colony-forming units equivalents. All bacterial species were correctly identified. The lower limits of detection by PCR varied between 1-50 colony-forming units equivalents depending on the species. No cross-reactivities with heterologous DNA of other bacterial species were observed. Real-time PCR results showed a high degree of agreement with anaerobic culture results. Real-time PCR is a reliable alternative for diagnostic quantitative anaerobic culture of subgingival plaque samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Boutaga
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hayashi F, Okada M, Soda Y, Miura K, Kozai K. Subgingival distribution of Campylobacter rectus and Tannerella forsythensis in healthy children with primary dentition. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 51:10-4. [PMID: 15990083 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is important to know how many subgingival plaque samples should be assayed from a child to ascertain infection with a periodontal pathogen. Plaque samples from several sites may fail to detect some important bacteria if only a limited number of gingival sites are sampled. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection of periodontal pathogens in a large number of subgingival sites in the same children in order to determine the number of samples necessary. METHODS Ten children, aged 4-6 years, with complete primary dentition were enrolled in this study. Plaque samples from the mesio-buccal aspect of each erupted tooth were first collected by gently inserting a sterile paper point for 10s. Purified genomic DNA from all plaque samples was prepared for polymerase chain reaction. The primers for species-specific 16S ribosomal RNA sequence were selected as the target sequence. Standard strains of Campylobacter rectus and Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) were used as control strains. RESULTS All subjects were found positive for C. rectus and T. forsythensis with the mean of positive sites at 17.6 +/- 2.4 (range: 12-20 sites) for C. rectus and 9.3 +/- 5.0 (range: 1-19) for T. forsythensis. The mean number of positive sites was 1.7 +/- 0.8 for C. rectus and 6.5 +/- 4.9 for T. forsythensis, with a confidence ratio of 95%. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that two or more random sites for C. rectus and seven or more random sites for T. forsythensis from children to detect those bacteria at 95% probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Japan
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Leung WK, Ngai VKS, Yau JYY, Cheung BPK, Tsang PWK, Corbet EF. Characterization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolated from young Chinese aggressive periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:258-68. [PMID: 15853973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study characterized Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolates from young Chinese aggressive periodontitis patients. METHODS Subgingival plaque samples (two/subject) were collected from diseased subjects < 25 years old (n = 9, mean age 21.1 +/- 1.6 years) and age-matched periodontitis-free controls (n = 47, mean age 22.0 +/- 1.1 years). Selective and anaerobic culture were used. The serotype, leukotoxin gene (ltx) operon promoter and the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes complex of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates were investigated. Effects of the isolates on non-keratinizing periodontal ligament epithelial cells monolayer were studied. RESULTS Diseased subjects had significantly higher full-mouth bleeding score (p = 0.002) and total viable counts from plaque samples (7.2 x 10(6) vs. 2.1 x 10(5) CFU/paperpoint, p < 0.005). A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from 67%/56% or 6%/4% of diseased or controls subject/sites, respectively (p < 0.001). The proportion of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolatable from aggressive periodontitis or periodontitis-free associated subgingival plaque was low (0.7% vs. 0.1%, p < 0.02). The serotype of the isolates was characterized. All isolates possessed 652-like ltx gene promoter and all but one serotype c isolate from a diseased patient had intact cdtABC genes. That particular strain appeared to confer the least cellular damages on periodontal ligament epithelial monolayer compared to others. CONCLUSION This preliminary study confirmed the notion of increased prevalence and quantity of A. actinomycetemcomitans associated with aggressive periodontitis in young patients. The overall ltx promoter and cdt characteristics of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates, however, were similar among the diseased and control groups. A strain lacking the cdtABC gene appeared to be less damaging to a periodontal ligament epithelial cell model. Further studies therefore are warranted to clarify the pathogenic role and potentials of A. actinomycetemcomitans in aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Gajardo M, Silva N, Gómez L, León R, Parra B, Contreras A, Gamonal J. Prevalence of Periodontopathic Bacteria in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients in a Chilean Population. J Periodontol 2005; 76:289-94. [PMID: 15974855 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Other periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are also suspected of participating in aggressive periodontitis although the evidence to support this is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of eight periodontopathic bacteria in Chilean patients with AgP. METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 36 aggressive, 30 localized, and six generalized periodontitis patients. Samples from 17 advanced chronic periodontitis (CP) patients were taken as controls. Samples collected from the four deepest periodontal pockets in each patient were pooled in prereduced transport fluid (RTF) and cultured. Periodontal bacteria were primarily identified by colony morphology under stereoscopic microscope and rapid biochemical tests. The identity of some bacterial isolates was confirmed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS AgP showed a significatively higher prevalence of C. rectus than CP (P = 0.036). The only statistical difference found was for C. rectus. Patients with AgP showed a higher, but not statistically significant, prevalence of P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. A similar prevalence in both groups of patients was observed for F. nucleatum and P. intermedia/nigrescens, and A. actinomycetemcomitans was less prevalent in AgP than CP patients. In localized AgP, P. intermedia/nigrescens, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and P. micros were the more prevalent pathogens in contrast to generalized AgP patients who harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga sp. as the most prevalent bacteria. CONCLUSIONS C. rectus, P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. were the most predominant periodontopathic bacteria of AgP in this Chilean population, but the only statistical difference found here between AgP and CP was for C. rectus, suggesting that the differences in clinical appearance may be caused by factors other than the microbiological composition of the subgingival plaque of these patients. In this study, the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was much lower than that of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gajardo
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Al-Otaibi M, Al-Harthy M, Gustafsson A, Johansson A, Claesson R, Angmar-Månsson B. Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1048-53. [PMID: 15560804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chewing stick, the miswak, is used in many developing countries as the traditional means for oral hygiene. It is prepared from the roots, twigs and stem of Salvadora persica or other alternative local plants. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of the chewing stick miswak (from S. persica) and toothbrush on subgingival plaque microflora among Saudi Arabian individuals. Further, to investigate whether components extracted from S. persica may interfere with the subgingival plaque micro-organisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen healthy Saudi Arabian male volunteers aged 21-36 years were included in a single-blind, randomized cross-over study. The participants were taught how to use each device properly. Plaque sampling for DNA test was performed at the baseline, 1 week after professional tooth cleaning, and after 3 weeks of either miswak or toothbrush use. Identification and quantification of microbial species were performed by the checkerboard method, using whole genomic, digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes. Inhibition zones around miswak were examined on agar plates with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the leukotoxicity of this bacterium was analyzed in a bioassay with macrophages+/-extracts of miswak. RESULTS Miswak and toothbrushing had a similar influence on the levels of the subgingival microbiota. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly more reduced by miswak (p<0.05) than by toothbrushing. These results were supported by our in vitro results which, indicated that extracts from S. persica might interfere with the growth and leukotoxicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to toothbrush use, miswak use significantly reduced the amount of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Otaibi
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Ishizuka M, Huang Y, Ishikawa I. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Japanese population. J Periodontol 2004; 74:1460-9. [PMID: 14653392 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.10.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis. Other periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are also suspected of participating in aggressive periodontitis, although the evidence is controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria and to clarify the microbiological features of aggressive periodontitis in Japanese patients. METHODS Subgingival plaque was collected from 50 aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients (localized 10, generalized 40). Samples from 35 generalized chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and 18 healthy subjects were examined as controls. Plaque samples were examined using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was relatively low in the localized (20%) and generalized (17.5%) AgP patients, with no significant difference observed in detection frequencies between AgP and the control groups (CP 8.6%, healthy 0%). On the other hand, Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), Campylobacter rectus, P. gingivalis, and Treponema denticola were frequently detected in localized as well as generalized aggressive periodontitis patients. The prevalence and proportion of P. gingivalis correlated with severity of clinical attachment loss in both localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS T. forsythensis, C. rectus, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola were the predominant periodontopathic bacteria of aggressive periodontitis patients in Japan. Although A. actinomycetem- comitans was also detected in AgP patients, the prevalence of this bacterium was much lower than that of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takeuchi
- Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Doğan B, Antinheimo J, Cetiner D, Bodur A, Emingil G, Buduneli E, Uygur C, Firatli E, Lakio L, Asikainen S. Subgingival microflora in Turkish patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003; 74:803-14. [PMID: 12886990 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No information exists on periodontitis-associated subgingival microbiota from Turkey. We determined the occurrence, interspecies relationships, and clonal characteristics for a group of periodontal bacteria in a Turkish study population. METHODS Subgingival microbial samples were obtained from patients with localized (LAgP, N = 18) or generalized (GAgP, N = 17) types of aggressive periodontitis, generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP, N = 14), and non-periodontitis subjects (N = 20). Culture methods were used to recover 6 periodontal bacterial species and yeasts, and a polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Intraspecies characterization of A. actinomycetemcomitans was carried out by serotyping and genotyping. RESULTS All species, except for Micromonas micros (formerly Peptostreptococcus micros) occurred more frequently (P < 0.05) in periodontitis than non-periodontitis subjects. Detection frequencies for Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) and Campylobacter rectus differed among the periodontitis subgroups; the lowest frequency occurred in LAgP. The mean proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and C. rectus were higher (P < 0.008) in GAgP than in non-periodontitis subjects. Significant positive associations were seen between 7 of the 22 possible combinations (P < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype c (34%) and non-serotypeable isolates (34%) were the most common antigenic types among the 305 strains analyzed. Eleven arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR genotypes were distinguished among 273 isolates from 29 subjects. Yeasts were found in 23% of the 69 subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results on the Turkish study population were generally in line with earlier reports on the occurrence and interspecies relationships of certain bacteria in periodontitis. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was not overrepresented in LAgP, and the serotype distribution resembled that reported from the East. The high frequency of non-serotypeable isolates suggests local characteristics of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey.
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Leung KP, Lewis AS, Concannon SP, Yoshimoto H, Fukushima H. Prevotella intermedia native plasmid can be mobilized by an Escherichia coli conjugal IncP plasmid. Plasmid 2002; 48:64-72. [PMID: 12206757 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-619x(02)00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a small Prevotella intermedia cryptic plasmid, pYHBi1, which consisted of sequences that were highly homologous to the amino acid sequence of the replication and mobilization proteins found in related organisms. We have also demonstrated that chimeric plasmids derived from this P. intermedia native plasmid can be mobilized between Escherichia coli strains by using a broad-host-range E. coli conjugative plasmid, IncP plasmid RP4. The results suggest that pYHBi1 possesses gene(s) responsible for conjugal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-P Leung
- US Army Dental Research Detachment, Microbiology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 310B, B Street, Building 1-H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA.
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Eick S, Pfister W. Comparison of microbial cultivation and a commercial PCR based method for detection of periodontopathogenic species in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:638-44. [PMID: 12354089 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microbiological laboratory procedures are involved in diagnosis and therapy control of progressive and refractory forms of periodontitis. In recent years techniques have been developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. The purpose of this study was to validate the commercially available micro-Dent(R) test which employs probes for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, B. forsythus and T. denticola. METHODS 122 plaque samples obtained from periodontal pockets with various depths from 33 early onset periodontitis (EOP) patients and 15 periodontally healthy subjects were analysed by cultivation and the microDent(R) kit. RESULTS Both cultivation and the nucleic acid based assay showed a positive correlation of pocket depth with the frequency and quantity of periodontopathogenic species. T. denticola was found only in pockets > 4 mm in EOP patients. Comparison of the two methods revealed that the microDent(R) kit identified both P. gingivalis and B. forsythus more often than did the cultivation method. CONCLUSIONS Nucleic acid techniques should replace cultivation methods as gold standard in microbiological diagnosis of progressive periodontitis. The micro-Dent(R) kit can be recommended for microbiological laboratories analysing subgingival plaque samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Eick
- Department of Microbiological Microbiology, University Hospital of Jena, Germany.
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Leung KP, Folk SP. Effects of porphyrins and inorganic iron on the growth of Prevotella intermedia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 209:15-21. [PMID: 12007648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated earlier that hemin-iron-containing compounds which include hemin, human hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, and bovine catalase stimulate the growth of Prevotella intermedia [Leung, Subramaniam, Okamoto, Fukushima, Lai, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162 (1998) 227-233]. However, the contributions of tetrapyrrole porphyrin ring in these hemin-iron sources as well as inorganic iron for the growth of this organism have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of porphyrins, host iron-binding proteins, and various inorganic iron sources on the growth of hemin-iron depleted P. intermedia. Protoporphyrin IX and protoporphyrin IX-zinc, either in the presence or absence of supplemented ferrous or ferric iron, promoted the growth of P. intermedia at a rate that was comparable to that of the hemin control. On the other hand, neither the host iron proteins, transferrin and lactoferrin, nor the inorganic iron sources which included ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferric citrate, ferric nitrate, and ferric ammonium citrate at concentrations up to 200 microM stimulated the growth of hemin-iron-restricted P. intermedia. The results suggest that P. intermedia only use iron in a specific form and that the porphyrin-ring structure is essential for the growth of P. intermedia as in the case of other related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-P Leung
- Microbiology Branch, U.S. Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 310B, B Street, Building 1H, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA.
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Okada M, Hayashi F, Nagasaka N. PCR detection of 5 putative periodontal pathogens in dental plaque samples from children 2 to 12 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28:576-82. [PMID: 11350526 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028006576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIMS The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Prevotella intermedia, P. nigrescens, Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, and Campylobacter rectus in plaque samples from 119 children, collected from their toothbrushes using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHOD The subjects were 24, 83, and 12 children with healthy gingiva, gingivitis, and periodontitis, respectively, ranging in age from 2-12 years old. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted teeth sites using a sterile toothbrush. The mean concentration of DNA recovered from the plaque samples was approximately 640 microg/ml, which was deemed sufficient for performing a PCR-based survey. RESULTS The prevalence by PCR in healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis subjects was 0.0%, 6.0% and 25.0% for P. intermedia, 45.8%, 79.5% and 50.0% for P. nigrescens, 33.3%, 63.9% and 58.3% for B. forsythus, 0.0%, 18.1% and 16.7% for T. denticola, and 100% in duplicate for C. rectus, respectively. CONCLUSION Our survey indicated that P. intermedia and T. denticola were more associated with periodontal diseases, B. forsythus and P. nigrescens had a moderate prevalence in all clinical groups, while C. rectus were the most commonly detected species in the oral cavities of children suggesting establishment in their early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan.
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Hayashi F, Okada M, Zhong X, Miura K. PCR detection of Capnocytophaga species in dental plaque samples from children aged 2 to 12 years. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 45:17-22. [PMID: 11270602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Capnocytophaga sputigena, C. ochracea, and C. gingivalis in plaque samples from the toothbrushes of 122 children, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The subjects were 25, 85, and 12 children with healthy gingiva, gingivitis, and periodontitis, respectively, ranging in age from 2-12 years old. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites using a sterile toothbrush. The mean amount of DNA recovered from the samples was approximately 19.3 microg, which was deemed sufficient for performing a PCR-based survey. C. sputigena prevalence in healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis subjects was 48.0%, 36.5% and 25.0%, respectively, that for C. ochracea was 100%, 89.4%, and 50.0%, respectively, and that for C. gingivalis was 96.0%, 84.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. The lowest age of positive subjects was approximately 2 years. Our results showed that C. sputigena was moderately prevalent, whereas C. ochracea and C. gingivalis were commonly detected in the oral cavities of the tested children, suggesting that all of these species become established in the early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- I Darby
- University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that certain periodontal pathogens preferentially stimulate T cells expressing specific variable regions on the beta chain (Vbeta) of the T-cell receptor, which may indicate the presence of a superantigen. Superantigens are microbial proteins that activate large numbers of CD4(+) T cells in a Vbeta-specific manner. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Prevotella intermedia, a putative periodontal pathogen, activates populations of specific Vbeta on CD4(+) T cells. Among the bacterial strains tested, P. intermedia strain 17, a clinical isolate, induced the strongest proliferative response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Antibodies raised against whole cells of this organism blocked the proliferative activity. P. intermedia-induced proliferation was T-cell specific and required the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD4(+) T-cell subsets expressing Vbeta8, Vbeta12, and Vbeta17 expanded in response to P. intermedia strain 17. The ability of P. intermedia to stimulate CD4(+)-T-cell proliferation was further supported by the production profiles of key T-cell cytokines, gamma interferon and interleukin-2. The data collectively suggest that certain strains of P. intermedia can activate Vbeta-specific T cells in a manner similar to that of other known microbial superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Slots J, Ting M. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in human periodontal disease: occurrence and treatment. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:82-121. [PMID: 10522224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Slots
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Asikainen S, Chen C. Oral ecology and person-to-person transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:65-81. [PMID: 10522223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ecological characteristics of the oral cavity are dissimilar for A. actinomycetemcomitans and for P. gingivalis, as judged by differences in their colonization preferences and patterns, associations with periodontal disease parameters, relationships with the subgingival microbiota and the type of periodontitis and their clonal persistence in the oral cavity. These features also suggest that as a periodontal pathogen, A. actinomycetemcomitans is different from P. gingivalis. Probably in most infected individuals, low levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans can persist for years in equilibrium with the host and the resident oral microbiota. However, it is well established that A. actinomycetemcomitans can cause disease in some individuals or in some circumstances when the regulatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis in the ecosystem. Elevated A. actinomycetemcomitans proportions of the biota can be regarded as a sign of ecological imbalance, leading to increased risk of periodontal destruction. There is also evidence showing elevated pathogenic potential of certain A. actinomycetemcomitans clones. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans seems to be relatively rarely transmitted between cohabiting adults, transmission can occur to periodontally healthy children of A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive parents. Parents and children may share factors that promote successful oral colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans, or the window of opportunity is in childhood. Therefore, to prevent parent-child transmission of A. actinomycetemcomitans, bacterium-positive parents of young children are optimal targets for enhanced information and treatment. In selected populations, screening for specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans has been employed in prevention of peridontitis. Future research aiming at finding the reasons which cause the changes in the oral homeostasis to allow the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans may give insight into novel prevention strategies for A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. Compared with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis shows a different pattern of coexistence with the host. In periodontal health or in children, P. gingivalis is absent or only rarely detected. When present, P. gingivalis is commonly recovered in high numbers from dentitions exhibiting inflamed periodontitis and poor oral hygiene. Contrary to A. actinomycetemcomitans, the data on the vertical transmission of P. gingivalis are limited. The major infection route of P. gingivalis seems to be between adults, indicating that P. gingivalis commonly colonizes in an established oral microbiota. These characteristics suggest that the degree of tolerance between P. gingivalis and the host is inferior to that between A. actinomycetemcomitans and the host. It appears that the association of P. gingivalis with disease is a rule rather than an accidental incident. On these grounds, it seems that the host-P. gingivalis relationship approaches antibiosis. Since P. gingivalis infection is related to a typical periodontal eco-pathology, the susceptibility to person-to-person transmission of this pathogen may be controlled by periodontal treatment and emphasizing the significance of high standard oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asikainen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Poulet PP, Duffaut D, Lodter JP. Evaluation of the Etest for determining the in-vitro susceptibilities of Prevotella intermedia isolates to metronidazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43:610-1. [PMID: 10350399 DOI: 10.1093/jac/43.4.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Celenligil H, Ebersole JL. Analysis of serum antibody responses to periodontopathogens in early-onset periodontitis patients from different geographical locations. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25:994-1002. [PMID: 9869349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serum antibody specificity to oral micro-organisms was used to delineate the pathogens associated with early-onset periodontal diseases in a Turkish population. Additionally, comparison of the findings to those derived from a clinically similar US patient population described differences in bacterial specific antibody between these 2 geographic regions. Serum from 89 (LJP), 86 (RPP) and 94 (normal) subjects was analyzed (ELISA) to determine IgG antibody to 14 oral micro-organisms. All LJP patients from Turkey exhibited elevated antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans (serotypes c and a significantly increased), while antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and JP2 (serotype b) were significantly higher in US LJP patients. 50% of the Turkish RPP patients also showed elevated anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibody, although the US RPP patients exhibited significantly higher antibody levels and frequency of elevated antibody to the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. Healthy subjects and LJP and RPP patients from the US exhibited higher antibody levels to all 3 P. gingivalis serogroups compared to those from Turkey, although, the frequency of elevated antibody to the P. gingivalis serogroups was significantly higher in LJP and RPP patients from Turkey than from the US. Interestingly, 87% and 77% of the LJP patients in the Turkish population had elevated antibody responses to P. gingivalis and E. corrodens, respectively, which was not observed in the US LJP patients. These data suggested that considerable variation exists in the systemic antibody levels to periodontopathogens between these 2 countries. This supports potential differences in subgingival colonization or antigenic composition of these pathogens between patient populations from different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Celenligil
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Thomas JG, Metheny RJ, Karakiozis JM, Wetzel JM, Crout RJ. Long-term sub-antimicrobial doxycycline (Periostat) as adjunctive management in adult periodontitis: effects on subgingival bacterial population dynamics. Adv Dent Res 1998; 12:32-9. [PMID: 9972119 DOI: 10.1177/08959374980120011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous trials had indicated that various schedules of sub-antimicrobial doxycycline significantly reduced gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collagenase activity in adult patients with periodontitis with no evidence of emergent tetracycline-resistant (Tcr) marker oral flora. The purpose of this nine-month study was to expand these observations, emphasizing newer microbial diagnostic methods. Subgingival paper point samples were obtained at baseline (BL), 3, 6, and 9 months. Four subject treatment groups in a double-blind design were evaluated by mechanical scaling and root planing (SRP) and/or 20 mg doxycycline BID (Periostat). Thirty-eight patients entered the study at baseline (BL). Dark-field microscopy on 260 samples showed that morphotype distribution was independent of treatment schedule. Culture analysis of the 3 most prevalent isolates recovered showed that Streptococcus and Prevotella species accounted for approximately 85% of the 724 cultures. There did not appear to be any overgrowth or replacement by opportunistic oral flora. Of 658 susceptibility patterns evaluated by Etest, the MIC50/90 and mode MIC showed stable patterns, independent of treatment group. Our findings were different from those of previously published reports, but may be partly explained by the lack of universally standardized methods in oral microbiology and interpretive criteria for susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Thomas
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-9203, USA
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Schlegel-Bregenzer B, Persson RE, Lukehart S, Braham P, Oswald T, Persson GR. Clinical and microbiological findings in elderly subjects with gingivitis or periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25:897-907. [PMID: 9846799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to study the supra- and subgingival microflora by culture and cDNA probe methods in 20 elderly subjects who were between 62 and 93 years of age. 10 of them had gingivitis only, and 10 had periodontitis. B. forsythus (BF), P. gingivalis (PG), P. intermedia (PI), P. nigrescens (PN), A. actinomycetemcomitans (AA), T. denticola (TD), and pathogen-related oral spirochetes (PROS) were studied. Oral hygiene was similar and poor in both groups. The mean probing depth at sample sites was 6.7 mm (S.D+/-1.3) in the periodontitis group and 2.2 mm (S.D.+/-1.5) in the gingivitis group (F=17.75, p<0.001). Mean clinical attachment levels (CAL) were 4.3 mm (S.D.+/-2.0) and 1.7 mm (S.D.+/-0.9) respectively (p<0.001). Total viable counts >1.0x10(5) in supra-gingival plaque samples were found in all periodontitis and in eight gingivitis subjects. 70x more black-pigmented organisms were found in supra-gingival and 185 times more in sub-gingival plaque from the periodontitis group (p<0.01). Culture data showed P. nigresecens in 10% periodontitis and 50% gingivitis subjects (p<0.03). In supra-gingival samples by the Affirm DP test, BF was present in 50% periodontitis and 60% gingivitis while culture data were negative for all subjects. PG was found in 30% periodontitis and 50% gingivitis subjects with TD in 70% periodontitis and in 30% gingivitis subjects. In the sub-gingival plaque samples 80% periodontitis and 70% gingivitis subjects had >1x10(5) anaerobes. The total count of black-pigmented organisms was significantly greater in the periodontitis elders (p<0.001). cDNA probes by the Affirm DP test identified subgingival presence of BF (80%) PG (80%), PI (80%), AA (0%), TD (50%) in periodontitis subjects with BF (70%), PG (40%), PI (30%) and TD (20%) in gingivitis subjects. PROS were found in (80%) samples from periodontitis and in (60%) of gingivitis elderly. Only the quantities of PI (r=0.48, p<0.01) and TD (r=0.37, p<0.01) were associated with the disease definition. The smoking habit in the periodontitis group was significantly higher (p<0.01). A history of smoking may contribute significantly to periodontitis in the presence of pathogens.
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Paolantonio M, Pedrazzoli V, di Murro C, di Placido G, Picciani C, Catamo G, De Luca M, Piaccolomini R. Clinical significance of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young individuals during orthodontic treatment. A 3-year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24:610-7. [PMID: 9378831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1997.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was: (1) to assess longitudinally the occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in young subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances compared to matched appliance-free controls; (2) to determine whether the presence of the micro-organism at baseline could influence the periodontal status assessed 3 years later. 70 subjects, 27 male and 43 female, aged between 12 and 20 years participated in the study: 35 subjects under orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances for at least 6 months, and 35 appliance-free individuals matched for age and gender. All subjects were free of clinically demonstrable loss of attachment. They all received oral hygiene instructions 2x during the 2 months preceding the first clinical and microbiological examination. No subgingival instrumentation was performed between baseline and the 3-year examination. Clinical parameters included gingival bleeding index (GBI), pocket probing depth (PPD) and measurements of attachment level (AL). Statistically significant differences were reported regarding frequency of detection of Aa between both groups at each examination. The %s of orthodontic subjects infected with Aa at the baseline and at the 3-year examination were 86% and 80%, respectively, while the corresponding figures for control subjects were 16.6% and 26.6%. The frequency distribution of %s of Aa in the total anaerobic subgingival flora among control subjects remained fairly stable, whereas the proportion of orthodontic subjects yielding Aa at a concentration > or = 1.0% dropped significantly from 32% at baseline to 19% at the 3-year visit. Calculations of the relative risk for increasing GBI and PPD in both groups when Aa was present at baseline, revealed that the orthodontic subjects positive for Aa had a negligible relative risk of experiencing worse periodontal conditions compared to orthodontic patients where Aa was not detected at baseline. In contrast, control subjects initially infected with Aa presented with a risk for increased GBI 6.6x higher than that for subjects without Aa. In conclusion, the present study confirmed previous cross-sectional findings reporting that young individual with an integer periodontium wearing fixed orthodontic appliances harbor Aa with a statistically significant greater frequency than appliance-free matched controls. However, although orthodontic patients exhibited more inflammation, their deteriorated clinical conditions could not be accounted for by the sole presence of Aa in their sulci. In contrast, appliance-free young subjects initially infected with Aa had a higher risk of experiencing more gingival inflammation than subjects without the bacterium during a 3-year observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paolantonio
- Department of Periodontology, University G. D'Anunzie Chieti, Italy
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Conrads G, Pelz K, Hughes B, Seyfarth I, Devine DA. Optimized oligonucleotides for the differentiation of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 12:117-20. [PMID: 9227136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1997.tb00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium Prevotella intermedia plays an important role in the progression of periodontitis, whereas the etiological role of the closely related but phenotypically indistinguishable species Prevotella nigrescens is controversial. To differentiate between these species properly, 16S rDNA/RNA directed, computer-optimized oligonucleotides were designed and tested with 26 P. intermedia, 26 P. nigrescens and a number of closely and more distantly related strains. The oligonucleotides were used as primers in a polymerase chain reaction and could be demonstrated to be species specific with a detection limit of 50 bacterial cells, which could also be detected when diluted 1:10(5) with different plaque bacteria. In addition, the described oligonucleotides were digoxigenin-labeled at the 3' end and used as DNA probes in a dot blot hybridization assay. This assay, although slightly less sensitive than the polymerase chain reaction-based method, gave species-specific reactions and also allowed (semi-)quantification of bacterial cells in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conrads
- Klinik für Zahnerheltung, Parodontologie und Präventive Zahnhelkunde der Universitätklinik Aachen, Germany
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