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Flajnik MF. The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39223989 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The study of antibodies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) provides every immunologist with a bird's eye view of how human immunoglobulins (Igs) came into existence and subsequently evolved into their present forms. It is a fascinating Darwinian history of conservation on the one hand and flexibility on the other, exemplified by the Ig heavy chain (H) isotypes IgM and IgD/W, respectively. The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks) Igs provide a glimpse of "how everything got off the ground," while the amphibians (e.g., the model Xenopus) reveal how the adaptive immune system made an about face with the emergence of Ig isotype switching and IgG-like structure/function. The evolution of mucosal Igs is a captivating account of malleability, convergence, and conservation, and a call to arms for future study! In between there are spellbinding chronicles of antibody evolution in each class of vertebrates and rather incredible stories of how antibodies can adapt to occupy niches, for example, single-domain variable regions, cold-adapted Igs, convergent mechanisms to dampen antibody function, provision of mucosal defense, and many more. The purpose here is not to provide an encyclopedic examination of antibody evolution, but rather to hit the high points and entice readers to appreciate how things "came to be."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Wu XQ, Chen XM, Pan YY, Sun C, Tian JX, Qian AD, Niu XT, Kong YD, Li M, Wang GQ. Changes of intestinal barrier in the process of intestinal inflammation induced by Aeromonas hydrophila in snakehead (Channa argus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109775. [PMID: 39019126 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial intestinal inflammation frequently occurs in cultured fish. Nevertheless, research on intestinal barrier dysfunction in the process of intestinal inflammation is deficient. In this study, we explored the changes of intestinal inflammation induced by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in snakehead and the relationship between intestinal barrier and inflammation. Snakehead [(13.05 ± 2.39) g] were infected via anus with A. hydrophila. Specimens were collected for analysis at 0, 1, 3, 7 and 21 d post-injection. The results showed that with the increase of exposure time, the hindgut underwent stages of normal function, damage, damage deterioration, repair and recovery. Relative to 0 d, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum, and the expression of nod1, tlr1, tlr5, nf-κb, tnf-α and il-1β in intestine were significantly increased, and showed an upward then downward pattern over time. However, the expression of tlr2 and il-10 were markedly decreased, and showed the opposite trend. In addition, with the development of intestinal inflammation, the diversity and richness of species, and the levels of phylum and genus in intestine were obviously altered. The levels of trypsin, LPS, AMS, T-SOD, CAT, GPx, AKP, LZM and C3 in intestine were markedly reduced, and displayed a trend of first decreasing and then rebounding. The ultrastructure observation showed that the microvilli and tight junction structure of intestinal epithelial cells experienced normal function initially, then damage, and finally recovery over time. The expression of claudin-3 and zo-1 in intestine were significantly decreased, and showed a trend of first decreasing and then rebounding. Conversely, the expression of mhc-i, igm, igt and pigr in intestine were markedly increased, and displayed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The above results revealed the changes in intestinal barrier during the occurrence and development of intestinal inflammation, which provided a theoretical basis for explaining the relationship between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yi-Yu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chuang Sun
- Fisheries Technology Extension Station of Baicheng, Jilin Province, Baicheng, 137000, China
| | - Jia-Xin Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, 134002, China
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yi-di Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Qin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Laboratory for Animal Production, Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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3
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Jenberie S, Nordli HR, Strandskog G, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Peñaranda MMD, Jørgensen JB, Jensen I. Virus-specific antibody secreting cells reside in the peritoneal cavity and systemic immune sites of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged intraperitoneally with salmonid alphavirus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 157:105193. [PMID: 38729458 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development and persistence of antibody secreting cells (ASC) after antigenic challenge remain inadequately understood in teleosts. In this study, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with salmonid alphavirus (WtSAV3) increased the total ASC response, peaking 3-6 weeks post injection (wpi) locally in the peritoneal cavity (PerC) and in systemic lymphoid tissues, while at 13 wpi the response was only elevated in PerC. At the same time point a specific ASC response was induced by WtSAV3 in PerC and systemic tissues, with the highest frequency in PerC, suggesting a local role. Inactivated SAV (InSAV1) induced comparatively lower ASC responses in all sites, and specific serum antibodies were only induced by WtSAV3 and not by InSAV1. An InSAV1 boost did not increase these responses. Expression of immune marker genes implies a role for PerC adipose tissue in the PerC immune response. Overall, the study suggests the Atlantic salmon PerC as a secondary immune site and an ASC survival niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiferaw Jenberie
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henriette Rogstad Nordli
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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4
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Lyu M, Malyutin AG, Stadtmueller BM. The structure of the teleost Immunoglobulin M core provides insights on polymeric antibody evolution, assembly, and function. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7583. [PMID: 37989996 PMCID: PMC10663602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric (p) immunoglobulins (Igs) serve broad functions during vertebrate immune responses. Typically, pIgs contain between two and six Ig monomers, each with two antigen binding fragments and one fragment crystallization (Fc). In addition, many pIgs assemble with a joining-chain (JC); however, the number of monomers and potential to include JC vary with species and heavy chain class. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of IgM from a teleost (t) species, which does not encode JC. The structure reveals four tIgM Fcs linked through eight C-terminal tailpieces (Tps), which adopt a single β-sandwich-like domain (Tp assembly) located between two Fcs. Specifically, two of eight heavy chains fold uniquely, resulting in a structure distinct from mammalian IgM, which typically contains five IgM monomers, one JC and a centrally-located Tp assembly. Together with mutational analysis, structural data indicate that pIgs have evolved a range of assembly mechanisms and structures, each likely to support unique antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrey G Malyutin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Beth M Stadtmueller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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5
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Lyu M, Malyutin AG, Stadtmueller BM. The structure of the teleost Immunoglobulin M core provides insights on polymeric antibody evolution, assembly, and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.29.534771. [PMID: 37034677 PMCID: PMC10081254 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric (p) immunoglobulins (Igs) serve broad functions during vertebrate immune responses. Typically, pIgs contain between two and six Ig monomers, each with two antigen binding fragments and one fragment crystallization (Fc). In addition, many pIgs assemble with a joining-chain (JC); however, the number of monomers and potential to include JC varies with species and heavy chain class. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of IgM from a teleost (t) species, which does not encode JC. The structure revealed four tIgM Fcs linked through eight C-terminal tailpieces (Tps), which adopt a single β-sandwich-like domain (Tp assembly) located between two Fcs. Remarkably, two of eight heavy chains fold uniquely, resulting in a structure distinct from mammalian IgM, which typically contains five IgM monomers, one JC and a centrally-located Tp assembly. Together with mutational analysis, structural data indicate that pIgs have evolved a range of assembly mechanisms and structures, each likely to support unique antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Andrey G. Malyutin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Present address, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Beth M. Stadtmueller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
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6
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108814. [PMID: 37211331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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7
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Wu L, Yang Y, Gao A, Li J, Ye J. Teleost fish IgM+ plasma-like cells possess IgM-secreting, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting capacities. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016974. [PMID: 36225937 PMCID: PMC9550268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated antibody-secreting B lymphocytes that contribute to humoral immunity by producing large numbers of antibodies. Increasing evidence suggests that teleost fish B cells share certain characteristics with mammalian B1 B cells, including antibody-secreting, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting capacities. However, the difference between mature B cells and plasma cells remains unclear. In this study, we found that, based on their light-scattering characteristics, tilapia anterior kidney (AK) leukocytes can be categorized into two IgM+ B-cell subsets: the lymphoid (L) gate and granulocyte–monocyte/macrophage (G-M) subsets. G-M gate cells are more numerous than L-gate cells and have higher mean fluorescence, but lower forward scatter and side scatter. We analyzed the morphological and ultrastructural features of sorted IgM+ cells and found that L-gate IgM+ cells have a high nucleus–cytoplasm ratio and lymphocyte-like morphology, whereas G-M gate IgM+ cells have a small nucleus, more abundant endoplasmic reticulum, and a larger number of mitochondria, and have a plasma cell-like or macrophage-like morphology. To further characterize the cell types, we examined the specific patterns of expression of B-cell- and T-cell-related genes. We found that B-cell-specific genes were expressed by both L-gate and G-M gate IgM+ cells, and that G-M gate IgM+ cells secreted extremely high levels of IgM. However, T-cell-related genes were highly expressed only in L-gate IgM– cells. These results suggest that G-M gate IgM+ cells are similar to plasma-like cells, with high antibody-secreting capacity. Given that G-M gate cells include the granulocyte, monocyte, and macrophage cell types, but not B cells, monocyte/macrophage markers were used to investigate the cell types further. A macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure was frequently observed, and macrophage-expressed gene-1 was highly expressed, in the G-M gate IgM+ cells. Phagocytic capacity, as determined by ingestion of beads or bacteria, was significantly higher in G-M gate IgM+ cells than in L-gate IgM+ cells, as was antigen-processing capacity. Our findings show that tilapia AK leukocytes can be divided into two IgM+ B-cell subsets and that G-M gate IgM+ cells resemble plasma-like cells, having high antibody-secreting, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting capacities. Thus, this study increases our understanding of the functions of teleost fish plasma-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Along Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Science and Medicine, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI, United States
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Ye,
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Yin X, Li X, Mu L, Bai H, Yang Y, Chen N, Wu L, Fu S, Li J, Ying W, Ye J. Affinity-Driven Site-Specific High Mannose Modification Determines the Structural Polymerization and Function of Tetrameric IgM in a Primitive Vertebrate. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:593-605. [PMID: 35868636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Teleost tetramer IgM is the predominant Ig in the immune system and plays essential roles in host defense against microbial infection. Due to variable disulfide polymerization of the monomeric subunits, tetrameric IgM possesses considerable structural diversity. Previous work indicated that the teleost IgM H chain was fully occupied with complex-type N-glycans. However, after challenge with trinitrophenyl (TNP) Ag, the complex N-glycans in the Asn-509 site of Oreochromis niloticus IgM H chain transformed into high mannose. This study, therefore, was conducted to examine the functional roles of the affinity-related high-mannose modification in tilapia IgM. The TNP-specific IgM Ab affinity maturation was revealed in tilapia over the response. A positive correlation between TNP-specific IgM affinity and its disulfide polymerization level of isomeric structure was demonstrated. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the relationship between IgM affinity and disulfide polymerization was associated with the Asn-509 site-specific high-mannose modification. Furthermore, the increase of high mannose content promoted the combination of IgM and mannose receptor (MR) on the surface of phagocytes. Moreover, the increased interaction of IgM and MR amplified the phagocytic ability of phagocytes to Streptococcus agalactiae. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates that site-specific high-mannose modification associates with IgM Ab affinity and its structural disulfide polymerization and amplifies the phagocytosis of phagocytes by the combination of IgM and MR. The present study provides evidence for understanding the association of IgM structure and function during the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Bai
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Fu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Science and Medicine, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI; and
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Nie Y, Ma Y, Hao L, Liu Z, Li Y. Analysis of phagocytosis by mIgM + lymphocytes depending on monoclonal antibodies against IgM of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:399-408. [PMID: 35314332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phagocytic actives of B cells in fish have been proven in recent years. In this study, five positive hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against largemouth bass IgM were produced. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that five MAbs could specifically recognize membrane-bound IgM (mIgM) molecule of largemouth bass. Indirect ELISA and Western blotting analysis showed that all the five MAbs had no cross-reactions with the other two teleost IgMs. Flow cytometry analysis (FCM) revealed that the percentages of largemouth bass mIgM+ lymphocytes in head kidney, peripheral blood and spleen were 51.66 ± 0.608%, 16.5 ± 1.235% and 42.92 ± 1.091%, respectively. In addition, the phagocytosis rates of mIgM + lymphocytes ingesting Nocardia seriolae from head kidney, peripheral blood and spleen were calculated to be 5.413 ± 0.274%, 16.6 ± 0.289% and 26.3 ± 0.296%, respectively. The qPCR results of sorted cells indicated that most inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12β, IL-34, IL-10), chemokine (CXCL12), chemokines receptors (CXCR2, CXCR4) and genes (FcγRⅠa, NCF1, CFL, ARP2/3, CD45, Syk, MARCKS) related to FcγR-mediated phagocytic signaling pathway in phagocytic mIgM+ lymphocytes were up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05). Taken together, the results suggested that the MAb (MM06H) produced in this paper could be used as a tool to study mIgM+ lymphocytes of largemouth bass, and FcγR may participate in the phagocytosis of mIgM+ lymphocytes, which is helpful to further study the role of mIgM+ lymphocytes in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yifan Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Department of Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Le Hao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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10
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Li A, Harris RJ, Fry BG, Barnes AC. A single-step, high throughput, and highly reproducible method for measuring IgM quantity and avidity directly from fish serum via biolayer interferometry (BLI). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:231-237. [PMID: 34626789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of specific antibody responses is critical in determining activation of MHCII-dependent immune memory and is generally performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody avidity for a particular antigen is also informative of the quality of the adaptive immune response following vaccination. Avidity can be determined by chaotropic elution ELISA, pre-absorption ELISA, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR), although multimeric antibodies such as IgM are problematic for SPR. ELISA-based assays are very time consuming, require secondary antibody reagents, and are poorly repeatable. Here we demonstrate that biolayer interferometry (BLI) using an Octet HTX instrument can robustly and reproducibly quantify and determine avidity of specific IgM for an antigen directly from fish serum in a single step. We collected sera from giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) that had been vaccinated with the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenol conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and from control fish injected with phosphate buffered saline. The specific IgM in the serum and its avidity for DNP were quantified via ELISA and BLI. BLI was precise and highly repeatable for determination of the quantity and avidity of antibody in the serum compared to ELISA. The wet-lab preparation and machine running time for BLI was 3-5 times faster than ELISA to generate the same amount of data. The ELISA inter-plate variation significantly affected reproducibility while BLI was consistent and repeatable between samples and plates. Indeed, the consistency of BLI data indicated that technical triplicates were redundant. Biological replication alone was sufficient to elucidate the effect of treatments. However, BLI required a lower serum dilution than ELISA for similar sensitivity, and thus more serum was required to produce high resolution data. BLI is an extremely high-throughput assay, providing teleost serum IgM quantification and avidity data as a single-step, agile alternative to ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Harris
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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11
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Ametrano A, Gerdol M, Vitale M, Greco S, Oreste U, Coscia MR. The evolutionary puzzle solution for the origins of the partial loss of the Cτ2 exon in notothenioid fishes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:124-139. [PMID: 34038801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryonotothenioidea is the main group of fishes that thrive in the extremely cold Antarctic environment, thanks to the acquisition of peculiar morphological, physiological and molecular adaptations. We have previously disclosed that IgM, the main immunoglobulin isotype in teleosts, display typical cold-adapted features. Recently, we have analyzed the gene encoding the heavy chain constant region (CH) of the IgT isotype from the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii (family Nototheniidae), characterized by the near-complete deletion of the CH2 domain. Here, we aimed to track the loss of the CH2 domain along notothenioid phylogeny and to identify its ancestral origins. To this end, we obtained the IgT gene sequences from several species belonging to the Antarctic families Nototheniidae, Bathydraconidae and Artedidraconidae. All species display a CH2 remnant of variable size, encoded by a short Cτ2 exon, which retains functional splicing sites and therefore is included in the mature transcript. We also considered representative species from the three non-Antarctic families: Eleginopsioidea (Eleginops maclovinus), Pseudaphritioidea (Pseudaphritis urvillii) and Bovichtidae (Bovichtus diacanthus and Cottoperca gobio). Even though only E. maclovinus, the sister taxa of Cryonotothenioidea, shared the partial loss of Cτ2, the other non-Antarctic notothenioid species displayed early molecular signatures of this event. These results shed light on the evolutionary path that underlies the origins of this remarkable gene structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Ottinger CA, Smith CR, Blazer VS, Iwanowicz LR, Vogelbein MA, Kaattari S. Production and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody against smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) IgM. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:20-23. [PMID: 33741522 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb, IgG2a) was produced for the detection of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) immunoglobulin (IgM). The antibody is specific for IgM heavy chain and was shown to also recognize the Ig heavy chain of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) using Western Blot analysis of plasma from 9 teleost taxa. When applied to the analysis of smallmouth bass total plasma IgM using ELISA, the mAb was found to be effective when used in an inhibition kinetic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ottinger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Rd., Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA.
| | - Cheyenne R Smith
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, 333 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Rd., Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Rd., Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Mary Ann Vogelbein
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Stephen Kaattari
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
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14
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Li A, Thwaite R, Kellie S, Barnes AC. Serum IgM heavy chain sub-isotypes and light chain variants revealed in giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) via protein A affinity purification, mass spectrometry and genome sequencing. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:42-50. [PMID: 33794338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two IgM heavy (H) chain sub-isotypes (80 and 40 kDa) and two light (L) chain variants (25 and 30 kDa) were detected in the serum of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by protein A affinity chromatography. This method yielded 5.6 mg/mL high purity IgM from grouper serum, with efficiency estimated at 39.5% recovery from crude serum. The H and L chains were identified by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry (MS). Nanopore long-read sequencing was used to generate a genomic contig (MW768935), containing Cμ, Cδ loci, VH regions, and a H chain Joining segment. cDNA sequencing of Cμ transcripts (MW768933 and MW768934) were used to polish the genomic contig and determine the exons and introns of the corresponding locus. MS peptide mapping revealed that the 80 kDa H chain consisted of CH1-4 domains while peptides from the 40 kDa H chain only mapped to CH1-2 domains. Our genomic contig showed the Cμ locus has a Cμ1-Cμ2-Cμ3-Cμ4 arrangement on the same strand as the other Ig loci identified in this genomic sequence. Our study corrects the NCBI annotations of the opposing Cμ loci (LOC117268697 and LOC117268550) in chromosome 16 (NC_047006). Further, we identified both κ and λ L chain isotypes in serum IgM. The molecular weight differences observed may result from different combinations of CL and VL genes. Putative IgM sub-isotypes have also been reported in Epinephelus itajara and Epinephelus coioides. The presence of IgM sub-isotypes may be a conserved trait among Epinephelus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia
| | - Rosemary Thwaite
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia
| | - Stuart Kellie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia.
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15
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Velázquez J, Rodríguez A, Aragón H, Haidar A, González M, Valdés R, Garay HE, Abreu DD, Ramos Y, Cabrales A, Morales A, González O, Herrera F, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. Monoclonal antibody against Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgM heavy chain: A valuable tool for detection and quantification of IgM and IgM + cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:44-54. [PMID: 33348037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish, which is extensively cultivated worldwide and constitutes one of the model species for the study of fish immunology. Monoclonal antibodies are very advantageous molecular tools for studying teleost immune system. Specifically, monoclonal antibodies that react with immunoglobulins are used successfully in the study of the humoral immune response of several fish species. In the present study, we produced and characterized a monoclonal antibody against tilapia IgM heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy. The peptide sequence was selected from the surface-exposed region between CH3-CH4 domains. The specificity of the polyclonal serum and the hybridoma culture supernatant obtained by immunization with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were evaluated by western blotting, both showing reactivity against tilapia serum IgM. The purified mAb was able to recognize secreted IgM by western blotting and ELISA and membrane IgM by flow cytometry. We also demonstrated that the antibody doesn't cross-react with a recombinant IgT fragment. This tool allowed us to study for the first time the stimulation of mucosal immunity after Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide administration. Overall, the results demonstrated the utility of this mAb to characterize humoral immune response in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Alianet Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hasel Aragón
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Arlette Haidar
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Marcos González
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rodolfo Valdés
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hilda Elsa Garay
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - David Diago Abreu
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales
- Analytic and Purification Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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16
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Relative content detection of oligomannose modification of IgM heavy chain induced by TNP-antigen in an early vertebrate through nanoLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2020; 219:121346. [PMID: 32887075 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan modification is reported to be important in regulating the structure and function of immunoglobulins in mammals. While, the study on teleost immunoglobulin glycosylation is still limitted. In this study, we constructed a TNP-antigen driven model, and detected the site-specific N-glycans of PBS-immunized and TNP-specific Oreochromis niloticus serum IgM through 18O-labeling and nanoLC-MS/MS. These methods are widely used for peptide enrichment and protein modification identification, but rarely used in detecting the level of N-glycosylation in teleost Igs that driven by specific antigen. The results revealed that there are four N-glycosylation sites in O.niloticus IgM heavy chain, namely, the Asn-315 site in the CH2 domain, the Asn-338 site in the CH3 domain, and the Asn-509 and Asn-551 sites in the CH4 domain, All of the four residues were efficiently N-glycosylated. After immunized with TNP-antigen, the signal strength of oligomannose in the TNP-specific IgM in primary mass spectrometry was significantly higher than that in the PBS-immunized IgM. Notably, the TNP-specific IgM had an Asn-509 site fully occupied with oligomannose, while only a small amount of oligomannose was found in the PBS-immunized IgM of this site. N-glycans in other sites were mainly complex-type with a low content of fucosylation and sialylated. The oligomannose in TNP-specific IgM was further verified to be essential for the binding of IgM and MBL. These results demonstrated that the TNP-antigen induced the site-specific oligomannose modification of O.niloticus IgM heavy chain, and played an important role in the interaction of IgM and MBL, which provided insights into the evolutionary understanding of the IgM oligomannose modification and function.
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17
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Su YL, Wang B, Hu MD, Cui ZW, Wan J, Bai H, Yang Q, Cui YF, Wan CH, Xiong L, Zhang YA, Geng H. Site-Specific N-Glycan Characterization of Grass Carp Serum IgM. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2645. [PMID: 30487799 PMCID: PMC6246689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the major antibody in teleost fish and plays an important role in humoral adaptive immunity. The N-linked carbohydrates presenting on IgM have been well documented in higher vertebrates, but little is known regarding site-specific N-glycan characteristics in teleost IgM. In order to characterize these site-specific N-glycans, we conducted the first study of the N-glycans of each glycosylation site of the grass carp serum IgM. Among the four glycosylation sites, the Asn-262, Asn-303, and Asn-426 residues were efficiently glycosylated, while Asn-565 at the C-terminal tailpiece was incompletely occupied. A striking decrease in the level of occupancy at the Asn-565 glycosite was observed in dimeric IgM compared to that in monomeric IgM, and no glycan occupancy of Asn-565 was observed in tetrameric IgM. Glycopeptide analysis with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry revealed mainly complex-type glycans with substantial heterogeneity, with neutral; monosialyl-, disialyl- and trisialylated; and fucosyl-and non-fucosyl-oligosaccharides conjugated to grass carp serum IgM. Glycan variation at a single site was greatest at the Asn-262 glycosite. Unlike IgMs in other species, only traces of complex-type and no high-mannose glycans were found at the Asn-565 glycosite. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization analysis of released glycans confirmed the overwhelming majority of carbohydrates were of the complex-type. These results indicate that grass carp serum IgM exhibits unique N-glycan features and highly processed oligosaccharides attached to individual glycosites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Die Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Fang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Hong Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Sheng X, Qian X, Tang X, Xing J, Zhan W. Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Mediates Immune Excretion of Mucosal IgM-Antigen Complexes Across Intestinal Epithelium in Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2018; 9:1562. [PMID: 30072985 PMCID: PMC6060246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is one important player of mucosal defenses, but very little is known on pIgR-mediated immune excretion of the antigens that penetrate mucosal surface in fish. Previously, we cloned the pIgR of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and developed anti-pIgR antibody. In this study, the flounders were immunized intraperitoneally with the chicken ovalbumin (OVA) and the control protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to elicit mucosal IgM antibody and pIgR response, and then challenged with OVA via caudal vein injection after the immunized OVA was absent from fish body at the fourth week after immunization. After OVA challenge, strong OVA-positive fluorescence signals were observed in lamina propria (LP) submucosa and epithelial cells of the hindgut at 30 min, increased proceeding toward the distal portion of intestinal folds, reached a peak at 2–3 h, and then weakened and disappeared at 12 h, indicating that the OVA rapidly diffused from bloodstream into LP submucosa and excreted across intestinal epithelium. Whereas in BSA-immunized and OVA-challenged control fish, the OVA was detected in LP submucosa but not in intestinal epithelium due to the lack of OVA-specific antibody. Accordingly, in intestinal epithelium, the transepithelial transport of OVA was confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy, and co-localization of OVA, IgM, and pIgR was illuminated by multiple-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and analyzed using Image J software. Furthermore, in gut mucus but not in serum, an ~800-kDa protein band showed IgM-positive, OVA-positive, and pIgR-positive simultaneously, and the OVA, together with IgM and secretory component (SC) of pIgR, could be immunoprecipitated by anti-OVA antibody, demonstrating the existence of SC–polymeric IgM–OVA complexes. All these results collectively revealed that the pIgR could transport mucosal IgM–OVA complexes from LP across intestinal epithelium into gut mucus via the transcytosis in flounder. These new findings provided direct evidences for pIgR-mediated immune excretion of IgM–antigen complexes, and better understanding the role of pIgR in mucosal immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qian
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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19
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Igarashi K, Matsunaga R, Hirakawa S, Hosoya S, Suetake H, Kikuchi K, Suzuki Y, Nakamura O, Miyadai T, Tasumi S, Tsutsui S. Mucosal IgM Antibody with d-Mannose Affinity in FuguTakifugu rubripesIs Utilized by a Monogenean ParasiteHeterobothrium okamotoifor Host Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4107-4114. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Teige LH, Lund M, Haatveit HM, Røsæg MV, Wessel Ø, Dahle MK, Storset AK. A bead based multiplex immunoassay detects Piscine orthoreovirus specific antibodies in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:491-499. [PMID: 28254501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Future growth in aquaculture relies strongly on the control of diseases and pathogens. Vaccination has been a successful strategy for obtaining control of bacterial diseases in fish, but for viral diseases, vaccine development has been more challenging. Effective long-term protection against viral infections is not yet fully understood for fish, and in addition, optimal tools to monitor adaptive immunity are limited. Assays that can detect specific antibodies produced in response to viral infection in fish are still in their early development. Multiplex bead based assays have many advantages over traditional assays, since they are more sensitive and allow detection of multiple antigen-specific antibodies simultaneously in very small amounts of plasma or serum. In the present study, a bead based assay have been developed for detection of plasma IgM directed against Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), the virus associated with the disease Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon. Using recombinant PRV proteins coated on beads, antibodies targeting the structural outer capsid protein μ1 and the non-structural protein μNS were detected. Results from a PRV cohabitation challenge trial indicated that the antibody production was initiated approximately two weeks after the peak phase of PRV infection, coinciding with typical HSMI pathology. Thereafter, the antibody production increased while the epicardial inflammation became less prominent. In conclusion, the novel assay can detect PRV-specific antibodies that may play a role in viral defence. The bead-based immunoassay represents a valuable tool for studies on HSMI and possibly other diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hammerlund Teige
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Lund
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne M Haatveit
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Vikan Røsæg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-0454 Oslo, Norway; SalMar ASA, N-7266 Kverva, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria K Dahle
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-0454 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Zhang X, Calvert RA, Sutton BJ, Doré KA. IgY: a key isotype in antibody evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2144-2156. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Rosaleen A. Calvert
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Brian J. Sutton
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Katy A. Doré
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
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22
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Bilal S, Lie KK, Karlsen OA, Hordvik I. Characterization of IgM in Norwegian cleaner fish (lumpfish and wrasses). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:9-17. [PMID: 27702679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of cleaner fish in Norwegian aquaculture has to a large extent been based on wild catches, but breeding of lumpfish and ballan wrasse is currently increasing. Due to disease problems and required vaccine development, tools to study immune responses and a better understanding of the immune system in these species is demanded. The present study comprises lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and five species of wrasses: Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta), rock cook (Centrolabrus exoletus), cuckoo wrasse (Labrus mixtus), corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops), and goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris). We present a comparison of the IgM sequences, phylogenetic relationship to other teleosts and characteristic features of IgM in the species studied. The lumpfish IgM heavy chain sequence was assembled from high throughput cDNA sequencing whereas the wrasse sequences were determined by molecular cloning. The secreted form of the IgM heavy chain from all species consisted of four constant Ig domains. IgM was purified from lumpfish and ballan wrasse sera by gel filtration followed by anion exchange chromatography, and polyclonal sera were produced against these proteins. Antisera against ballan wrasse IgM showed cross-reactivity to all analyzed species of wrasses, some cross-reactivity to lumpfish, very low reaction to salmon, and no reaction to cod. Anti- IgM sera against lumpfish cross-reacted to the light chain of all species studied. Wrasses and lumpfish IgM showed high binding affinities for protein A. IgM concentration in adult ballan wrasse (700-800 g) was measured by single radial immunodiffusion assay and found to be 13.4 mg/ml which is about 36% of the total protein concentration. The IgM concentration in lumpfish (600-3600 g) was estimated to 1-2.6 mg/ml, which corresponds to approximately 3% of the total protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Mashoof S, Criscitiello MF. Fish Immunoglobulins. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:E45. [PMID: 27879632 PMCID: PMC5192425 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor and secreted antibody are at the nexus of humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize what is known of the immunoglobulin genes of jawed cartilaginous and bony fishes. We focus on what has been learned from genomic or cDNA sequence data, but where appropriate draw upon protein, immunization, affinity and structural studies. Work from major aquatic model organisms and less studied comparative species are both included to define what is the rule for an immunoglobulin isotype or taxonomic group and what exemplifies an exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807, USA.
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Zhang F, Liu D, Wang L, Li T, Chang Q, An L, Yang G. Characterization of IgM-binding protein: A pIgR-like molecule expressed by intestinal epithelial cells in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:30-5. [PMID: 26166176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive mucosal immune system seems to be an important defence mechanism for fish, but the binding of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in mucosal organs has yet to be clarified in fish. The present study was designed to search for the protein that binds IgM in the intestinal epithelium and determine its distribution in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The serum-derived carp IgM fraction was isolated by Sephadex G-200 and assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Serum IgM was subsequently used in affinity chromatography of IgM-sepharose for isolation of a specific binding protein from the intestinal epithelium. The resultant adsorbed protein (IgM-binding protein) demonstrated a single band using SDS-PAGE, with a relative molecular mass of 43.5 kDa. These results demonstrate for the first time that IgM-sepharose can be used as affinity chromatography to purify membrane proteins that bind IgM in fish. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the distribution of IgM-binding protein in intestinal tissues was abundant, while that of splenic leukocytes were undetectable. Our study indicates that IgM-binding protein might be involved in transportation of IgM in intestine tissues, which is distinct from the IgM receptor on splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Dezhi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Qiang Chang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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26
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Pettinello R, Dooley H. The immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates. Biomolecules 2014; 4:1045-69. [PMID: 25427250 PMCID: PMC4279169 DOI: 10.3390/biom4041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaera) are the most phylogenetically distant group relative to mammals in which bona fide immunoglobulins (Igs) have been found. Studies of the antibodies and humoral immune responses of cartilaginous fishes and other cold-blooded vertebrates (bony fishes, amphibians and reptiles) are not only revealing information about the emergence and roles of the different Ig heavy and light chain isotypes, but also the evolution of specialised adaptive features such as isotype switching, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that while the adaptive immune response in these vertebrate lineages arose a long time ago, it is most definitely not primitive and has evolved to become complex and sophisticated. This review will summarise what is currently known about the immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates and highlight the differences, and commonalities, between these and more “conventional” mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pettinello
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Mashoof S, Pohlenz C, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Gatlin D, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF. Expressed IgH μ and τ transcripts share diversity segment in ranched Thunnus orientalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:76-86. [PMID: 24231183 PMCID: PMC7039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M and D isotypes fish also make the mucosal IgT. In this study we sequenced the full length of Ig τ as well as μ in the commercially important Thunnus orientalis (Pacific bluefin tuna), the first molecular analysis of these two Ig isotypes in a member of the order Perciformes. Tuna IgM and IgT are each composed of four constant (CH) domains. We cloned and sequenced 48 different variable (VH) domain gene rearrangements of tuna immunoglobulins and grouped the VH gene sequences to four VH gene segment families based on 70% nucleotide identity. Three VH gene families were used by both IgM and IgT but one group was only found to be used by IgM. Most interestingly, both μ and τ clones appear to use the same diversity (DH) segment, unlike what has been described in other species, although they have dedicated IgT and IgM joining (JH) gene segments. We complemented this repertoire study with phylogenetic and tissue expression analysis. In addition to supporting the development of humoral vaccines in this important aquaculture species, these data suggest that the DH-JH recombination rather than the VH-DH recombination may be instructive for IgT versus IgM/D bearing lymphocyte lineages in some fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Delbert Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Ye J, Kaattari IM, Ma C, Kaattari S. The teleost humoral immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1719-28. [PMID: 24436975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years our knowledge of cellular and molecular dynamics of teleost humoral immunity has increased enormously to now include: the existence of multiple isotypes, affinity-driven modulation of antibody structure and function, the unique trafficking patterns of each stage of B cell differentiation (including the plasma blast, short-lived and long-lived plasma cell, and the memory cell). Unfortunately the work which has generated the bulk of this information has generally employed defined antigens rather than vaccines. Thus, the focus of this review is to relate these aspects of immunity that are requisite for a mechanistic understanding of the generation of prophylactic immunity to the necessary analysis of responses to vaccines and vaccine candidates.
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Serodiagnosis of grass carp reovirus infection in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella by a novel Western blot technique. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Sunyer JO. Fishing for mammalian paradigms in the teleost immune system. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:320-6. [PMID: 23507645 PMCID: PMC4203445 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of fish immune systems. Such studies have greatly expanded the knowledge of the evolution and diversification of vertebrate immune systems. Several findings in those studies have overturned old paradigms about the immune system and led to the discovery of novel aspects of mammalian immunity. Here I focus on how findings pertaining to immunity in teleost (bony) fish have led to major new insights about mammalian B cell function in innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, I illustrate how the discovery of the most ancient mucosal immunoglobulin described thus far will help resolve unsettled paradigms of mammalian mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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31
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Kamil A, Raae A, Fjelldal PG, Koppang EO, Fladmark KE, Hordvik I. Comparative analysis of IgM sub-variants in salmonid fish and identification of a residue in μ3 which is essential for MAb4C10 reactivity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:667-672. [PMID: 23261504 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) it has been shown that high affinity IgM antibodies have a higher degree of disulfide polymerization and a longer half life time. In the present study, distinct IgM sub-variants related to ancestral tetraploidy in salmonid fish were analyzed to reveal possible characteristic differences between these. A monoclonal antibody (MAb4C10) which distinguishes between IgM-A and IgM-B in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) was further characterized. It was shown that substitution of a proline located in the loop between the B and C beta strands of the third constant domain (μ3) of salmon μA eliminated MAb4C10 reactivity. Accordingly, the reverse substitution in salmon μB restored MAb4C10 reactivity. Molecular cloning of μ cDNA from arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) revealed two sub-variants (μA-1 and μA-2), i.e. a similar situation as in Atlantic salmon and brown trout. However, arctic char IgM eluted in one peak by anion exchange chromatography, in contrast to salmon and brown trout IgM that are eluted in two peaks. The only characteristic residue of salmon and brown trout μB is an additional cysteine in the C-terminal part of μ4. Most likely, this cysteine is involved in inter-chain disulfide bonding and influences the elution profiles of IgM-A and IgM-B on anion exchange chromatography. Neither of the μ sub-variants in arctic char have the additional cysteine, and char IgM, as well as salmon and brown trout IgM-A, showed a lower degree of inter-chain disulfide bonding than IgM-B when subjected to denaturation and gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Hybrids of char/salmon expressed μA-1, μA-2, μA and μB, indicating that there are two paralogous Ig heavy chain gene complexes in the haploid genome of char, like in Atlantic salmon. A comparison of salmonid μ sequences is presented, including representatives of Salmoninae (trout, salmon and char), Thymallinae (grayling) and Coregoninae (whitefish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamil
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, High Technology Centre, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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Wang N, Yang Z, Zang M, Liu Y, Lu C. Identification of Omp38 by immunoproteomic analysis and evaluation as a potential vaccine antigen against Aeromonas hydrophila in Chinese breams. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:74-81. [PMID: 23063539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a fish pathogen causing systemic infections in aquatic environments, and determining its antigenic proteins is important for vaccine development to reduce economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. Here, an immunoproteomic approach was used to identify immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the Chinese vaccine strain J-1 using convalescent sera from Chinese breams. Seven unique immunogenic proteins were identified by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS). One protein of interest, Omp38, was expressed, and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in Chinese breams. The two groups of fish immunized with the inactivated vaccine and recombinant Omp38 protein showed significant serum IgM antibody levels after vaccination, compared with the fish injected with PBS buffer. In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lysozyme (LSZ) activity and phagocytosis activity of head kidney lymphocytes of immunized groups were significantly higher than those of the control. The fish receiving inactivated vaccine and recombinant Omp38 protein developed a protective response to a live A. hydrophila challenge 45 days post-immunization, as demonstrated by increased survival of vaccinated fish over the control and by decreased histological alterations in vaccinated fish. Furthermore, protective effect was better in Omp38 group than in the inactivated vaccine group. These results suggest that the recombinant Omp38 protein could effectively stimulate both specific and non-specific immune responses and protect against A. hydrophila infection. Therefore, Omp38 may be developed as a potential vaccine candidate against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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Giang DTH, Van Driessche E, Beeckmans S. Serum carbohydrate-binding IgM are present in Vietnamese striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) but not in North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:418-432. [PMID: 21911003 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus serum was fractionated by affinity chromatography on 12 different Sepharose-carbohydrate columns and proteins eluted by the corresponding sugar. Binding to the affinity matrices is dependent on Ca(2+) ions. Upon gel filtration using Superose-12, essentially one fraction was obtained, eluting as a protein with a molecular mass of about 900 kDa. SDS-PAGE in reducing conditions revealed the presence of large (72 kDa) subunits (H-chains) and one up to three small (24, 26 and/or 28-29 kDa) subunits (L-chains). The isolated proteins were shown to be IgM since they bind monoclonal anti-P. hypophthalmus IgM antibodies. Rabbit polyclonal anti-galactose-binding IgM only cross-react with some sugar-binding IgM. The H-chains of the anti-carbohydrate IgM are glycosylated. Circular dichroism studies revealed that the IgMs have an "all-β" type of structure, and that Ca(2+) ions, though essential for carbohydrate-binding activity, are not required for the structural integrity of the molecules. In non-reducing SDS-PAGE, only monomers and halfmers were obtained, showing that there are no disulfide bonds linking the monomers, and that a disulfide bond connecting both H-chains within one monomer is only present in 45% of the molecules. Both the monomers and the halfmers display molecular mass heterogeneity which is indicative for redox forms at the level of the intradomain disulfide bonds. The native carbohydrate-binding IgMs agglutinate erythrocytes from different animals, as well as fish pathogenic bacteria. Similar proteins could not be isolated from another catfish, Clarias gariepinus.
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Costa G, Danz H, Kataria P, Bromage E. A holistic view of the dynamisms of teleost IgM: a case study of Streptococcus iniae vaccinated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:298-305. [PMID: 21641928 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, little is known about how trout IgM, the primary antibody of fish, varies in titer, specificity, disulfide cross-linking, and affinity following immunization with a pathogen. Work using defined antigens has demonstrated that the disulfide cross-linking structure of IgM becomes increasingly more polymerized during an immune response, coinciding with an increase in affinity, but it is unknown if this has relevance to aquatic pathogens. Understanding how IgM varies following vaccination with an aquatic pathogen is of considerable importance as effector functions allocated to multiple antibody isotypes in mammals are essentially relegated to this single molecule. To gain insights into the dynamism of IgM, rainbow trout were immunized with Streptococcus iniae and individual serum titers, their specificity and affinity to S. iniae, and the disulfide cross-linking pattern of both total-serum and specific Ig were analyzed over a period of 37 weeks. We found that in vaccinated animals titer increased by a factor of ≈100 from starting levels, affinity increased 10-fold, and diversity of S. iniae proteins recognized by trout antibody increased at least 5-fold. Most intriguing, though less cross-linked IgM predominated early in response, by week 5, the fully tetramerized antibody comprised 50% of total specific protein. We propose that this is a mechanism to optimize efficacy of carrying out effector functions and recognizing a wide array of epitopes with higher affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States
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Salinas I, Zhang YA, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1346-65. [PMID: 22133710 PMCID: PMC3428141 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As physical barriers that separate teleost fish from the external environment, mucosae are also active immunological sites that protect them against exposure to microbes and stressors. In mammals, the sites where antigens are sampled from mucosal surfaces and where stimulation of naïve T and B lymphocytes occurs are known as inductive sites and are constituted by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). According to anatomical location, the MALT in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), and gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). All MALT contain a variety of leukocytes, including, but not limited to, T cells, B cells, plasma cells, macrophages and granulocytes. Secretory immunoglobulins are produced mainly by plasmablasts and plasma cells, and play key roles in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Until recently, teleost fish B cells were thought to express only two classes of immunoglobulins, IgM and IgD, in which IgM was thought to be the only one responding to pathogens both in systemic and mucosal compartments. However, a third teleost immunoglobulin class, IgT/IgZ, was discovered in 2005, and it has recently been shown to behave as the prevalent immunoglobulin in gut mucosal immune responses. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of fish MALT. Moreover, we attempt to integrate the existing knowledge on both basic and applied research findings on fish mucosal immune responses, with the goal to provide new directions that may facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies that stimulate not only systemic, but also mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang YA, Salinas I, Sunyer JO. Recent findings on the structure and function of teleost IgT. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:627-34. [PMID: 21466854 PMCID: PMC3404837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As key effector molecules of jawed vertebrate's adaptive immune system, immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes, either as a secretory form (antibody) or as a membrane form (B cell receptor). Until recently, teleost fish B cells were thought to express only two classes of immunoglobulins, IgM and IgD. In addition, IgM in these species was thought to be the only immunoglobulin isotype responding to pathogens both in systemic or mucosal compartments. However, the unexpected discovery of IgT, a new teleost immunoglobulin unearthed in 2005, has provided for new opportunities to analyze further roles of teleost immunoglobulins in these two physiologically distinct compartments. The smoke about the potential function of IgT has cleared recently with the finding that this immunoglobulin appears to be specialized in gut mucosal immunity. Significantly, the new capability of measuring not only IgM but also IgT responses will greatly facilitate the evaluation and understanding of fish immune responses as well as the protective effects of fish vaccines. The purpose of this review is to summarize the molecular characterization of new IgT orthologs and subtypes in teleosts, as well as to describe the new findings concerning the protein structure of IgT, the B cells producing it, and its role in mucosal immunity.
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A monoclonal antibody distinguishes between two IgM heavy chain isotypes in Atlantic salmon and brown trout: Protein characterization, 3D modeling and epitope mapping. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ye J, Bromage E, Kaattari I, Kaattari S. Transduction of binding affinity by B lymphocytes: a new dimension in immunological regulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:982-990. [PMID: 21300090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, immunologists have operated with two primary paradigms governing the antibody response: (1) that affinity maturation is primarily dependent upon antigen-driven selection of both the germline and somatically amended repertoires, and (2) that antibody effector function is isotypically determined. The teleost model now suggests that these classical paradigms should be broadened to incorporate the ability of the B cell to transduce the strength of antigen recognition (affinity) into structural modifications of its antibody product, which, in turn, modulates the antibody's effector function. Although this relationship, thus far, has only been examined and demonstrated in the teleost, we find a number of the individual elements of this structural/functional relationship have been reported for mammalian IgM, which prompts future investigations into its universality. In sum, these findings suggest a heretofore unrecognized feature of B lymphocyte affinity discrimination, which transduces the affinity of antigen recognition into functionally modified antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Ye
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
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Isolation and characterization of immunoglobulin M of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer and its level in serum. Open Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-010-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAsian sea bass immunoglobulin M (IgM) was purified from the sera of Lates calcarifer by affinity chromatography. Analysis of the purified IgM on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing and non-reducing conditions revealed that the sea bass IgM was a tetrameric protein with a molecular weight of 896 kDa; it contained an equimolar heavy chain and light chain with molecular weight of 83 kDa and 27 kDa respectively. However, besides the covalently linked tetrameric IgM, noncovalently linked tetramer dissociated into dimeric and monomeric forms also demonstrated by non-reducing SDS-PAGE. Carbohydrate moieties were found to be linked with both heavy and light chains. A polyclonal rabbit anti-Asian sea bass IgM was prepared which showed a specific reaction of anti-fish IgM antibody with IgM of sea bass. Sea bass IgM concentration was determined in the serum by indirect ELISA. The average IgM concentration in the sera of the healthy sea bass was 5.4±1.8 mg ml−1; it amounted to 16.7% of the total serum protein.
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Magnadottir B. Immunological control of fish diseases. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:361-79. [PMID: 20352271 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates. Fish are therefore the first animal phyla to possess both an innate and adaptive immune system making them very interesting as regards developmental studies of the immune system. The massive increase in aquaculture in recent decades has also put greater emphasis on studies of the fish immune system and defence against diseases commonly associated with intensive fish rearing. Some of the main components of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish are described. The innate parameters are at the forefront of immune defence in fish and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. Some of the inherent and external factors that can manipulate the immune system of fish are discussed, the main fish diseases are listed and the pathogenicity and host defence discussed. The main prophylactic measures are covered, including vaccination, probiotics and immunostimulation. A key element in the immunological control of fish diseases is the great variation in disease susceptibility and immune defence of different fish species, a reflection of the extended time the present day teleosts have been separated in evolution. Future research will probably make use of molecular and proteomic tools both to study important elements in immune defence and prophylactic measures and to assist with breeding programmes for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljot Magnadottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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42
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IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:827-35. [PMID: 20676094 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish are the most primitive bony vertebrates that contain immunoglobulins. In contrast to mammals and birds, these species are devoid of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or a functional equivalent. This observation suggests that specialization of immunoglobulin isotypes into mucosal and systemic responses took place during tetrapod evolution. Challenging that paradigm, here we show that IgT, an immunoglobulin isotype of unknown function, acts like a mucosal antibody. We detected responses of rainbow trout IgT to an intestinal parasite only in the gut, whereas IgM responses were confined to the serum. IgT coated most intestinal bacteria. As IgT and IgA are phylogenetically distant immunoglobulins, their specialization into mucosal responses probably occurred independently by a process of convergent evolution.
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Ye J, Bromage ES, Kaattari SL. The strength of B cell interaction with antigen determines the degree of IgM polymerization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:844-50. [PMID: 20018610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of variable disulfide polymerization of IgM in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its effect on its half-life were examined. An association between greater Ab affinity and increased disulfide polymerization was first indicated by the observation of this increased IgM disulfide polymerization during the process of affinity maturation. A direct association between Ab affinity and disulfide polymerization was then established by the fractionation of individual sera into high- and low-affinity subpopulations, which also resulted in the partitioning of high and low degrees of disulfide polymerization. The ability of high-affinity B cells to produce more highly polymerized Abs upon Ag induction was demonstrated by in vitro Ag-driven selection. Low Ag concentrations, which elicited only high-affinity Abs, also possessed the highest degree of polymerization, whereas higher concentrations of Ag elicited a broader array of Ab affinities, yielding a lower average affinity and degree of polymerization. Half-life studies revealed that the high-affinity, highly polymerized Abs possessed longer half-lives than the lower-affinity, lightly polymerized Abs. Finally, although the affinity for Ag is associated with elevated levels of polymerization, analysis of naive Ig revealed that the degree of polymerization alone, not affinity, appears sufficient to prolong Ig half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Ye
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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45
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Flajnik MF, Kasahara M. Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 11:47-59. [PMID: 19997068 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 million years ago in jawed fish. This intricate defence system consists of many molecules, mechanisms and tissues that are not present in jawless vertebrates. Two macroevolutionary events are believed to have contributed to the genesis of the AIS: the emergence of the recombination-activating gene (RAG) transposon, and two rounds of whole-genome duplication. It has recently been discovered that a non-RAG-based AIS with similarities to the jawed vertebrate AIS - including two lymphoid cell lineages - arose in jawless fish by convergent evolution. We offer insights into the latest advances in this field and speculate on the selective pressures that led to the emergence and maintenance of the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Magnadottir B, Gudmundsdottir S, Gudmundsdottir BK, Helgason S. Natural antibodies of cod (Gadus morhua L.): Specificity, activity and affinity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Swain P, Nayak SK. Role of maternally derived immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:89-99. [PMID: 19442742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immunity is of paramount importance for protection of young ones at early stage of life since the immune factors of an immunocompetent female are transferred transplacentally or through colostrum, milk or yolk to an immunologically naive neonate. Both innate and adaptive type of immunity are transferred of from mother to offspring in fishes. These factors include immunoglobulin (Ig)/antibody, complement factors, lysozymes, protease inhibitors like alpha macroglobulin, different types of lectins and serine proteases like molecules. Among different types of Ig viz. IgM, IgD, IgT/IgZ and IgM-IgZ chimera types, IgM is present in most of the teleostean fishes. In teleosts, IgM either as a reduced/breakdown product or monomeric form is usually transferred to the offsprings. The maternally derived IgM usually persists for a limited duration, exhausts within the completion of yolk absorption process, and completely disappears thereafter during larval stages. Maternal transfer of immunity which provides defense to embryo and larvae depends upon the health as well as the immune status of brood fish. The overall health status of brood fish can affect breeding performances, quality seed production and protection of offsprings. However, factors such as age, maturation, reproductive behaviour and nutrition (micro and macro-nutrients) may affect the immunity in brood fishes. Besides these, seasonal changes such as photoperiods, temperature, adverse environmental conditions, and stress conditions like handling, crowding, and water pollution/contamination can also affect the immunity of brood fishes. The maintenance of the brood stock immunity at high level during vitellogenesis and oogenesis, is utmost important for reducing mortalities at larval/post larval stages through maximum/optimum transfer of maternal immunity. Brood stock immunization prior to breeding as well as selective breeding among the disease resistant families might be the ideal criteria for producing quality seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Swain
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Orissa, India.
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Santos MD, Saito-Taki T, Takano T, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. Characterization of polyclonal antibodies against Japanese flounder IgM derived from recombinant IgM constant region proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:374-378. [PMID: 19332129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell and determinant markers are important in fish immunology and have vast applications in aquaculture but the availability of such markers are quite limited. Hence, there is a need to identify and also further improve existing markers in fish. Here, we developed effective polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) targeting specific parts of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) IgM constant (C) region. Recombinant proteins from the CHmu2 and CHmu3 termed IgM fragment 1 (rIgM1) and from CHmu4 termed IgM fragment 2 (rIgM2) were expressed and used to construct mouse pAb-IgM1 and pAb-IgM2, respectively. pAb-IgM1 detected both the approximately 77 kDa and the approximately 72 kDa heavy chains detected while pAb-IgM2 marked only the approximately 77 kDa heavy chain of Japanese flounder. Both pAbs detected IgM heavy chain in immune-related tissues, heart and serum. pAb-IgM2, but not pAb-IgM1, revealed cross reactions with other fish species detecting pronounced multiple IgM bands suggesting that the CHmu4 is an important functional region in the teleost IgM molecules. Finally, the pAb-IgMs detected surface IgM+ (sIgM+) and cytoplasmic IgM+ (cIgM+) B cells in Japanese flounder kidney in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudjekeewis D Santos
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7 Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Rathore G, Kumar G, Sood N, Kapoor D, Lakra WS. Development of monoclonal antibodies to rohu [Labeo rohita] immunoglobulins for use in immunoassays. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:761-774. [PMID: 18996722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulins [Ig] of rohu [Labeo rohita] were purified by affinity chromatography using bovine serum albumin as capture ligand. The purified rohu Ig [r-Ig] had a molecular weight [MW] of 880 kDa as determined with gel filtration chromatography. The heavy chain of r-Ig had an MW of 77.8 kDa and that of light chain was 26.4 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Purified r-Ig was used for the production of two anti-rohu Ig monoclonal antibodies [D7 and H4] that belonged to subclass IgG2b and IgG1, respectively. Both the MAbs were specific to heavy chain of r-Ig as seen in Western blotting. Anti-rohu Ig MAb was used as a diagnostic reagent in ELISA and immunocytochemical assays to demonstrate its application for sero-surveillance and for immunological studies in rohu. A competitive ELISA was used to demonstrate the antigenic relatedness of r-Ig with whole serum Ig of other fish species. Cross reactivity of anti-rohu Ig MAb was observed with serum Ig of Catla catla and Cirrihinus mrigala. No reactivity to serum Ig of Ophiocephalus striatus and Clarias gariepinus was seen. Anti-rohu Ig MAb was found to be suitable for the detection of pathogen specific [Edwardsiella tarda] antibodies in serum of immunized rohu by an indirect ELISA. In flow cytometry using D7 MAb, the mean percentage [+/-SE] of Ig positive cells in spleen and blood of rohu were found to be 64.85% [+/-2.34] and 51.84% [+/-2.55] of gated lymphocytes, respectively. Similarly, D7 MAb also stained 52.84% [+/-1.30] and 10.5% of gated lymphocytes in kidney and thymus, respectively. The anti-rohu Ig MAbs also showed specific staining of Ig bearing cells in spleen sections by the indirect immunoperoxidase test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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50
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Bromage ES, Kaattari SL. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple protein species within a single sample using standard scanning densitometry. J Immunol Methods 2007; 323:109-13. [PMID: 17482639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is often desirable, when conducting Western blot analyses, to accurately quantify the relative expression of multiple target proteins in a single sample. A common problem occurs: however, when the target proteins vary beyond the linear range of the detection system; thus precluding accurate densitometric analysis for all samples. For example, analysis of teleost immunoglobulin structure under non-reducing but denaturing conditions, yields multiple, differentially polymerized forms (redox forms) within a single sample, which can exceed single log differences in concentration, as visualized by chemiluminescent and X-ray film development. To resolve this difficulty an efficient technique has been developed that uses dilutions of a single sample, allowing accurate quantification of target proteins within their potentially unique and varied linear range of detection. Upon consideration of the respective dilution factor that yields an appropriate estimate, the multiple targets can be quantified. When the results from this technique are compared to other systems possessing more expansive linear ranges, the results obtained are comparable to within 1%. Thus, laboratories without access to more sensitive and costly densitometric instrumentation can still employ standard densitometric analysis to accurately quantify multiple targets in a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Bromage
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, VA 23062, USA.
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