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Dwivedi A, Kumar CB, Kumar A, Soni M, Sahu V, Awasthi A, Rathore G. Detection of clinically relevant carbapenemase encoding genes in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from farmed freshwater fish. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad212. [PMID: 37715332 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was aimed to detect clinically relevant carbapenemase encoding genes in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CR-ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP), and Serratia plymuthica (CR-SP) isolated from farmed freshwater fish. METHODS AND RESULTS Out of 243 spatially diverse freshwater fish samples analysed, 5.3% were contaminated with CR-ECC, 1.6% with CR-KP, and 0.4% with CR-SP. The CR-ECC was further identified as E. asburiae (38.5%), E. mori (23.1%), E. cloacae (15.4%), E. hormaechei (15.4%), and E. kobei (7.7%) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The CR-ECC were resistant to carbapenems and cefoxitin, whereas CR-KP and CR-SP were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The CR-ECC harboured the carbapenemase gene blaIMI alone or in combination with blaTEM, blaEBC, blaCIT, blaACC, and tet(E). Whereas, CR-KP harboured carbapenemase gene, blaNDM-5 along with blaOXA-48, blaSHV, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-15, tet(A), sul1, and qnrB. No carbapenemase-encoding genes were detected in CR-SP. The MLST analysis showed that CR-KP belonged to ST231 and ST1561 lineages, while CR-ECC did not show exact match with any reported STs. The plasmid replicons predominantly detected were IncF and IncI1. Broth mating assays of CR-KP and CR-ECC with recipient Escherichia coli J53 indicated that blaNDM-5 was transferable but not blaIMI. CONCLUSION This study highlights the low-level contamination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) harbouring clinically relevant carbapenemase-encoding genes in farmed freshwater fish from India. The CR-ECC of fish origin did not show the potential to spread carbapenem resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Dwivedi
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan 174103, India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Mayank Soni
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Vikash Sahu
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Abhishek Awasthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan 174103, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Exotics and Aquatic Animal Health (EAAH) Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow 226002, India
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Dwivedi A, Kumar CB, Kumar A, Soni M, Sahu V, Awasthi A, Rathore G. Molecular characterization of carbapenem resistant E. coli of fish origin reveals the dissemination of NDM-5 in freshwater aquaculture environment by the high risk clone ST167 and ST361. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:49314-49326. [PMID: 36773268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environment can act as reservoir and disseminator of antimicrobial resistance and resistant pathogens. Novel high-risk carbapenem resistant E. coli (CREC) are continuously emerging worldwide; however, the occurrence of CREC in freshwater aquaculture environment is largely unexplored. To fill this gap, large scale sampling of freshwater pond sites and retail fish markets was done between Oct 2020 and Oct 2021 to investigate the CREC contamination in fish. The frequency of CREC contamination in the freshwater fish was 6.99% (95% CI: 3.78-10.20%). All the isolates were MDR and harbored carbapenemase encoding gene, blaNDM-5 along with other antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), blaTEM (64.7%), blaCTX-M-15 (35.3%), blaOXA-1 (5.9%), tet(A) (100%), sul1 (94.1%), qnrS (82.3%), cat1 (35.3%), and cat2 (23.5%). The isolates belonged to phylogroup C and showed low virulence gene profile. ERIC-PCR grouped the isolates into five clusters (I-V). The isolates of clusters I, II, and III were identified as ST167 (76.4%) and of cluster IV as ST361 (17.6%). This is the first report documenting the contamination of NDM-5 producing E. coli ST167 and ST361 of clinical/livestock lineage in freshwater fish from India. The blaNDM-5 was significantly associated with ARGs, tet(A), and sul1; and plasmid replicons, IncF, IncI1, and IncP, signifying the presence of blaNDM-5 and associated ARGs on these transferable plasmids. These findings were validated by the successful conjugal transfer of blaNDM-5 and associated ARGs into non-CREC strain (J53). Our study highlights the ability of CREC to disseminate antimicrobial resistance which has health implications and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Dwivedi
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Mayank Soni
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Vikash Sahu
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Awasthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India.
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Yadav MK, Rastogi A, Verma DK, Paria A, Kushwaha B, Rathore G, Swaminathan TR, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from caudal fin of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822). Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1299-1304. [PMID: 35535632 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Labeo calbasu is an important food fish and candidate species for diversification of carp aquaculture. In the present study, we have established a continuous cell line, designated as L. calbasu fin (LCF), from caudal fin of L. calbasu using explant method. The cell line has been subcultured for over 73 passages and the LCF cells show optimal growth in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum at a temperature of 28°C. In karyotype analysis, the modal chromosome number of LCF cells at 35th passage was found to be 50. The amplification and sequencing of partial fragments of mitochondrial genes, namely 16S rRNA and COI from LCF cells confirmed the origin of cell line from L. calbasu. The LCF cells could be successfully transfected with GFP reporter gene, indicating suitability of these cells for expression of foreign genes. Further, following inoculation with supernatant from Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infected cell line, no cytopathic effects were observed in the LCF cells and cell pellet was negative for TiLV in RT-PCR, indicating that LCF cells were not susceptible to TiLV. The developed cell line has been submitted to National Repository of Fish Cell Lines being maintained at ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow (accession no. NRFC063). The newly developed LCF cell line would be helpful in investigating diseases affecting this candidate species particularly the ones suspected to be of viral etiology, and for cytotoxicity and transgenic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aakriti Rastogi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev K Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basdeo Kushwaha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Pravata K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Basha AK, Kuttanapilly LV, Vaiyapuri M, Rathore G, Tripathi G, Prasad KP, Badireddy MR, Joseph TC. Microbial diversity and composition in acidic sediments of freshwater finfish culture ponds fed with two types of feed - A metagenomic approach. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:171-181. [PMID: 35419857 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial community profile associated with acidic pond sediments (APS) (pH=3.0-4.5) of freshwater finfish aquaculture ponds (n=8) was investigated. Sediment DNA extracted from the eight APS were subjected to high-throughput sequencing of V3 and V4 regions which yielded 7236 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a similarity of 97%. Overall results showed higher proportion of bacterial OTUs than archaeal OTUs in all the APS. Euryarchaeota (23%), Proteobacteria (19%), Chloroflexi (17%) Crenarchaeota (5.3%), Bacteroidetes (4.8%), Nitrospirae (3.2%), Nanoarchaeaeota (3%) which together constituted 75% of the microbial diversity. At the genus level, there was high preponderance of methanogens namely Methanolinea (5.4%), Methanosaeta (4.5%) and methanotrops, Bathyarchaeota (5%) in APS. Moreover, the abundant phyla in the APS were not drastically affected by the administration of chicken slaughter waste (R-group ponds) and commercial fish feed (C-group ponds), since 67% of the OTUs generated remained common in the APS of both the groups of ponds. There was a minimal difference of 24-26% of OTUs between C-group and R-group ponds suggesting the existence of a core microbial community in these ponds driven by acidic pH over the years. This study concludes that microbial diversity in pond sediment was influenced to a lesser extent by the addition of chicken slaughter waste but was majorly driven by acidic nature of the pond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamed Kusunur Basha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Visakhapatnam Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murugadas Vaiyapuri
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Tripathi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kurcheti Pani Prasad
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhusudana Rao Badireddy
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Visakhapatnam Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kumar CB, Kumar A, Rathore G. Antibacterial activity of palmarosa oil significantly varies between Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas caviae and exhibits selective action on tetracycline and sulfonamide resistant A. caviae. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4321-4329. [PMID: 35355377 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antibacterial activity of three (palmarosa, basil and rosemary) essential oils (EOs) on Aeromonas veronii and A. caviae, and determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of potent EO against tetracycline and sulfonamide resistant strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Palmarosa oil (PMO) showed the significantly (p < 0.05) higher inhibition zones against both A. veronii and A. caviae (n=30) than basil and rosemary in the disk diffusion assay. The MIC (% v/v) of PMO ranged from 0.008% to 1.00%. The mean MIC was significantly higher for A. caviae (0.48 ± 0.24%) than A. veronii (0.21 ± 0.15%). Further, the MIC of PMO was compared in six groups: Group 1: Tetracycline Resistant A. veronii (TRV); Group 2: Tetracycline Resistant A. caviae (TRC); Group 3: Sulfonamide Resistant A. veronii (SRV); Group 4: Sulfonamide Resistant A. caviae (SRC); Group 5: Susceptible A. veronii (SV) and Group 6: Susceptible A. caviae (SC). No significant differences were observed between overall resistant (TRV+ SRV) and susceptible A. veronii (SV). However, in A. caviae, the resistant group had a lower MIC than the susceptible group. Moreover, the MIC was significantly lower for TRC (0.31 ± 0.11%) as compared to SRC (0.46 ± 0.10%). The time of kill of PMO for both the species of Aeromonas was 20-30 min. CONCLUSION Palmarosa oil exhibited significantly higher activity on A. veronii than A. caviae. The resistant strains of A. caviae were inhibited at a lower concentration than susceptible strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Palmarosa oil could be explored as an alternative antimicrobial agent for mitigating antimicrobial resistance and managing Aeromonas infection in fish and their risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Telibagh, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Telibagh, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Telibagh, Lucknow, U.P, India
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Muduli C, Paria A, Srivastava R, Rathore G, Lal KK. Aeromonas hydrophila infection induces Toll-like receptor 2 ( tlr2) and associated downstream signaling in Indian catfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12411. [PMID: 34909268 PMCID: PMC8641487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, is one of the most significant bacterial disease responsible for mortality in Indian catfish, Clarias magur, a potential aquaculture species in the Indian subcontinent. In fish, innate immunity elicited by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) plays an important role in providing protection against bacterial infection. Information on PRRs including Toll-like receptors (tlrs) and their response to bacterial pathogens remains unexplored in magur. Toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), a phylogenetically conserved germ-line encoded PRR recognizes specific microbial structure and trigger MyD88-dependent signaling pathway to induce release of various cytokines responsible for innate immune response. In the present study, tlr2 gene of magur was characterized and downstream signaling was studied following challenge with A. hydrophila. The full-length cDNA of magur tlr2 (mtlr2) comprised of 3,066 bp with a single open reading frame of 2,373 bp encoding 790 amino acids having a theoretical pI value of 6.11 and molecular weight of 90 kDa. Structurally, it comprised of signal peptide (1–42aa), one leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) at N-terminal (LRR1-NT: 50–73 aa) and C-terminal (LRR-CT: 588–608 aa), twenty LRRs in between, one trans-membrane (Tm) domain (609–631aa) followed by cytoplasmic TIR domain (670–783aa). Phylogenetically, mtlr2 is closely related to pangasius and channel catfish. Highest basal expression of mtlr2, myd88 and il-1β in spleen, nf-kb in anterior kidney was observed. Lowest basal expression of mtlr2 in skin and myd88, nf-kb and il-1β in muscle was detected. Significant up-regulation of mtlr2 and downstream expression occurred at 3, 8, 24 h post infection to A. hydrophila in important immune organs such as liver, spleen, intestine and kidney. These findings highlight the vital role of tlr2 in eliciting innate immune defence against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Muduli
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Srivastava
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep K Lal
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kumar CB, Kumar A, Paria A, Kumar S, Prasad KP, Rathore G. Effect of spatio-temporal variables, host fish species and on-farm biosecurity measures on the prevalence of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas species in freshwater fish farms. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1700-1712. [PMID: 34664343 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence of Aeromonas species in freshwater fish farms, factors affecting their prevalence and virulence factors associated with each species. METHODS AND RESULTS In a cross-sectional study from 128 farms in four districts of Uttar Pradesh, India, 11 species of Aeromonas were identified by gyrB sequencing including the first report of Aeromonas crassostreae from fish. Four species of Aeromonas were more prevalent (MP) in fish farms, A. veronii bv. sobria (50.0%) was the highest, followed by A. caviae (18.8%), A. veronii bv. veronii (11.7%) and A. dhakensis (7.0%). The less prevalent (LP) species were A. hydrophila, A. media, A. jandaei, A. allosaccharophila, A. salmonicida, A. crassostreae and A. taiwanensis. Spatial variation in the prevalence of Aeromonas species was observed. Dominance of biovar sobria ranged from 33.3 to 68.6%, notably lesser in farms with on-farm biosecurity measures. The prevalence of biovar veronii was significantly associated with pangas fish, rainy season and farms with on-farm biosecurity measures. The prevalence of LP species was significantly higher in mrigal fish and winter season. Multiple virulence factors (>6) were detected in 70.2% of the Aeromonas species. Significant association of β-hemolysin, DNase, slime production, act, ahh1, aexT and lip was observed with different species of Aeromonas. Moreover, 75.8% of Aeromonas species possessed one or more enterotoxins genes (act/alt/ast). CONCLUSION Significant association of spatio-temporal variables, host fish species and on-farm biosecurity measures were observed on the prevalence of some of the Aeromonas species in freshwater fish farms. Most of the Aeromonas species harboured virulence factors indicating their potential for pathogenicity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study that determined the prevalence and identified the factors that affect the prevalence of Aeromonas species in freshwater fish farms. This information will be useful in managing Aeromonas infection in fish and their risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri (west), India
| | - K Pani Prasad
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri (west), India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Andheri (west), India
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Khan MIR, Kamilya D, Choudhury TG, Tripathy PS, Rathore G. Deciphering the Probiotic Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens COFCAU_P1 Isolated from the Intestine of Labeo rohita Through In Vitro and Genetic Assessment. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1572-1584. [PMID: 33900565 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bacterial strain COFCAU_P1, isolated from the digestive tract of a freshwater teleost rohu (Labeo rohita), was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis combined with amplification of species-specific BamHI and barnase genes. The probiotic potential of the strain was evaluated using an array of in vitro tests along with safety and genetic analyses. The isolate showed potent antimicrobial response against several fish pathogenic bacteria, survived a wide pH range (2-9), and was resistant up to 10% bile salt concentration. With regard to the in vitro adhesion properties, the strain showed significantly high in vitro adhesion to mucus, auto and co-aggregation capacity, and cell surface hydrophobicity. The strain was non-haemolytic, able to produce extracellular enzymes, viz., proteinase, amylase, lipase, and cellulase, and showed significant free radical scavenging activity. A challenge study in rohu revealed the strain COFCAU_P1 as non-pathogenic. The presence of putative probiotic marker genes including 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase, arginine/ornithine antiporter ArcD, choloylglycine hydrolase, LuxS, and E1 β-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was confirmed by PCR, suggesting the molecular basis of the probiotic-specific functional attributes of the isolate. In conclusion, the in vitro and genetic approaches enabled the identification of a potential probiotic from autochthonous source with a potential of its utilization in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Idrish Raja Khan
- Dept. of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Dibyendu Kamilya
- Dept. of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Tanmoy Gon Choudhury
- Dept. of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Tripathy
- Dept. of Fish Genetics and Breeding, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Fish Health Management & Exotics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetics Resources, Lucknow, 226002, UP, India
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Sood N, Pradhan PK, Raja Swaminathan T, Rathore G, Jena JK, Lal KK. National Surveillance Programme For Aquatic Animal Diseases – A Stepping Stone For Establishing Disease Governance System In India. CURR SCI INDIA 2021. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v120/i2/273-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yadav MK, Rastogi A, Criollo Joaquin MP, Verma DK, Rathore G, Swaminathan TR, Paria A, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from heart of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its susceptibility to tilapia lake virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:113989. [PMID: 33035566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have developed a continuous cell line from the heart tissue of the Oreochromis niloticus and used for studying susceptibility to tilapia lake virus (TiLV). The cell line, designated as OnH, has been subcultured up to 82 passages. The optimal growth of OnH cells was observed at 28-32 °C in iL-15 medium supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum. Karyotype analysis revealed that the modal chromosome number of OnH cells was 44. Partial amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene confirmed the origin of OnH cell line from O. niloticus. Immunophenotyping revealed that OnH cells were of epithelial origin. These cells were successfully transfected with pAcGFP1-N1 mammalian expression vector. OnH cells showed cytopathic effects following inoculation with TiLV. The virus titration study indicated that the cells were highly susceptible to TiLV with TCID50 value of 105.3/mL. The qRT-PCR studies revealed that the optimal temperature for TiLV replication in OnH cells was 28 °C. Further, transmission electron microscopy of TiLV-infected OnH cells showed a number of electron-dense virus particles measuring 60-90 nm diameter, which were enclosed in the vesicles in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the newly established OnH cell line provides a valuable tool for isolation of viruses from disease cases suspected to be of viral etiology in this candidate species' and also for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Aakriti Rastogi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Mónica Paola Criollo Joaquin
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India; Tumbes National University, Tumbes, 24001, Peru
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India.
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Arya P, Pradhan P, Paria A, Sharma R, Verma DK, Ravindra, Rathore G, Sood N. Ontogeny and tissue-specific expression of immune-relevant genes in Catla catla (Hamilton). Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pradhan PK, Paria A, Pande V, Verma DK, Arya P, Rathore G, Sood N. Expression of immune genes in Indian major carp, Catla catla challenged with Flavobacterium columnare. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 94:599-606. [PMID: 31542493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is one of the important bacterial diseases responsible for large-scale mortalities in numerous freshwater fishes globally. This disease can cause up to 100% mortality within 24 h of infection and is considered to be a cause of concern for aquaculture industry. Despite being a serious disease, scarce information is available regarding host-pathogen interaction, particularly the modulation of different immune genes in response to F. columnare infection. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to study expression of important immune regulatory genes, namely IL-1β, iNOS, INF-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, C3, MHC-I and MHC-II in gills and kidney of Catla catla following experimental infection with F. columnare. The expression analysis of immune genes revealed that transcript levels of IL-1β, iNOS, IL-10, TGF-β, C3 and MHC-I were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in both the organs of the infected catla. IFN-γ and MHC-II were up-regulated in gills of infected catla whereas, both the genes showed down-regulation in kidney. The results indicate that important immune genes of C. catla are modulated following infection with F. columnare. The knowledge thus generated will strengthen the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of F. columnare in Indian major carp C. catla.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dev K Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P Arya
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Pradhan PK, Sood N, Yadav MK, Arya P, Chaudhary DK, Kumar U, Kumar CB, Swaminathan TR, Rathore G. Effect of immunization of rohu Labeo rohita with inactivated germinated zoospores in providing protection against Aphanomyces invadans. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 78:195-201. [PMID: 29684607 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans is one of the most destructive diseases of freshwater fishes. Indian major carps, the dominant cultured species in the Indian sub-continent are highly susceptible to this disease. Till date, there is no effective treatment for control of this disease and immunization can be one of the strategies to reduce disease-related losses. In the present study, inactivated germinated zoospores of A. invadans were evaluated as antigen in conjunction with and without adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763 A VG, for assessing their efficacy in rendering protection against A. invadans infection. For the experiment, rohu Labeo rohita, (n = 160, 74 ± 12 g) were divided into 4 groups (C, A, G and GA) with 40 fish in each group. The fish in groups i.e., C, A, G and GA were injected intraperitoneally with PBS, adjuvant emulsified with PBS, inactivated germinated zoospores, and inactivated germinated zoospores emulsified with adjuvant, respectively. After 21 days of immunization, the fish were given a booster dose as above. After 7 days of the booster dose, the fish were challenged with zoospores of A. invadans to determine the relative percent survival (RPS). The results revealed that all the fish in C, A and G group succumbed to infection (0% RPS), although there was delayed mortality in fish from A and G groups in comparison to the C group. However, the fish in GA group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) protection (66.7% RPS). In addition, following booster immunization (before challenge), the antibody level in the GA group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control group. In western blotting, sera from G and GA groups showed reactivity with peptides of about 54 KDa. Following challenge (on 14th day), the antibody level as well as total antiprotease activity in fish of all the groups was significantly decreased in comparison to pre-challenge, except fish in GA group not exhibiting any gross lesions. In addition, sera of surviving fish of GA group showed significant inhibition of germination of zoospores and germlings growth in comparison to other groups (P < 0.05). Further, histopathological examination of the muscle tissue revealed that, in fish of GA group without any gross lesions, there were well developed granulomas and extensive mononuclear cell infiltration restricted to the site of injection, whereas in other groups, there was extensive myonecrosis with proliferating hyphae. These preliminary findings indicate that inactivated germinated zoospores of A. invadans in combination with adjuvant could stimulate good immune response and confer remarkable protection in rohu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravata K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Manoj K Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra K Chaudhary
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uday Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T R Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh H, P.B. D, Singh YP, Rathore G, Bhardwaj M. Electrodeposition of porous copper as a substrate for electrocatalytic material. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Verma DK, Rathore G. New host record of five Flavobacterium species associated with tropical fresh water farmed fishes from North India. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:969-76. [PMID: 26691454 PMCID: PMC4704649 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420131081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow pigmented, filamentous, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to genus Flavobacterium are commonly associated with infections in stressed fish. In this study, inter-species diversity of Flavobacterium was studied in apparently healthy freshwater farmed fishes. For this, ninety one yellow pigmented bacteria were isolated from skin and gill samples (n = 38) of three farmed fish species i.e. Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cyprinus carpio. Among them, only twelve bacterial isolates (13.18%) were identified as Flavobacterium spp. on the basis of morphological, biochemical tests, partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. On the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequencing, all the 12 isolates were 97.6-100% similar to six different formally described species of genus Flavobacterium. The 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analysis grouped these strains into six different clades. Of the 12 isolates, six strains (Fl9S1-6) grouped with F. suncheonense, two strains (Fl6I2, Fl6I3) with F. indicum and the rest four strains (Fl1A1, Fl2G1, Fl3H1 and Fl10T1) clustered with F. aquaticum, F. granuli, F. hercynium and F. terrae, respectively. None of these species except, F. hercynium were previously reported from fish. All the isolated Flavobacterium species possessed the ability of adhesion and biofilm formation to colonize the external surface of healthy fish. The present study is the first record of tropical freshwater farmed fishes as hosts to five environmentally associated species of the Flavobacterium.
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Rebello SC, Rathore G, Punia P, Sood N. Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the putative T cells of Labeo rohita. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:469-80. [PMID: 25749913 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have described the development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against thymocytes of rohu, Labeo rohita. MAbs were obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice with freshly isolated and nylon wool column enriched mononuclear cells of thymus. Positive clones against thymocytes were screened by cellular ELISA. The hybridoma showing strong reactivity with nylon wool enriched mononuclear cells, and non-reactivity with a rohu thymus macrophage cell line and rohu serum was selected and subjected to single cell cloning by limiting dilution. The MAbs secreted by a positive clone were designated as E6 MAb. Western blotting of reduced protein from enriched thymocytes showed that E6 reacted with a 166.2 kDa polypeptide and belongs to the IgG1 subclass. Flow cytometric analysis of gated lymphocytes, revealed that the percentage of E6 positive (E6+) cells in thymus (n = 5, 720.4 ± 79.70 g) was 89.7 %. Similarly, the percentage of E6+ cells in kidney, spleen and blood (n = 5) was 6.71, 1.71 and 1.88 %, respectively. In indirect immunoperoxidase test, E6+ cells appeared to be lymphoid cells with a high nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio and were densely packed in the central region of thymus whereas, a few cells were found to be positive in kidney and spleen sections. E6 MAb also reacted with a small population of lymphocytes in blood smear. This MAb appears to be a suitable marker for T lymphocytes and can be a valuable tool in studying immune response and ontogeny of L. rohita immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay C Rebello
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Peyush Punia
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Neeraj Sood
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Verma DK, Rathore G, Pradhan PK, Sood N, Punia P. Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare from freshwater ornamental goldfish Carassius auratus. J Environ Biol 2015; 36:433-439. [PMID: 25895267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteria overlaying ulcerated area on the body surface were observed in the wet-mout preparation from a moribund goldfish with saddle back appearance. The causative agent was identified as Flavobacterium columnrae, on the basis of biochemical test, species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 16S rDNA gene with the universal bacterial primers. Furthermore, the strain (ING-1) attributed to genomovar II in 16S rDNA PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analysis. In phylogenetic analysis, the strain ING-1, produced typical columnaris disease symptoms in rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings within 10 days. This is a new record about molecular detection and identification of Flavobacterium columnare, occurring naturally on a new host Carassius auratusin India.
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Kumar G, Rathore G, El-Matbouli M. Outer membrane protein assembly factor YaeT (omp85) and GroEL proteins of Edwardsiella tarda are immunogenic antigens for Labeo rohita (Hamilton). J Fish Dis 2014; 37:1055-1059. [PMID: 24320972 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
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Awasthi A, Rathore G, Pradhan PK, Rebello SC, Khan MY, Lakra WS. Isolation and characterization of head kidney derived macrophages of Labeo rohita. J Environ Biol 2014; 35:949-954. [PMID: 25204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in non-specific defense mechanisms of all vertebrates against pathogens. One critical element in the area of fish immunology is the unavailability of in-vitro model of immune cells. Therefore, it is essential to develop methods for harvesting and culture of macrophages for assessing innate immune functions of rohu, Labeo rohita, an important culture fish of India. Head kidney leukocytes from were isolated by density gradient sedimentation, so as to exclude other cells. Among isolated leukocytes, only macrophages showed the unique property of sustained adherence on plastic surfaces. These cells exhibited optimum growth at 28 degrees C in L-15 containing 20% FBS. Cultured head kidney macrophages (HKM) demonstrated the property of phagocytosis as evidenced by engulfment of yeast cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (20 microg/ml) resulted in functional activation of macrophages as seen by enhanced reactive oxygen and nitrite production; and lysosomal enzyme activity. These results show that in-vitro model of HKM cells can be used to study the role of macrophages in innate immune responses against various immunomodulators.
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Rathore G, Verma DK. Identification of hypervariable regions within the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of Flavobacterium columnare and its application in assigning genomovar group to an individual strain. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rathore G, Verma DK. [Identification of hypervariable regions within the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of Flavobacterium columnare and its application in assigning genomovar group to an individual strain]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2014; 48:640-647. [PMID: 25842847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is an important bacterial pathogen of fish with wide ge- netic variability within species. This intraspecies diversity has been termed as genomovars and genomovar groups on the basis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA Intergenic Spacer Region (ISR), respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the source of genetic heterogeneity in the F. columnare by sequence analysis of ISR. Length of ISR sequences of different genomovars varied from 553 to 592 nucleotides, while the similarity among sequences ranged from 76.1 to 92.6%. A common ISR structure with tRNAAa and tRNAne embedded within the sequence was identified in all the genomovars ofF. columnare. The results show that strains of F. columnare can be categorized into five genomovar groups based on the heterogeneity in the ISR sequences. Of these, strains belonging to Genomovar I and II can be sub-divided into two groups each; while strains of Genomovar III belonged to one group. Sequence similarity between genomovar groups was lower for ISR (76.1-92.6%) as compared to 16S rDNA (96.1-99.4%) indicating its ability to resolve closely related groups within the genomovars of F. columnare. The main source of variation between genomovar groups is the presence of three hyper variable regions (V1, V2 & V3) in the ISR Of the three, V3 was found to be the most heterogeneous region and was found to be useful in assigning genomovar group to an individual strain of F. columnare.
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Singh NK, Rai UN, Verma DK, Rathore G. Kocuria flava induced growth and chromium accumulation in Cicer arietinum L. Int J Phytoremediation 2014; 16:14-28. [PMID: 24912212 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.723065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation a chromate tolerant rhizobacterium Kocuria flava was isolated and inoculated to the Cicer arietinum L to evaluate its effects on growth and chromium accumulation upon exposure of different concentration of chromium (1-10 microg ml(-1)) as Cr (VI) for 24 d. K. flava inoculated plant of C. arietinum demonstrated luxuriant growth as compared to non inoculated plant at respective concentration of Cr (VI). K. flava found to ameliorate chromium induced phytotoxicity in terms of chlorophylls, carotenoid and protein contents and thus helps the plant in acquiring higher biomass with high chromium concentration. After 24 d, maximum concentration of chromium recorded in root of C. arietinum (4892.39 microg g(-1) dw) inoculated with K. flava as compared to non inoculated plant (1762.22 microg g(-1) dw) upon exposure of 5 microg ml(-1) Cr (VI). Therefore, application of C. arietinum in association with K. flava could be more efficient in decontamination of chromium polluted site. Moreover, K. flava may be used as a bioresource for developing microbes assisted phytoremediation system due to its compatibility.
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Swaminathan TR, Basheer V, Gopalakrishnan A, Rathore G, Chaudhary DK, Kumar R, Jena J. Establishment of caudal fin cell lines from tropical ornamental fishes Puntius fasciatus and Pristolepis fasciata endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Acta Trop 2013; 128:536-41. [PMID: 23933168 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new cell lines, PFF and CFF were established from the caudal fin of the Puntius fasciatus, and Pristolepis fasciata respectively. Since their initiation, these cell lines (PFF and CFF) have been subcultured in L-15 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum for more than 35 passages at 28°C and both the cell lines were characterized. Karyotyping analysis of PFF and CFF cells at 25th passage indicated that the modal chromosome number was 2n=50 and 2n=48 respectively. The cell line was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C and could be recovered from storage after six months with good cell viability. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the fragments of two mitochondrial genes, 16S rRNA and COI confirmed that the cell lines originated from the respective species. The bacterial extracellular products from Vibrio cholerae MTCC3904 and Aeromonas hydrophila were found to be toxic to PFF and CFF. Both the cells were resistant to the marine viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). No CPE could be found in both cell lines inoculated with the fish samples and cell culture supernatants were demonstrated free of SVC, iridovirus and KHV by molecular methods. These results indicated the absence of SVC, iridovirus and KHV in the ornamental fishes collected from the Western Ghats of India.
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Awasthi A, Rathore G, Sood N, Khan MY, Lakra WS. Establishment of a leukocyte cell line derived from peritoneal macrophages of fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Cytotechnology 2013; 67:85-96. [PMID: 24248274 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous leukocyte cell line with phagocytic activity was established from peritoneal macrophages of rohu, Labeo rohita (LRPM). LRPM was initiated from adherent mononuclear leukocytes isolated from peritoneal cavity of rohu, without use of any growth factors or feeder cells. These cells exhibited maximum growth at 30 °C in L-15 medium containing 20 % foetal bovine serum, and has been subcultured for more than 60 passages till date. The cells showed 85 % viability after 6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. The species of origin of the LRPM was confirmed by the amplification and sequencing of 655 bp fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I of mitochondrial DNA. Functionally, LRPM showed phagocytic activity of yeast cells and fluorescent latex beads as evaluated by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Immuno-modulators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate resulted in functional activation of LRPM; and enhanced their microbicidal activity through release of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Culture supernatant from activated cells also revealed lysozyme activity. Cells of LRPM were positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase enzyme indicating macrophage lineage. Our results indicate that this cell line can be a useful in vitro tool to study the role of macrophages in teleost immune system and to evaluate the effects of new aquaculture drugs. The LRPM cell line represents the first reported leukocyte cell line of peritoneal origin from any freshwater species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Awasthi
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, India
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Kumar Verma D, Rathore G. Molecular characterization of Flavobacterium columnare isolated from a natural outbreak of columnaris disease in farmed fish, Catla catla from India. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2013; 59:417-24. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.59.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chaudhary DK, Sood N, Swaminathan TR, Rathore G, Pradhan PK, Agarwal NK, Jena JK. Establishment and characterization of an epithelial cell line from thymus of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). Gene 2012; 512:546-53. [PMID: 23026220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, CTE, derived from catla (Catla catla) thymus has been established by explant method and subcultured for more than 70 passages over a period of 400 days. The cell line has been maintained in L-15 (Leibovitz) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. CTE cell line consists of homogeneous population of epithelial-like cells and grows optimally at 28°C. Karyotype analysis revealed that the modal chromosome number of CTE cells was 50. Partial amplification, sequencing and alignment of fragments of two mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI confirmed that CTE cell line originated from catla. Significant green fluorescent signals were observed when the cell line was transfected with phrGFP II-N mammalian expression vector, indicating its potential utility for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies. The CTE cells showed strong positivity for cytokeratin, indicating that cell line was epithelial in nature. The flow cytometric analysis of cell line revealed a higher number of cells in S-phase at 48 h, suggesting a high growth rate. The extracellular products of Vibrio cholerae MTCC 3904 were toxic to the CTE cells. This cell line was not susceptible to fish betanodavirus, the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis in a large variety of marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Chaudhary
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow-226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Rathore G, Kumar G, Raja Swaminathan T, Swain P. Koi herpes virus: a review and risk assessment of Indian aquaculture. Indian J Virol 2012; 23:124-33. [PMID: 23997436 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish for human consumption, while koi carp, is a farmed colored sub species of common carp used for ornamental purposes. Since 1998, both common carp and koi carp are severely affected by a viral disease called as Koi herpes virus disease (KHVD). This disease is caused by Koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpes virus-3. The virus causes interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis in carps, so it is also termed as carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. KHV is a double stranded icosahedral DNA virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae, with a genome size of 295 kbp, larger than any member of Herpesviridae. The viral genome encodes 156 potential protein coding open reading frames. Each virion consists of forty structural proteins, which are classified as capsid (3), envelope (13), tegument (2) and unclassified (22) structural proteins. Diagnosis of KHVD is mainly based on detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers or loop mediated isothermal amplification. Temperature dependent latent infection is unique to KHV; and carrier fish are often not detected, thereby possibly resulting in spread of this pathogen to newer areas. The disease is now known to occur in, or has been recorded from at least 26 different countries of the world. Fortunately, KHVD has not been reported from India or from Indian major carps. To monitor the disease status of the country, a total of 254 fish samples collected from different parts of India were screened by PCR for the presence of KHV. None of the tested samples were found to be positive for KHV. These results demonstrate that tested samples from different parts of India were apparently free from KHV. Preliminary risk assessment of KHV suggest that in the event of unrestricted importation of koi carps into our country, there is a higher probability of risk to aquaculture as compared to natural waters. So there is strong need to develop diagnostic capabilities and launch surveillance programmes for KHV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002 UP India
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Saadat SW, Rathore G, Munshi S, Baqai N. Outcome of results of basal osteotomy using the crescentric osteotomy fixed with staples to open wedge osteotomy fixed with B-Bop low profile plate. Int J Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.06.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kumari V, Rathore G, Chauhan UK, Pandey AK, Lakra WS. Seasonal variations in abundance of nitrifying bacteria in fish pond ecosystem. J Environ Biol 2011; 32:153-159. [PMID: 21882648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in abundance of nitrifiers (ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) in surface and bottom water of freshwater ponds were examined with respect to temperature, DO, pH as well as concentration of ammonia and nitrite. The most probable number (MPN) of ammonia-oxidizers in different ponds varied from 1297 +/- 3.6 to 1673.23 +/- 0.36 ml(-1) in bottom and 720.5 +/- 8.1 to 955.3 +/- 10.8 ml(-1) in surface water during the rainy season while the MPN ranged from 1074 +/- 1.07 to 1372.17 +/- 4.6 ml(-1) in bottom and 515 +/- 10.1 to 678 +/- 11.8 ml(-1) in surface water in winter. However, the MPN were greatly reduced in summer and ranged from 435.05 +/- 15.7 to 547.54 +/- 2.12 ml(-1) in bottom and 218.7 +/- 7.3 to 368.4 +/- 9.32 ml(-1) in surface water. Similar seasonal trends were also observed in MPN of nitrite-oxidizers. Among all the physico-chemical parameters, abundance of nitrifiers was more positively correlated with ammonia and nitrite concentration in all the seasons. The abundance of nitrifiers in surface and bottom water was highest in rainy season followed by winter and modest in summer. The potential nitrification activities and oxidation rates were shown to be linear and activity of ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was highest during rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Kumari
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow - 226 002, India
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Lakra WS, Goswami M, Rajaswaminathan T, Rathore G. Development and characterization of two new cell lines from common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn). Biol Res 2011; 43:385-392. [PMID: 21526264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new cell lines (CCF and CCH) were established from fin and heart tissues of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The cells were optimally maintained in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 ng/ml of basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF). The effects of temperature, concentration of FBS and bFGF on the growth of CCF and CCH cells were examined. The temperature ranged from 24 to 32°C for good growth of the cells. The growth rate of cells was higher in medium containing 10% FBS and the addition of bFGF to the medium significantly increased the growth rate. The CCF cells were found to be epithelial, while the CCH cells were fibroblastic in nature. The cytogenetic analysis of the cell lines revealed a diploid number of 100 chromosomes in C. carpio. The viability of CCF and CCH cell lines were 70 and 72%, respectively, after six months of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196° C). Molecular characterization of the cell lines using 16S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) revealed the origin of the cell lines. These new cell lines will be useful for isolation of fish viruses and other in vitro biotechnological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir S Lakra
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Dilkusha, Lucknow, India.
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Sood N, Chaudhary DK, Rathore G, Singh A, Lakra WS. Monoclonal antibodies to snakehead, Channa striata immunoglobulins: detection and quantification of immunoglobulin-positive cells in blood and lymphoid organs. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:569-575. [PMID: 21167285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Snakehead Channa striata is an important freshwater food fish in many Southeast Asian countries. Three monoclonal antibodies (C9, C10 and D10) were developed against purified serum immunoglobulins of Channa striata (Cs-Ig) and characterized. C9 and D10 MAbs were specific to heavy chain, while C10 MAb detected only unreduced Cs-Ig in western blotting. In competitive ELISA, C9 and C10 MAbs were specific to C. striata Ig and showed no cross reactivity with serum Ig of other fish species i.e. Channa punctatus, Channa marulius, Clarias batrachus and Labeo rohita. D10 MAb showed reactivity to serum Ig of C. striata and C. marulius. In FACS analysis of gated lymphocytes, the percentage of Ig+ cells detected by C9 MAb was 18.2%, 27.7% and 10.3% in blood, spleen and kidney, respectively (n=3, body weight 500-600 g). However, only a few cells (0.5%) were found to be Ig+ in thymus (n=5). C9 MAb was also successfully employed to demonstrate Ig+ cells in blood smears and formalin fixed sections of spleen and kidney. These findings suggest that the spleen plays an important role in humoral immunity as compared to head kidney. Further, these MAbs can be useful immunological tool in monitoring health status of cultured C. striata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Fish Health Management Division, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lakra WS, Swaminathan TR, Rathore G, Goswami M, Yadav K, Kapoor S. Development and characterization of three new diploid cell lines from Labeo rohita (Ham.). Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1008-13. [PMID: 20730759 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of cell lines from fish for identifying the pathogenesis of viral diseases and for vaccine production against viral and bacterial diseases is imperative where they are of commercial importance. Three new diploid fish cell lines (RF, RH, and RSB) were developed from fin, heart, and swim bladder of an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, commonly called Rohu. All the cell lines were optimally maintained at 28 degrees C in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. The propagation of RH and RSB cells was serum dependent, with a low plating efficiency (<16%), whereas RF cells showed 20% efficiency. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid count of 50 chromosomes. The cells of RF and RSB were found to be epithelial, where as the cells of RH were mostly fibroblastic. The viability of the RF, RH, and RSB cell lines was 75, 70 and 72%, respectively after 6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 496 and 655 bp fragments of 16S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) of mtDNA. The new cell lines would facilitate viral disease diagnosis and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir S Lakra
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Dilkusha, Lucknow, India.
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Singh V, Chaudhary DK, Mani I, Somvanshi P, Rathore G, Sood N. Genotyping of Aeromonas hydrophila by box elements. Mikrobiologiia 2010; 79:390-393. [PMID: 20734813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PCR-based DNA fingerprinting techniques were evaluated to genotype eight diseased, particularly normal and environmental isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila. PCR-based fingerprinting method has an advantage of having repetitive sequence also called Box elements that are interspersed throughout the genome in diverse bacterial species. The BOX-PCR fingerprinting technique was evaluated for the discrimination of different isolates of A. hydrophila. All the studied isolates have shown major banding patterns ranged from 500-3000 bp. These finding could be advantageous to investigate the strain level specific fingerprints of A. hydrophila as potential genotypic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Singh
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow-226002, India.
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Lakra WS, Goswami M, Rajaswaminathan T, Rathore G. Development and characterization of two new cell lines from common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn). Biol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.4067/s0716-97602010000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nagy M, Rathore G, Munshi S, Courtman N. Accuracy of Consenting in Elective Total Knee Replacement. Int J Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Edwardsiella tarda. METHODS AND RESULTS The OMPs from a virulent strain of E. tarda (ET-7) was extracted using lauroyl sarcosine method. The OMPs were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), and protein spots were identified using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 21 proteins were identified from 24 protein spots observed on the 2D-PAGE gel. These proteins were identified as GroEL, antigenic proteins, ABC transporters, elongation factors, OmpA, PTSINtr with GAF domain, catalase C, glycolytic enzymes, DnaJ, transcriptional regulator, proteins mraZ and ccdA. Subcellular localizations, beta-barrel OMPs and lipoproteins of identified proteins were predicted using PSORTb, PRED-TMBB and LipoP1.0 programme. CONCLUSIONS Identification, localization and possible functions of OMPs of E. tarda were studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These proteins could be used for development of novel drug targets, diagnostics or vaccine against edwardsiellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kumar
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR), Lucknow, India
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Singh V, Rathore G, Kapoor D, Mishra BN, Lakra WS. Detection of aerolysin gene in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish and pond water. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 48:453-8. [PMID: 23100746 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerolysin is a hemolytic toxin encoded by aerolysin gene (1482 bp) that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish. New speciesspecific primers were designed to amplify 326 bp conserved region of aerolysin gene for A. hydrophila. Twenty-five isolates of A. hydrophila recovered from fish and pond water were studied for detection of aerolysin gene. Aerolysin gene was detected in 85% of the isolates during the study. The designed primers were highly specific and showed no cross reactivity with Escherichia coli, Aeromonas veronii, Vibrio cholerae, Flavobacterium spp., Chyseobacterium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity limit of primers for detection of aerolysin gene in the genomic DNA of A. hydrophila was 5 pg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Singh
- Aquatic Microbes Section, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226 002 India
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Singh V, Somvanshi P, Rathore G, Kapoor D, Mishra BN. Gene cloning, expression and homology modeling of hemolysin gene from Aeromonas hydrophila. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 65:1-7. [PMID: 19136063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysin is a significant toxin secreted by Aeromonas hydrophila, which contributes pathogenicity of fish to humans. The complete ORF of hemolysin gene (1886 bp) was amplified using PCR. It was cloned in TA and sub-cloned in pET28a vector then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) codon plus RP cells expressed by the induction with 1.0 mM of IPTG. The expected size of expressed protein was 68.0 kDa estimated by migration in 12% SDS-PAGE. Anti-His monoclonal antibodies were used to substantiate the recombinant protein by Western blotting. The percent similarity between hemolysin of A. hydrophila with other hemolytic toxins revealed that the hemolysin/aerolysin/cytotoxin sequence varied from 99.35 to 50.40%. Homology modeling was used to construct 3-D structure of hemolysin of A. hydrophila with the known crystal 3-D structure (PDB: 1XEZ). This protein can be used for immunoassays and it is suitable for vaccine candidate against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Singh
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal ring road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India.
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Rathore G, Kumar G, Sood N, Kapoor D, Lakra WS. Development of monoclonal antibodies to rohu [Labeo rohita] immunoglobulins for use in immunoassays. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 25:761-774. [PMID: 18996722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulins [Ig] of rohu [Labeo rohita] were purified by affinity chromatography using bovine serum albumin as capture ligand. The purified rohu Ig [r-Ig] had a molecular weight [MW] of 880 kDa as determined with gel filtration chromatography. The heavy chain of r-Ig had an MW of 77.8 kDa and that of light chain was 26.4 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Purified r-Ig was used for the production of two anti-rohu Ig monoclonal antibodies [D7 and H4] that belonged to subclass IgG2b and IgG1, respectively. Both the MAbs were specific to heavy chain of r-Ig as seen in Western blotting. Anti-rohu Ig MAb was used as a diagnostic reagent in ELISA and immunocytochemical assays to demonstrate its application for sero-surveillance and for immunological studies in rohu. A competitive ELISA was used to demonstrate the antigenic relatedness of r-Ig with whole serum Ig of other fish species. Cross reactivity of anti-rohu Ig MAb was observed with serum Ig of Catla catla and Cirrihinus mrigala. No reactivity to serum Ig of Ophiocephalus striatus and Clarias gariepinus was seen. Anti-rohu Ig MAb was found to be suitable for the detection of pathogen specific [Edwardsiella tarda] antibodies in serum of immunized rohu by an indirect ELISA. In flow cytometry using D7 MAb, the mean percentage [+/-SE] of Ig positive cells in spleen and blood of rohu were found to be 64.85% [+/-2.34] and 51.84% [+/-2.55] of gated lymphocytes, respectively. Similarly, D7 MAb also stained 52.84% [+/-1.30] and 10.5% of gated lymphocytes in kidney and thymus, respectively. The anti-rohu Ig MAbs also showed specific staining of Ig bearing cells in spleen sections by the indirect immunoperoxidase test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lowenstern ME, Harding EC, Huntington CM, Visco AJ, Rathore G, Drake RP. Performance of Au transmission photocathode on a microchannel plate detector. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10E912. [PMID: 19044567 DOI: 10.1063/1.2971970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
X-ray framing cameras, employing microchannel plates (MCPs) for detection and signal amplification, play a key role in research in high-energy-density physics. These instruments convert radiographic x-rays into electrons produced by plasma during such experiments into electrons that are amplified in the channels and then detected by a phosphor material. The separation of detection from signal amplification offers potential improvements in sensitivity and noise properties. We have implemented a suspended Au transmission photocathode (160 A thick) on a MCP and are evaluating it using a 1.5 keV Al K alpha x-ray source. We find an approximately twofold increase in the ratio of detected events to incident photons when the photocathode-to-MCP voltage difference is sufficiently large. Our calculations indicate that this increase is probably caused by a combination of signal produced by the photocathode and an increase in the efficiency of detection of x-rays that reach the MCP surface through modification of the local electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lowenstern
- University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Kumar G, Rathore G, Sengupta U, Kapoor D, Lakra WS. Production of monoclonal antibodies specific to major outer membrane protein of Edwardsiella tarda. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 33:133-44. [PMID: 18804863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an important cause for hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro and extra-intestinal infections in humans. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of E. tarda ET-7, isolated from diseased snakehead (Ophiocephalus punctatus). Two stable hybridoma clones, designated as 3F10 and 2C3 MAbs were found to be potentially specific for E. tarda by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These MAbs recognized major immunogenic OMP band at 44kDa in Western blotting. Both MAbs belonged to the IgG1 isotype and recognized different epitopes of OMP as seen by competitive ELISA. These MAbs strongly reacted with all 17 isolates of E. tarda used in our study by indirect ELISA and Western blotting. Interestingly, no reaction was observed with the reference strain of E. tarda (MTCC 2400). The sensitivity of 3F10 MAb to detect whole cells of E. tarda was up to a level of 1x10(4)CFU/ml in indirect ELISA. No cross-reactivity of MAbs were seen with Escherichia coli, Salmonella arizonae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae, Flavobacterium ferrugineum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These MAbs could be used for specific detection of E. tarda infection in fish by immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhlesh Kumar
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rathore G, Swaminathan TR, Sood N, Mishra BN, Kapoor D. Affinity purification and partial characterization of IgM-like immunoglobulins of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:1018-21. [PMID: 17176677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
IgM like macroglobulin from bovine serum albumin (BSA)-immunized African catfish C. gariepinus was purified by affinity chromatography and partially characterized. The molecular weight of this macroglobulin was 840 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration chromatography. Purified macroglobulin was analyzed using SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The molecular weight (MW) of heavy and light chain was 74.8 kDa and 27.2 kDa respectively, in presence of a reducing agent. In non-reducing SDS-PAGE, a single high MW band was observed representing tetrameric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226 002, India.
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Rathore G, Sood N, Swaminathan R. Primary cell culture from fish gills and kidney using fish serum. Indian J Exp Biol 2001; 39:936-8. [PMID: 11831381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel, cost effective and time saving technique for primary cell culture from gills and kidney using fish serum has been developed. Single cell suspension of gills and kidney of Clarias gariepinus was obtained by trypsinization. Minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fish serum in place of 10% foetal calf serum and 20% fish muscle extract, yielded confluent monolayer on 6th and 8th day in gill and kidney tissue respectively at 28 degrees C. Fish serum can be successfully used as media supplement for cultivation and maintenance of primary cell culture from fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rathore
- Fish Quarantine Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
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