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Meng F, Feng N, Zheng D, Liu M, Zhou H, Zhang R, Huang X, Huang A. Exogenous Hemin enhances the antioxidant defense system of rice by regulating the AsA-GSH cycle under NaCl stress. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17219. [PMID: 38650645 PMCID: PMC11034499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress caused by soil salinization remains a major global challenge that threatens and severely impacts crop growth, causing yield reduction worldwide. In this study, we aim to investigate the damage of salt stress on the leaf physiology of two varieties of rice (Huanghuazhan, HHZ, and Xiangliangyou900, XLY900) and the regulatory mechanism of Hemin to maintain seedling growth under the imposed stress. Rice leaves were sprayed with 5.0 μmol·L-1 Hemin or 25.0 μmol·L-1 ZnPP (Zinc protoporphyrin IX) at the three leaf and one heart stage, followed by an imposed salt stress treatment regime (50.0 mmol·L-1 sodium chloride (NaCl)). The findings revealed that NaCl stress increased antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased the content of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the content of osmoregulatory substances like soluble proteins and proline was raised. Moreover, salt stress increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the leaves of the two varieties. However, spraying with Hemin increased the activities of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) and accelerated AsA-GSH cycling to remove excess ROS. In summary, Hemin reduced the effect of salt stress on the physiological characteristics of rice leaves due to improved antioxidant defense mechanisms that impeded lipid peroxidation. Thus, Hemin was demonstrated to lessen the damage caused by salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Meng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Zhang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - XiXin Huang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Cente, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Vogel D, Hills P, Moore JP. Strigolactones GR-24 and Nijmegen Applications Result in Reduced Susceptibility of Tobacco and Grapevine Plantlets to Botrytis cinerea Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3202. [PMID: 37765366 PMCID: PMC10535315 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Priming agents are plant defence-inducing compounds which can prompt a state of protection but may also aid in plant growth and interactions with beneficial microbes. The synthetic strigolactones (±)-GR24 and Nijmegen-1 were evaluated as potential priming agents for induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tobacco and grapevine plants. The growth and stress response profiles of B. cinerea to strigolactones were also investigated. Soil drench treatment with strigolactones induced resistance in greenhouse-grown tobacco plants and restricted lesion development. The mode of action appeared to function by priming redox-associated compounds to produce an anti-oxidant protective response for limiting the infection. The results obtained in the in vitro assays mirrored that of the greenhouse-grown plants. Exposure of B. cinerea to the strigolactones resulted in increased hyphal branching, with (±)-GR24 stimulating a stronger effect than Nijmegen-1 by affecting colony diameter and radial growth. An oxidative stress response was observed, with B. cinerea exhibiting increased ROS and SOD levels when grown with strigolactones. This study identified the application of strigolactones as potential priming agents to induce disease resistance in both tobacco and grapevine plants. In addition, strigolactones may alter the ROS homeostasis of B. cinerea, resulting in both morphological and physiological changes, thereby reducing virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Vogel
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Paul Hills
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - John P Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Li J, Zhang Q, Chen H, Xu D, Chen Z, Wen Y. Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Dual Stress Response of Herbicide and Micronutrient Fe in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13499-13509. [PMID: 36223430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly intensive agricultural practices are leading not only to herbicide contamination but also to nutritional stress on nontarget plants. This study evaluated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the dual stress response of herbicide dichlorprop and micronutrient Fe in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results revealed that co-treatment with 20 μM zinc protoporphyrin (a specific inhibitor of HO-1) reduced the activity of HO-1 by 21.6%, Fe2+ content by 19.8%, and MDA content by 20.0%, reducing abnormal iron aggregation and oxidative stress in response to the herbicide compared to treatment with (R)-dichloroprop alone, which has herbicidal activity. Thus, free Fe2+ released from HO-1 mediated dichlorprop-induced oxidative stress in the Fenton reaction and affected aberrant Fe aggregation, which also had an enantioselective effect. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the toxicity mechanism of herbicides under nutrient stresses, thus providing new strategies to control the environmental risks of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiushui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Feng R, Zhang Z, Guan Y. Physiological and transcriptional analysis of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in response to acute nitrite stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105899. [PMID: 34252698 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is a harmful substance in aquaculture, and has a serious impact on the survival of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. However, the cellular responses of P. sinensis to nitrite stress have not yet been investigated. The present study showed that nitrite led to a decrease in hemoglobin content and an increase in methemoglobin content in the blood, thus reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood in P. sinensis. Nitrite also affects the antioxidant system of the liver and leads to lipid peroxidation. In addition, nitrite caused immune responses, including a decrease in lysozyme content and an increase in total complement activity, interleukin-6, and heme oxygenase concentrations in the serum. Additionally, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that apoptosis occurred in liver cells. Finally, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted. A total of 573 differentially expressed genes and 15 significantly enriched KEGG pathways were identified. Among them, the glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) gene may relieve nitrite-induced oxidative damage in P. sinensis by participating in a variety of redox-related pathways, while the PPAR signaling pathway has been proposed to play an important regulatory role in lipid metabolism and immune responses. The present study comprehensively explored the cellular responses of P. sinensis to nitrite stress and provided guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Yueqiang Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Zhuang L, Hu Q, Huang B. Phosphatidic acid and hydrogen peroxide coordinately enhance heat tolerance in tall fescue. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:142-151. [PMID: 33188719 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) play roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. The objective of this study was to determine effects of H2 O2 or PA, individually and interactively, with a H2 O2 scavenging molecule, N,N'-dimethylthoiurea (DMTU), on plant tolerance to heat stress in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Plants were treated with PA (25 µm), H2 O2 (5 mm) and PA (25 µm) + DMTU (5 mm) by foliar application and then exposed to heat stress (38/33 °C) or optimal temperature (23/18 °C, day/night) for 28 days. Foliar application of PA and H2 O2 alone resulted in increases in leaf fresh weight, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency and cellular membrane stability in plants exposed to heat stress, whereas addition of DMTU suppressed the positive effects of PA. Expression levels of genes encoding the PA synthesizing enzyme, FaPLDδ, were significantly up-regulated by H2 O2 . Phosphatidic acid- or H2 O2 -enhanced heat tolerance was associated with the activation of stress signalling components (FaCDPK3, FaMPK6, FaMPK3), transcription factors (FaMBF1 and FaHsfA2c) and heat shock proteins (FaHSP18, FaHSP70 and FaHSP90). Phosphatidic acid and H2 O2 may work in coordination to further improve heat tolerance, involving up-regulation of transcription factors in stress signalling cascades and heat protection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - L Zhuang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Hu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - B Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Sun Y, Gao M, Kang S, Yang C, Meng H, Yang Y, Zhao X, Gao Z, Xu Y, Jin Y, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Han J. Molecular Mechanism Underlying Mechanical Wounding-Induced Flavonoid Accumulation in Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, an Endangered Tree That Produces Chinese Rosewood. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050478. [PMID: 32353985 PMCID: PMC7291145 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia odorifera, a critically endangered tree species, produces heartwood containing a vast variety of flavonoids. This heartwood, also known as Chinese rosewood, has high economic and medicinal value, but its formation takes several decades. In this study, we showed that discolored wood induced by pruning displays similar color, structure, and flavonoids content to those of natural heartwood, suggesting that wounding is an efficient method for inducing flavonoid production in D. odorifera. Transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the mechanism underlying wounding-induced flavonoids production in D. odorifera heartwood. Wounding upregulated the expression of 90 unigenes, which covered 19 gene families of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, 6DCS, F3’5’H, F3H, FMO, GT, PMAT, CHOMT, IFS, HI4’OMT, HID, IOMT, I2’H, IFR, and I3’H. Furthermore, 47 upregulated unigenes were mapped to the biosynthesis pathways for five signal molecules (ET, JA, ABA, ROS, and SA). Exogenous application of these signal molecules resulted in the accumulation of flavonoids in cell suspensions of D. odorifera, supporting their role in wounding-induced flavonoid production. Insights from this study will help develop new methods for rapidly inducing the formation of heartwood with enhanced medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Chengmin Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hui Meng
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China; (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China; (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangsheng Zhao
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China; (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China; (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-57833363 (Z.Z.); +86-10-57833198 (J.H.)
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.S.); (M.G.); (C.Y.); (Z.G.); (Y.X.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-57833363 (Z.Z.); +86-10-57833198 (J.H.)
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Mulaudzi-Masuku T, Ikebudu V, Muthevhuli M, Faro A, Gehring CA, Iwuoha E. Characterization and Expression Analysis of Heme Oxygenase Genes from Sorghum bicolor. Bioinform Biol Insights 2019; 13:1177932219860813. [PMID: 31320797 PMCID: PMC6628516 DOI: 10.1177/1177932219860813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HOs) have a major role in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis, and chromophores in turn have anti-oxidant properties. Plant heme oxygenases are divided into the HO1 sub-family comprising HO1, HO3, and HO4, and the HO2 sub-family, which consists of 1 member, HO2. This study identified and characterized 4 heme oxygenase members from Sorghum bicolor. Multiple sequence alignments showed that the heme oxygenase signature motif (QAFICHFYNI/V) is conserved across all SbHO proteins and that they share above 90% sequence identity with other cereals. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SbHO genes were expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, but most importantly their transcript level was induced by osmotic stress, indicating that they might play a role in stress responses. These findings will strengthen our understanding of the role of heme oxygenases in plant stress responses and may contribute to the development of stress tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Ikebudu
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Mpho Muthevhuli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Andrew Faro
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Christoph A Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Iwuoha
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Liu Y, Wang J, Yin H, Zhang A, Huang S, Wang TJ, Meng Q, Nan N, Wu Y, Guo P, Ahmad R, Liu B, Xu ZY. Trithorax-group protein ATX5 mediates the glucose response via impacting the HY1-ABI4 signaling module. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:495-506. [PMID: 30406469 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trithorax-group Protein ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX5 modulates the glucose response. Glucose is an evolutionarily conserved modulator from unicellular microorganisms to multicellular animals and plants. Extensive studies have shown that the Trithorax-group proteins (TrxGs) play essential roles in different biological processes by affecting histone modifications and chromatin structures. However, whether TrxGs function in the glucose response and how they achieve the control of target genes in response to glucose signaling in plants remain unknown. Here, we show that the Trithorax-group Protein ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX5 (ATX5) affects the glucose response and signaling. atx5 loss-of-function mutants display glucose-oversensitive phenotypes compared to the wild-type (WT). Genome-wide RNA-sequencing analyses have revealed that ATX5 impacts the expression of a subset of glucose signaling responsive genes. Intriguingly, we have established that ATX5 directly controls the expression of HY1 by trimethylating H3 lysine 4 of the Arabidopsis Heme Oxygenase1 (HY1) locus. Glucose signaling causes the suppression of ATX5 activity and subsequently reduces the H3K4me3 levels at the HY1 locus, thereby leading to the increased expression of ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4). This result suggests that an important ATX5-HY1-ABI4 regulatory module governs the glucose response. This idea is further supported by genetic evidence showing that an atx5 hy1-100 abi4 triple mutant showed a similar glucose-insensitive phenotype as compared to that of the abi4 single mutant. Our findings show that a novel ATX5-HY1-ABI4 module controls the glucose response in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangzhan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Nan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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Mahawar L, Kumar R, Shekhawat GS. Evaluation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO 1) in Cd and Ni induced cytotoxicity and crosstalk with ROS quenching enzymes in two to four leaf stage seedlings of Vigna radiata. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:527-545. [PMID: 28924722 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on heme oxygenase in plants has received consideration in recent years due to its several roles in development, defense, and metabolism during various environmental stresses. In the current investigation, the role of heme oxygenase (HO) 1 was evaluated in reducing heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake and alleviating Cd and Ni toxicity effects in the hydroponically grown seedlings of Vigna radiata var. PDM 54. Seedlings were subjected to Cd- and Ni-induced oxidative stress independently at different concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. After 96 h (fourth day) of treatment, the stressed plants were harvested to study the cellular homeostasis and detoxification mechanism by examining the growth, stress parameters (LPX, H2O2 content), and non-enzymatic and enzymatic parameters (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaicol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT)) including HO 1. At 50 μM CdCl2 and 60 μM NiSO4, HO 1 activity was found to be highest in leaves which were 1.39 and 1.16-fold, respectively. The greatest HO 1 activity was reflected from the reduction of H2O2 content at these metal concentrations (50 μM CdCl2 and 60 μM NiSO4) which is correlated with the increasing activity of other antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX). Thus, HO 1 works within a group that generates the defense machinery for the plant's survival by scavenging ROS which is confirmed by a time-dependent study. Hence, it is concluded that seedlings of V. radiata were more tolerant towards metal-induced oxidative stress in which HO 1 is localized in its residential area (plastids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Mahawar
- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Water Quality Management Group Defense Laboratory, Jodhpur, 342001, India
| | - Gyan Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342001, India.
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Wang G, Xiao Y, Deng X, Zhang H, Li T, Chen H. Exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Contributes to Heme Oxygenase-1 Delaying Programmed Cell Death in Isolated Aleurone Layers of Rice Subjected to Drought Stress in a cGMP-Dependent Manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29449858 PMCID: PMC5799830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that plays a dual role in plant cells. Here, we discovered that drought (20% polyethylene glycol-6000, PEG)-triggered decreases of HO-1 transcript expression and HO activity. However, exogenous H2O2 contributed toward the increase in HO-1 gene expression and activity of the enzyme under drought stress. Meanwhile, the HO-1 inducer hematin could mimic the effects of the H2O2 scavengers ascorbic acid (AsA) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and the H2O2 synthesis inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) for scavenging or diminishing drought-induced endogenous H2O2. Conversely, the zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), an HO-1-specific inhibitor, reversed the effects of hematin. We further analyzed the endogenous H2O2 levels and HO-1 transcript expression levels of aleurone layers treated with AsA, DMTU, and DPI in the presence of exogenous H2O2 under drought stress, respectively. The results showed that in aleurone layers subjected to drought stress, when the endogenous H2O2 level was inhibited, the effect of exogenous H2O2 on the induction of HO-1 was enhanced. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2-activated HO-1 effectively enhanced amylase activity. Application of 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) (the membrane permeable cGMP analog) promoted the effect of exogenous H2O2-delayed PCD of aleurone layers in response to drought stress. More importantly, HO-1 delayed the programmed cell death (PCD) of aleurone layers by cooperating with nitric oxide (NO), and the delayed effect of NO on PCD was achieved via mediation by cGMP under drought stress. In short, in rice aleurone layers, exogenous H2O2 (as a signaling molecule) triggered HO-1 and delayed PCD via cGMP which possibly induced amylase activity under drought stress. In contrast, as a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism, the drought-generated H2O2 promoted cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaojiang Deng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Heting Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingge Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huiping Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Amooaghaie R, Tabatabaie F. Osmopriming-induced salt tolerance during seed germination of alfalfa most likely mediates through H 2O 2 signaling and upregulation of heme oxygenase. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1791-1803. [PMID: 28093607 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study showed that osmopriming or pretreatment with low H2O2 doses (2 mM) for 6 h alleviated salt-reduced seed germination. The NADPH oxidase activity was the main source, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity might be a secondary source of H2O2 generation during osmopriming or H2O2 pretreatment. Hematin pretreatment similar to osmopriming improved salt-reduced seed germination that was coincident with the enhancement of heme oxygenase (HO) activity. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that osmopriming or H2O2 pretreatment was able to upregulate heme oxygenase HO-1 transcription, while the application of N,N-dimethyl thiourea (DMTU as trap of endogenous H2O2) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI as inhibitor of NADPHox) not only blocked the upregulation of HO but also reversed the osmopriming-induced salt attenuation. The addition of CO-saturated aqueous rescued the inhibitory effect of DMTU and DPI on seed germination and α-amylase activity during osmopriming or H2O2 pretreatment, but H2O2 could not reverse the inhibitory effect of ZnPPIX (as HO inhibitor) or Hb (as CO scavenger) that indicates that the CO acts downstream of H2O2 in priming-driven salt acclimation. The antioxidant enzymes and proline synthesis were upregulated in roots of seedlings grown from primed seeds, and these responses were reversed by adding DMTU, ZnPPIX, and Hb during osmopriming. These findings for the first time suggest that H2O2 signaling and upregulation of heme oxygenase play a crucial role in priming-driven salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaneh Amooaghaie
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaie
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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12
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Chen Z, Chen M, Jiang M. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates mercury toxicity by sequestering it in roots or regulating reactive oxygen species productions in rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:179-192. [PMID: 27940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil mercury (Hg) contamination is a major factor that affects agricultural yield and food security. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays multifunctional roles in mediating a variety of responses to abiotic stresses. The effects of exogenous H2S on rice (Oryza sativa var 'Nipponbare') growth and metabolism under mercuric chloride (HgCl2) stress were investigated in this study. Either 100 or 200 μM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) pretreatment improved the transcription of bZIP60, a membrane-associated transcription factor, and then enhanced the expressions of non-protein thiols (NPT) and metallothioneins (OsMT-1) to sequester Hg in roots and thus inhibit Hg transport to shoots. Meanwhile, H2S promoted seedlings growth significantly even in the presences of Hg and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) or catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) inhibitors, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT). H2S might act as an antioxidant to inhibit or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions for maintaining the lower MDA and H2O2 levels, and thereby preventing oxidative damages. All these results indicated H2S effectively alleviated Hg toxicity by sequestering it in roots or by regulating ROS in seedlings and then thus significantly promoted rice growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, No.1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Moshun Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, No.1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, No.1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Effects of Exogenous Hematin on Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Strawberry Fruit Ripening. Int J Genomics 2017; 2016:6762731. [PMID: 28074176 PMCID: PMC5198259 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6762731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin in strawberries has a positive effect on fruit coloration. In this study, the role of exogenous hematin on anthocyanin biosynthesis was investigated. Our result showed that the white stage of strawberries treated with exogenous hematin had higher anthocyanin content, compared to the control group. Among all treatments, 5 μM of hematin was the optimal condition to promote color development. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of fruit coloring regulated by hematin, transcriptomes in the hematin- and non-hematin-treated fruit were analyzed. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in regulating anthocyanin synthesis, including the DEGs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, hormone signaling transduction, phytochrome signaling, starch and sucrose degradation, and transcriptional pathways. These regulatory networks may play an important role in regulating the color process of strawberries treated with hematin. In summary, exogenous hematin could promote fruit coloring by increasing anthocyanin content in the white stage of strawberries. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis suggests that hematin-promoted fruit coloring occurs through multiple related metabolic pathways, which provides valuable information for regulating fruit color via anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberries.
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Lv Q, Wang L, Wang JZ, Li P, Chen YL, Du J, He YK, Bao F. SHB1/HY1 Alleviates Excess Boron Stress by Increasing BOR4 Expression Level and Maintaining Boron Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:790. [PMID: 28559907 PMCID: PMC5432644 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential mineral nutrient for higher plant growth and development. However, excessive amounts of boron can be toxic. Here, we report on the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant, shb1 (sensitive to high-level of boron 1), which exhibits hypersensitivity to excessive boron in roots. Positional cloning demonstrated that the shb1 mutant bears a point mutation in a gene encoding a heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) corresponding to the HY1 gene involved in photomorphogenesis. The transcription level of the SHB1/HY1 gene in roots is up-regulated under excessive boron stimulation. Either overexpressing SHB1/HY1 or applying the HO1 inducer hematin reduces boron accumulation in roots and confers high boron tolerance. Furthermore, carbon monoxide and bilirubin, catalytic products of HO1, partially rescue the boron toxicity-induced inhibition of primary root growth in shb1. Additionally, the mRNA level of BOR4, a boron efflux transporter, is reduced in shb1 roots with high levels of boron supplementation, and hematin cannot relieve the boron toxicity-induced root inhibition in bor4 mutants. Taken together, our study reveals that HO1 acts via its catalytic by-products to promote tolerance of excessive boron by up-regulating the transcription of the BOR4 gene and therefore promoting the exclusion of excessive boron in root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Kun He
- *Correspondence: Yi-Kun He, Fang Bao,
| | - Fang Bao
- *Correspondence: Yi-Kun He, Fang Bao,
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15
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Nagahatenna DSK, Langridge P, Whitford R. Tetrapyrrole-based drought stress signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:447-59. [PMID: 25756609 PMCID: PMC5054908 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll and heme play a vital role in primary plant metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Over the past decades, extensive genetic and molecular analyses have provided valuable insights into the complex regulatory network of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. However, tetrapyrroles are also implicated in abiotic stress tolerance, although the mechanisms are largely unknown. With recent reports demonstrating that modified tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants confers wilting avoidance, a component physiological trait to drought tolerance, it is now timely that this pathway be reviewed in the context of drought stress signalling. In this review, the significance of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis under drought stress is addressed, with particular emphasis on the inter-relationships with major stress signalling cascades driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organellar retrograde signalling. We propose that unlike the chlorophyll branch, the heme branch of the pathway plays a key role in mediating intracellular drought stress signalling and stimulating ROS detoxification under drought stress. Determining how the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway is involved in stress signalling provides an opportunity to identify gene targets for engineering drought-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshi S. K. Nagahatenna
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsSchool of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSAAustralia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsSchool of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSAAustralia
| | - Ryan Whitford
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsSchool of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideGlen OsmondSAAustralia
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16
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Wu M, Li J, Wang F, Li F, Yang J, Shen W. Cobalt alleviates GA-induced programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers via the regulation of H2O2 production and heme oxygenase-1 expression. Int J Mol Sci 2014. [PMID: 25405743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are key signaling molecules that are produced in response to various environmental stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that cobalt is able to delay gibberellic acid (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat aleurone layers. A similar response was observed when samples were pretreated with carbon monoxide (CO) or bilirubin (BR), two end-products of HO catalysis. We further observed that increased HO-1 expression played a role in the cobalt-induced alleviation of PCD. The application of HO-1-specific inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX), substantially prevented the increases of HO-1 activity and the alleviation of PCD triggered by cobalt. The stimulation of HO-1 expression, and alleviation of PCD might be caused by the initial H2O2 production induced by cobalt. qRT-PCR and enzymatic assays revealed that cobalt-induced gene expression and the corresponding activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), three enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen species, were consistent with the H2O2 accumulation during GA treatment. These cobalt responses were differentially blocked by co-treatment with ZnPPIX. We therefore suggest that HO-1 functions in the cobalt-triggered alleviation of PCD in wheat aleurone layers, which is also dependent on the enhancement of the activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fangquan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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17
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Cobalt alleviates GA-induced programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers via the regulation of H2O2 production and heme oxygenase-1 expression. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21155-78. [PMID: 25405743 PMCID: PMC4264218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are key signaling molecules that are produced in response to various environmental stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that cobalt is able to delay gibberellic acid (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat aleurone layers. A similar response was observed when samples were pretreated with carbon monoxide (CO) or bilirubin (BR), two end-products of HO catalysis. We further observed that increased HO-1 expression played a role in the cobalt-induced alleviation of PCD. The application of HO-1-specific inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX), substantially prevented the increases of HO-1 activity and the alleviation of PCD triggered by cobalt. The stimulation of HO-1 expression, and alleviation of PCD might be caused by the initial H2O2 production induced by cobalt. qRT-PCR and enzymatic assays revealed that cobalt-induced gene expression and the corresponding activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), three enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen species, were consistent with the H2O2 accumulation during GA treatment. These cobalt responses were differentially blocked by co-treatment with ZnPPIX. We therefore suggest that HO-1 functions in the cobalt-triggered alleviation of PCD in wheat aleurone layers, which is also dependent on the enhancement of the activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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18
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Ma F, Wang L, Li J, Samma MK, Xie Y, Wang R, Wang J, Zhang J, Shen W. Interaction between HY1 and H2O2 in auxin-induced lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:49-61. [PMID: 24366686 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are two key downstream signals of auxin, a well-known phytohormone regulating plant growth and development. However, the inter-relationship between HO-1 and H2O2 in auxin-mediated lateral root (LR) formation is poorly understood. Herein, we revealed that exogenous auxin, 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), could simultaneously stimulate Arabidopsis HO-1 (HY1) gene expression and H2O2 generation. Subsequently, LR formation was induced. NAA-induced HY1 expression is dependent on H2O2. This conclusion was supported by analyzing the removal of H2O2 with ascorbic acid (AsA) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU), both of which could block NAA-induced HY1 expression and LR formation. H2O2-induced LR formation was inhibited by an HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (Znpp) in wild-type and severely impaired in HY1 mutant hy1-100. Simultaneously, HY1 is required for NAA-mediated H2O2 generation, since Znpp inhibition of HY1 blocked the NAA-induced H2O2 production and LR formation. Genetic data demonstrated that hy1-100 was significantly impaired in H2O2 production and LR formation in response to NAA, compared with wild-type plants. The addition of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2), the carbon monoxide (CO) donor, induced H2O2 production and LR formation, both of which were decreased by DMTU. Moreover, H2O2 and CORM-2 mimicked the NAA responses in the regulation of cell cycle genes expression, all of which were blocked by Znpp or DMTU, respectively, confirming that both H2O2 and CO were important in the early LR initiation. In summary, our pharmacological, genetic and molecular evidence demonstrated a close inter-relationship between HY1 and H2O2 existing in auxin-induced LR formation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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19
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Molecular cloning and characterization of a heme oxygenase1 gene from sunflower and its expression profiles in salinity acclimation. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4109-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Huei Kao C. Role of rice heme oxygenase in lateral root formation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25766. [PMID: 23887491 PMCID: PMC4091076 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) play important roles in increasing the absorptive capacity of roots as well as to anchor the plant in the soil. In rice, exposure to auxin, methyl jasmonate (MJ), apocynin, and CoCl2 has been shown to increase LR formation. This review provides evidence showing a close link between rice heme oxygenase (HO) and LR formation. The effect of auxin and MJ is nitric oxide (NO) dependent, whereas that of apocynin requires H2O2. The effect of CoCl2 on the LR formation could be by some other pathway unrelated to NO and H2O2. This review also highlights future lines of research that should increase our knowledge of HO-involved LR formation in rice.
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Hsu YY, Chao YY, Kao CH. Cobalt chloride-induced lateral root formation in rice: the role of heme oxygenase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1075-81. [PMID: 23566873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) perform the essential tasks of providing water, nutrients, and physical support to plants. Therefore, understanding the regulation of LR development is of agronomic importance. Recent findings suggest that heme oxygenase (HO) plays an important role in LR development. In this study, we examined the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on LR formation and HO expression in rice. Treatment with CoCl2 induced LR formation and HO activity. We further observed that CoCl2 could induce the expression of OsHO1 but not OsHO2. CoCl2-increased HO activity occurred before LR formation. Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX, the specific inhibitor of HO) and hemoglobin (the carbon monoxide/nitric oxide scavenger) reduced LR formation, HO activity, and OsHO1 expression. Application of biliverdin, a product of HO-catalyzed reaction, to CoCl2-treated rice seedlings reversed the ZnPPIX-inhibited LR formation and ZnPPIX-decreased HO activity. CoCl2 had no effect on H2O2 content and nitric oxide production. Moreover, application of ascorbate, a H2O2 scavenger, failed to affect CoCl2-promoted LR formation and HO activity. It is concluded that HO is required for CoCl2-promoted LR formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yen Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Xie Y, Mao Y, Lai D, Zhang W, Zheng T, Shen W. Roles of NIA/NR/NOA1-dependent nitric oxide production and HY1 expression in the modulation of Arabidopsis salt tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3045-60. [PMID: 23744476 PMCID: PMC3741688 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence on the separate roles of Arabidopsis nitric oxide-associated 1 (NOA1)-associated nitric oxide (NO) production and haem oxygenase 1 (HY1) expression in salt tolerance, their integrative signalling pathway remains largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, the interaction network among nitrate reductase (NIA/NR)- and NOA1-dependent NO production and HY1 expression was studied at the genetic and molecular levels. Upon salinity stress, the majority of NO production was attributed to NIA/NR/NOA1. Further evidence confirmed that HY1 mutant hy1-100, nia1/2/noa1, and nia1/2/noa1/hy1-100 mutants exhibited progressive salt hypersensitivity, all of which were significantly rescued by three NO-releasing compounds. The salinity-tolerant phenotype and the stronger NO production in gain-of-function mutant of HY1 were also blocked by the NO synthetic inhibitor and scavenger. Although NO- or HY1-deficient mutants showed a compensatory mode of upregulation of HY1 or slightly increased NO production, respectively, during 2 d of salt treatment, downregulation of ZAT10/12-mediated antioxidant gene expression (cAPX1/2 and FSD1) was observed after 7 d of treatment. The hypersensitive phenotypes and stress-related genes expression profiles were differentially rescued or blocked by the application of NO- (in particular) or carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing compounds, showing a synergistic mode. Similar reciprocal responses were observed in the nia1/2/noa1/hy1-100 quadruple mutant, with the NO-releasing compounds exhibit the maximal rescuing responses. Overall, the findings present the combination of compensatory and synergistic modes, linking NIA/NR/NOA1-dependent NO production and HY1 expression in the modulation of plant salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Diwen Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tianqing Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chen YH, Chao YY, Hsu YY, Kao CH. Heme oxygenase is involved in H(2)O (2)-induced lateral root formation in apocynin-treated rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:219-26. [PMID: 23076168 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : Apocynin is a natural organic compound structurally related to vanillin. We demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide and heme oxygenase participated in apocynin-induced lateral root formation in rice. Apocynin, also known as acetovanillone, is a natural organic compound structurally related to vanillin. Information concerning the effect of apocynin on plants is limited. In this study, we examined the effect of apocynin on lateral root (LR) formation in rice. Treatment with apocynin induced LR formation and increased H(2)O(2) production, but had no effect on nitric oxide production. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride, an inhibitor of H(2)O(2) generating NADPH oxidase, was effective in reducing apocynin-induced H(2)O(2) production and LR formation. Apocynin treatment also increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased catalase activity. H(2)O(2) application was able to increase the number of LRs. Moreover, H(2)O(2) production caused by H(2)O(2) and apocynin was localized in the root area corresponding to the LR emergence. Treatment with H(2)O(2) and apocynin also increased heme oxygenase (HO) activity and induced OsHO1 mRNA expression. Lateral root formation and HO activity induced by H(2)O(2) and apocynin were reduced by Zn protoporphyrin IX (the specific inhibitor of HO). Our data suggest that both H(2)O(2) and HO are required for apocynin-induced LR formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Cui J, He P, Liu F, Tan J, Chen L, Fenn J. 60 years of development of the journal of integrative plant biology. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:682-702. [PMID: 22966769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In celebration of JIPB's 60(th) anniversary, this paper summarizes and reviews the development process of the journal. To start, we offer our heartfelt thanks to JIPB's pioneer Editors-in-Chief who helped get the journal off the ground and make it successful. Academic achievement is the soul of academic journals, and this paper summarizes JIPB's course of academic development by analyzing it in four stages: the first two stages are mostly qualitative analyses, and the latter two stages are dedicated to quantitative analyses. Most-cited papers were statistically analyzed. Improvements in editing, publication, distribution and online accessibility--which are detailed in this paper--contribute to JIPB's sustainable development. In addition, JIPB's evaluation index and awards are provided with accompanying pictures. At the end of the paper, JIPB's milestones are listed chronologically. We believe that JIPB's development, from a national journal to an international one, parallels the development of the Chinese plant sciences.
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Lee HJ, Mochizuki N, Masuda T, Buckhout TJ. Disrupting the bimolecular binding of the haem-binding protein 5 (AtHBP5) to haem oxygenase 1 (HY1) leads to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5967-78. [PMID: 22991161 PMCID: PMC3467301 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana L. SOUL/haem-binding proteins, AtHBPs belong to a family of five members. The Arabidopsis cytosolic AtHBP1 (At1g17100) and AtHBP2 (At2g37970) have been shown to bind porphyrins and metalloporphyrins including haem. In contrast to the cytosolic localization of these haem-binding proteins, AtHBP5 (At5g20140) encodes a protein with an N-terminal transit peptide that probably directs targeting to the chloroplast. In this report, it is shown that AtHBP5 binds haem and interacts with the haem oxygenase, HY1, in both yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays. The expression of HY1 is repressed in the athbp5 T-DNA knockdown mutant and the accumulation of H(2)O(2) is observed in athbp5 seedlings that are treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a ROS-producing stress hormone. In contrast, AtHBP5 over-expressing plants show a decreased accumulation of H(2)O(2) after MeJA treatment compared with the controls. It is proposed that the interaction between the HY1 and AtHBP5 proteins participate in an antioxidant pathway that might be mediated by reaction products of haem catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Applied Botany, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University
Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Nobuyoshi Mochizuki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto
University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606–8502,
Japan
| | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,
University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Tokyo,
153–8902, Japan
| | - Thomas J. Buckhout
- Applied Botany, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University
Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin,
Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Xu S, Wang L, Zhang B, Han B, Xie Y, Yang J, Zhong W, Chen H, Wang R, Wang N, Cui W, Shen W. RNAi knockdown of rice SE5 gene is sensitive to the herbicide methyl viologen by the down-regulation of antioxidant defense. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:219-35. [PMID: 22829206 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the oxygenation of heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and free iron (Fe(2+))-and Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) HOs are involved in light signaling. Here, we identified that the rice PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY 5 (SE5) gene, which encoded a putative HO with high similarity to HO-1 from Arabidopsis (HY1), exhibited HO activity, and localized in the chloroplasts. Rice RNAi mutants silenced for SE5 were generated and displayed early flowering under long-day conditions, consistent with phenotypes of the null mutation in SE5 gene reported previously (se5 and s73). The herbicide methyl viologen (MV), which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), was applied to determine whether SE5 regulates oxidative stress response. Compared with wild-type, SE5 RNAi transgenic plants aggravated seedling growth inhibition, chlorophyll loss and ROS overproduction, and decreased the transcripts of some representative antioxidative genes. By contrast, administration of exogenous CO partially rescued corresponding MV hypersensitivity in the SE5 RNAi plants. Alleviation of seed germination inhibition, chlorophyll loss and ROS overproduction, as well as the induction of antioxidant defense were further observed when SE5 or HY1 was overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, indicating that SE5 may be useful for molecular breeding designed to improve plant tolerance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Han B, Xu S, Xie YJ, Huang JJ, Wang LJ, Yang Z, Zhang CH, Sun Y, Shen WB, Xie GS. ZmHO-1, a maize haem oxygenase-1 gene, plays a role in determining lateral root development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 184:63-74. [PMID: 22284711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous results revealed that haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) system is involved in auxin-induced adventitious root formation. In this report, a cDNA for the gene ZmHO-1, encoding an HO-1 protein, was cloned from Zea mays seedlings. ZmHO-1 has a conserved HO signature sequence and shares highest homology with rice SE5 (OsHO-1) protein. We further discovered that N-1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), haemin, and CO aqueous solution, led to the induction of ZmHO-1 expression as well as the thereafter promotion of lateral root development. These effects were specific for ZmHO-1 since the potent HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) differentially blocked the above actions. The addition of haemin and CO were able to reverse the auxin depletion-triggered inhibition of lateral root formation as well as the decreased ZmHO-1 transcripts. Molecular evidence showed that the haemin- or CO-mediated the modulation of target genes responsible for lateral root formation, including ZmCDK and ZmCKI2, could be blocked by ZnPPIX. Overexpression of ZmHO-1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in promotion of lateral root development as well as the modulation of cell cycle regulatory gene expressions. Overall, our results suggested that a maize HO-1 gene is required for the lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan 571737, China
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Carvalho RF, Campos ML, Azevedo RA. The role of phytochrome in stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:920-929. [PMID: 22040287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that phytochromes can control plant growth and development from germination to flowering. Additionally, these photoreceptors have been shown to modulate both biotic and abiotic stress. This has led to a series of studies exploring the molecular and biochemical basis by which phytochromes modulate stresses, such as salinity, drought, high light or herbivory. Evidence for a role of phytrochromes in plant stress tolerance is explored and reviewed.
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Carvalho RF, Campos ML, Azevedo RA. The role of phytochrome in stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22040287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that phytochromes can control plant growth and development from germination to flowering. Additionally, these photoreceptors have been shown to modulate both biotic and abiotic stress. This has led to a series of studies exploring the molecular and biochemical basis by which phytochromes modulate stresses, such as salinity, drought, high light or herbivory. Evidence for a role of phytrochromes in plant stress tolerance is explored and reviewed.
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Liu CM. A bold step toward 2012: JIPB's 2011 Editorial Board Meeting report. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:916-919. [PMID: 22099164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Xu DK, Jin QJ, Xie YJ, Liu YH, Lin YT, Shen WB, Zhou YJ. Characterization of a wheat heme oxygenase-1 gene and its responses to different abiotic stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7692-707. [PMID: 22174625 PMCID: PMC3233431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals and recently in plants, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) has been found to confer protection against a variety of oxidant-induced cell and tissue injuries. In this study, a wheat (Triticum aestivum) HO1 gene TaHO1 was cloned and sequenced. It encodes a polypeptide of 31.7 kD with a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide. The amino acid sequence of TaHO1 was found to be 78% similar to that of maize HO1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaHO1 clusters together with the HO1-like sequences in plants. The purified recombinant TaHO1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was active in the conversion of heme to biliverdin IXa (BV), and showed that the V(max) was 8.8 U·mg(-1) protein with an apparent K(m) value for hemin of 3.04 μM. The optimum Tm and pH were 35 °C and 7.4, respectively. The result of subcellular localization of TaHO1 showed that the putative transit peptide was sufficient for green fluorescent protein (GFP) to localize in chloroplast and implied that TaHO1 gene product is at least localized in the chloroplast. Moreover, we found that TaHO1 mRNA could be differentially induced by the well-known nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), gibberellin acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and NaCl treatments. Therefore, the results suggested that TaHO1 might play an important role in abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-kun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
| | - Qi-jiang Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
| | - Yan-jie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
| | - Ya-hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
| | - Yu-ting Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
| | - Wen-biao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; E-Mails: (D.X.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (Y.-h.L.) (Y.-t.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.S.); (Y.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-25-8439-6542 (W.S.); +86-25-8439-0391(Y.Z.)
| | - Yi-jun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.S.); (Y.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-25-8439-6542 (W.S.); +86-25-8439-0391(Y.Z.)
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Cloning and Characterization of a Heme Oxygenase-2 Gene from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1253-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cao Z, Geng B, Xu S, Xuan W, Nie L, Shen W, Liang Y, Guan R. BnHO1, a haem oxygenase-1 gene from Brassica napus, is required for salinity and osmotic stress-induced lateral root formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4675-89. [PMID: 21673093 PMCID: PMC3170560 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a rapeseed (Brassica napus) haem oxygenase-1 gene BnHO1 was cloned and sequenced. It shared high homology with Arabidopsis HY1 proteins, and encodes a 32.6 kDa protein with a 54-amino-acid transit peptide, predicting the mature protein of 25.1 kDa. The mature BnHO1 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits haem oxygenase (HO) activity. Furthermore, the application of lower doses of NaCl (10 mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (2%) mimicked the inducible effects of naphthylacetic acid and the HO-1 inducer haemin on the up-regulation of BnHO1 and subsequent lateral root (LR) formation. Contrasting effects were observed when a higher dose of NaCl or PEG was applied. The above inducible and inhibitory responses were blocked significantly when the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) or haemin was applied, both of which were reversed by the application of carbon monoxide or ZnPPIX, respectively. Moreover, the addition of ZnPPIX at different time points during LR formation indicated that BnHO1 might be involved in the early stages of LR formation. The auxin response factor transcripts and the auxin content in seedling roots were clearly induced by lower doses of salinity or osmotic stress. However, treatment with the inhibitor of polar auxin transport N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid prevented the above inducible responses conferred by lower doses of NaCl and PEG, which were further rescued when the treatments were combined with haemin. Taken together, these results suggested a novel role of the rapeseed HO-1 gene in salinity and osmotic stress-induced LR formation, with a possible interaction with auxin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Beibei Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongzhan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Xie Y, Cui W, Yuan X, Shen W, Yang Q. Heme oxygenase-1 is associated with wheat salinity acclimation by modulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:653-70. [PMID: 21564546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been recently identified as an endogenous signaling system in animals. In this study, HO-1 upregulation and its role in acquired salt tolerance (salinity acclimation) were investigated in wheat plants. We discovered that pretreatment with a low concentration of NaCl (25 mmol/L) not only led to the induction of HO-1 protein and gene expression, as well as enhanced HO activity, but also to a salinity acclimatory response thereafter. The effect is specific for HO-1, since the potent HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX blocks the above cytoprotective actions, and the cytotoxic responses conferred by 200 mmol/L NaCl are reversed partially when HO-1 inducer hemin is added. Heme oxygenase catalytic product, carbon monoxide (CO) aqueous solution pretreatment, mimicked the salinity acclimatory responses. Meanwhile, the CO-triggered re-establishment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis was mainly guaranteed by the induction of total and isozymatic activities, or corresponding transcripts of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and cytosolic peroxidase (POD), as well as the downregulation of NADPH oxidase expression and cell-wall POD activity. A requirement of hydrogen peroxide homeostasis for HO-1-mediated salinity acclimation was also discovered. Taken together, the above results suggest that the upregulation of HO-1 expression was responsible for the observed salinity acclimation through the regulation of ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University and Beckman Coulter Ltd. Co., Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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Li MY, Cao ZY, Shen WB, Cui J. Molecular cloning and expression of a cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) heme oxygenase-1 gene, CsHO1, which is involved in adventitious root formation. Gene 2011; 486:47-55. [PMID: 21784139 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work showed that in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), auxin rapidly induces heme oxygenase (HO) activity and the product of HO action, carbon monoxide (CO), then triggers the signal transduction events leading to adventitious root formation. In this study, the cucumber HO-1 gene (named as CsHO1) was isolated and sequenced. It contains four exons and three introns and encodes a polypeptide of 291 amino acids. Further results show that CsHO1 shares a high homology with plant HO-1 proteins and codes a 33.3 kDa protein with a 65-amino transit peptide, predicting a mature protein of 26.1 kDa. The mature CsHO1 was expressed in Escherichia coli to produce a fusion protein, which exhibits HO activity. The CsHO1:GFP fusion protein was localized in the chloroplast. Related biochemical analyses of mature CsHO1, including Vmax, Km, Topt and pHopt, were also investigated. CsHO1 mRNA was found in germinating seeds, roots, stem, and especially in leaf tissues. Several well-known adventitious root inducers, including auxin, ABA, hemin, nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), CaCl(2), and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), differentially up-regulate CsHO1 transcripts and corresponding protein levels. These results suggest that CsHO1 may be involved in cucumber adventitious rooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
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Fu GQ, Xu S, Xie YJ, Han B, Nie L, Shen WB, Wang R. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) heme oxygenase-1 gene, MsHO1, which is pro-oxidants-regulated. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:792-799. [PMID: 21316255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been documented that plant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; EC 1.14.99.3) is both development- and stress-regulated, thus it plays a vital role in light signalling and stress responses. In this study, an alfalfa (Medica sativa L.) HO-1 gene MsHO1 was isolated and sequenced. It contains four exons and three introns within genomic DNA sequence and encodes a polypeptide with 283 amino acids. MsHO1 had a conserved HO signature sequence and showed high similarity to other HOs in plants, especially HO-1 isoform. The MsHO1:GFP fusion protein was localized in the chloroplast. Further biochemical activity analysis of mature MsHO1, which was expressed in Escherichia coli, showed that the Vmax was 48.78 nmol biliverdin-IXα (BV) h⁻¹ nmol⁻¹ protein with an apparent Km value for hemin of 2.33 μM, and the optimum Tm and pH were 37 °C and 7.2, respectively. Results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blot showed that the expressions of MsHO1 were higher in alfalfa stems and leaves than those in germinating seeds and roots. Importantly, MsHO1 gene expression and protein level were induced significantly by some pro-oxidant compounds, including hemin and nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In conclusion, MsHO1 may play an important role in oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qing Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Huang J, Han B, Xu S, Zhou M, Shen W. Heme oxygenase-1 is involved in the cytokinin-induced alleviation of senescence in detached wheat leaves during dark incubation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:768-775. [PMID: 21190753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether an inducible isoform of heme oxygenase (HO, EC 1.14.99.3), HO-1, is involved in the cytokinin (CTK)-induced alleviation of senescence in detached wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves during dark incubation. We discovered that exogenous supplement of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at 10 μM for 48 h not only delayed the dark-induced loss of chlorophyll and protein contents in detached wheat leaves, but also significantly increased HO activity in a time-dependent manner. This induction reached a maximum within 3h of 6-BA supply, which was further confirmed by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and protein gel blot analysis. Furthermore, the decreases in intracellular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, and the increases in the transcript level, total and isozymatic activities of some important antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), were observed. Reversed responses of chlorophyll, protein and TBARS contents, HO activity, and the expression of above antioxidant enzymes were observed when zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX), a potent HO-1 inhibitor, was added together with 6-BA. In contrast, HO-1 inducer hemin could partially mimic the effects of 6-BA. Together, the results suggest that HO-1 might be involved in the CTK-induced alleviation of senescence and lipid peroxidation in detached wheat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Li JT, Qiu ZB, Zhang XW, Wang LS. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide can enhance tolerance of wheat seedlings to salt stress. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2011; 33:835-842. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-010-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Xie YJ, Xu S, Han B, Wu MZ, Yuan XX, Han Y, Gu Q, Xu DK, Yang Q, Shen WB. Evidence of Arabidopsis salt acclimation induced by up-regulation of HY1 and the regulatory role of RbohD-derived reactive oxygen species synthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:280-92. [PMID: 21205037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of four genes (HY1, HO2, HO3 and HO4) encode haem oxygenase (HO), and play a major role in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis. To characterize the contribution of the various haem oxygenase isoforms involved in salt acclimation, the effects of NaCl on seed germination and primary root growth in Arabidopsis wild-type and four HO mutants (hy1-100, ho2, ho3 and ho4) were compared. Among the four HO mutants, hy1-100 displayed maximal sensitivity to salinity and showed no acclimation response, whereas plants over-expressing HY1 (35S:HY1) exhibited tolerance characteristics. Mild salt stress stimulated biphasic increases in RbohD transcripts and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (peaks I and II) in wild-type. ROS peak I-mediated HY1 induction and subsequent salt acclimation were observed, but only ROS peak I was seen in the hy1-100 mutant. A subsequent test confirmed the causal relationship of salt acclimation with haemin-induced HY1 expression and RbohD-derived ROS peak II formation. In atrbohD mutants, haemin pre-treatment resulted in induction of HY1 expression, but no similar response was seen in hy1-100, and no ROS peak II or subsequent salt acclimatory responses were observed. Together, the above findings suggest that HY1 plays an important role in salt acclimation signalling, and requires participation of RbohD-derived ROS peak II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Cooperative Demonstration Laboratory of Centrifuge Technique, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Beckman Coulter Ltd, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wu M, Huang J, Xu S, Ling T, Xie Y, Shen W. Haem oxygenase delays programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers by modulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:235-48. [PMID: 20797999 PMCID: PMC2993913 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) confers protection against a variety of oxidant-induced cell and tissue injury in animals and plants. In this report, it is confirmed that programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat aleurone layers is stimulated by GA and prevented by ABA. Meanwhile, HO activity and HO-1 protein expression exhibited lower levels in GA-treated layers, whereas the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) content was apparently increased. The pharmacology approach illustrated that scavenging or accumulating H(2)O(2) either delayed or accelerated GA-induced PCD. Furthermore, pretreatment with the HO-1 specific inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), before exposure to GA, not only decreased HO activity but also accelerated GA-induced PCD significantly. The application of the HO-1 inducer, haematin, and the enzymatic reaction product of HO, carbon monoxide (CO) aqueous solution, both of which brought about a noticeable induction of HO expression, substantially prevented GA-induced PCD. These effects were reversed when ZnPPIX was added, suggesting that HO in vivo played a role in delaying PCD. Meanwhile, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities or transcripts were enhanced by haematin, CO, or bilirubin (BR), the catalytic by-product of HO. This enhancement resulted in a decrease in H(2)O(2) production and a delay in PCD. In addition, the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), dithiothreitol (DTT), and ascorbic acid (AsA) were able not only to delay PCD but also to mimic the effects of haematin and CO on HO up-regulation. Overall, the above results suggested that up-regulation of HO expression delays PCD through the down-regulation of H(2)O(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Co. Laboratory of Nanjing Agricultural University and Carl Zeiss Far East, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Xu FJ, Jin CW, Liu WJ, Zhang YS, Lin XY. Pretreatment with H(2) O(2) alleviates aluminum-induced oxidative stress in wheat seedlings. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:44-53. [PMID: 21205173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) is a key reactive oxygen species (ROS) in signal transduction pathways leading to activation of plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the effects of H(2) O(2) pretreatment on aluminum (Al) induced antioxidant responses in root tips of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, Yangmai-5 (Al-sensitive) and Jian-864 (Al-tolerant). Al increased accumulation of H(2) O(2) and O(2) (•-) leading to more predominant lipid peroxidation, programmed cell death and root elongation inhibition in Yangmai-5 than in Jian-864. However, H(2) O(2) pretreatment alleviated Al-induced deleterious effects in both genotypes. Under Al stress, H(2) O(2) pretreatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase as well as the levels of ascorbate and glutathione more significantly in Yangmai-5 than in Jian-864. Furthermore, H(2) O(2) pretreatment also increased the total antioxidant capacity evaluated as the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power more significantly in Yangmai-5 than in Jian-864. Therefore, we conclude that H(2) O(2) pretreatment improves wheat Al acclimation during subsequent Al exposure by enhancing the antioxidant defense capacity, which prevents ROS accumulation, and that the enhancement is greater in the Al-sensitive genotype than in the Al-tolerant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jie Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Heme oxygenase is involved in cobalt chloride-induced lateral root development in tomato. Biometals 2010; 24:181-91. [PMID: 20978927 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In animals, heme oxygenase (HO), a rate-limiting enzyme responsible for carbon monoxide (CO) production, was regarded as a protective system maintaining cellular homeostasis. It was also established that metal ions are powerful HO-inducing agents and cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) was the first metal ion identified with an inducing property. Previous study suggests that CoCl(2) stimulates adventitious root formation in tomato and cucumber cuttings. In this test, we discover that both CoCl(2) and an inducer of HO-1, hemin, could lead to the promotion of lateral root development, as well as the induction of HO-1 protein expression, HO activity, or LeHO-1/2 transcripts, in lateral root initiation zone of tomato seedlings. The effect is specific for HO since the potent HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) blocked the above actions of CoCl(2), and the inhibitory effect was reversed partially when 50% CO aqueous solution was added. However, the addition of ascorbic acid (AsA), a well-known antioxidant, exhibited no obvious effect on lateral root formation. Molecular evidence further showed that CoCl(2)-induced the up-regulation of target genes responsible for lateral root formation, including LeCDKA1, LeCYCA2;1, and LeCYCA3;1, was suppressed differentially by ZnPPIX. And these decreases were reversed further by the addition of CO. All together, these results suggest a novel role for HO in the CoCl(2)-induced tomato lateral root formation.
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Cui W, Fu G, Wu H, Shen W. Cadmium-induced heme oxygenase-1 gene expression is associated with the depletion of glutathione in the roots of Medicago sativa. Biometals 2010; 24:93-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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