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Zhang X, Zhu X, Chen L, Fan H, Liu X, Yang N, Duan Y, Wang Y. MiR398b Targets Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Soybean in Defense Against Heterodera glycines via Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1950-1962. [PMID: 38970805 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play crucial roles in plant defense responses. However, the underlying mechanism by which miR398b contributes to soybean responses to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) remains elusive. In this study, by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of soybean hairy roots, we observed that miR398b and target genes GmCCS and GmCSD1b played vital functions in soybean-H. glycines interaction. The study revealed that the abundance of miR398b was downregulated by H. glycines infection, and overexpression of miR398b enhanced the susceptibility of soybean to H. glycines. Conversely, silencing of miR398b improved soybean resistance to H. glycines. Detection assays revealed that miR398b rapidly senses stress-induced reactive oxygen species, leading to the repression of target genes GmCCS and GmCSD1b and regulating the accumulation of plant defense genes against nematode infection. Moreover, exogenous synthetic ds-miR398b enhanced soybean sensitivity to H. glycines by modulating H2O2 and O2- levels. Functional analysis demonstrated that overexpression of GmCCS and GmCSD1b in soybean enhanced resistance to H. glycines. RNA interference-mediated repression of GmCCS and GmCSD1b in soybean increased susceptibility to H. glycines. RNA sequencing revealed that a majority of differentially expressed genes in overexpressed GmCCS were associated with oxidative stress. Overall, the results indicate that miR398b targets superoxide dismutase genes, which negatively regulate soybean resistance to H. glycines via modulating reactive oxygen species levels and defense signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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2
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Mogollón-Ortiz ÁM, Monteiro TSA, de Freitas LG, de Queiroz MV. Potential of different species of actinobacteria in the management of Meloidogyne javanica. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:160. [PMID: 38483595 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are one of the most harmful soil-borne plant pathogens in the world. Actinobacteria are known phytopathogen control agents. The aim of this study was to select soil actinobacteria with control potential against the RKN (Meloidogyne javanica) in tomato plants and to determine mechanisms of action. Ten isolates were tested and a significant reduction was observed in the number of M. javanica eggs, and galls 46 days after infestation with the nematode. The results could be explained by the combination of different mechanisms including parasitism and induction of plant defense response. The M. javanica eggs were parasited by all isolates tested. Some isolates reduced the penetration of juveniles into the roots. Other isolates using the split-root method were able to induce systemic defenses in tomato plants. The 4L isolate was selected for analysis of the expression of the plant defense genes TomLoxA, ACCO, PR1, and RBOH1. In plants treated with 4L isolate and M. javanica, there was a significant increase in the number of TomLoxA and ACCO gene transcripts. In plants treated only with M. javanica, only the expression of the RBOH1 and PR1 genes was induced in the first hours after infection. The isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Streptomyces sp. (1A, 3F, 4L, 6O, 8S, 9T, and 10U), Kribbella sp. (5N), Kitasatospora sp. (2AE), and Lentzea sp. (7P). The efficacy of isolates from the Kitasatospora, Kribbella, and Lentzea genera was reported for the first time, and the efficacy of Streptomyces genus isolates for controlling M. javanica was confirmed. All the isolates tested in this study were efficient against RKN. This study provides the opportunity to investigate bacterial genera that have not yet been explored in the control of M. javanica in tomatoes and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela María Mogollón-Ortiz
- Departamento de Microbiologia-Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | | | | | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia-Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
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Verhoeven A, Finkers-Tomczak A, Prins P, Valkenburg-van Raaij DR, van Schaik CC, Overmars H, van Steenbrugge JJM, Tacken W, Varossieau K, Slootweg EJ, Kappers IF, Quentin M, Goverse A, Sterken MG, Smant G. The root-knot nematode effector MiMSP32 targets host 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 2 to regulate plant susceptibility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2360-2374. [PMID: 36457296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To establish persistent infections in host plants, herbivorous invaders, such as root-knot nematodes, must rely on effectors for suppressing damage-induced jasmonate-dependent host defenses. However, at present, the effector mechanisms targeting the biosynthesis of biologically active jasmonates to avoid adverse host responses are unknown. Using yeast two-hybrid, in planta co-immunoprecipitation, and mutant analyses, we identified 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 2 (OPR2) as an important host target of the stylet-secreted effector MiMSP32 of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. MiMSP32 has no informative sequence similarities with other functionally annotated genes but was selected for the discovery of novel effector mechanisms based on evidence of positive, diversifying selection. OPR2 catalyzes the conversion of a derivative of 12-oxophytodienoate to jasmonic acid (JA) and operates parallel to 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3), which controls the main pathway in the biosynthesis of jasmonates. We show that MiMSP32 targets OPR2 to promote parasitism of M. incognita in host plants independent of OPR3-mediated JA biosynthesis. Artificially manipulating the conversion of the 12-oxophytodienoate by OPRs increases susceptibility to multiple unrelated plant invaders. Our study is the first to shed light on a novel effector mechanism targeting this process to regulate the susceptibility of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Verhoeven
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Plant-Environment Signaling, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Finkers-Tomczak
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie R Valkenburg-van Raaij
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J M van Steenbrugge
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wannes Tacken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Varossieau
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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4
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Zhang L, Xu Z, Jiang Z, Chen X, Li B, Xu L, Zhang Z. Cloning and functional analysis of the root-knot nematode resistance gene NtRk1 in tobacco. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13894. [PMID: 36942459 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an economically important crop worldwide. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are responsible for yield losses in tobacco and other crops, such as tomato, potato, peanut, and soybean. Therefore, screening for resistance genes that can prevent RKN infestation and the associated damage is crucial. However, there is no report of cloning tobacco RKN resistance genes to date. Here, we cloned the tobacco RKN resistance gene NtRk1 from the resistant variety TI706, using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. NtRk1 has high homology with other RKN resistance genes (CaMi in pepper, Mi-1.1 and Mi-1.2 in tomato). Under normal conditions, NtRk1 was barely expressed in the roots; however, following RKN infection, its expression level rapidly increased. Overexpression of NtRk1 in the susceptible cultivar "Changbohuang" enhanced its resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, while RNA interference of NtRk1 in the resistant cultivar K326 resulted in its susceptibility to M. incognita. Moreover, compared with resistant variety K326, we found the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid contents of RNAi plants decreased after inoculation with M. incognita, and confirmed that the function of NtRk1 is related to these phytohormones. These findings indicate that NtRk1 is an RKN resistance gene, which is abundantly expressed in response to RKN infection and may enhance host defense responses by elevating salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Chen
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Bo Li
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industry Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Liping Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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5
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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6
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Identification and Characterization of Jasmonic Acid Biosynthetic Genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169384. [PMID: 36012649 PMCID: PMC9409215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a vital plant hormone that performs a variety of critical functions for plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza), also known as Danshen, is a renowned traditional Chinese medicinal herb. However, no thorough and systematic analysis of JA biosynthesis genes in S. miltiorrhiza exists. Through genome-wide prediction and molecular cloning, 23 candidate genes related to JA biosynthesis were identified in S. miltiorrhiza. These genes belong to four families that encode lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase (AOS), allene oxide cyclase (AOC), and 12-OPDA reductase3 (OPR3). It was discovered that the candidate genes for JA synthesis of S. miltiorrhiza were distinct and conserved, in contrast to related genes in other plants, by evaluating their genetic structures, protein characteristics, and phylogenetic trees. These genes displayed tissue-specific expression patterns concerning to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and wound tests. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable information for elucidating the JA biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza by comprehensive and methodical examination.
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7
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Wiśniewska A, Wojszko K, Różańska E, Lenarczyk K, Sobczak M. Arabidopsis thaliana AtHRS1 gene is involved in the response to Heterodera schachtii infection and its overexpression hampers development of syncytia and involves a jasmonic acid-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 272:153680. [PMID: 35338957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes have developed competences to reprogram host plant cell metabolism via sophisticated manipulation of gene expression, leading to the formation of permanent feeding sites for an unlimited source of food. Arabidopsis thaliana and the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a good model for studying the mechanisms of compatible plant-nematode interactions and basic plant responses to nematode infection. Transcription factors are proteins that modulate plant reactions during regular development and under different biotic and abiotic stresses via direct binding to promoter regions of genes. Here, we report on the AtHRS1 gene encoding a MYB-related transcription factor belonging to the GARP family, whose expression is downregulated in syncytia, as confirmed by gene expression analysis. Constitutive overexpression of AtHRS1 disturbed the development of nematode-induced syncytia and led to a reduction in the number of developed females in transgenic A. thaliana roots. In contrast, the hrs1 mutant with decreased expression of AtHRS1 was more susceptible to cyst nematode infection. The influence of AtHRS1 on selected elements of the JA-dependent defence pathway suggests its mode of action in plant response to nematode attack. Based on these results, we suggest that the downregulation of AtHRS1 expression by nematode is important for its successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Singh P, Arif Y, Miszczuk E, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Specific Roles of Lipoxygenases in Development and Responses to Stress in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:979. [PMID: 35406959 PMCID: PMC9002551 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs), naturally occurring enzymes, are widely distributed in plants and animals. LOXs can be non-sulfur iron, non-heme iron, or manganese-containing dioxygenase redox enzymes. LOXs catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into fatty acid hydroperoxides. Linolenic acid, a precursor in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, is converted to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid through oxygenation with LOX, allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Moreover, JA participates in seed germination, fruit ripening, senescence, and many other physio-biochemical processes. LOXs also play crucial roles in defense responses against biotic stress, i.e., insects, pests, pathogenic attacks, and abiotic stress, such as wounding, UV-rays, extreme temperature, oxidative stress, and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (P.S.); (Y.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Yamshi Arif
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (P.S.); (Y.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Edyta Miszczuk
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (P.S.); (Y.A.); (S.H.)
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Mou Y, Sun Q, Yuan C, Zhao X, Wang J, Yan C, Li C, Shan S. Identification of the LOX Gene Family in Peanut and Functional Characterization of AhLOX29 in Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832785. [PMID: 35356112 PMCID: PMC8959715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a gene family of nonheme iron-containing dioxygenases that play important roles in plant development and defense responses. To date, a comprehensive analysis of LOX genes and their biological functions in response to abiotic stresses in peanut has not been performed. In this study, a total of 72 putative LOX genes were identified in cultivated (Arachis hypogaea) and wild-type peanut (Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis) and classified into three subfamilies: 9-LOX, type I 13-LOX and type II 13-LOX. The gene structures and protein motifs of these peanut LOX genes were highly conserved among most LOXs. We found that the chromosomal distribution of peanut LOXs was not random and that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the LOX gene family. Cis-acting elements related to development, hormones, and biotic and abiotic stresses were identified in the promoters of peanut LOX genes. The expression patterns of peanut LOX genes were tissue-specific and stress-inducible. Quantitative real-time PCR results further confirmed that peanut LOX gene expression could be induced by drought, salt, methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid treatments, and these genes exhibited diverse expression patterns. Furthermore, overexpression of AhLOX29 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to drought stress. Compared with wide-type, AhLOX29-overexpressing plants showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde contents, as well as increased chlorophyll degradation, proline accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity, suggesting that the transgenic plants exhibit strengthened capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent membrane damage. This systematic study provides valuable information about the functional characteristics of AhLOXs in the regulation of abiotic stress responses of peanut.
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NBS-LRR-WRKY genes and protease inhibitors (PIs) seem essential for cowpea resistance to root-knot nematode. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Meng Y, Liang Y, Liao B, He W, Liu Q, Shen X, Xu J, Chen S. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Lipoxygenase Gene Family in Artemisia annua L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050655. [PMID: 35270126 PMCID: PMC8912875 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a ubiquitous oxygenase found in animals and plants and plays a pivotal role in diverse biological processes, including defense and development. Artemisinin, which can only be obtained from Artemisia annua L., is the most effective therapeutic drug for malaria without serious side effects. This study identified and analyzed LOX gene family members in the A. annua genome at the chromosomal level. Twenty LOX genes with various molecular weights, isoelectric points, and amino acid numbers were identified and named AaLOX, which were located in the cytoplasm or chloroplast. The average protein length of all AaLOX was 850 aa. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the AaLOX was divided into two major groups, 9-LOX and 13-LOX. The exon numbers ranged from 1 to 12, indicating that different AaLOX genes have different functions. The secondary structure was mainly composed of alpha helix and random coil, and the tertiary structure was similar for most AaLOX. Upstream promoter region analysis revealed that a large number of cis-acting elements were closely related to plant growth and development, light response, hormone, and other stress responses. Transcriptome data analysis of different tissues suggested that the gene family was differently expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of two A. annua strains HAN1 and LQ9. qRT-PCR confirmed that AaLOX5 and AaLOX17 had the highest expression in flowers and leaves. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further functional analysis of the AaLOX gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China;
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China;
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Wenrui He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (S.C.)
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.L.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (S.C.)
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12
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Kang Y, Liu W, Guan C, Guan M, He X. Evolution and functional diversity of lipoxygenase (LOX) genes in allotetraploid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:844-854. [PMID: 34416264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) is a non-haeme iron-containing dioxygenase family that catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into bio-functionally fatty acid diverse (oxylipins) and plays vital role in plant growth and development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Though LOX genes have been studied in many plant species, their roles in Brassicaceae species are still unknown. Here, a set of 14, 18, and 33 putative LOX genes were identified in Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus (allotetraploid rapeseed), respectively, which could be divided into 9-LOX (LOX1/5), 13-LOX type I (LOX3/4/6), and type II (LOX2) subgroups. There was an expansion of LOX2 orthologous genes in Brassicaceae. Most of the LOX genes are intron rich and conserved in gene structure, and the LOX proteins all have the conserved lipoxygenase and PLAT/LH2 domain. Ka/Ks ratio revealed that the majority of LOXs underwent purifying selection in Brassicaceae. The light-, ABA-, MeJA-related cis-elements and MYB-binding sites in the promoters of BnaLOXs were the most abundant. BnaLOXs displayed different spatiotemporal expression patterns and various abiotic/biotic stress responsive expression patterns. BnaLOX1/5 were slightly or no response to phytohormones and abiotic stresses. BnaLOX3/4/6 predominantly express in roots and were strongly up-regulated by salinity and PEG treatments, and BnaLOX3/4 were the methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) early response genes and strongly induced by infection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; while the BnaLOX2 members predominantly express in stamens, were MeJA and SA continuous response genes and strongly repressed by cold, heat and waterlogging treatments in leaves. Our results are useful for understanding the biological functions of the BnaLOX genes in allotetraploid rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Oil Crops Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Mei Guan
- Oil Crops Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xin He
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Oil Crops Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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13
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Sanadhya P, Kumar A, Bucki P, Fitoussi N, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Borenstein M, Brown-Miyara S. Tomato Divinyl Ether-Biosynthesis Pathway Is Implicated in Modulating of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica's Parasitic Ability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670772. [PMID: 34512679 PMCID: PMC8424051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of the 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX)-derived oxylipins in plant defense is mainly known in solanaceous plants. In this work, we identify the functional role of the tomato divinyl ether synthase (LeDES) branch, which exclusively converts 9-hydroperoxides to the 9-divinyl ethers (DVEs) colneleic acid (CA) and colnelenic acid (CnA), during infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Analysis of LeDES expression in roots indicated a concurrent response to nematode infection, demonstrating a sharp increase in expression during the molting of third/fourth-stage juveniles, 15 days after inoculation. Spatiotemporal expression analysis using an LeDES promoter:GUS tomato line showed high GUS activity associated with the developing gall; however the GUS signal became more constricted as infection progressed to the mature nematode feeding sites, and eventually disappeared. Wounding did not activate the LeDES promoter, but auxins and methyl salicylate triggered LeDES expression, indicating a hormone-mediated function of DVEs. Heterologous expression of LeDES in Arabidopsis thaliana rendered the plants more resistant to nematode infection and resulted in a significant reduction in third/fourth-stage juveniles and adult females as compared to a vector control and the wild type. To further evaluate the nematotoxic activity of the DVEs CA and CnA, recombinant yeast that catalyzes the formation of CA and CnA from 9-hydroperoxides was generated. Transgenic yeast accumulating CnA was tested for its impact on M. javanica juveniles, indicating a decrease in second-stage juvenile motility. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for LeDES as a determinant in the defense response during M. javanica parasitism, and indicate two functional modes: directly via DVE motility inhibition effect and through signal molecule-mediated defense reactions to nematodes that depend on methyl salicylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Sanadhya
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mira Carmeli-Weissberg
- Metabolomics, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Menachem Borenstein
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Brown-Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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14
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Yuan Y, Qin L, Su H, Yang S, Wei X, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Li L, Liu H, Tian B, Zhang X. Transcriptome and Coexpression Network Analyses Reveal Hub Genes in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) During Different Stages of Plasmodiophora brassicae Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650252. [PMID: 34447397 PMCID: PMC8383047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive diseases of Chinese cabbage worldwide. However, the clubroot resistance mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, in both clubroot-resistant (DH40R) and clubroot-susceptible (DH199S) Chinese cabbage lines, the primary (root hair infection) and secondary (cortical infection) infection stages started 2 and 5 days after inoculation (dai), respectively. With the extension of the infection time, cortical infection was blocked and complete P. brassica resistance was observed in DH40R, while disease scales of 1, 2, and 3 were observed at 8, 13, and 22 dai in DH199S. Transcriptome analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 13, and 22 dai identified 5,750 relative DEGs (rDEGs) between DH40R and DH199S. The results indicated that genes associated with auxin, PR, disease resistance proteins, oxidative stress, and WRKY and MYB transcription factors were involved in clubroot resistance regulation. In addition, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified three of the modules whose functions were highly associated with clubroot-resistant, including ten hub genes related to clubroot resistance (ARF2, EDR1, LOX4, NHL3, NHL13, NAC29, two AOP1, EARLI 1, and POD56). These results provide valuable information for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of Chinese cabbage clubroot resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liuyue Qin
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Li X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Xue W, Wu M, Chen P, Weng Y, Chen S. Transcriptomic and Histological Analysis of the Response of Susceptible and Resistant Cucumber to Meloidogyne incognita Infection Revealing Complex Resistance via Multiple Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675429. [PMID: 34194451 PMCID: PMC8236822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is a devastating pathogen for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) specially in production under protected environments or continuous cropping. High level RKN resistance has been identified in African horned melon Cucumis metuliferus (CM). However, the resistance mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the comparative analysis on phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in the susceptible cucumber inbred line Q24 and the resistant CM, after M. incognita infection, was performed. The results showed that, in comparison with Q24, the CM was able to significantly reduce penetration numbers of second stage juveniles (J2), slow its development in the roots resulting in fewer galls and smaller giant cells suggesting the presence of host resistance in CM. Comparative transcriptomes analysis of Q24 and CM before and after M. incognita infection was conducted and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with host resistance were identified in CM. Enrichment analyses revealed most enriched DEGs in Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA)/jamonate signaling (JA), as well as auxin (IAA) signaling pathways. In particular, in CM, DEGs in the Ca2+ signaling pathway such as those for the calmodulin and calcium-binding proteins were upregulated at the early stage of M. incognita infection; genes for SA/JA synthesis/signal transduction were markedly activated, whereas the IAA signaling pathway genes were inhibited upon infection suggesting the importance of SA/JA signaling pathways in mediating M. incognita resistance in CM. A model was established to explain the different molecular mechanisms on M. incognita susceptibility in cucumber and resistance to M. incognita infection in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xvzhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yinhui Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaopei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Meiqian Wu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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16
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Tolba SRT, Rosso LC, Pentimone I, Colagiero M, Moustafa MMA, Elshawaf IIS, Bubici G, Prigigallo MI, Ciancio A. Root Endophytism by Pochonia chlamydosporia Affects Defense-Gene Expression in Leaves of Monocot and Dicot Hosts under Multiple Biotic Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040718. [PMID: 33917204 PMCID: PMC8068004 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the effect of the root endophytic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on plant systemic signal of defense related genes during fungal or nematode parasitism. Different biotic stress factors were examined, inoculating roots of dicot and monocot hosts with the endophyte, and measuring the expression of defense genes in leaves. A first greenhouse assay was carried out on expression of PAL, PIN II, PR1 and LOX D in leaves of tomato cv Tondino inoculated with Phytophthora infestans (CBS 120920), inoculating or not the roots of infected plants with P. chlamydosporia DSM 26985. In a second assay, plants of banana (Musa acuminata cv Grand Naine) were artificially infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical race 4 (TR4) and inoculated or not with DSM 26985. In a further experiment, banana plants were inoculated or not with P. chlamydosporia plus juveniles of the root knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. A similar assay was also carried out in vitro with adults and juveniles of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus goodeyi. Differential expression of the defense genes examined was observed for all plant-stress associations, indicative of early, upward systemic signals induced by the endophyte. Changes in expression profiles included a 5-fold down-regulation of PIN II at 2 dai in leaves of tomato plants treated with P. infestans and/or P. chlamydosporia, and the up-regulation of PAL by the endophyte alone, at 2 and 7 dai. In the TR4 assay, PR1 was significantly up-regulated at 7 dai in banana leaves, but only in the P. chlamydosporia treated plants. At 10 dai, PIN II expression was significantly higher in leaves of plants inoculated only with TR4. The banana-RKN assay showed a PR1 expression significantly higher than controls at 4 and 7 dai in plants inoculated with P. chlamydosporia alone, and a down-regulation at 4 dai in leaves of plants also inoculated with RKN, with a PR1 differential up-regulation at 10 dai. Pratylenchus goodeyi down-regulated PIN at 21 dai, with or without the endophyte, as well as PAL but only in presence of P. chlamydosporia. When inoculated alone, the endophyte up-regulated PR1 and LOX. The gene expression patterns observed in leaves suggest specific and time-dependent relationships linking host plants and P. chlamydosporia in presence of biotic stress factors, functional to a systemic, although complex, activation of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa R T Tolba
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Laura C Rosso
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Pentimone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Colagiero
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M A Moustafa
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim I S Elshawaf
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Isabella Prigigallo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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17
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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18
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Yang TH, Lenglet-Hilfiker A, Stolz S, Glauser G, Farmer EE. Jasmonate Precursor Biosynthetic Enzymes LOX3 and LOX4 Control Wound-Response Growth Restriction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1172-1180. [PMID: 32669418 PMCID: PMC7536668 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wound-response plant growth restriction requires the synthesis of potent mediators called jasmonates (JAs). Four 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs) produce JA precursors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, but the 13-LOXs responsible for growth restriction have not yet been identified. Through loss-of-function genetic analyses, we identified LOX3 and LOX4 as the principal 13-LOXs responsible for vegetative growth restriction after repetitive wounding. Additional genetic studies were carried out in the gain-of-function fatty acid oxygenation 2 (fou2) mutant that, even when undamaged, shows JA-dependent leaf growth restriction. The fou2 lox3 lox4 triple mutant suppressed the fou2 JA-dependent growth phenotype, confirming that LOX3 and LOX4 function in leaf growth restriction. The fou2 mutation affects the TWO PORE CHANNEL1 (TPC1) ion channel. Additional genetic approaches based on this gene were used to further investigate LOX3 function in relation to leaf growth. To activate LOX3-dependent JA production in unwounded plants, we employed hyperactive TPC1 variants. Expression of the TPC1ΔCa i variant in phloem companion cells caused strongly reduced rosette growth in the absence of wounding. Summarizing, in parallel to their established roles in male reproductive development in Arabidopsis, LOX3 and LOX4 control leaf growth rates after wounding. The process of wound-response growth restriction can be recapitulated in unwounded plants when the LOX3 pathway is activated genetically using a hyperactive vacuolar cation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Hao Yang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 1015
| | | | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 1015
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland 2000
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 1015
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19
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Profiling of defense responsive pathway regulatory genes in Asian rice ( Oryza sativa) against infection of Meloidogyne graminicola (Nematoda:Meloidogynidae). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:60. [PMID: 32030329 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 36 Asian rice cultivars/landraces were evaluated against M. graminicola under in vitro conditions using soilless Pluronic gel medium. The cultivars/genotypes Phule Radha, EK 70, LK 248 and Khalibagh showed significantly reduced nematode infection, endoparasitic development, and derived multiplication factor indicating the presence of resistance, while Halvi Sal 17 was found to be most susceptible. Performance of selected genotypes showing resistance/susceptibility under in vitro conditions was further confirmed in soil which also revealed Phule Radha to be highly resistant and Halvi Sal 17 as the most susceptible genotype. Further, expression profile of plant defense responsive genes related to MAPK pathway, phytohormones, PR-proteins and callose and lignin synthesis were quantified in Phule Radha (the most resistant) and Halvi Sal 17 (the most susceptible) at 2 and 6 days post nematode inoculation. Significant upregulated expression of several defensive genes was observed in the resistant cultivar Phule Radha in contrast to insignificant expression in the susceptible varieties. The resistant genotype identified in the present study will be highly promising for resistance breeding in rice against M. graminicola.
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20
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Zhang M, Liu Y, He Q, Chai M, Huang Y, Chen F, Wang X, Liu Y, Cai H, Qin Y. Genome-wide investigation of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family in pineapple: evolution and expression profiles during development and stress. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:72. [PMID: 31973690 PMCID: PMC6979071 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is one of the main Ca2+ combined protein kinase that play significant roles in plant growth, development and response to multiple stresses. Despite an important member of the stress responsive gene family, little is known about the evolutionary history and expression patterns of CPK genes in pineapple. Results Herein, we identified and characterized 17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome, which were unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. Based on the gene structure and phylogenetic tree analyses, AcoCPKs were divided into four groups with conserved domain. Synteny analysis identified 7 segmental duplication events of AcoCPKs and 5 syntenic blocks of CPK genes between pineapple and Arabidopsis, and 8 between pineapple and rice. Expression pattern of different tissues and development stages suggested that several genes are involved in the functional development of plants. Different expression levels under various abiotic stresses also indicated that the CPK family underwent functional divergence during long-term evolution. AcoCPK1, AcoCPK3 and AcoCPK6, which were repressed by the abiotic stresses, were shown to be function in regulating pathogen resistance. Conclusions 17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome were identified. Our analyses provide an important foundation for understanding the potential roles of AcoCPKs in regulating pineapple response to biotic and abiotic stresses
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mengnan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fangqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning Investigation Station of South Subtropical Fruit Trees, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning Investigation Station of South Subtropical Fruit Trees, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of life science, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian Province, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Time-dependent effects of Pochonia chlamydosporia endophytism on gene expression profiles of colonized tomato roots. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8511-8527. [PMID: 31392375 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptome analysis was produced from tomato roots inoculated with the hyphomycete Pochonia chlamydosporia at three different times. Gene expression data were also yielded from fungus grown in vitro or endophytic. A next-generation sequencing (NGS) and network analysis approach were applied. We identified 3.676 differentially expressed tomato genes (DEG), highlighting a core of 93 transcripts commonly down- or upregulated at every time point, shedding light on endophytism process. Functional categories related to plant information-processing system, which recognizes, percepts, and transmits signals, were associated with gene upregulated early in time, with higher representations in processes such as plant defense regulation later in time. Network analysis of a DEG subset showed dominance of MAP kinase hubs in the uninoculated control samples, replaced by an increased centrality of WRKY transcription factor and ETR-ethylene response factor genes in the colonized roots. Fungus genes expressed during progression of plant colonization, therefore related to the host colonization process or endophytism persistence, were also identified. Data provided a high-resolution insight on tomato transcriptome changes as induced by endophytism, highlighting a specific modulation of stress-responsive transcripts, related to a selective activation of defense pathways, likely required by the fungus to establish a persistent endophytic lifestyle.
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22
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Prigigallo MI, Melillo MT, Bubici G, Dobrev PI, Vankova R, Cillo F, Veronico P. Ozone treatments activate defence responses against Meloidogyne incognita and Tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2251-2263. [PMID: 30701652 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozonated water (O3 wat) soil drench and/or foliar spray applications were evaluated for their potential to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (RKN) and the airborne pathogen Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato. We investigated how O3 wat modulates the salicylic acid/jasmonic acid/ethylene (SA/JA/ET) signalling network in the host, locally and systemically, to induce resistance to nematode and virus. RESULTS The application as soil drench was effective in reducing the number of galls and egg masses, but did not reduce the incidence and severity of TSWV infection. Conversely, O3 wat applied by foliar spray decreased TSWV disease incidence and severity (-20%), but was not able to control M. incognita infection. SA-related genes were generally upregulated in both locally treated and systemically reached tissues, showing a positive action of the O3 wat treatment on SA signalling. Neither O3 wat application method significantly altered JA-related gene expression in either direction. ET-related genes were differentially regulated by root or leaf treatments, indicating that O3 wat may have different effects on ET-mediated signalling in different organs. JA/ET/SA related pathways were differentially modulated by O3 wat in the presence of either RKN or TSWV. CONCLUSION O3 wat had a higher efficacy when applied directly to organs challenged by the pathogens, although it was potentially able to stimulate defence responses through the activation of SA signalling. Owing to its safety and effectiveness in controlling nematode and virus infections, O3 wat can be considered as a possible alternative tool for sustainable disease management practices. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Prigigallo
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Melillo
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fabrizio Cillo
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Veronico
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
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23
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Marhavý P, Kurenda A, Siddique S, Dénervaud Tendon V, Zhou F, Holbein J, Hasan MS, Grundler FM, Farmer EE, Geldner N. Single-cell damage elicits regional, nematode-restricting ethylene responses in roots. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100972. [PMID: 31061171 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to cellular damage by mechanical stresses, herbivore feeding, or invading microbes. Primary wound responses are communicated to neighboring and distal tissues by mobile signals. In leaves, crushing of large cell populations activates a long-distance signal, causing jasmonate production in distal organs. This is mediated by a cation channel-mediated depolarization wave and is associated with cytosolic Ca2+ transient currents. Here, we report that much more restricted, single-cell wounding in roots by laser ablation elicits non-systemic, regional surface potential changes, calcium waves, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Surprisingly, laser ablation does not induce a robust jasmonate response, but regionally activates ethylene production and ethylene-response markers. This ethylene activation depends on calcium channel activities distinct from those in leaves, as well as a specific set of NADPH oxidases. Intriguingly, nematode attack elicits very similar responses, including membrane depolarization and regional upregulation of ethylene markers. Moreover, ethylene signaling antagonizes nematode feeding, delaying initial syncytial-phase establishment. Regional signals caused by single-cell wounding thus appear to constitute a relevant root immune response against small invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Kurenda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Holbein
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gheysen G, Mitchum MG. Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1212-1226. [PMID: 30397024 PMCID: PMC6446774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Ghent University, Department of Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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25
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Seiml-Buchinger VV, Zinovieva SV, Udalova ZV, Matveeva EM. Jasmonic acid modulates Meloidogyne incognita – tomato plant interactions. NEMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Molecular aspects of the responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants to invasion by Meloidogyne incognita, as well as the nematode reproduction capacity, were investigated and the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in these interactions was evaluated. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that resistant and susceptible plants had similar levels of Mi1.2, PR1 and PR6 gene expression in stress-free conditions. During nematode invasion resistant plants showed up-regulation of Mi1.2, PR1 and PR6 genes and no reproduction of M. incognita. By contrast, susceptible plants showed no response in gene expression and the nematode had a high level of reproduction. Treatment of tomato plants with JA modulated Mi1.2 and PR6 gene expression that was accompanied by a suppression of the M. incognita reproduction on the roots of JA-treated susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Seiml-Buchinger
- 1Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana V. Zinovieva
- 2Center of Parasitology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskii Pr., 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zhanna V. Udalova
- 2Center of Parasitology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskii Pr., 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta M. Matveeva
- 1Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
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26
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Hu Y, You J, Li J, Wang C. Loss of cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increases the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to root-knot nematode infection. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:37-46. [PMID: 29992234 PMCID: PMC6344109 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Root knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are microscopic roundworms with a wide host range causing great economic losses worldwide. Understanding how metabolic pathways function within the plant upon RKN infection will provide insight into the molecular aspects of plant-RKN interactions. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the key regulatory enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), is involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses and pathogenesis. In this study, the roles of Arabidopsis cytosolic G6PDH in plant-RKN interactions were investigated. METHODS Enzyme assays and western blotting were used to characterize changes in total G6PDH activity and protein abundance in wild-type Arabidopsis in response to RKN infection. The susceptibility of wild-type plants and the double mutant g6pd5/6 to RKNs was analysed and the expression of genes associated with the basal defence response was tested after RKN infection using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. KEY RESULTS RKN infection caused a marked increase in total G6PDH activity and protein abundance in wild-type Arabidopsis roots. However, the transcript levels of G6PDH genes except G6PD6 were not significantly induced following RKN infection, suggesting that the increase in G6PDH activity may occur at the post-transcriptional level. The double mutant g6pd5/6 with loss-of-function of the two cytosolic isoforms G6PD5 and G6PD6 displayed enhanced susceptibility to RKNs. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and gene expression involved in the defence response including jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways were suppressed in the g6pd5/6 mutant at the early stage of RKN infection when compared to the wild-type plants. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the G6PDH-mediated OPPP plays an important role in the plant-RKN interaction. In addition, a new aspect of G6PDH activity involving NADPH production by the OPPP in plant basal defence against RKNs is defined, which may be involved in ROS signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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27
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Farias CP, Carvalho RCDE, Resende FML, Azevedo LCB. Consortium of five fungal isolates conditioning root growth and arbuscular mycorrhiza in soybean, corn, and sugarcane. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3649-3660. [PMID: 30517219 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820180161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization were studied in sugarcane, corn and soybean by applying five plant growth promoting fungi: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Trichoderma asperella. Sugarcane, corn and soybean were grown in pots under two treatments: (1) inoculation with the fungal consortium and (2) control without inoculation. In the inoculated treatment, fungal spore suspension were applied to the seeds and shoots were sprayed every 28 days. Means were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability level. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six replications. Fungi consortium mediate root growth in soybean and corn, and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in soybean and sugarcane. These findings are probably caused by the fungi producing phytohormones and inducing the plants to synthesize phytohormones: auxins for root growth; and jasmonic, abscisic, and salicylic acids with a role in the regulation of mycorrhizal colonization. These effects are important when seeking conservation strategies in agriculture and livestock production, since Fungi consortium can better mediate soil resource acquisition, promoting greater absorption of nutrients and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christyan P Farias
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, s/n, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael C DE Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, s/n, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe M L Resende
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, s/n, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas C B Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Amazonas, s/n, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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29
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Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ling J, Lin R, Li D, Kang X, Sun W, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 suppresses programmed cell death to promote parasitism in host plant. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7256. [PMID: 29740007 PMCID: PMC5940819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are highly specialized parasites that interact with their host plants using a range of strategies. The esophageal glands are the main places where nematodes synthesize effector proteins, which play central roles in successful invasion. The Meloidogyne incognita effector MiISE5 is exclusively expressed within the subventral esophageal cells and is upregulated during early parasitic stages. In this study, we show that MiISE5 can be secreted to barley cells through infectious hyphae of Magnaporthe oryzae. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing MiISE5 became significantly more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silence of MiISE5 decreased nematode parasitism. Moreover, transient expression of MiISE5 suppressed cell death caused by Burkholderia glumae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on transcriptome analysis of MiISE5 transgenic sample and the wild-type (WT) sample, we obtained 261 DEGs, and the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicate that MiISE5 can interfere with various metabolic and signaling pathways, especially the JA signaling pathway, to facilitate nematode parasitism. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE5 plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism and provides evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Denghui Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xincong Kang
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Machado RAR, Arce CCM, McClure MA, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Aboveground herbivory induced jasmonates disproportionately reduce plant reproductive potential by facilitating root nematode infestation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:797-808. [PMID: 29327360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Different plant feeders, including insects and parasitic nematodes, can influence each other by triggering systemic changes in their shared host plants. In most cases, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear, and the consequences for plant fitness are not well understood. We studied the interaction between leaf feeding Manduca sexta caterpillars and root parasitic nematodes in Nicotiana attenuata. Simulated M. sexta attack increased the abundance of root parasitic nematodes in the field and facilitated Meloidogyne incognita reproduction in the glasshouse. Intact jasmonate biosynthesis was found to be required for both effects. Flower counts revealed that the jasmonate-dependent facilitation of nematode infestation following simulated leaf attack reduces the plant's reproductive potential to a greater degree than would be expected from the additive effects of the individual stresses. This work reveals that jasmonates mediate the interaction between a leaf herbivore and root parasitic nematodes and illustrates how plant-mediated interactions can alter plant's reproductive potential. The selection pressure resulting from the demonstrated fitness effects is likely to influence the evolution of plant defense traits in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Biotic Interaction Section, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Carla C M Arce
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Functional and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Michael A McClure
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Biotic Interaction Section, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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31
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Insight into Genes Regulating Postharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Tetraploid Peanut from Transcriptional Profiling. Genetics 2018; 209:143-156. [PMID: 29545468 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest aflatoxin contamination is a challenging issue that affects peanut quality. Aflatoxin is produced by fungi belonging to the Aspergilli group, and is known as an acutely toxic, carcinogenic, and immune-suppressing class of mycotoxins. Evidence for several host genetic factors that may impact aflatoxin contamination has been reported, e.g., genes for lipoxygenase (PnLOX1 and PnLOX2/PnLOX3 that showed either positive or negative regulation with Aspergillus infection), reactive oxygen species, and WRKY (highly associated with or differentially expressed upon infection of maize with Aspergillus flavus); however, their roles remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted an RNA-sequencing experiment to differentiate gene response to the infection by A. flavus between resistant (ICG 1471) and susceptible (Florida-07) cultivated peanut genotypes. The gene expression profiling analysis was designed to reveal differentially expressed genes in response to the infection (infected vs. mock-treated seeds). In addition, the differential expression of the fungal genes was profiled. The study revealed the complexity of the interaction between the fungus and peanut seeds as the expression of a large number of genes was altered, including some in the process of plant defense to aflatoxin accumulation. Analysis of the experimental data with "keggseq," a novel designed tool for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, showed the importance of α-linolenic acid metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, spliceosome, and carbon fixation and metabolism pathways in conditioning resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. In addition, coexpression network analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation of gene expression among peanut and fungal genes. The results showed the importance of WRKY, toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR), ethylene, and heat shock proteins in the resistance mechanism.
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Piya S, Kihm C, Rice JH, Baum TJ, Hewezi T. Cooperative Regulatory Functions of miR858 and MYB83 during Cyst Nematode Parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1897-1912. [PMID: 28512179 PMCID: PMC5490899 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) recently have been established as key regulators of transcriptome reprogramming that define cell function and identity. Nevertheless, the molecular functions of the greatest number of miRNA genes remain to be determined. Here, we report cooperative regulatory functions of miR858 and its MYB83 transcription factor target gene in transcriptome reprogramming during Heterodera cyst nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene expression analyses and promoter-GUS fusion assays documented a role of miR858 in posttranscriptional regulation of MYB83 in the Heterodera schachtii-induced feeding sites, the syncytia. Constitutive overexpression of miR858 interfered with H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis, leading to reduced susceptibility, while reduced miR858 abundance enhanced plant susceptibility. Similarly, MYB83 expression increases were conducive to nematode infection because overexpression of a noncleavable coding sequence of MYB83 significantly increased plant susceptibility, whereas a myb83 mutation rendered the plants less susceptible. In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in hormone signaling pathways, defense response, glucosinolate biosynthesis, cell wall modification, sugar transport, and transcriptional control are the key etiological factors by which MYB83 facilitates nematode parasitism of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we discovered that miR858-mediated silencing of MYB83 is tightly regulated through a feedback loop that might contribute to fine-tuning the expression of more than a thousand of MYB83-regulated genes in the H. schachtii-induced syncytium. Together, our results suggest a role of the miR858-MYB83 regulatory system in finely balancing gene expression patterns during H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis to ensure optimal cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Christina Kihm
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - J Hollis Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Guimaraes LA, Mota APZ, Araujo ACG, de Alencar Figueiredo LF, Pereira BM, de Passos Saraiva MA, Silva RB, Danchin EGJ, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM. Genome-wide analysis of expansin superfamily in wild Arachis discloses a stress-responsive expansin-like B gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:79-96. [PMID: 28243841 PMCID: PMC5437183 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are plant cell wall-loosening proteins involved in adaptive responses to environmental stimuli and various developmental processes. The first genome-wide analysis of the expansin superfamily in the Arachis genus identified 40 members in A. duranensis and 44 in A. ipaënsis, the wild progenitors of cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea). These expansins were further characterized regarding their subfamily classification, distribution along the genomes, duplication events, molecular structure, and phylogeny. A RNA-seq expression analysis in different Arachis species showed that the majority of these expansins are modulated in response to diverse stresses such as water deficit, root-knot nematode (RKN) infection, and UV exposure, with an expansin-like B gene (AraEXLB8) displaying a highly distinct stress-responsive expression profile. Further analysis of the AraEXLB8 coding sequences showed high conservation across the Arachis genotypes, with eight haplotypes identified. The modulation of AraEXLB8 expression in response to the aforementioned stresses was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis in distinct Arachis genotypes, whilst in situ hybridization revealed transcripts in different root tissues according to the stress imposed. The overexpression of AraEXLB8 in soybean (Glycine max) composite plants remarkably decreased the number of galls in transformed hairy roots inoculated with RKN. This study improves the current understanding of the molecular evolution, divergence, and gene expression of expansins in Arachis, and provides molecular and functional insights into the role of expansin-like B, the less-studied plant expansin subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Arrais Guimaraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Zotta Mota
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
- Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Guerra Araujo
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Medeiros Pereira
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Bispo Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Etienne G J Danchin
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Patricia Messenberg Guimaraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, CP 02372, Brazil
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Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1303-1321. [PMID: 27940470 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Hu Y, You J, Li C, Hua C, Wang C. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induces defence against Meloidogyne hapla in soybean. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in plant defence against plant-parasitic nematodes, although the role of jasmonate (JA) in defence against root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) in soybean (Glycine max) was unknown. In this study, two commercial soybean cultivars, cvs DongSheng1 (DS1) and SuiNong14 (SN14), were identified as susceptible and resistant, respectively, to M. hapla. Quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in JA synthesis or signalling was significantly induced in both susceptible and resistant roots at 24 and 48 h after inoculation. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induced defence against RKN in susceptible cv. DS1, which might be involved in altered activities of defence-related enzymes (chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) and pathogenesis-related gene PR5 expression. The results indicate that exogenous application of JA might be an alternative strategy to induce soybean resistance against RKN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jia You
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Cui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
| | - Congli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, P.R. China
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Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Rodríguez-Cazorla E, Escudero N, Aranda-Martinez A, Martínez-Laborda A, Ramírez-Lepe M, Vera A, Lopez-Llorca LV. Arabidopsis thaliana root colonization by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is modulated by jasmonate signaling and leads to accelerated flowering and improved yield. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:351-364. [PMID: 27456071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia has been intensively studied in nematode control of different crops. We have investigated the interaction between P. chlamydosporia and the model system Arabidopsis thaliana under laboratory conditions in the absence of nematodes. This study demonstrates that P. chlamydosporia colonizes A. thaliana. Root colonization monitored with green fluorescent protein-tagged P. chlamydosporia and quantitative PCR (qPCR) quantitation methods revealed root cell invasion. Fungal inoculation reduced flowering time and stimulated plant growth, as determined by total FW increase, faster development of inflorescences and siliques, and a higher yield in terms of seed production per plant. Precocious flowering was associated with significant expression changes in key flowering-time genes. In addition, we also provided molecular and genetic evidence that point towards jasmonate signaling as an important factor to modulate progression of plant colonization by the fungus. Our results indicate that P. chlamydosporia provides benefits to the plant in addition to its nematophagous activity. This report highlights the potential of P. chlamydosporia to improve yield in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto A Zavala-Gonzalez
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) 'Ramon Margalef', Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Aptdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, 91897, México
| | | | - Nuria Escudero
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) 'Ramon Margalef', Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Aptdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) 'Ramon Margalef', Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Aptdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | | - Mario Ramírez-Lepe
- Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, 91897, México
| | - Antonio Vera
- Area de Genética, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) 'Ramon Margalef', Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Aptdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
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Chauvin A, Lenglet A, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Paired Hierarchical Organization of 13-Lipoxygenases in Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5020016. [PMID: 27135236 PMCID: PMC4931396 DOI: 10.3390/plants5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryophyte genomes typically encode multiple 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs) that initiate the synthesis of wound-inducible mediators called jasmonates. Little is known about how the activities of these different LOX genes are coordinated. We found that the four 13-LOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana have different basal expression patterns. LOX2 expression was strong in soft aerial tissues, but was excluded both within and proximal to maturing veins. LOX3 was expressed most strongly in circumfasicular parenchyma. LOX4 was expressed in phloem-associated cells, in contrast to LOX6, which is expressed in xylem contact cells. To investigate how the activities of these genes are coordinated after wounding, we carried out gene expression analyses in 13-lox mutants. This revealed a two-tiered, paired hierarchy in which LOX6, and to a lesser extent LOX2, control most of the early-phase of jasmonate response gene expression. Jasmonates precursors produced by these two LOXs in wounded leaves are converted to active jasmonates that regulate LOX3 and LOX4 gene expression. Together with LOX2 and LOX6, and working downstream of them, LOX3 and LOX4 contribute to jasmonate synthesis that leads to the expression of the defense gene VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN2 (VSP2). LOX3 and LOX4 were also found to contribute to defense against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Our results reveal that 13-LOX genes are organised in a regulatory network, and the data herein raise the possibility that other genomes may encode LOXs that act as pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Chauvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aurore Lenglet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Santini L, Munhoz CDF, Bonfim MF, Brandão MM, Inomoto MM, Vieira MLC. Host Transcriptional Profiling at Early and Later Stages of the Compatible Interaction Between Phaseolus vulgaris and Meloidogyne incognita. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:282-94. [PMID: 26551451 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-15-0160-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is one of most devastating pathogens that attack the common bean crop. Although there is evidence that some cultivars have race-specific resistance against M. incognita, these resistance sources have not proved effective, and nematodes are able to circumvent the host's defense system. We constructed RNA-seq based libraries and used a high-throughput sequencing platform to analyze the plant responses to M. incognita. Assessments were performed at 4 and 10 days after inoculation corresponding to the stages of nematode penetration and giant cell development, respectively. Large-scale transcript mapping to the common bean reference genome (G19833) resulted in the identification of 27,195 unigenes. Of these, 797 host genes were found to be differentially expressed. The functional annotation results confirm the complex interplay between abiotic and biotic stress signaling pathways. High expression levels of the wounding-responsive genes were observed over the interaction. At early response, an overexpression of the N gene, a TIR-NBS-LRR resistance gene, was understood as a host attempt to overcome the pathogen attack. However, the repression of heat shock proteins resulted in a lack of reactive oxygen species accumulation and absence of a hypersensitive response. Furthermore, the host basal response was broken by the repression of the ethylene/jasmonate pathway later in the response, resulting in a continuous compatible process with consequent plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Santini
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carla de Freitas Munhoz
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Mauro Ferreira Bonfim
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendes Brandão
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Mário Massayuki Inomoto
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira
- First, second, and sixth authors: Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; third author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil; fourth author: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Campinas, Brazil; and fifth author: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Ding H, Lai J, Wu Q, Zhang S, Chen L, Dai YS, Wang C, Du J, Xiao S, Yang C. Jasmonate complements the function of Arabidopsis lipoxygenase3 in salinity stress response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 244:1-7. [PMID: 26810448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The functions of jasmonic acid (JA) in various stress responses have been uncovered in details, but its role in salt tolerance remains unclear. Here, we characterize the function of Arabidopsis lipoxygenase3 (LOX3), an enzyme involved in JA synthesis, in salt stress response. The transcriptional analysis indicated that LOX3 was dramatically induced under salt treatment. Compared with wild type, the lox3 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress in germination and different developmental stages. Interestingly, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) rescued the salt sensitivity phenotypes of the lox3 mutant, suggesting the impairment of salinity response in the mutant may be mediated by JA. Furthermore, the lateral root number of the lox3 mutant was similar with that in wild type under normal condition, but less than that in wild type during salt treatment, and this lateral root sensitivity phenotype was also complemented by exogenous MeJA. In addition, the measurement of oxylipins in the lox3 mutant and the analysis on germination of the JA receptor coi1 mutant under salt stress supported that JA may regulate the early response to salinity. In conclusion, we characterized the novel function of LOX3 in salinity stress response, and found that the salt hypersensitivity of the lox3 mutant can be complemented by MeJA, providing new evidence for the association between JA and salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang-Shuo Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jinju Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Chang YL, Li WY, Miao H, Yang SQ, Li R, Wang X, Li WQ, Chen KM. Comprehensive Genomic Analysis and Expression Profiling of the NOX Gene Families under Abiotic Stresses and Hormones in Plants. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:791-810. [PMID: 26907500 PMCID: PMC4824067 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are key producers of reactive oxygen species under both normal and stress conditions in plants and they form functional subfamilies. Studies of these subfamilies indicated that they show considerable evolutionary selection. We performed a comparative genomic analysis that identified 50 ferric reduction oxidases (FRO) and 77 NOX gene homologs from 20 species representing the eight major plant lineages within the supergroup Plantae: glaucophytes, rhodophytes, chlorophytes, bryophytes, lycophytes, gymnosperms, monocots, and eudicots. Phylogenetic and structural analysis classified these FRO and NOX genes into four well-conserved groups represented as NOX, FRO I, FRO II, and FRO III. Further analysis of NOXs of phylogenetic and exon/intron structures showed that single intron loss and gain had occurred, yielding the diversified gene structures during the evolution of NOXs family genes and which were classified into four conserved subfamilies which are represented as Sub.I, Sub.II, Sub.III, and Sub.IV. Additionally, both available global microarray data analysis and quantitative real-time PCR experiments revealed that the NOX genes in Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) have different expression patterns in different developmental stages, various abiotic stresses and hormone treatments. Finally, coexpression network analysis of NOX genes in Arabidopsis and rice revealed that NOXs have significantly correlated expression profiles with genes which are involved in plants metabolic and resistance progresses. All these results suggest that NOX family underscores the functional diversity and divergence in plants. This finding will facilitate further studies of the NOX family and provide valuable information for functional validation of this family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Argo-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hai Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Msp40 effector of root-knot nematode manipulates plant immunity to facilitate parasitism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19443. [PMID: 26797310 PMCID: PMC4726423 DOI: 10.1038/srep19443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are obligate biotrophic parasites that invade plant roots and engage in prolonged and intimate relationships with their hosts. Nematode secretions, some of which have immunosuppressing activity, play essential roles in successful parasitism; however, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the RKN-specific gene MiMsp40, cloned from Meloidogyne incognita, is expressed exclusively in subventral oesophageal gland cells and is strongly upregulated during early parasitic stages. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MiMsp40 were more susceptible to nematode infection than were wild type plants. Conversely, the host-derived MiMsp40 RNAi suppressed nematode parasitism and/or reproduction. Moreover, overexpression of MiMsp40 in plants suppressed the deposition of callose and the expression of marker genes for bacterial elicitor elf18-triggered immunity. Transient expression of MiMsp40 prevented Bax-triggered defence-related programmed cell death. Co-agroinfiltration assays indicated that MiMsp40 also suppressed macroscopic cell death triggered by MAPK cascades or by the ETI cognate elicitors R3a/Avr3a. Together, these results demonstrate that MiMsp40 is a novel Meloidogyne-specific effector that is injected into plant cells by early parasitic stages of the nematode and that plays a role in suppressing PTI and/or ETI signals to facilitate RKN parasitism.
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Shanks CM, Rice JH, Zubo Y, Schaller GE, Hewezi T, Kieber JJ. The Role of Cytokinin During Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:57-68. [PMID: 26479273 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce the formation of hypermetabolic feeding sites, termed syncytia, as their sole source of nutrients. The formation of the syncytium is orchestrated by the nematode, in part, by modulation of phytohormone responses, including cytokinin. In response to infection by the nematode Heterodera schachtii, cytokinin signaling is transiently induced at the site of infection and in the developing syncytium. Arabidopsis lines with reduced cytokinin sensitivity show reduced susceptibility to nematode infection, indicating that cytokinin signaling is required for optimal nematode development. Furthermore, lines with increased cytokinin sensitivity also exhibit reduced nematode susceptibility. To ascertain why cytokinin hypersensitivity reduces nematode parasitism, we examined the transcriptomes in wild type and a cytokinin-hypersensitive type-A arr Arabidopsis mutant in response to H. schachtii infection. Genes involved in the response to biotic stress and defense response were elevated in the type-A arr mutant in the absence of nematodes and were hyperinduced following H. schachtii infection, which suggests that the Arabidopsis type-A arr mutants impede nematode development because they are primed to respond to pathogen infection. These results suggest that cytokinin signaling is required for optimal H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis but that elevated cytokinin signaling triggers a heightened immune response to nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Shanks
- 1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - J Hollis Rice
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Yan Zubo
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, U.S.A
| | - G Eric Schaller
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, U.S.A
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- 1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
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Gleason C, Leelarasamee N, Meldau D, Feussner I. OPDA Has Key Role in Regulating Plant Susceptibility to the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1565. [PMID: 27822219 PMCID: PMC5075541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in regulating plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects, but the role of JA in mediating the plant responses to root-knot nematodes has been unclear. Here we show that an application of either methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or the JA-mimic coronatine (COR) on Arabidopsis significantly reduced the number of galls caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. Interestingly, the MeJA-induced resistance was independent of the JA-receptor COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1). The MeJA-treated plants accumulated the JA precursor cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in addition to JA/JA-Isoleucine, indicating a positive feedback loop in JA biosynthesis. Using mutants in the JA-biosynthetic pathway, we found that plants deficient in the biosynthesis of JA and OPDA were hyper-susceptible to M. hapla. However, the opr3 mutant, which cannot convert OPDA to JA, exhibited wild-type levels of nematode galling. In addition, mutants in the JA-biosynthesis and perception which lie downstream of opr3 also displayed wild-type levels of galling. The data put OPR3 (OPDA reductase 3) as the branch point between hyper-susceptibility and wild-type like levels of disease. Overall, the data suggests that the JA precursor, OPDA, plays a role in regulating plant defense against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesGöttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Cynthia Gleason,
| | - Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Meldau
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Albrecht von Haller InstituteGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg August University - Göttingen Center for Molecular BiosciencesGöttingen, Germany
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Yan C, Xie D. Jasmonate in plant defence: sentinel or double agent? PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1233-40. [PMID: 26096226 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants and their biotic enemies, such as microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects, are engaged in a desperate battle which would determine their survival-death fate. Plants have evolved efficient and sophisticated systems to defend against such attackers. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards a comprehensive understanding of inducible defence system mediated by jasmonate (JA), a vital plant hormone essential for plant defence responses and developmental processes. This review presents an overview of JA action in plant defences and discusses how microbial pathogens evade plant defence system through hijacking the JA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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45
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Li R, Rashotte AM, Singh NK, Lawrence KS, Weaver DB, Locy RD. Transcriptome Analysis of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genotypes That Are Susceptible, Resistant, and Hypersensitive to Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143261. [PMID: 26571375 PMCID: PMC4646469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reniform nematode is a semi-endoparasitic nematode species causing significant yield loss in numerous crops, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). An RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted to measure transcript abundance in reniform nematode susceptible (DP90 & SG747), resistant (BARBREN-713), and hypersensitive (LONREN-1) genotypes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with and without reniform nematode infestation. Over 90 million trimmed high quality reads were assembled into 84,711 and 80, 353 transcripts using the G. arboreum and the G. raimondii genomes as references. Many transcripts were significantly differentially expressed between the three different genotypes both prior to and during nematode pathogenesis, including transcripts corresponding to the gene ontology categories of cell wall, hormone metabolism and signaling, redox reactions, secondary metabolism, transcriptional regulation, stress responses, and signaling. Further analysis revealed that a number of these differentially expressed transcripts mapped to the G. raimondii and/or the G. arboreum genomes within 1 megabase of quantitative trait loci that had previously been linked to reniform nematode resistance. Several resistance genes encoding proteins known to be strongly linked to pathogen perception and resistance, including LRR-like and NBS-LRR domain-containing proteins, were among the differentially expressed transcripts mapping near these quantitative trait loci. Further investigation is required to confirm a role for these transcripts in reniform nematode susceptibility, hypersensitivity, and/or resistance. This study presents the first systemic investigation of reniform nematode resistance-associated genes using different genotypes of cotton. The candidate reniform nematode resistance-associated genes identified in this study can serve as the basis for further functional analysis and aid in further development of reniform a nematode resistant cotton germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Narendra K. Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Weaver
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Locy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun Y, Lv D, Wang W, Xu W, Wang L, Miao C, Lin HH. Lipoxygenase 2 functions in exogenous nitric oxide-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:1019-1025. [PMID: 32480741 DOI: 10.1071/fp15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived oxylipins play important roles in stomatal closure in plants, and LOX-NO crosstalk has been indicated in mesophyll cells. However, whether the crosstalk also exists in guard cells is not clear and the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor)-induced stomatal closure was clearly impaired in the AtLOX2 null mutant lox2-1 compared with wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Patch clamp analysis showed that the SNP-suppressed activity of inward-rectifying potassium channels in lox2-1 guard cell protoplasts was reduced. Moreover, SNP promoted an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in guard cells of lox2-1 mutants was inhibited compared with the WT. These results suggest that AtLOX2 plays an important role in NO-induced stomatal closure by affecting the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increase and the activity of inward-rectifying potassium channels in guard cells. Furthermore, lox2-1 mutants showed a higher rate of leaf water loss and a relatively wider stomatal aperture than the WT under normal growth conditions. These data imply that AtLOX2 might modulate stomatal movement by increasing oxylipin generation in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Yu Y, Zeng L, Yan Z, Liu T, Sun K, Zhu T, Zhu A. Identification of Ramie Genes in Response to Pratylenchus coffeae Infection Challenge by Digital Gene Expression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21989-2007. [PMID: 26378527 PMCID: PMC4613293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Root lesion disease, caused by Pratylenchus coffeae, seriously impairs the growth and yield of ramie, an important natural fiber crop. The ramie defense mechanism against P. coffeae infection is poorly understood, which hinders efforts to improve resistance via breeding programs. In this study, the transcriptome of the resistant ramie cultivar Qingdaye was characterized using Illumina sequence technology. About 46.3 million clean pair end (PE) reads were generated and assembled into 40,826 unigenes with a mean length of 830 bp. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis was performed on both the control roots (CK) and P. coffeae-challenged roots (CH), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Approximately 10.16 and 8.07 million cDNA reads in the CK and CH cDNA libraries were sequenced, respectively. A total of 137 genes exhibited different transcript abundances between the two libraries. Among them, the expressions of 117 and 20 DEGs were up- and down-regulated in P. coffeae-challenged ramie, respectively. The expression patterns of 15 candidate genes determined by qRT-PCR confirmed the results of DGE analysis. Time-course expression profiles of eight defense-related genes in susceptible and resistant ramie cultivars were different after P. coffeae inoculation. The differential expression of protease inhibitors, pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), and transcription factors in resistant and susceptible ramie during P. coffeae infection indicated that cystatin likely plays an important role in nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Yu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Liangbin Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Zhun Yan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Touming Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Taotao Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
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Kammerhofer N, Radakovic Z, Regis JMA, Dobrev P, Vankova R, Grundler FMW, Siddique S, Hofmann J, Wieczorek K. Role of stress-related hormones in plant defence during early infection of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:778-89. [PMID: 25825039 PMCID: PMC4657489 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode, invades host roots and induces a specific syncytial feeding structure, from which it withdraws all required nutrients, causing severe yield losses. The system H. schachtii-Arabidopsis is an excellent research model for investigating plant defence mechanisms. Such responses are suppressed in well-established syncytia, whereas they are induced during early parasitism. However, the mechanisms by which the defence responses are modulated and the role of phytohormones are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of hormone-based defence responses at the onset of nematode infection. First, concentrations of main phytohormones were quantified and the expression of several hormone-related genes was analysed using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR or GeneChip. Further, the effects of individual hormones were evaluated via nematode attraction and infection assays using plants with altered endogenous hormone concentrations. Our results suggest a pivotal and positive role for ethylene during nematode attraction, whereas jasmonic acid triggers early defence responses against H. schachtii. Salicylic acid seems to be a negative regulator during later syncytium and female development. We conclude that nematodes are able to impose specific changes in hormone pools, thus modulating hormone-based defence and signal transduction in strict dependence on their parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kammerhofer
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Zoran Radakovic
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jully M A Regis
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicRozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicRozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University BonnKarlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT TullnKonrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Author for correspondence:,
Krzysztof Wieczorek
,
Tel: +43 1 47654 3397
,
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Martínez F, Arif A, Nebauer SG, Bueso E, Ali R, Montesinos C, Brunaud V, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Serrano R. A fungal transcription factor gene is expressed in plants from its own promoter and improves drought tolerance. PLANTA 2015; 242:39-52. [PMID: 25809153 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A fungal gene encoding a transcription factor is expressed from its own promoter in Arabidopsis phloem and improves drought tolerance by reducing transpiration and increasing osmotic potential. Horizontal gene transfer from unrelated organisms has occurred in the course of plant evolution, suggesting that some foreign genes may be useful to plants. The CtHSR1 gene, previously isolated from the halophytic yeast Candida tropicalis, encodes a heat-shock transcription factor-related protein. CtHSR1, with expression driven by its own promoter or by the Arabidopsis UBQ10 promoter, was introduced into the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and the resulting transgenic plants were more tolerant to drought than controls. Fusions of the CtHSR1 promoter with β-glucuronidase reporter gene indicated that this fungal promoter drives expression to phloem tissues. A chimera of CtHSR1 and green fluorescence protein is localized at the cell nucleus. The physiological mechanism of drought tolerance in transgenic plants is based on reduced transpiration (which correlates with decreased opening of stomata and increased levels of jasmonic acid) and increased osmotic potential (which correlates with increased proline accumulation). Transcriptomic analysis indicates that the CtHSR1 transgenic plants overexpressed a hundred of genes, including many relevant to stress defense such as LOX4 (involved in jasmonic acid synthesis) and P5CS1 (involved in proline biosynthesis). The promoters of the induced genes were enriched in upstream activating sequences for water stress induction. These results demonstrate that genes from unrelated organisms can have functional expression in plants from its own promoter and expand the possibilities of useful transgenes for plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Camino de Vera, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Iberkleid I, Sela N, Brown Miyara S. Meloidogyne javanica fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein (Mj-FAR-1) regulates expression of lipid-, cell wall-, stress- and phenylpropanoid-related genes during nematode infection of tomato. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:272. [PMID: 25886179 PMCID: PMC4450471 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secreted Meloidogyne javanica fatty acid- and retinol-binding (FAR) protein Mj-FAR-1 is involved in nematode development and reproduction in host tomato roots. To gain further insight into the role of Mj-FAR-1 in regulating disease development, local transcriptional changes were monitored in tomato hairy root lines with constitutive mj-far-1 expression compared with control roots without inoculation, and 2, 5 and 15 days after inoculation (DAI), using mRNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS Gene-expression profiling revealed a total of 3970 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two lines. Among the DEGs, 1093, 1039, 1959, and 1328 genes were up- or downregulated 2-fold with false discovery rate < 0.001 in noninoculated roots, and roots 2, 5, and 15 DAI compared with control roots, respectively. Four main groups of genes that might be associated with Mj-FAR-1-mediated susceptibility were identified: 1) genes involved in biotic stress responses such as pathogen-defense mechanisms and hormone metabolism; 2) genes involved in phenylalanine and phenylpropanoid metabolism; 3) genes associated with cell wall synthesis, modification or degradation; and 4) genes associated with lipid metabolism. All of these genes were overrepresented among the DEGs. Studying the distances between the treatments, samples from noninoculated roots and roots at 2 DAI clustered predominantly according to the temporal dynamics related to nematode infection. However, at the later time points (5 and 15 DAI), samples clustered predominantly according to mj-far-1 overexpression, indicating that at these time points Mj-FAR-1 is more important in defining a common transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS The presence of four groups of DEGs demonstrates a network of molecular events is mediated by Mj-FAR-1 that leads to highly complex manipulation of plant defense responses against nematode invasion. The results shed light on the in vivo role of secreted FAR proteins in parasitism, and add to the mounting evidence that secreted FAR proteins play a major role in nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionit Iberkleid
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sigal Brown Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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