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Li J, Liang Z, Feng J, Hu H, Nangia V, Mo F, Liu Y. Spermidine regulates wheat grain weight at high planting density by promoting the synthesis of sucrose and starch in inferior grains. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14321. [PMID: 38686595 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Increasing density is an effective way to enhance wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield under limited cultivated areas. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the reduction in grain weight when density increased are still unclear. Three field experiments were conducted during the 2014-2019 growing seasons to explore the physiological mechanisms by which polyamines affect grain weight formation. The results showed that when wheat planting density exceeded 450 × 104 seedlings ha-1 and 525 × 104 seedlings ha-1, wheat yield tended to decrease. Compared to moderate density (DM, 450 × 104 seedlings ha-1), the filling rate of inferior grains was reduced before 25 days after anthesis (DAA) and the active filling period was shortened by 6.4%-7.4% under high density (DH, 600 × 104 seedlings ha-1), resulting in a loss of 1000-grain weight by 5.4%-8.1%. DH significantly reduced sucrose and starch content in inferior grains at the filling stage. Meanwhile, DH inhibited the activity of key enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis [SAMDC (EC 4.1.1.50) and SpdSy (EC 2.5.1.16)] and induced the activity of ethylene (ETH) precursor synthase, resulting in a significant decrease in endogenous spermidine (Spd) content in inferior grains, but a significant increase in ETH release rate. Post-flowering application of exogenous Spd increased the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the inferior grains and positively regulated the filling and grain weight of the inferior grains, whereas exogenous ETH had a negative effect. Overall, Spd may affect wheat grain weight at high planting density by promoting the synthesis of sucrose and starch in inferior grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zimeng Liang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jingyi Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Huihui Hu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Vinay Nangia
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fei Mo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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2
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Wan X, Zou LH, Pan X, Ge Y, Jin L, Cao Q, Shi J, Tian D. Auxin and carbohydrate control flower bud development in Anthurium andraeanum during early stage of sexual reproduction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:159. [PMID: 38429715 PMCID: PMC10908059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower buds of Anthurium andraeanum frequently cease to grow and abort during the early flowering stage, resulting in prolonged planting times and increased commercialization costs. Nevertheless, limited knowledge exists of the mechanism of flower development after initiation in A. andraeanum. RESULTS In this study, the measurement of carbohydrate flow and intensity between leaves and flowers during different growth stages showed that tender leaves are strong sinks and their concomitant flowers are weak ones. This suggested that the tender leaves compete with their concomitant flower buds for carbohydrates during the early growth stages, potentially causing the abortion of the flower buds. The analysis of transcriptomic differentially expressed genes suggested that genes related to sucrose metabolism and auxin response play an important role during flower bud development. Particularly, co-expression network analysis found that AaSPL12 is a hub gene engaged in flower development by collaborating carbohydrate and auxin signals. Yeast Two Hybrid assays revealed that AaSPL12 can interact with AaARP, a protein that serves as an indicator of dormancy. Additionally, the application of exogenous IAA and sucrose can suppress the expression of AaARP, augment the transcriptional abundance of AaSPL12, and consequently expedite flower development in Anthurium andraeanum. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings indicated that the combination of auxin and sugar signals could potentially suppress the repression of AaARP protein to AaSPL12, thus advancing the development of flower buds in Anthurium andraeanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaying Ge
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunyang Cao
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiewei Shi
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danqing Tian
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311251, Zhejiang, China.
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Miret JA, Griffiths CA, Paul MJ. Sucrose homeostasis: Mechanisms and opportunity in crop yield improvement. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154188. [PMID: 38295650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Sugar homeostasis is a critical feature of biological systems. In humans, raised and dysregulated blood sugar is a serious health issue. In plants, directed changes in sucrose homeostasis and allocation represent opportunities in crop improvement. Plant tissue sucrose varies more than blood glucose and is found at higher concentrations (cytosol and phloem ca. 100 mM v 3.9-6.9 mM for blood glucose). Tissue sucrose varies with developmental stage and environment, but cytosol and phloem exhibit tight sucrose control. Sucrose homeostasis is a consequence of the integration of photosynthesis, synthesis of storage end-products such as starch, transport of sucrose to sinks and sink metabolism. Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P)-SnRK1 and TOR play central, still emerging roles in regulating and coordinating these processes. Overall, tissue sucrose levels are more strongly related to growth than to photosynthesis. As a key sucrose signal, T6P regulates sucrose levels, transport and metabolic pathways to coordinate source and sink at a whole plant level. Emerging evidence shows that T6P interacts with meristems. With careful targeting, T6P manipulation through exploiting natural variation, chemical intervention and genetic modification is delivering benefits for crop yields. Regulation of cereal grain set, filling and retention may be the most strategically important aspect of sucrose allocation and homeostasis for food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Miret
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Cara A Griffiths
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Yu H, Teng Z, Liu B, Lv J, Chen Y, Qin Z, Peng Y, Meng S, He Y, Duan M, Zhang J, Ye N. Transcription factor OsMYB30 increases trehalose content to inhibit α-amylase and seed germination at low temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1815-1833. [PMID: 38057158 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature germination (LTG) is an important agronomic trait for direct-seeding cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa). Both OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 regulate the cold stress response in rice, but the function of OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 in regulating LTG and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Employing transcriptomics and functional studies revealed a sugar signaling pathway that regulates seed germination in response to low temperature (LT). Expression of OsMYB30 and OsTPP1 was induced by LT during seed germination, and overexpressing either OsMYB30 or OsTPP1 delayed seed germination and increased sensitivity to LT during seed germination. Transcriptomics and qPCR revealed that expression of OsTPP1 was upregulated in OsMYB30-overexpressing lines but downregulated in OsMYB30-knockout lines. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that OsMYB30 bound to the promoter of OsTPP1 and regulated the abundance of OsTPP1 transcripts. Overaccumulation of trehalose (Tre) was found in both OsMYB30- and OsTPP1-overexpressing lines, resulting in inhibition of α-amylase 1a (OsAMY1a) gene during seed germination. Both LT and exogenous Tre treatments suppressed the expression of OsAMY1a, and the osamy1a mutant was not sensitive to exogenous Tre during seed germination. Overall, we concluded that OsMYB30 expression was induced by LT to activate the expression of OsTPP1 and increase Tre content, which thus inhibited α-amylase activity and seed germination. This study identified a phytohormone-independent pathway that integrates environmental cues with internal factors to control seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhenning Teng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiahan Lv
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yinke Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonge Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shuan Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuchi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Meijuan Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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5
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Göbel M, Fichtner F. Functions of sucrose and trehalose 6-phosphate in controlling plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154140. [PMID: 38007969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit enormous plasticity in regulating their architecture to be able to adapt to a constantly changing environment and carry out vital functions such as photosynthesis, anchoring, and nutrient uptake. Phytohormones play a role in regulating these responses, but sugar signalling mechanisms are also crucial. Sucrose is not only an important source of carbon and energy fuelling plant growth, but it also functions as a signalling molecule that influences various developmental processes. Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), a sucrose-specific signalling metabolite, is emerging as an important regulator in plant metabolism and development. Key players involved in sucrose and Tre6P signalling pathways, including MAX2, SnRK1, bZIP11, and TOR, have been implicated in processes such as flowering, branching, and root growth. We will summarize our current knowledge of how these pathways shape shoot and root architecture and highlight how sucrose and Tre6P signalling are integrated with known signalling networks in shaping plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Göbel
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Germany; Cluster of Excellences on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Fichtner
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Germany; Cluster of Excellences on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Li C, Lu X, Liu Y, Xu J, Yu W. Trehalose alleviates the inhibition of adventitious root formation caused by drought stress in cucumber through regulating ROS metabolism and activating trehalose and plant hormone biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108159. [PMID: 37944244 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose (Tre) plays a vital role in response to drought stress in plants but its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, this study explores the mechanism of re-regulated drought tolerance during cucumber adventitious root formation. Our results indicate that 2 mM Tre displays remarkable drought alleviation in the aspect of root number, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight. Under drought stress, Tre could inhibit greatly the MDA, H2O2, and O2- accumulation, enhance obviously the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes and up-regulate significantly the transcript levels of SOD, POD, and CAT genes. Furthermore, Tre treatment also promotes Tre metabolism during drought stress: significantly increases starch and Tre contents and decreases glucose content, the biosynthesis enzymatic activity of the Tre metabolic pathway including TPS and TPP are enhanced and the activity of degradation enzyme THL is decreased, and corresponding genes TPS1, TPS2, TPPA, and TPPB are up-regulated. Tre significantly reversed the decrease caused by PEG in IAA, ethylene, ABA, and BR contents and the increase caused by PEG in GA3 and KT contents. Collectively, Tre appears to be the effective treatment in counteracting the negative effects of drought stress during adventitious root formation by regulating ROS, Tre metabolisms and plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xuefang Lu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Junrong Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenjin Yu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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7
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Sukko N, Kalapanulak S, Saithong T. Trehalose metabolism coordinates transcriptional regulatory control and metabolic requirements to trigger the onset of cassava storage root initiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19973. [PMID: 37968317 PMCID: PMC10651926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava storage roots (SR) are an important source of food energy and raw material for a wide range of applications. Understanding SR initiation and the associated regulation is critical to boosting tuber yield in cassava. Decades of transcriptome studies have identified key regulators relevant to SR formation, transcriptional regulation and sugar metabolism. However, there remain uncertainties over the roles of the regulators in modulating the onset of SR development owing to the limitation of the widely applied differential gene expression analysis. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulation underlying the transition from fibrous (FR) to SR based on Dynamic Network Biomarker (DNB) analysis. Gene expression analysis during cassava root initiation showed the transition period to SR happened in FR during 8 weeks after planting (FR8). Ninety-nine DNB genes associated with SR initiation and development were identified. Interestingly, the role of trehalose metabolism, especially trehalase1 (TRE1), in modulating metabolites abundance and coordinating regulatory signaling and carbon substrate availability via the connection of transcriptional regulation and sugar metabolism was highlighted. The results agree with the associated DNB characters of TRE1 reported in other transcriptome studies of cassava SR initiation and Attre1 loss of function in literature. The findings help fill the knowledge gap regarding the regulation underlying cassava SR initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattavat Sukko
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Kalapanulak
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology, Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
| | - Treenut Saithong
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology, Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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8
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Kerbler SML, Armijos-Jaramillo V, Lunn JE, Vicente R. The trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase family in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14096. [PMID: 38148193 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), the intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis, is an essential signalling metabolite linking plant growth and development to carbon metabolism. While recent work has focused predominantly on the enzymes that produce Tre6P, little is known about the proteins that catalyse its degradation, the trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatases (TPPs). Often occurring in large protein families, TPPs exhibit cell-, tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression patterns, suggesting important regulatory functions in controlling local levels of Tre6P and trehalose as well as Tre6P signalling. Furthermore, growing evidence through gene expression studies and transgenic approaches shows that TPPs play an important role in integrating environmental signals with plant metabolism. This review highlights the large diversity of TPP isoforms in model and crop plants and identifies how modulating Tre6P metabolism in certain cell types, tissues, and at different developmental stages may promote stress tolerance, resilience and increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mae-Lin Kerbler
- Leibniz-Institute für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau, Groβbeeren, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Vinicio Armijos-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Asim M, Zhang Y, Liu W. Editorial: Cooperation of gene regulatory networks and phytohormones in cell development and morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1290538. [PMID: 37860232 PMCID: PMC10583544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1290538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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10
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Morgan BL, Kakeshpour T, Occhialini A, King G, Sichterman M, Harbison SA, Rigoulot SB, Brabazon H, Stewart CN, Lenaghan SC. Heterologous Expression of OtsB Increases Tuber Yield and Phenotypic Stability in Potato under Both Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3394. [PMID: 37836134 PMCID: PMC10574632 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate-smart and sustainable crops are needed for the future. Engineering crops for tolerance of both abiotic and biotic stress is one approach. The accumulation of trehalose, controlled through trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) or OtsA and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) or OtsB genes in microbes, is known to provide protection for many microbial and fungal species against abiotic stress. The effect of trehalose accumulation in plant species is less understood. Here, we studied the heterologous expression of Escherichia coli OtsB in potato (Solanum tuberosum var. 'Desiree') with regards to stress tolerance. The performance of transgenic lines was assessed in both growth chambers and greenhouse mesocosms. Overexpressing potato OtsB lines significantly increased resilience to heat, photoperiod, herbivory, and competition when compared with wildtype plants. Most strikingly, when subjected to high temperatures, transgenic lines exhibited a significantly lower reduction in tuber yield ranging from 40% to 77%, while wildtype plants experienced a 95% decrease in tuber yield. When exposed to competitors in a selected StSP3D::OtsB line, tuber yield was 1.6 times higher than wildtype. Furthermore, transgenic lines performed significantly better under low-nutrient regimes: under competition, yield increased by 1.5-fold. Together, these results demonstrate that increased trehalose has the potential to create more resistant and stable crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britany Lauren Morgan
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Tayebeh Kakeshpour
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Alessandro Occhialini
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Gabriella King
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Megan Sichterman
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Stacee A. Harbison
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Stephen B. Rigoulot
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 9 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Holly Brabazon
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Scott C. Lenaghan
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (B.L.M.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (S.A.H.); (H.B.)
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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11
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Tuan PA, Nguyen TN, Toora PK, Ayele BT. Temporal and spatial transcriptional regulation of phytohormone metabolism during seed development in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242913. [PMID: 37780505 PMCID: PMC10539596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones play important roles in seed development; however, transcriptional regulation of their metabolism and levels of the respective bioactive forms during barley seed development is poorly understood. To this end, this study performed a comprehensive analysis of changes in the expression patterns phytohormone metabolism genes and levels of the respective bioactive forms in the embryo and endosperm tissues. Our study showed the presence of elevated levels of abscisic acid (ABA), bioactive forms of gibberellins (GAs), jasmonate (JA) and cytokinins (CKs), auxin and salicylic acid (SA) in the endosperm and embryo tissues at early stage of seed filling (SF). The levels of all hormones in both tissues, except that of ABA, decreased to low levels during SF. In contrast, embryonic ABA level increased during SF and peaked at physiological maturity (PM) while the endospermic ABA was maintained at a similar level observed during SF. Although its level decreased high amount of ABA was still present in the embryo during post-PM. We detected low levels of ABA in the endosperm and all the other hormones in both tissues during post-PM phase except the relatively higher levels of jasmonoyl-isoleucine and SA detected at late stage of post-PM. Our data also showed that spatiotemporal changes in the levels of plant hormones during barley seed development are mediated by the expression of specific genes involved in their respective metabolic pathways. These results indicate that seed development in barley is mediated by spatiotemporal modulation in the metabolism and levels of plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Belay T. Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Du X, Teotia S, Miao C, Sun H, Fan G, Tang G, Xue H, Zhao Q, Peng T. The miR167-OsARF12 module regulates rice grain filling and grain size downstream of miR159. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100604. [PMID: 37085993 PMCID: PMC10504563 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grain weight and quality are always determined by grain filling. Plant microRNAs have drawn attention as key targets for regulation of grain size and yield. However, the mechanisms that underlie grain size regulation remain largely unclear because of the complex networks that control this trait. Our earlier studies demonstrated that suppressed expression of miR167 (STTM/MIM167) substantially increased grain weight. In a field test, the yield increased up to 12.90%-21.94% because of a significantly enhanced grain filling rate. Here, biochemical and genetic analyses revealed the regulatory effects of miR159 on miR167 expression. Further analysis indicated that OsARF12 is the major mediator by which miR167 regulates rice grain filling. Overexpression of OsARF12 produced grain weight and grain filling phenotypes resembling those of STTM/MIM167 plants. Upon in-depth analysis, we found that OsARF12 activates OsCDKF;2 expression by directly binding to the TGTCGG motif in its promoter region. Flow cytometry analysis of young panicles from OsARF12-overexpressing plants and examination of cell number in cdkf;2 mutants verified that OsARF12 positively regulates grain filling and grain size by targeting OsCDKF;2. Moreover, RNA sequencing results suggested that the miR167-OsARF12 module is involved in the cell development process and hormone pathways. OsARF12-overexpressing plants and cdkf;2 mutants exhibited enhanced and reduced sensitivity to exogenous auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) treatment, confirming that targeting of OsCDKF;2 by OsARF12 mediates auxin and BR signaling. Our results reveal that the miR167-OsARF12 module works downstream of miR159 to regulate rice grain filling and grain size via OsCDKF;2 by controlling cell division and mediating auxin and BR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sachin Teotia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Chunbo Miao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huwei Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ting Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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13
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Gao L, Hu Y. Editorial: Environmental and endogenous signals: crop yield and quality regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1271918. [PMID: 37670873 PMCID: PMC10476621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1271918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Considine MJ, Foyer CH. Metabolic regulation of quiescence in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1132-1148. [PMID: 36994639 PMCID: PMC10952390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a crucial survival attribute in which cell division is repressed in a reversible manner. Although quiescence has long been viewed as an inactive state, recent studies have shown that it is an actively monitored process that is influenced by environmental stimuli. Here, we provide a perspective of the quiescent state and discuss how this process is tuned by energy, nutrient and oxygen status, and the pathways that sense and transmit these signals. We not only highlight the governance of canonical regulators and signalling mechanisms that respond to changes in nutrient and energy status, but also consider the central significance of mitochondrial functions and cues as key regulators of nuclear gene expression. Furthermore, we discuss how reactive oxygen species and the associated redox processes, which are intrinsically linked to energy carbohydrate metabolism, also play a key role in the orchestration of quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and the School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern Australia6009Australia
- The Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentPerthWestern Australia6000Australia
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
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15
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Zhang M, Sun Y, Di P, Han M, Yang L. Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065590. [PMID: 36982666 PMCID: PMC10058914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is regarded as the “king of herbs” in China, with its roots and rhizomes used as medicine, and it has a high medicinal value. In order to meet the market demand, the artificial cultivation of ginseng emerged, but different growth environments significantly affect the root morphology of garden ginseng. In this study, we used ginseng cultivated in deforested land (CF-CG) and ginseng cultivated in farmland (F-CG) as experimental materials. These two phenotypes were explored at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels so as to understand the regulatory mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng. The results show that, compared with those of F-CG, the thickness of the main roots in CF-CG was increased by 70.5%, and the fresh weight of the taproots was increased by 305.4%. Sucrose, fructose and ginsenoside were significantly accumulated in CF-CG. During the enlargement of the taproots of CF-CG, genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. Auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid synergistically regulated the enlargement of the taproots of the garden ginseng. In addition, as a sugar signaling molecule, T6P might act on the auxin synthesis gene ALDH2 to promote the synthesis of auxin and, thus, participate in the growth and development of garden ginseng roots. In summary, our study is conducive to clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng, and it provides new insights for the further exploration of the morphogenesis of ginseng roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mei Han
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (L.Y.)
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16
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Berková V, Berka M, Kameniarová M, Kopecká R, Kuzmenko M, Shejbalová Š, Abramov D, Čičmanec P, Frejlichová L, Jan N, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Salicylic Acid Treatment and Its Effect on Seed Yield and Seed Molecular Composition of Pisum sativum under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5454. [PMID: 36982529 PMCID: PMC10049190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive stage of plant development has the most critical impact on yield. Flowering is highly sensitive to abiotic stress, and increasing temperatures and drought harm crop yields. Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that regulates flowering and promotes stress resilience in plants. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and the level of protection are far from understood and seem to be species-specific. Here, the effect of salicylic acid was tested in a field experiment with Pisum sativum exposed to heat stress. Salicylic acid was administered at two different stages of flowering, and its effect on the yield and composition of the harvested seeds was followed. Plants treated with salicylic acid produced larger seed pods, and a significant increase in dry weight was found for the plants with a delayed application of salicylic acid. The analyses of the seed proteome, lipidome, and metabolome did not show any negative impact of salicylic treatment on seed composition. Identified processes that could be responsible for the observed improvement in seed yields included an increase in polyamine biosynthesis, accumulation of storage lipids and lysophosphatidylcholines, a higher abundance of components of chromatin regulation, calmodulin-like protein, and threonine synthase, and indicated a decrease in sensitivity to abscisic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marharyta Kuzmenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šarlota Shejbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Abramov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čičmanec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Frejlichová
- Mendeleum—Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická 334, 69144 Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic
| | - Novák Jan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Murchie EH, Reynolds M, Slafer GA, Foulkes MJ, Acevedo-Siaca L, McAusland L, Sharwood R, Griffiths S, Flavell RB, Gwyn J, Sawkins M, Carmo-Silva E. A 'wiring diagram' for source strength traits impacting wheat yield potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:72-90. [PMID: 36264277 PMCID: PMC9786870 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Source traits are currently of great interest for the enhancement of yield potential; for example, much effort is being expended to find ways of modifying photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is but one component of crop regulation, so sink activities and the coordination of diverse processes throughout the crop must be considered in an integrated, systems approach. A set of 'wiring diagrams' has been devised as a visual tool to integrate the interactions of component processes at different stages of wheat development. They enable the roles of chloroplast, leaf, and whole-canopy processes to be seen in the context of sink development and crop growth as a whole. In this review, we dissect source traits both anatomically (foliar and non-foliar) and temporally (pre- and post-anthesis), and consider the evidence for their regulation at local and whole-plant/crop levels. We consider how the formation of a canopy creates challenges (self-occlusion) and opportunities (dynamic photosynthesis) for components of photosynthesis. Lastly, we discuss the regulation of source activity by feedback regulation. The review is written in the framework of the wiring diagrams which, as integrated descriptors of traits underpinning grain yield, are designed to provide a potential workspace for breeders and other crop scientists that, along with high-throughput and precision phenotyping data, genetics, and bioinformatics, will help build future dynamic models of trait and gene interactions to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A Slafer
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida–AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA (Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M John Foulkes
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Liana Acevedo-Siaca
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard B Flavell
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeff Gwyn
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Sawkins
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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18
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Sussmilch FC, Ross JJ, Reid JB. Mendel: From genes to genome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2103-2114. [PMID: 36094356 PMCID: PMC9706470 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred years after the birth of Gregor Mendel, it is an appropriate time to reflect on recent developments in the discipline of genetics, particularly advances relating to the prescient friar's model species, the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). Mendel's study of seven characteristics established the laws of segregation and independent assortment. The genes underlying four of Mendel's loci (A, LE, I, and R) have been characterized at the molecular level for over a decade. However, the three remaining genes, influencing pod color (GP), pod form (V/P), and the position of flowers (FA/FAS), have remained elusive for a variety of reasons, including a lack of detail regarding the loci with which Mendel worked. Here, we discuss potential candidate genes for these characteristics, in light of recent advances in the genetic resources for pea. These advances, including the pea genome sequence and reverse-genetics techniques, have revitalized pea as an excellent model species for physiological-genetic studies. We also discuss the issues that have been raised with Mendel's results, such as the recent controversy regarding the discrete nature of the characters that Mendel chose and the perceived overly-good fit of his segregations to his hypotheses. We also consider the relevance of these controversies to his lasting contribution. Finally, we discuss the use of Mendel's classical results to teach and enthuse future generations of geneticists, not only regarding the core principles of the discipline, but also its history and the role of hypothesis testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Sussmilch
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - John J Ross
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
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19
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Yao F, Hu Q, Yu Y, Yang L, Jiao S, Huang G, Zhang S, Hu F, Huang L. Regeneration pattern and genome-wide transcription profile of rhizome axillary buds after perennial rice harvest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1071038. [PMID: 36518502 PMCID: PMC9742242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perennial rice is a new type of rice that allows the harvest of rice for multiple years without growing new seedlings annually. This technology represents a green and sustainable agricultural production mode with many advantages for balancing agricultural ecology and food security. However, the differences in regeneration patterns between perennial and annual rice and the gene regulatory pathways of the apical dominance in axillary bud growth after harvest in perennial rice are still unclear. In this study, perennial rice (PR23) and annual rice (Chugeng28) were used to investigate axillary bud growth patterns before and after apical spike removal. After elimination of apical dominance at different development stages, perennial rice rhizome axillary buds at the compression nodes germinated more rapidly than others and developed into new seedlings. The axillary buds at the high-position nodes in annual rice grew faster than those at other nodes. Furthermore, the global gene expression patterns of PR23 rhizome buds at compression nodes grown for 1, 3, 4, and 5 days after apical spike removal were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Compared with the control buds without apical removal, 264, 3,484, 2,095, and 3,398 genes were up-regulated, and 674, 3,484, 1,594, and 1,824 genes were down-regulated in the buds grown for 1, 3, 4, and 5 days after apical spike removal, respectively. Trend analysis of the expressed genes at different time points was performed and co-expression network was constructed to identify key genes in rhizome axillary bud regrowth. The results showed that 85 hub genes involved in 12 co-regulatory networks were mainly enriched in the light system, photosynthesis-antenna protein, plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporter and metabolic pathways, which suggested that hormone and photosynthetic signals might play important roles in the regulation of rhizome axillary bud regeneration in perennial rice. Overall, this study clarified the differences in the regeneration patterns of axillary buds between perennial and annual rice and provided insight into the complex regulatory networks during the regeneration of rhizome axillary buds in perennial rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengyi Hu
- *Correspondence: Liyu Huang, ; Fengyi Hu,
| | - Liyu Huang
- *Correspondence: Liyu Huang, ; Fengyi Hu,
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20
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Comprehensive Phytohormone Profiling of Kohlrabi during In Vitro Growth and Regeneration: The Interplay with Cytokinin and Sucrose. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101585. [PMID: 36295020 PMCID: PMC9604816 DOI: 10.3390/life12101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an efficient protocol for in vitro growth and regeneration of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) allowed us to closely examine the phytohormone profiles of kohlrabi seedlings at four growth stages (T1-T4), additionally including the effects of cytokinins (CKs)-trans-zeatin (transZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ)-and high sucrose concentrations (6% and 9%). Resulting phytohormone profiles showed complex time-course patterns. At the T2 stage of control kohlrabi plantlets (with two emerged true leaves), levels of endogenous CK free bases and gibberellin GA20 increased, while increases in jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetamide (IAM) peaked later, at T3. At the same time, the content of most of the analyzed IAA metabolites decreased. Supplementing growth media with CK induced de novo formation of shoots, while both CK and sucrose treatments caused important changes in most of the phytohormone groups at each developmental stage, compared to control. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that sucrose treatment, especially at 9%, had a stronger effect on the content of endogenous hormones than CK treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the dynamic balance between the levels of certain bioactive phytohormone forms and some of their metabolites could be lost or reversed at particular growth stages and under certain CK or sucrose treatments, with correlation values changing between strongly positive and strongly negative. Our results indicate that the kohlrabi phytohormonome is a highly dynamic system that changes greatly along the developmental time scale and also during de novo shoot formation, depending on exogenous factors such as the presence of growth regulators and different sucrose concentrations in the growth media, and that it interacts intensively with these factors to facilitate certain responses.
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21
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Experimental Evidence for Seed Metabolic Allometry in Barrel Medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158484. [PMID: 35955618 PMCID: PMC9369157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed size is often considered to be an important trait for seed quality, i.e., vigour and germination performance. It is believed that seed size reflects the quantity of reserve material and thus the C and N sources available for post-germinative processes. However, mechanisms linking seed size and quality are poorly documented. In particular, specific metabolic changes when seed size varies are not well-known. To gain insight into this aspect, we examined seed size and composition across different accessions of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) from the genetic core collection. We conducted multi-elemental analyses and isotope measurements, as well as exact mass GC–MS metabolomics. There was a systematic increase in N content (+0.17% N mg−1) and a decrease in H content (–0.14% H mg−1) with seed size, reflecting lower lipid and higher S-poor protein quantity. There was also a decrease in 2H natural abundance (δ2H), due to the lower prevalence of 2H-enriched lipid hydrogen atoms that underwent isotopic exchange with water during seed development. Metabolomics showed that seed size correlates with free amino acid and hexoses content, and anticorrelates with amino acid degradation products, disaccharides, malic acid and free fatty acids. All accessions followed the same trend, with insignificant differences in metabolic properties between them. Our results show that there is no general, proportional increase in metabolite pools with seed size. Seed size appears to be determined by metabolic balance (between sugar and amino acid degradation vs. utilisation for storage), which is in turn likely determined by phloem source metabolite delivery during seed development.
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22
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Morin A, Maurousset L, Vriet C, Lemoine R, Doidy J, Pourtau N. Carbon fluxes and environmental interactions during legume development, with a specific focus on Pisum sativum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13729. [PMID: 35662039 PMCID: PMC9328368 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes are major food crops cultivated worldwide for their seeds with high nutritional content. To answer the growing concern about food safety and protein autonomy, legume cultivation must increase in the coming years. In parallel, current agricultural practices are facing environmental challenges, including global temperature increase and more frequent and severe episodes of drought stress. Crop yield directly relies on carbon allocation and is particularly affected by these global changes. We review the current knowledge on source-sink relationships and carbon resource allocation at all developmental stages, from germination to vegetative growth and seed production in grain legumes, focusing on pea (Pisum sativum). We also discuss how these source-sink relationships and carbon fluxes are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Major agronomic traits, including seed yield and quality, are particularly impacted by drought, temperatures, salinity, waterlogging, or pathogens and can be improved through the promotion of beneficial soil microorganisms or through optimized plant carbon resource allocation. Altogether, our review highlights the need for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating carbon fluxes from source leaves to sink organs, roots, and seeds. These advancements will further improve our understanding of yield stability and stress tolerance and contribute to the selection of climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Morin
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Cécile Vriet
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Joan Doidy
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, EBI "Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions"PoitiersFrance
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Li Z, Wei X, Tong X, Zhao J, Liu X, Wang H, Tang L, Shu Y, Li G, Wang Y, Ying J, Jiao G, Hu H, Hu P, Zhang J. The OsNAC23-Tre6P-SnRK1a feed-forward loop regulates sugar homeostasis and grain yield in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:706-722. [PMID: 35093592 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tre6P (trehalose-6-phosphate) mediates sensing of carbon availability to maintain sugar homeostasis in plants, which underpins crop yield and resilience. However, how Tre6P responds to fluctuations in sugar levels and regulates the utilization of sugars for growth remains to be addressed. Here, we report that the sugar-inducible rice NAC transcription factor OsNAC23 directly represses the transcription of the Tre6P phosphatase gene TPP1 to simultaneously elevate Tre6P and repress trehalose levels, thus facilitating carbon partitioning from source to sink organs. Meanwhile, OsNAC23 and Tre6P suppress the transcription and enzyme activity of SnRK1a, a low-carbon sensor and antagonist of OsNAC23, to prevent the SnRK1a-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of OsNAC23. Thus, OsNAC23, Tre6P, and SnRK1a form a feed-forward loop to sense sugar and maintain sugar homeostasis by transporting sugars to sink organs. Importantly, plants over-expressing OsNAC23 exhibited an elevated photosynthetic rate, sugar transport, and sink organ size, which consistently increased rice yields by 13%-17% in three elite-variety backgrounds and two locations, suggesting that manipulation of OsNAC23 expression has great potential for rice improvement. Collectively, these findings enhance our understanding of Tre6P-mediated sugar signaling and homeostasis, and provide a new strategy for genetic improvement of rice and possibly also other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Liqun Tang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yazhou Shu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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Teng Z, Yu H, Wang G, Meng S, Liu B, Yi Y, Chen Y, Zheng Q, Liu L, Yang J, Duan M, Zhang J, Ye N. Synergistic interaction between ABA and IAA due to moderate soil drying promotes grain filling of inferior spikelets in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1457-1472. [PMID: 34921476 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poor grain filling of inferior spikelets is becoming a severe problem in some super rice varieties with large panicles. Moderate soil drying (MD) after pollination has been proven to be a practical strategy to promote grain filling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. Here, transcriptomic analysis of the most active grain filling stage revealed that both starch metabolism and phytohormone signaling were significantly promoted by MD treatment, accompanied by increased enzyme activities of starch synthesis and elevated abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in the inferior spikelet. Moreover, the IAA biosynthesis genes OsYUC11 and OsTAR2 were upregulated, while OsIAA29 and OsIAA24, which encode two repressors of auxin signaling, were downregulated by MD, implying a regulation of both IAA biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction in the inferior spikelet by MD. A notable improvement in grain filling of the inferior spikelet was found in the aba8ox2 mutant, which is mutated in an ABA catabolism gene. In contrast, overexpression of OsABA8ox2 significantly reduced grain filling. Interestingly, not only the IAA content, but also the expression of IAA biosynthesis and auxin-responsive genes displayed a similar trend to that in the inferior spikelet under MD. In addition, several OsTPP genes were downregulated in the inferior spikelets of both MD/ABA-treated wild-type plants and the aba8ox2 mutant, resulting in lower trehalose content and higher levels of -6-phosphate (T6P), thereby increasing the expression of OsTAR2, a target of T6P. Taken together, our results suggest that the synergistic interaction of ABA-mediated accumulation of IAA promotes grain filling of inferior spikelets under MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Teng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huihui Yu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guanqun Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuan Meng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yake Yi
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yinke Chen
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meijuan Duan
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice Stress Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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25
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Sarkar AK, Sadhukhan S. Imperative role of trehalose metabolism and trehalose-6-phosphate signaling on salt stress responses in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13647. [PMID: 35141895 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transport and distribution have a direct impact on the growth and development of plants. Many sugars significantly influence salt stress response. The sensing of salt stress signals triggers a wide array of complicated network transduction pathways in plants. Trehalose and its intermediate compounds effectively modulate salt response and salt tolerance. Sugars such as trehalose and its derivatives not only serve as metabolic resources and structural components of cells in plants but also exhibit hormone-like regulating properties. Trehalose has an important physiological role in improving plant tolerance against salinity stresses in different plants. Plants finely adjust their cytoplasmic compatible solute pool to cope with high salinity. Salt stress induces a variety of structural, anatomical, molecular, biochemical, and physiological changes in plants, all of which have a detrimental influence on plant growth and development. This review highlights the recent developments in understanding trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate signaling processes in plants, especially their impacts on plants growing in salty environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Sadhukhan
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
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26
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Mishra BS, Sharma M, Laxmi A. Role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13546. [PMID: 34480799 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Under the natural environment, nutrient signals interact with phytohormones to coordinate and reprogram plant growth and survival. Sugars are important molecules that control almost all morphological and physiological processes in plants, ranging from seed germination to senescence. In addition to their functions as energy resources, osmoregulation, storage molecules, and structural components, sugars function as signaling molecules and interact with various plant signaling pathways, such as hormones, stress, and light to modulate growth and development according to fluctuating environmental conditions. Auxin, being an important phytohormone, is associated with almost all stages of the plant's life cycle and also plays a vital role in response to the dynamic environment for better growth and survival. In the previous years, substantial progress has been made that showed a range of common responses mediated by sugars and auxin signaling. This review discusses how sugar signaling affects auxin at various levels from its biosynthesis to perception and downstream gene activation. On the same note, the review also highlights the role of auxin signaling in fine-tuning sugar metabolism and carbon partitioning. Furthermore, we discussed the crosstalk between the two signaling machineries in the regulation of various biological processes, such as gene expression, cell cycle, development, root system architecture, and shoot growth. In conclusion, the review emphasized the role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in the regulation of several agriculturally important traits. Thus, engineering of sugar and auxin signaling pathways could potentially provide new avenues to manipulate for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra, Ram Gulam Rai P. G. College Banktashiv, Affiliated to Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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27
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The reliance of phytohormone biosynthesis on primary metabolite precursors. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153589. [PMID: 34896926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is some debate as to whether phytohormone metabolites should be classified as primary or secondary metabolites. Phytohormones have profound effects on growth - a typical trait of primary metabolites - yet several of them are formed from secondary metabolite precursors. This is further exacerbated by the blurred distinction between primary and secondary metabolism. What is clearer, however, is that phytohormones display distinctive regulatory mechanisms from other metabolites. Moreover, by contrast to microbial and mammalian systems, the majority of plant metabolite receptors characterized to date are hormone receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic links between primary metabolism and phytohormone biosynthesis in an attempt to complement recent reviews covering the signaling crosstalk between elements of core metabolism and the phytohormones. In doing so, we cover the biosynthesis of both the classical metabolic phytohormones namely auxins, salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins and abscisic acid as well as recently described plant growth regulators which have been proposed as novel phytohormones namely strigolactones blumenols, zaxinone and β-cyclocitral as well as melatonin. For each hormone, we describe the primary metabolite precursors which fuel its synthesis, act as conjugates or in the case of 2-oxoglutarate act more directly as a co-substrate in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, auxin and salicylic acid. Furthermore, several amino acids operate as hormone conjugates, such as jasmonate-conjugates. In reviewing the biosynthesis of all the phytohormones simultaneously, the exceptional intricacy of the biochemical interplay that underpins their interaction emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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28
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Bal M, Østergaard L. Hormonal Influences on Pod-Seed Intercommunication during Pea Fruit Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:49. [PMID: 35052390 PMCID: PMC8774696 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms (from the Greek "angeion"-vessel, and "sperma"-seed) are defined by the presence of specialised tissue surrounding their developing seeds. This tissue is known as the ovary and once a flower has been fertilised, it gives rise to the fruit. Fruits serve various functions in relation to the seeds they contain: they often form tough physical barriers to prevent mechanical damage, they may form specialised structures that aid in dispersal, and they act as a site of nutrient and signal exchange between the parent plant and its offspring. The close coordination of fruit growth and seed development is essential to successful reproduction. Firstly, fertilisation of the ovules is required in most angiosperm species to initiate fruit growth. Secondly, it is crucial that seed dispersal facilitated by, e.g., fruit opening or ripening occurs only once the seeds have matured. These highly coordinated events suggest that seeds and fruits are in close communication throughout development and represent a classical problem of interorgan signalling and organismic resource allocation. Here, we review the contribution of studies on the edible, unicarpellate legume Pisum sativum to our understanding of seed and fruit growth coregulation, and propose areas of new research in this species which may yield important advances for both pulse agronomy and natural science.
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29
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The interface of central metabolism with hormone signaling in plants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1535-R1548. [PMID: 34875246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the myriad of metabolites produced by plants, primary metabolites and hormones play crucial housekeeping roles in the cell and are essential for proper plant growth and development. While the biosynthetic pathways of primary metabolism are well characterized, those of hormones are yet to be completely defined. Central metabolism provides precursors for hormone biosynthesis and the regulation and function of primary metabolites and hormones are tightly entwined. The combination of reverse genetics and technological advances in our ability to evaluate the levels of the molecular entities of the cell (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) has led to considerable improvements in our understanding of both the regulatory interaction between primary metabolites and hormones and its coordination in response to different conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the interaction of primary and hormone metabolism at the metabolic and signaling levels, as well as a perspective regarding the tools that can be used to tackle our current knowledge gaps at the signaling level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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30
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Paul MJ. What are the regulatory targets for intervention in assimilate partitioning to improve crop yield and resilience? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153537. [PMID: 34619557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose utilisation for the synthesis of cellular components involved in growth and development and the accumulation of biomass determines diversity in the plant kingdom; sucrose utilisation and partitioning also underpin crop yields. As a complex process the use of sucrose for the partitioning of plant products for yield is decided by the interaction of several regulatory hubs and the integration of metabolism and development. Understanding the regulation of assimilate partitioning has been a grand challenge in plant and crop science. There are emerging examples of genes and processes that appear important for assimilate partitioning that underpin yield in crops and which are amenable to intervention. Enzymes of carbon metabolism were some of the first targets in attempts to modify assimilate partitioning at the beginning (source) and end (sink) of the whole plant assimilate partitioning process. Metabolic enzymes are subject to regulatory and homeostatic mechanisms, a key factor to consider in modifying assimilate partitioning. Trehalose 6-phosphate, as a sucrose signal, may represent a special case in its ability to regulate and coordinate source and sink processes. This review summarises recent progress in understanding the underlying regulators of assimilate partitioning and the current and potentially most promising routes to crop yield enhancement with a main focus on cereals. A framework for how source-sink may regulate whole plant assimilate partitioning involving a few key elements and the central importance of reproductive development is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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31
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In Silico and Transcription Analysis of Trehalose-6-phosphate Phosphatase Gene Family of Wheat: Trehalose Synthesis Genes Contribute to Salinity, Drought Stress and Leaf Senescence. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111652. [PMID: 34828258 PMCID: PMC8618227 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) genes take part in trehalose metabolism and also in stress tolerance, which has been well documented in many species but poorly understood in wheat. The present research has identified a family of 31 TPP genes in Triticum aestivum L. through homology searches and classified them into five clades by phylogenetic tree analysis, providing evidence of an evolutionary status with Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa. The exon-intron distribution revealed a discrete evolutionary history and projected possible gene duplication occurrences. Furthermore, different computational approaches were used to analyze the physical and chemical properties, conserved domains and motifs, subcellular and chromosomal localization, and three-dimensional (3-D) protein structures. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) analysis predicted that TaTPP promoters consist of CREs related to plant growth and development, hormones, and stress. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the transcription levels of TaTPPs were variable in different developmental stages and organs. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis showed that different TaTPPs were induced under salt and drought stresses and during leaf senescence. Therefore, the findings of the present study give fundamental genomic information and possible biological functions of the TaTPP gene family in wheat and will provide the path for a better understanding of TaTPPs involvement in wheat developmental processes, stress tolerance, and leaf senescence.
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32
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Fan S, Wang D, Xie H, Wang H, Qin Y, Hu G, Zhao J. Sugar Transport, Metabolism and Signaling in Fruit Development of Litchi chinensis Sonn: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011231. [PMID: 34681891 PMCID: PMC8540296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi chinensis Sonn. is an important evergreen fruit crop cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions. The edible portion of litchi fruit is the aril, which contains a high concentration of sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In this study, we review various aspects of sugar transport, metabolism, and signaling during fruit development in litchi. We begin by detailing the sugar transport and accumulation during aril development, and the biosynthesis of quebrachitol as a transportable photosynthate is discussed. We then document sugar metabolism in litchi fruit. We focus on the links between sugar signaling and seed development as well as fruit abscission. Finally, we outline future directions for research on sugar metabolism and signaling to improve fruit yield and quality.
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Ray P, Guo Y, Chi MH, Krom N, Boschiero C, Watson B, Huhman D, Zhao P, Singan VR, Lindquist EA, Yan J, Adam C, Craven KD. Serendipita Fungi Modulate the Switchgrass Root Transcriptome to Circumvent Host Defenses and Establish a Symbiotic Relationship. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1128-1142. [PMID: 34260261 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0084-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fungal family Serendipitaceae encompasses root-associated lineages with endophytic, ericoid, orchid, and ectomycorrhizal lifestyles. Switchgrass is an important bioenergy crop for cellulosic ethanol production owing to high biomass production on marginal soils otherwise unfit for food crop cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the host plant responses to Serendipita spp. colonization by characterizing the switchgrass root transcriptome during different stages of symbiosis in vitro. For this, we included a native switchgrass strain, Serendipita bescii, and a related strain, S. vermifera, isolated from Australian orchids. Serendipita colonization progresses from thin hyphae that grow between root cells to, finally, the production of large, bulbous hyphae that fill root cells during the later stages of colonization. We report that switchgrass seems to perceive both fungi prior to physical contact, leading to the activation of chemical and structural defense responses and putative host disease resistance genes. Subsequently, the host defense system appears to be quenched and carbohydrate metabolism adjusted, potentially to accommodate the fungal symbiont. In addition, prior to contact, switchgrass exhibited significant increases in root hair density and root surface area. Furthermore, genes involved in phytohormone metabolism such as gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were activated during different stages of colonization. Both fungal strains induced plant gene expression in a similar manner, indicating a conserved plant response to members of this fungal order. Understanding plant responsiveness to Serendipita spp. will inform our efforts to integrate them into forages and row crops for optimal plant-microbe functioning, thus facilitating low-input, sustainable agricultural practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Ray
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yingqing Guo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Bonnie Watson
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - David Huhman
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Patrick Zhao
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erika A Lindquist
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Juying Yan
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
| | - Catherine Adam
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, U.S.A
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34
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Bharadwaj R, Noceda C, Mohanapriya G, Kumar SR, Thiers KLL, Costa JH, Macedo ES, Kumari A, Gupta KJ, Srivastava S, Adholeya A, Oliveira M, Velada I, Sircar D, Sathishkumar R, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. Adaptive Reprogramming During Early Seed Germination Requires Temporarily Enhanced Fermentation-A Critical Role for Alternative Oxidase Regulation That Concerns Also Microbiota Effectiveness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686274. [PMID: 34659277 PMCID: PMC8518632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental cues via adaptive cell reprogramming that can affect whole plant and ecosystem functionality. Microbiota constitutes part of the inner and outer environment of the plant. This Umwelt underlies steady dynamics, due to complex local and global biotic and abiotic changes. Hence, adaptive plant holobiont responses are crucial for continuous metabolic adjustment at the systems level. Plants require oxygen-dependent respiration for energy-dependent adaptive morphology, such as germination, root and shoot growth, and formation of adventitious, clonal, and reproductive organs, fruits, and seeds. Fermentative paths can help in acclimation and, to our view, the role of alternative oxidase (AOX) in coordinating complex metabolic and physiological adjustments is underestimated. Cellular levels of sucrose are an important sensor of environmental stress. We explored the role of exogenous sucrose and its interplay with AOX during early seed germination. We found that sucrose-dependent initiation of fermentation during the first 12 h after imbibition (HAI) was beneficial to germination. However, parallel upregulated AOX expression was essential to control negative effects by prolonged sucrose treatment. Early downregulated AOX activity until 12 HAI improved germination efficiency in the absence of sucrose but suppressed early germination in its presence. The results also suggest that seeds inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can buffer sucrose stress during germination to restore normal respiration more efficiently. Following this approach, we propose a simple method to identify organic seeds and low-cost on-farm perspectives for early identifying disease tolerance, predicting plant holobiont behavior, and improving germination. Furthermore, the research strengthens the view that AOX can serve as a powerful functional marker source for seed hologenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revuru Bharadwaj
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Carlos Noceda
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants (BIOCEMP)/Industrial Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Gunasekharan Mohanapriya
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Elisete Santos Macedo
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), TERI Gram, Gurugram, India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), TERI Gram, Gurugram, India
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics and CIMA - Center for Research on Mathematics and Its Applications, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Isabel Velada
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Rolletschek H, Mayer S, Boughton B, Wagner S, Ortleb S, Kiel C, Roessner U, Borisjuk L. The metabolic environment of the developing embryo: A multidisciplinary approach on oilseed rapeseed. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153505. [PMID: 34481359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae seeds consist of three genetically distinct structures: the embryo, endosperm and seed coat, all of which are involved in assimilate allocation during seed development. The complexity of their metabolic interrelations remains unresolved to date. In the present study, we apply state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to assess the metabolic environment of the Brassica napus embryo. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided volumetric data on the living embryo and endosperm, revealing how the endosperm envelops the embryo, determining endosperm's priority in assimilate uptake from the seed coat during early development. MRI analysis showed higher levels of sugars in the peripheral endosperm facing the seed coat, but a lower sugar content within the central vacuole and the region surrounding the embryo. Feeding intact siliques with 13C-labeled sucrose allowed tracing of the post-phloem route of sucrose transfer within the seed at the heart stage of embryogenesis, by means of mass spectrometry imaging. Quantification of over 70 organic and inorganic compounds in the endosperm revealed shifts in their abundance over different stages of development, while sugars and potassium were the main determinants of osmolality throughout these stages. Our multidisciplinary approach allows access to the hidden aspects of endosperm metabolism, a task which remains unattainable for the small-seeded model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Simon Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Christina Kiel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
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Yu B, Xiang D, Mahfuz H, Patterson N, Bing D. Understanding Starch Metabolism in Pea Seeds towards Tailoring Functionality for Value-Added Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8972. [PMID: 34445676 PMCID: PMC8396644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate and a major component in pea seeds, accounting for about 50% of dry seed weight. As a by-product of pea protein processing, current uses for pea starch are limited to low-value, commodity markets. The globally growing demand for pea protein poses a great challenge for the pea fractionation industry to develop new markets for starch valorization. However, there exist gaps in our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying starch metabolism, and its relationship with physicochemical and functional properties, which is a prerequisite for targeted tailoring functionality and innovative applications of starch. This review outlines the understanding of starch metabolism with a particular focus on peas and highlights the knowledge of pea starch granule structure and its relationship with functional properties, and industrial applications. Using the currently available pea genetics and genomics knowledge and breakthroughs in omics technologies, we discuss the perspectives and possible avenues to advance our understanding of starch metabolism in peas at an unprecedented level, to ultimately enable the molecular design of multi-functional native pea starch and to create value-added utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianyun Yu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Humaira Mahfuz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nii Patterson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Dengjin Bing
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
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Mhada M, Zvinavashe AT, Hazzoumi Z, Zeroual Y, Marelli B, Kouisni L. Bioformulation of Silk-Based Coating to Preserve and Deliver Rhizobium tropici to Phaseolus vulgaris Under Saline Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700273. [PMID: 34408761 PMCID: PMC8366584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seed priming has been for a long time an efficient application method of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Due to the quick degradation of the priming agents, this technique has been limited to specific immediate uses. With the increase of awareness of the importance of sustainable use of biofertilizers, seed coating has presented a competitive advantage regarding its ability to adhere easily to the seed, preserve the inoculant, and decompose in the soil. This study compared primed Phaseolus vulgaris seeds with Rhizobium tropici and trehalose with coated seeds using a silk solution mixed with R. tropici and trehalose. We represented the effect of priming and seed coating on seed germination and the development of seedlings by evaluating physiological and morphological parameters under different salinity levels (0, 20, 50, and 75 mM). Results showed that germination and morphological parameters have been significantly enhanced by applying R. tropici and trehalose. Seedlings of coated seeds show higher root density than the freshly primed seeds and the control. The physiological response has been evaluated through the stomatal conductance, the chlorophyll content, and the total phenolic compounds. The stability of these physiological traits indicated the role of trehalose in the protection of the photosystems of the plant under low and medium salinity levels. R. tropici and trehalose helped the plant mitigate the negative impact of salt stress on all traits. These findings represent an essential contribution to our understanding of stress responses in coated and primed seeds. This knowledge is essential to the design of coating materials optimized for stressed environments. However, further progress in this area of research must anticipate the development of coatings adapted to different stresses using micro and macro elements, bacteria, and fungi with a significant focus on biopolymers for sustainable agriculture and soil microbiome preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mhada
- African Integrated Plant and Soil Research Group, AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Augustine T. Zvinavashe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zakaria Hazzoumi
- Green Biotechnology Laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lamfeddal Kouisni
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI–UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
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Sun J, Chen T, Tao J. Single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing provides insight into the TPS gene family in Paeonia ostii. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11808. [PMID: 34316413 PMCID: PMC8286706 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC), one of the traditional famous flowers with both ornamental and medicinal value, was widely used in China. Surprisingly little is known about the full-length transcriptome sequencing in tree peony, limiting the research on its gene function and molecular mechanism. The trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPS) family genes has been found to affect plant growth and development and the function of TPS genes in Paeonia ostii is unknown. METHODS In our study, we performed single molecule, full-length transcript sequencing in P. ostii. 10 TPS family members were identified from PacBio sequencing for bioinformatics analysis and transcriptional expression analysis. RESULTS A total of 230,736 reads of insert (ROI) sequences and 114,215 full-Length non-chimeric reads (FLNC) were obtained for further ORFs and transcription factors prediction, SSR analysis and lncRNA identification. NR, Swissprot, GO, COG, KOG, Pfam and KEGG databases were used to obtain annotation information of transcripts. 10 TPS family members were identified with molecular weights between 48.0 to 108.5 kD and isoelectric point between 5.61 to 6.37. Furthermore, we found that TPS family members contain conserved TPP or TPS domain. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, PoTPS1 protein was highly similar to AtTPS1 protein in Arabidopsis. Finally, we analyzed the expression levels of all TPS genes in P. ostii and found PoTPS5 expressed at the highest level. In conclusion, this study combined the results of the transcriptome to systematically analyze the 10 TPS family members, and sets a framework for further research of this important gene family in development of tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Jian SF, Huang XJ, Yang XN, Zhong C, Miao JH. Sulfur Regulates the Trade-Off Between Growth and Andrographolide Accumulation via Nitrogen Metabolism in Andrographis paniculata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:687954. [PMID: 34335655 PMCID: PMC8317024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.687954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are essential mineral nutrients for plant growth and metabolism. Here, we investigated their interaction in plant growth and andrographolide accumulation in medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata grown at different N (4 and 8 mmol·L-1) and S concentration levels (0.1 and 2.4 mmol L-1). We found that increasing the S application rate enhanced the accumulation of andrographolide compounds (AGCs) in A. paniculata. Simultaneously, salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid 4 (GA4) concentrations were increased but trehalose/trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre/Tre6P) concentrations were decreased by high S, suggesting that they were involved in the S-mediated accumulation of AGCs. However, S affected plant growth differentially at different N levels. Metabolite analysis revealed that high S induced increases in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and photorespiration under low N conditions, which promoted N assimilation and S metabolism, and simultaneously increased carbohydrate consumption and inhibited plant growth. In contrast, high S reduced N and S concentrations in plants and promoted plant growth under high N conditions. Taken together, the results indicated that increasing the S application rate is an effective strategy to improve AGC accumulation in A. paniculata. Nevertheless, the interaction of N and S affected the trade-off between plant growth and AGC accumulation, in which N metabolism plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Fen Jian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Centre of TCM Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Jing Huang
- College of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Centre of TCM Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Chu Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Centre of TCM Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Jian-Hua Miao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Centre of TCM Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
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Kabir MR, Nonhebel HM, Backhouse D, Winter G. Expression of key auxin biosynthesis genes correlates with auxin and starch content of developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:802-814. [PMID: 33715766 DOI: 10.1071/fp20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of auxin on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain size is contentious. Additionally, the contributions to the IAA pool from de novo synthesis versus hydrolysis of IAA-glucose are unclear. Here, we describe the first comprehensive study of tryptophan aminotransferase and indole-3-pyruvate mono-oxygenase expression from 5 to 20 days after anthesis. A comparison of expression data with measurements of endogenous IAA via combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using heavy isotope labelled internal standards indicates that TaTAR2-B3, TaYUC9-A1, TaYUC9-B, TaYUC9-D1, TaYUC10-A and TaYUC10-D are primarily responsible for IAA production in developing grains. Furthermore, these genes are expressed specifically in developing grains, like those found in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Our results cast doubt on the proposed role of THOUSAND-GRAIN WEIGHT gene, TaTGW6, in promoting larger grain size via negative effects on grain IAA content. Work on this gene overlooked the contribution of IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan. Although IAA synthesis occurs primarily in the endosperm, we show the TaYUC9-1 group is also strongly expressed in the embryo. Within the endosperm, TaYUC9-1 expression is highest in aleurone and transfer cells, suggesting that IAA has a key role in differentiation of these tissues as has been proposed for other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Rezwan Kabir
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Heather M Nonhebel
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - David Backhouse
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Gal Winter
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Fichtner F, Lunn JE. The Role of Trehalose 6-Phosphate (Tre6P) in Plant Metabolism and Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:737-760. [PMID: 33428475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) has a dual function as a signal and homeostatic regulator of sucrose levels in plants. In source leaves, Tre6P regulates the production of sucrose to balance supply with demand for sucrose from growing sink organs. As a signal of sucrose availability, Tre6P influences developmental decisions that will affect future demand for sucrose, such as flowering, embryogenesis, and shoot branching, and links the growth of sink organs to sucrose supply. This involves complex interactions with SUCROSE-NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE1 that are not yet fully understood. Tre6P synthase, the enzyme that makes Tre6P, plays a key role in the nexus between sucrose and Tre6P, operating in the phloem-loading zone of leaves and potentially generating systemic signals for source-sink coordination. Many plants have large and diverse families of Tre6P phosphatase enzymes that dephosphorylate Tre6P, some of which have noncatalytic functions in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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Wang G, Li X, Ye N, Huang M, Feng L, Li H, Zhang J. OsTPP1 regulates seed germination through the crosstalk with abscisic acid in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1925-1939. [PMID: 33629374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is essential for direct seeding in rice. It has been demonstrated that trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase 1 (OsTPP1) plays roles in improving yield and stress tolerance in rice. In this study, the roles of OsTPP1 on seed germination in rice were investigated. The tpp1 mutant germinated slower than the wild-type (WT), which can be restored by exogenous trehalose. tpp1 seeds showed higher ABA content compared with WT seeds. The tpp1 mutant was hypersensitive to ABA and ABA catabolism inhibitor (Dinicozanole). Furthermore, two ABA catabolism genes were downregulated in the tpp1 mutant which were responsible for increased ABA concentrations, and exogenous trehalose increased transcripts of ABA catabolism genes, suggesting that OsTPP1 and ABA catabolism genes acted in the same signaling pathway. Further analysis showed that a transcription factor of OsGAMYB was an activator of OsTPP1, and expression of OsGAMYB was decreased by both the exogenous and endogenous ABA, subsequently reducing the expression of OsTPP1, which suggested a new signaling pathway required for seed germination in rice. In addition, ABA-responsive genes, especially OsABI5, were invoved in OsTPP1-mediated seed germination. Overall, our study provided new pathways in seed germination that OsTPP1 controlled seed germination through crosstalk with the ABA catabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaozheng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Mingkun Huang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
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Cai M, Liang X, Liu Y, Hu H, Xie Y, Chen S, Gao X, Li X, Xiao C, Chen D, Wu Q. Transcriptional Dynamics of Genes Purportedly Involved in the Control of Meiosis, Carbohydrate, and Secondary Metabolism during Sporulation in Ganoderma lucidum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040504. [PMID: 33805512 PMCID: PMC8066989 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS), the mature germ cells ejected from the abaxial side of the pileus, have diverse pharmacological effects. However, the genetic regulation of sporulation in this fungus remains unknown. Here, samples corresponding to the abaxial side of the pileus were collected from strain YW-1 at three sequential developmental stages and were then subjected to a transcriptome assay. We identified 1598 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were strongly expressed during spore morphogenesis. In particular, genes involved in trehalose and malate synthesis were upregulated, implying the accumulation of specific carbohydrates in mature G. lucidum spores. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in triterpenoid and ergosterol biosynthesis was high in the young fruiting body but gradually decreased with sporulation. Finally, spore development-related regulatory pathways were explored by analyzing the DNA binding motifs of 24 transcription factors that are considered to participate in the control of sporulation. Our results provide a dataset of dynamic gene expression during sporulation in G. lucidum. They also shed light on genes potentially involved in transcriptional regulation of the meiotic process, metabolism pathways in energy provision, and ganoderic acids and ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Diling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Sharma E, Borah P, Kaur A, Bhatnagar A, Mohapatra T, Kapoor S, Khurana JP. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis of contrasting rice cultivars highlights the role of auxin and ABA responsive genes in heat stress response. Genomics 2021; 113:1247-1261. [PMID: 33705886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensing a change in ambient temperature is key to survival among all living organisms. Temperature fluctuations due to climate change are a matter of grave concern since it adversely affects growth and eventually the yield of crop plants, including two of the major cereals, i.e., rice and wheat. Thus, to understand the response of rice seedlings to elevated temperatures, we performed microarray-based transcriptome analysis of two contrasting rice cultivars, Annapurna (heat tolerant) and IR64 (heat susceptible), by subjecting their seedlings to 37 °C and 42 °C, sequentially. The transcriptome analyses revealed a set of uniquely regulated genes and related pathways in red rice cultivar Annapurna, particularly associated with auxin and ABA as a part of heat stress response in rice. The changes in expression of few auxin and ABA associated genes, such as OsIAA13, OsIAA20, ILL8, OsbZIP12, OsPP2C51, OsDi19-1 and OsHOX24, among others, were validated under high-temperature conditions using RT-qPCR. In particular, the expression of auxin-inducible SAUR genes was enhanced considerably at both elevated temperatures. Further, using genes that expressed inversely under heat vs. cold temperature conditions, we built a regulatory network between transcription factors (TF) such as HSFs, NAC, WRKYs, bHLHs or bZIPs and their target gene pairs and determined regulatory coordination in their expression under varying temperature conditions. Our work thus provides useful insights into temperature-responsive genes, particularly under elevated temperature conditions, and could serve as a resource of candidate genes associated with thermotolerance or downstream components of temperature sensors in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Pratikshya Borah
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Akanksha Bhatnagar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Trilochan Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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van der Linde K, Göhre V. How Do Smut Fungi Use Plant Signals to Spatiotemporally Orientate on and In Planta? J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:107. [PMID: 33540708 PMCID: PMC7913117 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smut fungi represent a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that cause extensive yield loss and are also model organisms for studying plant-pathogen interactions. In recent years, they have become biotechnological tools. After initial penetration of the plant epidermis, smut fungi grow intra-and intercellularly without disrupting the plant-plasma membrane. Following the colonialization step, teliospores are formed and later released. While some smuts only invade the tissues around the initial penetration site, others colonize in multiple plant organs resulting in spore formation distal from the original infection site. The intimate contact zone between fungal hyphae and the host is termed the biotrophic interaction zone and enables exchange of signals and nutrient uptake. Obviously, all steps of on and in planta growth require fine sensing of host conditions as well as reprogramming of the host by the smut fungus. In this review, we highlight selected examples of smut fungal colonization styles, directional growth in planta, induction of spore formation, and the signals required, pointing to excellent reviews for details, to draw attention to some of the open questions in this important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina van der Linde
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Fichtner F, Barbier FF, Annunziata MG, Feil R, Olas JJ, Mueller-Roeber B, Stitt M, Beveridge CA, Lunn JE. Regulation of shoot branching in arabidopsis by trehalose 6-phosphate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2135-2151. [PMID: 33068448 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is a sucrose signalling metabolite that has been implicated in regulation of shoot branching, but its precise role is not understood. We expressed tagged forms of TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE1 (TPS1) to determine where Tre6P is synthesized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and investigated the impact of localized changes in Tre6P levels, in axillary buds or vascular tissues, on shoot branching in wild-type and branching mutant backgrounds. TPS1 is expressed in axillary buds and the subtending vasculature, as well as in the leaf and stem vasculature. Expression of a heterologous Tre6P phosphatase (TPP) to lower Tre6P in axillary buds strongly delayed bud outgrowth in long days and inhibited branching in short days. TPP expression in the vasculature also delayed lateral bud outgrowth and decreased branching. Increased Tre6P in the vasculature enhanced branching and was accompanied by higher expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and upregulation of sucrose transporters. Increased vascular Tre6P levels enhanced branching in branched1 but not in ft mutant backgrounds. These results provide direct genetic evidence of a local role for Tre6P in regulation of axillary bud outgrowth within the buds themselves, and also connect Tre6P with systemic regulation of shoot branching via FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Francois F Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria G Annunziata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Justyna J Olas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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