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Malik MS, Elahi I, Sameeullah M, Ijaz F, Batool N, Khalid F, Gurel E, Saba K, Waheed MT. In silico designing and characterization of outer membrane protein K (OmpK) from Vibrio anguillarum and its expression in Nicotiana tabacum for the development of a plant-based vaccine against fish vibriosis. J Biotechnol 2024; 380:51-63. [PMID: 38151110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis is caused by Vibrio anguillarum in various species of aquaculture. A novel, secure, and stable vaccine is needed to eradicate vibriosis. Here, for reverse vaccinology and plant-based expression, the outer membrane protein K (OmpK) of V. anguillarum was chosen due to its conserved nature in all Vibrio species. OmpK, an ideal vaccine candidate against vibriosis, demonstrated immunogenic, non-allergic, and non-toxic behavior by using various bioinformatics tools. Docking showed the interaction of the OmpK model with TLR-5. In comparison to costly platforms, plants can be used as alternative and economic bio-factories to produce vaccine antigens. We expressed OmpK antigen in Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression vector was constructed using Gateway® cloning. Transgene integration was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the copy number via qRT-PCR, which showed two copies of transgenes. Western blotting detected monomeric form of OmpK protein. The total soluble protein (TSP) fraction of OmpK was equivalent to 0.38% as detected by ELISA. Mice and fish were immunized with plant-derived OmpK antigen, which showed a significantly high level of anti-OmpK antibodies. The present study is the first report of OmpK antigen expression in higher plants for the potential use as vaccine in aquaculture against vibriosis, which could provide protection against multiple Vibrio species due to the conserved nature OmpK antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Elahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sameeullah
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye; Centre for Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application and Research, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Fatima Ijaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Neelam Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ekrem Gurel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Kiran Saba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Shanmugaraj B, Jirarojwattana P, Phoolcharoen W. Molecular Farming Strategy for the Rapid Production of Protein-Based Reagents for Use in Infectious Disease Diagnostics. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1010-1020. [PMID: 37072112 DOI: 10.1055/a-2076-2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are a major breakthrough in biomedical research with a wide range of applications from diagnostics to therapeutics. Strategic construct design, consistent expression platforms, and suitable upstream and downstream techniques are key considerations to produce commercially viable recombinant proteins. The recombinant antigenic protein production for use either as a diagnostic reagent or subunit vaccine formulation is usually carried out in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression platforms. Microbial and mammalian systems dominate the biopharmaceutical industry for such applications. However, there is no universal expression system that can meet all the requirements for different types of proteins. The adoptability of any expression system is likely based on the quality and quantity of the proteins that can be produced from it. The huge demand of recombinant proteins for different applications requires an inexpensive production platform for rapid development. The molecular farming scientific community has been promoting the plant system for nearly 3 decades as a cost-effective alternative to produce high-quality proteins for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Here, we discuss how plant biotechnology could offer solutions for the rapid and scalable production of protein antigens as low-cost diagnostic reagents for use in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perawat Jirarojwattana
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pouresmaeil M, Azizi-Dargahlou S. Factors involved in heterologous expression of proteins in E. coli host. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:212. [PMID: 37120438 PMCID: PMC10148705 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins is one of the most significant achievements of biotechnology in the last century. These proteins are produced in the eukaryotic or prokaryotic heterologous hosts. By increasing the omics data especially related to different heterologous hosts as well as the presence of new amenable genetic engineering tools, we can artificially engineer heterologous hosts to produce recombinant proteins in sufficient quantities. Numerous recombinant proteins have been produced and applied in various industries, and the global recombinant proteins market size is expected to be cast to reach USD 2.4 billion by 2027. Therefore, identifying the weakness and strengths of heterologous hosts is critical to optimize the large-scale biosynthesis of recombinant proteins. E. coli is one of the popular hosts to produce recombinant proteins. Scientists reported some bottlenecks in this host, and due to the increasing demand for the production of recombinant proteins, there is an urgent need to improve this host. In this review, we first provide general information about the E. coli host and compare it with other hosts. In the next step, we describe the factors involved in the expression of the recombinant proteins in E. coli. Successful expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli requires a complete elucidation of these factors. Here, the characteristics of each factor will be fully described, and this information can help to improve the heterologous expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Pouresmaeil
- Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahnam Azizi-Dargahlou
- Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Armario-Najera V, Blanco-Perera A, Shenoy SR, Sun Y, Marfil S, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D, Blanco J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Capell T, O'Keefe BR, Christou P. Physicochemical characterization of the recombinant lectin scytovirin and microbicidal activity of the SD1 domain produced in rice against HIV-1. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1013-1023. [PMID: 35178612 PMCID: PMC9034974 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Rice-produced SD1 retains its physicochemical properties and provides efficient pre-exposure HIV-1 prophylaxis against infection in vitro. Scytovirin (SVN) is an HIV-neutralizing lectin that features two structural domains (SD1 and SD2) that bind to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. We expressed SD1 in rice seeds as a potential large-scale production platform and confirmed that rice-derived SD1 binds the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 in vitro. We analyzed the thermodynamic properties of SD1 compared to full-size SVN (produced in E. coli) by isothermal titration and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the specific interactions between SVN/SD1 and gp120 as well as to high-mannose oligosaccharides. SVN bound with moderate affinity (Kd = 1.5 µM) to recombinant gp120, with 2.5-fold weaker affinity to nonamannoside (Kd of 3.9 µM), and with tenfold weaker affinity to tetramannoside (13.8 µM). The melting temperature (Tm) of full-size SVN was 59.1 °C and the enthalpy of unfolding (ΔHunf) was 16.4 kcal/mol, but the Tm fell when SVN bound to nonamannoside (56.5 °C) and twice as much energy was required for unfolding (ΔHunf = 33.5 kcal/mol). Interestingly, binding to tetramannoside destabilized the structure of SD1 (ΔTm ~ 11.5 °C) and doubled the enthalpy of unfolding, suggesting a dimerization event. The similar melting phenomenon shared by SVN and SD1 in the presence of oligomannose confirmed their conserved oligosaccharide-binding mechanisms. SD1 expressed in transgenic rice was able to neutralize HIV-1 in vitro. SD1 expressed in rice, therefore, is suitable as a microbicide component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Armario-Najera
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Amaya Blanco-Perera
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Shilpa R Shenoy
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Chair of AIDS and Related Diseases, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Barzigar R, Haraprasad N, Kumar BYS, Mehran MJ, Fakrudin B. Transient recombinant expression of highly immunogenic CagA, VacA and NapA in Nicotiana benthamiana. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00699. [PMID: 35028298 PMCID: PMC8739878 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the plant-based transient production of recombinant immunogenic antigens has tremendously progressed because plants are cost-effective, easily selectable, free of mammalian contamination, and support complex post-translational modifications. Nicotiana benthamiana is a convenient system for transient expression of recombinant antigens. The present study documented a platform for rapid production of Helicobacter pylori CagA, VacA and NapA antigens three days (first harvest, FH) and six days (second harvest, SH) after agro-infiltration using a syringe. In this study, CagA, VacA and NapA antigen genes from Helicobacter pylori were cloned into the binary vector pBI121 and transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana by the Agrobacterium-mediated process. Leaves of four to five weeks old Nicotiana benthamiana plants were agroinfiltrated with EHA105 subtype of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain containing cloned CagA (pBI121-CagA), VacA (pBI121-VacA) and NapA (pBI121-NapA) constructs. The transient expression and accumulation of the recombinant genes containing CagA, VacA and NapA expression cassettes were confirmed using qRT-PCR by comparing the relative expression at FH and SH post-infiltration with the non-infiltrated (control) samples and using ELISA at 1/5 and 1/10 dilution ratios. The qRT-PCR findings showed that Agrobacterium-mediated syringe infiltration of leaves of four to five weeks old Nicotiana benthamiana plants produced significantly higher transcript levels of CagA (about 8-fold and 7-fold), VacA (38-fold and 24-fold) and NapA (7-fold and 5-fold) genes at FH and SH compared to the control sample. Besides, the maximum amount of CagA, VacA and NapA antigens were detected at the FH stage compared to the SH stage, when the antibody concentrations of the agro-infiltrated leaf extracts containing these recombinant antigens were diluted in a 1/5 ratio. This study has developed evidence to support that recombinant CagA, VacA and NapA can be transiently produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambod Barzigar
- JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Campus, Mysore 570006 India
| | | | - Basaralu Yadurappa Sathish Kumar
- JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Campus, Mysore 570006 India
- Postgraduate Department of Biotechnology, JSS College, Ooty Road, Mysore 570025 India
| | | | - Bashasab Fakrudin
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture, University of Horticulture Sciences Campus, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065 India
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Abstract
Plants are increasingly viewed as suitable expression hosts for the production of recombinant proteins, especially when oxidative folding and/or posttranslational modification is essential for protein stability and functionality. In contrast to traditional platforms such as yeast and mammalian cells, where the product is secreted into the culture medium, recombinant proteins expressed in plants are usually retained within the cells so additional effort is required during extraction and purification. Various extraction processes are used to release soluble proteins from plant tissues, followed by clarification to remove fibers and particulates before the target protein is purified. Fermentation media generally contain few proteins, making it easier to recover a secreted product, whereas the green juice extracted from plants usually contains a large number of host proteins that interfere with target isolation and purification. In this chapter, we describe the use of heat precipitation to remove a large portion of the host cell proteins, thus improving the efficiency of subsequent purification steps and the quality of the purified recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Fearon SH, Dennis SJ, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP, Meyers AE. Plant expression systems as an economical alternative for the production of iELISA coating antigen AHSV VP7. N Biotechnol 2022; 68:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chung YH, Church D, Koellhoffer EC, Osota E, Shukla S, Rybicki EP, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Integrating plant molecular farming and materials research for next-generation vaccines. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 7:372-388. [PMID: 34900343 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00399-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologics - medications derived from a biological source - are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial, mammalian or insect cells. Alternatively, plant molecular farming, that is, the manufacture of biologics in plant cells, transgenic plants and algae, offers a cheaper and easily adaptable strategy for the production of biologics, in particular, in low-resource settings. In this Review, we discuss current vaccination challenges, such as cold chain requirements, and highlight how plant molecular farming in combination with advanced materials can be applied to address these challenges. The production of plant viruses and virus-based nanotechnologies in plants enables low-cost and regional fabrication of thermostable vaccines. We also highlight key new vaccine delivery technologies, including microneedle patches and material platforms for intranasal and oral delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook of future possibilities for plant molecular farming of next-generation vaccines and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Derek Church
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Osota
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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Chung YH, Church D, Koellhoffer EC, Osota E, Shukla S, Rybicki EP, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Integrating plant molecular farming and materials research for next-generation vaccines. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 7:372-388. [PMID: 34900343 PMCID: PMC8647509 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biologics - medications derived from a biological source - are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial, mammalian or insect cells. Alternatively, plant molecular farming, that is, the manufacture of biologics in plant cells, transgenic plants and algae, offers a cheaper and easily adaptable strategy for the production of biologics, in particular, in low-resource settings. In this Review, we discuss current vaccination challenges, such as cold chain requirements, and highlight how plant molecular farming in combination with advanced materials can be applied to address these challenges. The production of plant viruses and virus-based nanotechnologies in plants enables low-cost and regional fabrication of thermostable vaccines. We also highlight key new vaccine delivery technologies, including microneedle patches and material platforms for intranasal and oral delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook of future possibilities for plant molecular farming of next-generation vaccines and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Derek Church
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward C. Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Osota
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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He W, Baysal C, Lobato Gómez M, Huang X, Alvarez D, Zhu C, Armario‐Najera V, Blanco Perera A, Cerda Bennaser P, Saba‐Mayoral A, Sobrino‐Mengual G, Vargheese A, Abranches R, Alexandra Abreu I, Balamurugan S, Bock R, Buyel JF, da Cunha NB, Daniell H, Faller R, Folgado A, Gowtham I, Häkkinen ST, Kumar S, Sathish Kumar R, Lacorte C, Lomonossoff GP, Luís IM, K.‐C. Ma J, McDonald KA, Murad A, Nandi S, O’Keef B, Parthiban S, Paul MJ, Ponndorf D, Rech E, Rodrigues JC, Ruf S, Schillberg S, Schwestka J, Shah PS, Singh R, Stoger E, Twyman RM, Varghese IP, Vianna GR, Webster G, Wilbers RHP, Christou P, Oksman‐Caldentey K, Capell T. Contributions of the international plant science community to the fight against infectious diseases in humans-part 2: Affordable drugs in edible plants for endemic and re-emerging diseases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1921-1936. [PMID: 34181810 PMCID: PMC8486237 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases often focuses on epidemics and pandemics, which demand urgent resources and command attention from the health authorities and media. However, the vast majority of deaths caused by infectious diseases occur in endemic zones, particularly in developing countries, placing a disproportionate burden on underfunded health systems and often requiring international interventions. The provision of vaccines and other biologics is hampered not only by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, but also by challenges caused by distribution and storage, particularly in regions without a complete cold chain. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address the challenges of endemic and re-emerging diseases, focusing on edible plants for the development of oral drugs. Key recent developments in this field include successful clinical trials based on orally delivered dried leaves of Artemisia annua against malarial parasite strains resistant to artemisinin combination therapy, the ability to produce clinical-grade protein drugs in leaves to treat infectious diseases and the long-term storage of protein drugs in dried leaves at ambient temperatures. Recent FDA approval of the first orally delivered protein drug encapsulated in plant cells to treat peanut allergy has opened the door for the development of affordable oral drugs that can be manufactured and distributed in remote areas without cold storage infrastructure and that eliminate the need for expensive purification steps and sterile delivery by injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu He
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Can Baysal
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Maria Lobato Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Derry Alvarez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Victoria Armario‐Najera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Aamaya Blanco Perera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Pedro Cerda Bennaser
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Andrea Saba‐Mayoral
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | | | - Ashwin Vargheese
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Rita Abranches
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Isabel Alexandra Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Shanmugaraj Balamurugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Johannes F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolau B. da Cunha
- Centro de Análise Proteômicas e Bioquímicas de BrasíliaUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - André Folgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Iyappan Gowtham
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Suvi T. Häkkinen
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food SolutionsVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ramalingam Sathish Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | | | - Ines M. Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Julian K.‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Andre Murad
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Barry O’Keef
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisMolecular Targets ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, and Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics ProgramNational Cancer Institute, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | - Subramanian Parthiban
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Ponndorf
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research Park, NorwichUK
| | - Elibio Rech
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Julio C.M. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for PhytopathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Jennifer Schwestka
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Rahul Singh
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eva Stoger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Inchakalody P. Varghese
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Giovanni R. Vianna
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Gina Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ruud H. P. Wilbers
- Laboratory of NematologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
- ICREACatalan Institute for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
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11
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Lobato Gómez M, Huang X, Alvarez D, He W, Baysal C, Zhu C, Armario‐Najera V, Blanco Perera A, Cerda Bennasser P, Saba‐Mayoral A, Sobrino‐Mengual G, Vargheese A, Abranches R, Abreu IA, Balamurugan S, Bock R, Buyel J, da Cunha NB, Daniell H, Faller R, Folgado A, Gowtham I, Häkkinen ST, Kumar S, Ramalingam SK, Lacorte C, Lomonossoff GP, Luís IM, Ma JK, McDonald KA, Murad A, Nandi S, O’Keefe B, Oksman‐Caldentey K, Parthiban S, Paul MJ, Ponndorf D, Rech E, Rodrigues JCM, Ruf S, Schillberg S, Schwestka J, Shah PS, Singh R, Stoger E, Twyman RM, Varghese IP, Vianna GR, Webster G, Wilbers RHP, Capell T, Christou P. Contributions of the international plant science community to the fight against human infectious diseases - part 1: epidemic and pandemic diseases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1901-1920. [PMID: 34182608 PMCID: PMC8486245 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials, through droplets and aerosols, or via vectors such as insects. Such diseases cause ˜17% of all human deaths and their management and control places an immense burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Traditional approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases include vaccination programmes, hygiene measures and drugs that suppress the pathogen, treat the disease symptoms or attenuate aggressive reactions of the host immune system. The provision of vaccines and biologic drugs such as antibodies is hampered by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, particularly in developing countries where infectious diseases are prevalent and poorly controlled. Molecular farming, which uses plants for protein expression, is a promising strategy to address the drawbacks of current manufacturing platforms. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address healthcare demands for the most prevalent and important epidemic and pandemic diseases, focussing on recent outbreaks of high-mortality coronavirus infections and diseases that disproportionately affect the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobato Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Derry Alvarez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Wenshu He
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Can Baysal
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Victoria Armario‐Najera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Amaya Blanco Perera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Pedro Cerda Bennasser
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Andera Saba‐Mayoral
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | | | - Ashwin Vargheese
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Rita Abranches
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Isabel Alexandra Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Shanmugaraj Balamurugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Johannes.F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolau B. da Cunha
- Centro de Análise Proteômicas e Bioquímicas de BrasíliaUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - André Folgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Iyappan Gowtham
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Suvi T. Häkkinen
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food SolutionsVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sathish Kumar Ramalingam
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | | | - Ines M. Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Julian K.‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Karen. A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Andre Murad
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Barry O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets ProgramCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, and Natural Products BranchDevelopmental Therapeutics ProgramDivision of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer Institute, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | | | - Subramanian Parthiban
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Ponndorf
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Elibio Rech
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Julio C. M. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for PhytopathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Jennifer Schwestka
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Rahul Singh
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eva Stoger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Inchakalody P. Varghese
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Giovanni R. Vianna
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Gina Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ruud H. P. Wilbers
- Laboratory of NematologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
- ICREACatalan Institute for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
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12
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Venkataraman S, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A, Abouhaidar M. Combating Human Viral Diseases: Will Plant-Based Vaccines Be the Answer? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070761. [PMID: 34358177 PMCID: PMC8310141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pharming or the technology of application of plants and plant cell culture to manufacture high-value recombinant proteins has progressed a long way over the last three decades. Whether generated in transgenic plants by stable expression or in plant virus-based transient expression systems, biopharmaceuticals have been produced to combat several human viral diseases that have impacted the world in pandemic proportions. Plants have been variously employed in expressing a host of viral antigens as well as monoclonal antibodies. Many of these biopharmaceuticals have shown great promise in animal models and several of them have performed successfully in clinical trials. The current review elaborates the strategies and successes achieved in generating plant-derived vaccines to target several virus-induced health concerns including highly communicable infectious viral diseases. Importantly, plant-made biopharmaceuticals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the cancer-causing virus human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, zika virus, and the emerging respiratory virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discussed. The use of plant virus-derived nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) in generating plant-based vaccines are extensively addressed. The review closes with a critical look at the caveats of plant-based molecular pharming and future prospects towards further advancements in this technology. The use of biopharmed viral vaccines in human medicine and as part of emergency response vaccines and therapeutics in humans looks promising for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Venkataraman
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Mounir Abouhaidar
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
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13
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McNulty MJ, Kelada K, Paul D, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Introducing uncertainty quantification to techno-economic models of manufacturing field-grown plant-made products. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Nosaki S, Kaneko MK, Tsuruta F, Yoshida H, Kato Y, Miura K. Prevention of necrosis caused by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana by application of ascorbic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:832-835. [PMID: 33638348 PMCID: PMC8195520 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Application of high concentrations of sodium ascorbate suppresses necrosis caused by the expression of recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana, resulting in an increase in protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tsuruta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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15
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Teh AYH, Cavacini L, Hu Y, Kumru OS, Xiong J, Bolick DT, Joshi SB, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Klempner M, Guerrant RL, Volkin DB, Wang Y, Ma JKC. Investigation of a monoclonal antibody against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, expressed as secretory IgA1 and IgA2 in plants. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-14. [PMID: 33439092 PMCID: PMC7833773 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1859813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with antibodies is a promising approach against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea, a prevalent disease in LMICs. The objective of this study was to investigate expression of a monoclonal anti-ETEC CfaE secretory IgA antibody in N. benthamiana plants, with a view to facilitating access to ETEC passive immunotherapy. SIgA1 and SIgA2 forms of mAb 68-81 were produced by co-expressing the light and engineered heavy chains with J chain and secretory component in N. benthamiana. Antibody expression and assembly were compared with CHO-derived antibodies by SDS-PAGE, western blotting, size-exclusion chromatography and LC-MS peptide mapping. N-linked glycosylation was assessed by rapid fluorescence/mass spectrometry and LC-ESI-MS. Susceptibility to gastric digestion was assessed in an in vitro model. Antibody function was compared for antigen binding, a Caco-2 cell-based ETEC adhesion assay, an ETEC hemagglutination inhibition assay and a murine in vivo challenge study. SIgA1 assembly appeared superior to SIgA2 in plants. Both sub-classes exhibited resistance to degradation by simulated gastric fluid, comparable to CHO-produced 68-61 SIgA1. The plant expressed SIgAs had more homogeneous N-glycosylation than CHO-derived SIgAs, but no alteration of in vitro functional activity was observed, including antibodies expressed in a plant line engineered for mammalian-like N glycosylation. The plant-derived SIgA2 mAb demonstrated protection against diarrhea in a murine infection model. Although antibody yield and purification need to be optimized, anti-ETEC SIgA antibodies produced in a low-cost plant platform are functionally equivalent to CHO antibodies, and provide promise for passive immunotherapy in LMICs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- Caco-2 Cells
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/therapy
- Gastric Acid/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Y-H Teh
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jian Xiong
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
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16
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Diamos AG, Pardhe MD, Sun H, Hunter JGL, Kilbourne J, Chen Q, Mason HS. A Highly Expressing, Soluble, and Stable Plant-Made IgG Fusion Vaccine Strategy Enhances Antigen Immunogenicity in Mice Without Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576012. [PMID: 33343565 PMCID: PMC7746858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics based on fusing a protein of interest to the IgG Fc domain have been enormously successful, though fewer studies have investigated the vaccine potential of IgG fusions. In this study, we systematically compared the key properties of seven different plant-made human IgG1 fusion vaccine candidates using Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope domain III (ZE3) as a model antigen. Complement protein C1q binding of the IgG fusions was enhanced by: 1) antigen fusion to the IgG N-terminus; 2) removal of the IgG light chain or Fab regions; 3) addition of hexamer-inducing mutations in the IgG Fc; 4) adding a self-binding epitope tag to create recombinant immune complexes (RIC); or 5) producing IgG fusions in plants that lack plant-specific β1,2-linked xylose and α1,3-linked fucose N-linked glycans. We also characterized the expression, solubility, and stability of the IgG fusions. By optimizing immune complex formation, a potently immunogenic vaccine candidate with improved solubility and high stability was produced at 1.5 mg IgG fusion per g leaf fresh weight. In mice, the IgG fusions elicited high titers of Zika-specific antibodies which neutralized ZIKV using only two doses without adjuvant, reaching up to 150-fold higher antibody titers than ZE3 antigen alone. We anticipate these findings will be broadly applicable to the creation of other vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Complement C1q/metabolism
- Drug Stability
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Solubility
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/pathogenicity
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mary D. Pardhe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph G. L. Hunter
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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17
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Pang J, Zhou J, Yang D. Knock-in at GluA1 locus improves recombinant human serum albumin expression in rice grain. J Biotechnol 2020; 321:87-95. [PMID: 32619642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Improving recombinant protein expression is a perpetual goal for molecular pharming. However, over-transcription of recombinant protein induces ER stress, and causes protein degradation. Here, we describe a knock-in approach to integrate a human serum albumin expression cassette into the locus of the rice storage protein GluA1 by site-specific integration via the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. The expression level of OsrHSA in the knock-in (KI) lines was much higher than that of the random integration (RI) lines. ER stress in KI line endosperm cells was not significantly altered even after massive OsrHSA accumulation in rice endosperm cell. Instead, ER stress induced by high OsrHSA expression was alleviated in the KI line via the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-mediated/OsbZIP50 pathway. Furthermore, improvement of OsrHSA expression in KI lines is likely due to reduction of contents of glutelin and globulin in rice endosperm cell. These results provide insight into an approach to improving recombinant protein accumulation by alleviating ER stress and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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18
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Menary J, Amato M, Sanchez AC, Hobbs M, Pacho A, Fuller SS. New Hope for a "Cursed" Crop? Understanding Stakeholder Attitudes to Plant Molecular Farming With Modified Tobacco in Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32595677 PMCID: PMC7304234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) with tobacco could provide a sustainable and cheap platform for the production of high-value proteins for medical use. It could also offer European tobacco farmers an alternative, healthful end use for their crop. New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) offer a means of quickly and precisely optimizing molecular farming platforms for this purpose. However, there has been little empirical research focussing on the barriers and facilitators of these technologies in the agricultural sphere. Here, we explore key stakeholder perceptions toward this combination of technologies, exploring their understanding of risk and opportunity. We interviewed N = 24 key stakeholders - tobacco farmers, agronomists, policymakers, and researchers - in three tobacco-growing areas of Spain and Italy. Our findings demonstrate these stakeholders have a favorable attitude toward PMF with tobacco due to its beneficial medical purpose and the opportunity it provides farmers to continue growing tobacco in a declining European market. Tobacco producers also reported favorable views toward NPBTs, though for some this was contingent on their use for non-food crops like tobacco. Most stakeholders' concerns are economic in nature, such as potential profitability and demands for new agronomic practices or infrastructure. Tobacco producer associations were thought to be important facilitators for future PMF scale-up. The attitude toward these technologies by smoking tobacco companies is, however, unknown and constitutes a potential risk to the development of PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Menary
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Amato
- Department of Political Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrés Cid Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro Technológico Agroalimentario Extremadura (CTAEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Pacho
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian S. Fuller
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Menary J, Hobbs M, Mesquita de Albuquerque S, Pacho A, Drake PMW, Prendiville A, Ma JKC, Fuller SS. Shotguns vs Lasers: Identifying barriers and facilitators to scaling-up plant molecular farming for high-value health products. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229952. [PMID: 32196508 PMCID: PMC7083274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a convenient and cost-effective way to produce high-value recombinant proteins that can be used in the production of a range of health products, from pharmaceutical therapeutics to cosmetic products. New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) provide a means to enhance PMF systems more quickly and with greater precision than ever before. However, the feasibility, regulatory standing and social acceptability of both PMF and NPBTs are in question. This paper explores the perceptions of key stakeholders on two European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 programmes-Pharma-Factory and Newcotiana-towards the barriers and facilitators of PMF and NPBTs in Europe. One-on-one qualitative interviews were undertaken with N = 20 individuals involved in one or both of the two projects at 16 institutions in seven countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Spain and the UK). The findings indicate that the current EU regulatory environment and the perception of the public towards biotechnology are seen as the main barriers to scaling-up PMF and NPBTs. Competition from existing systems and the lack of plant-specific regulations likewise present challenges for PMF developing beyond its current niche. However, respondents felt that the communication of the benefits and purpose of NPBT PMF could provide a platform for improving the social acceptance of genetic modification. The importance of the media in this process was highlighted. This article also uses the multi-level perspective to explore the ways in which NPBTs are being legitimated by interested parties and the systemic factors that have shaped and are continuing to shape the development of PMF in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Menary
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Agata Pacho
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal M. W. Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Prendiville
- London College of Communication, University of the Arts, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian S. Fuller
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Stelter S, Paul MJ, Teh AY, Grandits M, Altmann F, Vanier J, Bardor M, Castilho A, Allen RL, Ma JK. Engineering the interactions between a plant-produced HIV antibody and human Fc receptors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:402-414. [PMID: 31301102 PMCID: PMC6953194 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can provide a cost-effective and scalable technology for production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, with the potential for precise engineering of glycosylation. Glycan structures in the antibody Fc region influence binding properties to Fc receptors, which opens opportunities for modulation of antibody effector functions. To test the impact of glycosylation in detail, on binding to human Fc receptors, different glycovariants of VRC01, a broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibody, were generated in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. These include glycovariants lacking plant characteristic α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues and glycans extended with terminal β1,4-galactose. Surface plasmon resonance-based assays were established for kinetic/affinity evaluation of antibody-FcγR interactions, and revealed that antibodies with typical plant glycosylation have a limited capacity to engage FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa; however, the binding characteristics can be restored and even improved with targeted glycoengineering. All plant-made glycovariants had a slightly reduced affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) compared with HEK cell-derived antibody. However, this was independent of plant glycosylation, but related to the oxidation status of two methionine residues in the Fc region. This points towards a need for process optimization to control oxidation levels and improve the quality of plant-produced antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stelter
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Crescendo Biologics LtdMeditrina Building 260Babraham Research CampusCambridgeCB22 3ATUK
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey Y.‐H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Jessica Vanier
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (I.U.F.)Paris Cedex 05France
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rachel Louise Allen
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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21
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Diamos AG, Hunter JGL, Pardhe MD, Rosenthal SH, Sun H, Foster BC, DiPalma MP, Chen Q, Mason HS. High Level Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Using an Optimized Plant Expression System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:472. [PMID: 32010680 PMCID: PMC6978629 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are a large and fast-growing sector of the total pharmaceutical market with antibody-based therapeutics accounting for over 100 billion USD in sales yearly. Mammalian cells are traditionally used for monoclonal antibody production, however plant-based expression systems have significant advantages. In this work, we showcase recent advances made in plant transient expression systems using optimized geminiviral vectors that can efficiently produce heteromultimeric proteins. Two, three, or four fluorescent proteins were coexpressed simultaneously, reaching high yields of 3–5 g/kg leaf fresh weight or ~50% total soluble protein. As a proof-of-concept for this system, various antibodies were produced using the optimized vectors with special focus given to the creation and production of a chimeric broadly neutralizing anti-flavivirus antibody. The variable regions of this murine antibody, 2A10G6, were codon optimized and fused to a human IgG1. Analysis of the chimeric antibody showed that it was efficiently expressed in plants at 1.5 g of antibody/kilogram of leaf tissue, can be purified to near homogeneity by a simple one-step purification process, retains its ability to recognize the Zika virus envelope protein, and potently neutralizes Zika virus. Two other monoclonal antibodies were produced at similar levels (1.2–1.4 g/kg). This technology will be a versatile tool for the production of a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical multi-protein complexes in a fast, powerful, and cost-effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph G L Hunter
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mary D Pardhe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sun H Rosenthal
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Bonnie C Foster
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle P DiPalma
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hugh S Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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22
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Shanmugaraj B, Rattanapisit K, Manopwisedjaroen S, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Monoclonal Antibodies B38 and H4 Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589995. [PMID: 33329653 PMCID: PMC7728718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by novel zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially reported in Wuhan city, Hubei Province of China, in late December 2019. The rapid global spread of the virus calls for the urgent development of vaccines or therapeutics for human applications to combat the coronavirus infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been utilized as effective therapeutics for treating various infectious diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of plant expression system for the rapid production of recently identified therapeutically suitable human anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs B38 and H4. Transient co-expression of heavy-chain and light-chain sequences of both the antibodies by using plant expression geminiviral vector resulted in rapid accumulation of assembled mAbs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves within 4 days post-infiltration. Furthermore, both the mAbs were purified from the plant crude extracts with single-step protein A affinity column chromatography. The expression level of mAb B38 and H4 was estimated to be 4 and 35 μg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. Both plant-produced mAbs demonstrated specific binding to receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and exhibited efficient virus neutralization activity in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of functional anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs produced in plants, which demonstrates the ability of using a plant expression system as a suitable platform for the production of effective, safe, and affordable SARS-CoV-2 mAbs to fight against the spread of this highly infectious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Waranyoo Phoolcharoen,
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23
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Murad S, Fuller S, Menary J, Moore C, Pinneh E, Szeto T, Hitzeroth I, Freire M, Taychakhoonavudh S, Phoolcharoen W, Ma JKC. Molecular Pharming for low and middle income countries. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:53-59. [PMID: 31751895 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interest in applications and benefits that Molecular Pharming might offer to Low and Middle Income Countries has always been a potent driver for the research discipline, and a major reason why many scientists entered the field. Although enthusiasm remains high, the reality is that such a game-changing innovation would always take longer than traditional uptake of new technology in developed countries, and be complicated by external factors beyond technical feasibility. Excitingly, signs of increasing interest by LMICS in Molecular Pharming are now emerging. Here, three case studies from Thailand, South Africa and Brazil are used to identify some of the key issues when a new investment into Molecular Pharming manufacturing capacity is under consideration. At present, academic research is not necessarily addressing these issues. Only by understanding the concerns, can members of the academic community contribute to helping the development of Molecular Pharming for LMICs by focusing their research efforts appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Murad
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Fuller
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Menary
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Cathy Moore
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pinneh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Tim Szeto
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK
| | - Inga Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Molecular & Cell Biology Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marcos Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suthira Taychakhoonavudh
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, SW18 0RE, London, UK.
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24
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A simplified techno‐economic model for the molecular pharming of antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2526-2539. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Daniell H, Kulis M, Herzog RW. Plant cell-made protein antigens for induction of Oral tolerance. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107413. [PMID: 31251968 PMCID: PMC6842683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut associated lymphoid tissue has effective mechanisms in place to maintain tolerance to food antigens. These can be exploited to induce antigen-specific tolerance for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases and severe allergies and to prevent serious immune responses in protein replacement therapies for genetic diseases. An oral tolerance approach for the prevention of peanut allergy in infants proved highly efficacious and advances in treatment of peanut allergy have brought forth an oral immunotherapy drug that is currently awaiting FDA approval. Several other protein antigens made in plant cells are in clinical development. Plant cell-made proteins are protected in the stomach from acids and enzymes after their oral delivery because of bioencapsulation within plant cell wall, but are released to the immune system upon digestion by gut microbes. Utilization of fusion protein technologies facilitates their delivery to the immune system, oral tolerance induction at low antigen doses, resulting in efficient induction of FoxP3+ and latency-associated peptide (LAP)+ regulatory T cells that express immune suppressive cytokines such as IL-10. LAP and IL-10 expression represent potential biomarkers for plant-based oral tolerance. Efficacy studies in hemophilia dogs support clinical development of oral delivery of bioencapsulated antigens to prevent anti-drug antibody formation. Production of clinical grade materials in cGMP facilities, stability of antigens in lyophilized plant cells for several years when stored at ambient temperature, efficacy of oral delivery of human doses in large animal models and lack of toxicity augur well for clinical advancement of this novel drug delivery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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Margolin E, Chapman R, Meyers AE, van Diepen MT, Ximba P, Hermanus T, Crowther C, Weber B, Morris L, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Production and Immunogenicity of Soluble Plant-Produced HIV-1 Subtype C Envelope gp140 Immunogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1378. [PMID: 31737007 PMCID: PMC6831737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines is urgently needed to curb the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A major focal point of current HIV vaccine research is the production of soluble envelope (Env) glycoproteins which reproduce the structure of the native gp160 trimer. These antigens are produced in mammalian cells, which requires a sophisticated infrastructure for manufacture that is mostly absent in developing countries. The production of recombinant proteins in plants is an attractive alternative for the potentially cheap and scalable production of vaccine antigens, especially for developing countries. In this study, we developed a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana for the production of soluble HIV Env gp140 antigens based on two rationally selected virus isolates (CAP256 SU and Du151). The scalability of the platform was demonstrated and both affinity and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were explored for recovery of the recombinant antigens. Rabbits immunized with lectin affinity-purified antigens developed high titres of binding antibodies, including against the V1V2 loop region, and neutralizing antibodies against Tier 1 viruses. The removal of aggregated Env species by gel filtration resulted in the elicitation of superior binding and neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, a heterologous prime-boost regimen employing a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) vaccine, followed by boosts with the SEC-purified protein, significantly improved the immunogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the immunogenicity of a near-full length plant-derived Env vaccine immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosamund Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Ann E. Meyers,
| | - Michiel T. van Diepen
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phindile Ximba
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brandon Weber
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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27
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Khan RA. Natural products chemistry: The emerging trends and prospective goals. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:739-753. [PMID: 29991919 PMCID: PMC6036106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role and contributions of natural products chemistry in advancements of the physical and biological sciences, its interdisciplinary domains, and emerging of new avenues by providing novel applications, constructive inputs, thrust, comprehensive understanding, broad perspective, and a new vision for future is outlined. The developmental prospects in bio-medical, health, nutrition, and other interrelated sciences along with some of the emerging trends in the subject area are also discussed as part of the current review of the basic and core developments, innovation in techniques, advances in methodology, and possible applications with their effects on the sciences in general and natural products chemistry in particular. The overview of the progress and ongoing developments in broader areas of the natural products chemistry discipline, its role and concurrent economic and scientific implications, contemporary objectives, future prospects as well as impending goals are also outlined. A look at the natural products chemistry in providing scientific progress in various disciplines is deliberated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Manav Rachna International University, National Capital Region, Faridabad, HR 121 004, India
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28
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Margolin E, Chapman R, Williamson A, Rybicki EP, Meyers AE. Production of complex viral glycoproteins in plants as vaccine immunogens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1531-1545. [PMID: 29890031 PMCID: PMC6097131 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming offers a cost-effective and scalable approach to the expression of recombinant proteins which has been proposed as an alternative to conventional production platforms for developing countries. In recent years, numerous proofs of concept have established that plants can produce biologically active recombinant proteins and immunologically relevant vaccine antigens that are comparable to those made in conventional expression systems. Driving many of these advances is the remarkable plasticity of the plant proteome which enables extensive engineering of the host cell, as well as the development of improved expression vectors facilitating higher levels of protein production. To date, the only plant-derived viral glycoprotein to be tested in humans is the influenza haemagglutinin which expresses at ~50 mg/kg. However, many other viral glycoproteins that have potential as vaccine immunogens only accumulate at low levels in planta. A critical consideration for the production of many of these proteins in heterologous expression systems is the complexity of post-translational modifications, such as control of folding, glycosylation and disulphide bridging, which is required to reproduce the native glycoprotein structure. In this review, we will address potential shortcomings of plant expression systems and discuss strategies to optimally exploit the technology for the production of immunologically relevant and structurally authentic glycoproteins for use as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical VirologyDepartment of PathologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Division of Medical VirologyDepartment of PathologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Anna‐Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical VirologyDepartment of PathologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Division of Medical VirologyDepartment of PathologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Matsuda R, Abe T, Fujiuchi N, Matoba N, Fujiwara K. Effect of temperature post viral vector inoculation on the amount of hemagglutinin transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:346-350. [PMID: 28460871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient gene expression in whole plants by using viral vectors is promising as a rapid, mass production system for biopharmaceutical proteins. Recent studies have indicated that plant growth conditions such as air temperature markedly influence the accumulation levels of target proteins. Here, we investigated time course of the amount of recombinant hemagglutinin (HA), a vaccine antigen of influenza virus, in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants grown at 20°C or 25°C post viral vector inoculation. The HA content per unit of leaf biomass increased and decreased from 4 to 6 days post inoculation at 20°C and 25°C, respectively, irrespective of the subcellular localization of HA. The overall HA contents were higher when HA was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) rather than the apoplast. Necrosis of leaf tissues was specifically observed in plants inoculated with the ER-targeting vector and grown at 25°C. With the ER-targeting vector, the maximum HA contents at 20°C and 25°C were recorded at 6 and 4 days post inoculation, respectively, and were comparable to each other. HA contents thereafter decreased at both temperatures; the rate of reduction appeared faster at 25°C than at 20°C. From a practical point of view, our results indicate that the strategy of targeting HA to the ER, growing plants at a lower temperature of 20°C, and harvesting leaves at around a week after vector inoculation should be implemented to obtain a high HA yield stably and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuda
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Abe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naomichi Fujiuchi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Predictive Medicine and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 S. Hancock Street, Room 615, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Vamvaka E, Twyman RM, Murad AM, Melnik S, Teh AYH, Arcalis E, Altmann F, Stoger E, Rech E, Ma JKC, Christou P, Capell T. Rice endosperm produces an underglycosylated and potent form of the HIV-neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:97-108. [PMID: 25845722 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein microbicides against HIV can help to prevent infection but they are required in large, repetitive doses. This makes current fermenter-based production systems prohibitively expensive. Plants are advantageous as production platforms because they offer a safe, economical and scalable alternative, and cereals such as rice are particularly attractive because they could allow pharmaceutical proteins to be produced economically and on a large scale in developing countries. Pharmaceutical proteins can also be stored as unprocessed seed, circumventing the need for a cold chain. Here, we report the development of transgenic rice plants expressing the HIV-neutralizing antibody 2G12 in the endosperm. Surprisingly for an antibody expressed in plants, the heavy chain was predominantly aglycosylated. Nevertheless, the heavy and light chains assembled into functional antibodies with more potent HIV-neutralizing activity than other plant-derived forms of 2G12 bearing typical high-mannose or plant complex-type glycans. Immunolocalization experiments showed that the assembled antibody accumulated predominantly in protein storage vacuoles but also induced the formation of novel, spherical storage compartments surrounded by ribosomes indicating that they originated from the endoplasmic reticulum. The comparison of wild-type and transgenic plants at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels indicated that endogenous genes related to starch biosynthesis were down-regulated in the endosperm of the transgenic plants, whereas genes encoding prolamin and glutaredoxin-C8 were up-regulated. Our data provide insight into factors that affect the functional efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in plants and the impact of recombinant proteins on endogenous gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Vamvaka
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Andre Melro Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Audrey Yi-Hui Teh
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Stoger
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elibio Rech
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Julian K C Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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31
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Łojewska E, Kowalczyk T, Olejniczak S, Sakowicz T. Extraction and purification methods in downstream processing of plant-based recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:110-7. [PMID: 26742898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, the production of recombinant proteins in plant systems has been receiving increased attention. Currently, proteins are considered as the most important biopharmaceuticals. However, high costs and problems with scaling up the purification and isolation processes make the production of plant-based recombinant proteins a challenging task. This paper presents a summary of the information regarding the downstream processing in plant systems and provides a comprehensible overview of its key steps, such as extraction and purification. To highlight the recent progress, mainly new developments in the downstream technology have been chosen. Furthermore, besides most popular techniques, alternative methods have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Łojewska
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Olejniczak
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowicz
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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32
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Fuqua JL, Hamorsky K, Khalsa G, Matoba N, Palmer KE. Bulk production of the antiviral lectin griffithsin. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1160-8. [PMID: 26176205 PMCID: PMC5016770 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of plant-based protein expression systems for bulk production of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals is building momentum. There are considerable regulatory challenges to consider in commercialization of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), some of which are inherent to plant-production systems and others that are common with other production systems, but are new to PMPs because of the youth of the industry. In this review, we discuss our recent and ongoing experience with bulk production of the HIV microbicide candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), utilizing plant-based transient protein expression, with specific focus on areas relevant to commercial manufacturing of bulk GRFT active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Analytical programs have been developed for the qualification and monitoring of both the expression vector system and the API detailing our experience and plans for each. Monitoring postpurification protein modifications are discussed in relation to stability and safety programs. Expression, processing and analytics programs are associated with increased manufacturing costs in current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) production because of the required qualification testing. The impact of these costs on the overall cost of goods is particularly relevant to GRFT manufacturing because GRFT, as an HIV microbicide, is most needed in populations at high risk for HIV exposure in resource-poor countries. Consequently, GRFT for microbicide applications is a very cost-sensitive recombinant PMP. We have therefore emphasized maintaining a low cost of goods. We provide a review of the literature on the economics of PMPs with various expression systems and how they may impact production costs and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fuqua
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Krystal Hamorsky
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Ma JKC, Drossard J, Lewis D, Altmann F, Boyle J, Christou P, Cole T, Dale P, van Dolleweerd CJ, Isitt V, Katinger D, Lobedan M, Mertens H, Paul MJ, Rademacher T, Sack M, Hundleby PAC, Stiegler G, Stoger E, Twyman RM, Vcelar B, Fischer R. Regulatory approval and a first-in-human phase I clinical trial of a monoclonal antibody produced in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1106-20. [PMID: 26147010 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although plant biotechnology has been widely investigated for the production of clinical-grade monoclonal antibodies, no antibody products derived from transgenic plants have yet been approved by pharmaceutical regulators for clinical testing. In the Pharma-Planta project, the HIV-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 2G12 was expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The scientific, technical and regulatory demands of good manufacturing practice (GMP) were addressed by comprehensive molecular characterization of the transgene locus, confirmation of genetic and phenotypic stability over several generations of transgenic plants, and by establishing standard operating procedures for the creation of a master seed bank, plant cultivation, harvest, initial processing, downstream processing and purification. The project developed specifications for the plant-derived antibody (P2G12) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) based on (i) the guidelines for the manufacture of monoclonal antibodies in cell culture systems; (ii) the draft European Medicines Agency Points to Consider document on quality requirements for APIs produced in transgenic plants; and (iii) de novo guidelines developed with European national regulators. From the resulting process, a GMP manufacturing authorization was issued by the competent authority in Germany for transgenic plant-derived monoclonal antibodies for use in a phase I clinical evaluation. Following preclinical evaluation and ethical approval, a clinical trial application was accepted by the UK national pharmaceutical regulator. A first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-escalation phase I safety study of a single vaginal administration of P2G12 was carried out in healthy female subjects. The successful completion of the clinical trial marks a significant milestone in the commercial development of plant-derived pharmaceutical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K-C Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Jürgen Drossard
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Lewis
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Boyle
- Clinical Research Centre, Institute of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Cole
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Philip Dale
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Craig J van Dolleweerd
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Valerie Isitt
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Dietmar Katinger
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Lobedan
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hubert Mertens
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathew J Paul
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Gabriela Stiegler
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Stoger
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Brigitta Vcelar
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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34
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Paul MJ, Thangaraj H, Ma JKC. Commercialization of new biotechnology: a systematic review of 16 commercial case studies in a novel manufacturing sector. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1209-20. [PMID: 26140440 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 1980s and 1990s saw a major expansion of biotechnology into new areas of science including genomics and recombinant technologies. This was coupled to the widespread emergence of academics into the commercial sector as they were encouraged to spin out companies or commercialize their intellectual property. There were many opportunities to raise investment, and extraordinary success stories were prominent across many areas of technology. The field of plant biotechnology for manufacturing recombinant pharmaceuticals (molecular pharming) emerged and was developed in this period. Like other biotechnologies, this was an exciting new development which offered some very obvious benefits and commercial advantages. In particularly, plant molecular pharming represented a highly novel and potentially disruptive manufacturing technology for recombinant proteins. Twenty-five years on, a series of interviews with senior members of sixteen of the most prominent companies involved in the field provides insight into the original drivers for commercialization, strategic thinking and planning behind key commercial decisions and an insider view into the major reasons for commercial success or failure. These observations and recurring themes identified across a number of commercial ventures remain relevant today, as new biotech companies continue to spin out of the world of academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Harry Thangaraj
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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35
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Molecular pharming's foot in the FDA's door: Protalix's trailblazing story. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2147-50. [PMID: 26149580 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This short commentary examines the factors that led to Food and Drug Administration's approval of the first plant-derived biologic. RESULTS In 2012, the first plant-derived protein pharmaceutical (biologic) was approved for commercial use in humans. The product, a recombinant form of human β-glucocerebrosidase marketed as ELELYSO, was developed by Protalix Biotherapeutics (Carmiel, Israel). The foresight to select this particular therapeutic product for development, flawless production pipeline, and serendipity seem to provide the key in explaining how ELELYSO became the first plant-derived biologic to achieve approval by Food and Drug Administration. CONCLUSIONS While the circumstances that enabled Protalix and its scientists to become the first to arrive at this historic milestone are perhaps unique, it is anticipated that more biologics will follow suit in winning regulatory endorsement.
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36
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Buyel JF, Twyman RM, Fischer R. Extraction and downstream processing of plant-derived recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:902-13. [PMID: 25922318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants offer the tantalizing prospect of low-cost automated manufacturing processes for biopharmaceutical proteins, but several challenges must be addressed before such goals are realized and the most significant hurdles are found during downstream processing (DSP). In contrast to the standardized microbial and mammalian cell platforms embraced by the biopharmaceutical industry, there are many different plant-based expression systems vying for attention, and those with the greatest potential to provide inexpensive biopharmaceuticals are also the ones with the most significant drawbacks in terms of DSP. This is because the most scalable plant systems are based on the expression of intracellular proteins in whole plants. The plant tissue must therefore be disrupted to extract the product, challenging the initial DSP steps with an unusually high load of both particulate and soluble contaminants. DSP platform technologies can accelerate and simplify process development, including centrifugation, filtration, flocculation, and integrated methods that combine solid-liquid separation, purification and concentration, such as aqueous two-phase separation systems. Protein tags can also facilitate these DSP steps, but they are difficult to transfer to a commercial environment and more generic, flexible and scalable strategies to separate target and host cell proteins are preferable, such as membrane technologies and heat/pH precipitation. In this context, clarified plant extracts behave similarly to the feed stream from microbes or mammalian cells and the corresponding purification methods can be applied, as long as they are adapted for plant-specific soluble contaminants such as the superabundant protein RuBisCO. Plant-derived pharmaceutical proteins cannot yet compete directly with established platforms but they are beginning to penetrate niche markets that allow the beneficial properties of plants to be exploited, such as the ability to produce 'biobetters' with tailored glycans, the ability to scale up production rapidly for emergency responses and the ability to produce commodity recombinant proteins on an agricultural scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Buyel
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - R M Twyman
- TRM Ltd, PO Box 463, York, United Kingdom.
| | - R Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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37
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Moshelion M, Altman A. Current challenges and future perspectives of plant and agricultural biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:337-42. [PMID: 25842169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding plant biology, novel genetic resources, genome modification, and omics technologies generate new solutions for food security and novel biomaterials production under changing environmental conditions. New gene and germplasm candidates that are anticipated to lead to improved crop yields and other plant traits under stress have to pass long development phases based on trial and error using large-scale field evaluation. Therefore, quantitative, objective, and automated screening methods combined with decision-making algorithms are likely to have many advantages, enabling rapid screening of the most promising crop lines at an early stage followed by final mandatory field experiments. The combination of novel molecular tools, screening technologies, and economic evaluation should become the main goal of the plant biotechnological revolution in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Arie Altman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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38
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Hamorsky KT, Kouokam JC, Jurkiewicz JM, Nelson B, Moore LJ, Husk AS, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. N-glycosylation of cholera toxin B subunit in Nicotiana benthamiana: impacts on host stress response, production yield and vaccine potential. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8003. [PMID: 25614217 PMCID: PMC4303877 DOI: 10.1038/srep08003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based transient overexpression systems enable rapid and scalable production of subunit vaccines. Previously, we have shown that cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), an oral cholera vaccine antigen, is N-glycosylated upon expression in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we found that overexpression of aglycosylated CTB by agroinfiltration of a tobamoviral vector causes massive tissue necrosis and poor accumulation unless retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the re-introduction of N-glycosylation to its original or an alternative site significantly relieved the necrosis and provided a high CTB yield without ER retention. Quantitative gene expression analysis of PDI, BiP, bZIP60, SKP1, 26Sα proteasome and PR1a, and the detection of ubiquitinated CTB polypeptides revealed that N-glycosylation significantly relieved ER stress and hypersensitive response, and facilitated the folding/assembly of CTB. The glycosylated CTB (gCTB) was characterized for potential vaccine use. Glycan profiling revealed that gCTB contained approximately 38% plant-specific glycans. gCTB retained nanomolar affinity to GM1-ganglioside with only marginal reduction of physicochemical stability and induced an anti-cholera holotoxin antibody response comparable to native CTB in a mouse oral immunization study. These findings demonstrated gCTB's potential as an oral immunogen and point to a potential role of N-glycosylation in increasing recombinant protein yields in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Teasley Hamorsky
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Calvin Kouokam
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jessica M Jurkiewicz
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Bailey Nelson
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Lauren J Moore
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Adam S Husk
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- 1] Owensboro Cancer Research Program of James Graham Brown Cancer Center at University of Louisville School of Medicine, Owensboro, KY, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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39
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Hofbauer A, Peters J, Arcalis E, Rademacher T, Lampel J, Eudes F, Vitale A, Stoger E. The Induction of Recombinant Protein Bodies in Different Subcellular Compartments Reveals a Cryptic Plastid-Targeting Signal in the 27-kDa γ-Zein Sequence. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:67. [PMID: 25566533 PMCID: PMC4263181 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring storage proteins such as zeins are used as fusion partners for recombinant proteins because they induce the formation of ectopic storage organelles known as protein bodies (PBs) where the proteins are stabilized by intermolecular interactions and the formation of disulfide bonds. Endogenous PBs are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we have used different targeting sequences to determine whether ectopic PBs composed of the N-terminal portion of mature 27 kDa γ-zein added to a fluorescent protein could be induced to form elsewhere in the cell. The addition of a transit peptide for targeting to plastids causes PB formation in the stroma, whereas in the absence of any added targeting sequence PBs were typically associated with the plastid envelope, revealing the presence of a cryptic plastid-targeting signal within the γ-zein cysteine-rich domain. The subcellular localization of the PBs influences their morphology and the solubility of the stored recombinant fusion protein. Our results indicate that the biogenesis and budding of PBs does not require ER-specific factors and therefore, confirm that γ-zein is a versatile fusion partner for recombinant proteins offering unique opportunities for the accumulation and bioencapsulation of recombinant proteins in different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hofbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Jenny Peters
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Johannes Lampel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - François Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge, AB , Canada
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR) , Milan , Italy
| | - Eva Stoger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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Halford NG, Hudson E, Gimson A, Weightman R, Shewry PR, Tompkins S. Safety assessment of genetically modified plants with deliberately altered composition. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:651-654. [PMID: 24735114 PMCID: PMC4265246 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development and marketing of 'novel' genetically modified (GM) crops in which composition has been deliberately altered poses a challenge to the European Union (EU)'s risk assessment processes, which are based on the concept of substantial equivalence with a non-GM comparator. This article gives some examples of these novel GM crops and summarizes the conclusions of a report that was commissioned by the European Food Safety Authority on how the EU's risk assessment processes could be adapted to enable their safety to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G Halford
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of ReadingReading, UK
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