An inflammation classification system using cytokine parameters

Microcystin-LR induces lung injury in mice through the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) a cyclic toxin produced by cyanobacterial species is known to exert detrimental effects on various organs, including lung. Several investigators demonstrated that MC-LR exerts pulmonary toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to MC-LR-induced lung inflammation and examine the underlying mechanisms. Thirty specific pathogen-free (SPF) male mice were allocated into control and MC-LR treatment groups. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline or MC-LR (20 μg/kg) daily for a total of 21 days. Our findings indicated that exposure to MC-LR-produced histopathological changes in lung tissue, including thickening of alveolar walls and inflammatory infiltration. MC-LR was found to upregulate mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18. Further, MC-LR significantly elevated the expression levels of proteins associated with the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway p-NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC. The activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway further promoted the release of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and cleavage of pyroptosis-associated GSDMD protein. These findings indicate that MC-LR may induce lung inflammation by promoting cell pyroptosis via the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Can Bisphenols Alter the Inflammation Process?

This review's main purpose is to draw attention to the possible influence of widely used bisphenols on the inflammatory process. Bisphenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are produced worldwide in great quantities. From this point of view, it is very important to clarify their influence on innate immune reactions, which protect the integrity of the body against the action of various pathogens on a daily basis. The inflammation process consists of several key factors that are produced at different levels of this reaction. Each of these levels can be affected by endocrine disruptors, from the point of view of modifying either the immune system cells that intervene in this process or the way in which they produce inflammatory mediators. The development of new recommendations for the use of bisphenols is a complex issue given their influence on inflammatory processes. Because the immune system and immune response are so intricate, bisphenols may pose more risk to humans than is presently recognized. This paper discusses the classification of bisphenols, the fundamental mechanism of inflammation, the characterization of inflammatory mediators, and the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the impact of bisphenols on the inflammatory response.

The Influence of Diet and Physical Activity on Periodontal Health: A Narrative Review

Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions that compromise the supporting structures of the teeth, often leading to tooth loss and contributing to systemic comorbidities. Increasing evidence underscores the critical role of modifiable lifestyle factors, particularly diet and physical activity, in influencing periodontal health. This narrative review critically evaluates the current body of literature regarding the impact of dietary constituents and physical activity on the periodontium, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms, key biomarkers, and clinical implications. It aims to provide a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between nutrition, exercise, and periodontal health with potential implications for clinical management and preventive strategies.

Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The current study was designed to explore the clinical significance of serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 (TIMP4) levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The GSE1919 chip was analyzed, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and gene ontology as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of the identified DEGs were conducted. Patients with RA (n = 96) and healthy individuals (n = 96) were enrolled in this study. Serum from the participants was collected, and RT-qPCR as well as WB have been conducted to examine TIMP4 levels; additionally, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β levels were determined using the ELISA method. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted for evaluating relationships between the expression levels of TIMP4 and those of IL-6 or IL-1β. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to determine the potential diagnostic value of serum TIMP4 for RA. TIMP4 was identified as a markedly downregulated gene involved in RA development. TIMP4 levels were significantly decreased in patients with RA, and the results of the ROC analysis showed that TIMP4 may be a potential diagnostic marker. Furthermore, the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1β were markedly elevated in patients with RA. Finally, TIMP4 levels showed negative correlation with the levels of either IL-6 or IL-1β. TIMP4 is downregulated in RA and is a reliable serum marker for RA diagnosis.

Flavonoids in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation; focus on fisetin, rutin, and quercetin

Neuroinflammation is a critical mechanism in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), encephalitis, spinal cord injury (SCI), and cerebral stroke. Neuroinflammation is characterized by increased blood vessel permeability, leukocyte infiltration, glial cell activation, and elevated production of inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and cytokines. Microglia act as the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, serving as the principal defense mechanism in brain tissue. After CNS injury, microglia modify their morphology and downregulate genes that promote homeostatic functions. Despite comprehensive transcriptome analyses revealing specific gene modifications in "pathological" microglia, microglia's precise protective or harmful functions in neurological disorders remain insufficiently comprehended. Accumulating data suggests that the polarization of microglia into the M1 proinflammatory phenotype or the M2 antiinflammatory phenotype may serve as a sensible therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation. Flavonoids, including rutin, fisetin, and quercetin, function as crucial chemical reservoirs with unique structures and diverse actions and are extensively used to modulate microglial polarization in treating neuroinflammation. This paper highlights the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation seen in neurological disorders such as stroke. Furthermore, we investigate their therapeutic benefits in alleviating neuroinflammation via the modulation of macrophage polarization.

A study on the variation of cytokine and electrolyte levels in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques

BACKGROUND

Non-human primates (NPHs), such as rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques, play a crucial role in biomedical research. However, baseline cytokine and electrolyte data for these three species, particularly data stratified by age and sex, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish and analyze age- and sex-specific cytokine and electrolyte profiles in these three species.

METHODS

This study included 40 rhesus macaques (21 males, 19 females), 33 cynomolgus monkeys (17 males, 16 females), and 45 Assamese macaques (25 males, 20 females) classified by age (1-5 years, 6-12 years, >13 years) and sex. The levels of 23 immune function indicators and 5 electrolyte indicators were measured.

RESULTS

Among the three monkey species, the levels of sCD40L, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1β, TGFa, K+, Na+, and Cl- exhibited species-, sex-, and age-related differences. Comparison within the same species，sex had no significant impact on cytokine levels in NHPs but did affect electrolyte levels, particularly Cl- and Na+ levels, in cynomolgus monkeys and Assamese macaques. Electrolyte levels in NHPs were not affected by age, whereas the levels of certain cytokines, particularly sCD40L, GM-CSF, and IL-10, varied with age. The remaining 21 cytokines demonstrated no significant age-related changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant variations in cytokine and electrolyte levels exist among different monkey species, sexes, and age groups. This research provides valuable resources for NHP researchers and sets the stage for further exploring the impacts of sex and age on NHP physiology and immune function.

Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs mediate the beneficial effects of exercise in ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease that is one of the leading causes of death and neurological disorders worldwide. Exosomes are a novel class of intercellular signaling regulators containing cell-specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that transmit messages between cells and tissues. MicroRNAs are regulatory non-coding ribonucleic acids that are usually present in exosomes as signaling molecules. Studies have shown that exosomes and exosomal microRNAs can improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke by inhibiting the inflammatory response, reducing apoptosis, improving the imbalance of oxidative and antioxidant systems, and regulating cellular autophagy, among other processes. Previous studies have shown that exercise training can exert neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke by promoting the release of exosomes and regulating the expression of exosomal microRNAs, which in turn regulate multiple signaling pathways. Exosomes and exosomal microRNAs may be key targets for exercise to promote cerebrovascular health. Therefore, the study of exercise-mediated exosomes and their microRNAs may provide new perspectives for exploring the mechanism of exercise intervention in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke.

Carborane-Based Analogs of Celecoxib and Flurbiprofen, their COX Inhibition Potential, and COX Selectivity Index

The cylcooxygenase isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in the production of prostaglandins in physiological and pathological processes. The overexpression of COX-2 under inflammatory conditions, its role in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases necessitates the need to develop and improve nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These mainly unselective COX inhibitors, e.g. aspirin, are used to reduce the symptoms of inflammation. To reduce unwanted side effects connected with unselective inhibition, the development of novel COX-2 selective inhibitors is a major goal. Herein, the synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of eight flurbiprofen- and celecoxib-based carborane analogs are described. Carboranes as hydrophobic surrogates are suitable substituents that can contribute to a selectivity increase toward COX-2 due to size exclusion. The inhibitory efficacy for COX-1 and COX-2 of the four ortho- and four nido-carborane derivatives has been tested. The nido compounds are much more potent than their closo-carborane analogs. The celecoxib-based nido-carborane compound 10 shows an IC50(COX-2) value in the sub-μM range and slight selectivity for COX-2. This is in contrast to its ortho-carborane counterpart 9, which shows an inhibition preference for COX-1. While none of these carborane derivatives outperforms their organic analogs, the flurbiprofen-based nido-carborane derivatives 14a and 14b surpass the known carborane-based flurbiprofen analogs.

Whole-body cryotherapy can reduce the inflammatory response in humans: a meta-analysis based on 11 randomized controlled trials

Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is increasingly being studied and used in various populations, mainly focusing on improving the body's regenerative capacity. More comprehensive summaries of anti-inflammatory responses are needed. To systemically assess the effect of WBC on the inflammatory response in humans based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Articles about RCTs accessing the effects of whole-body cryotherapy on the levels of inflammatory factors in humans published until August 1, 2024 had been searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane library databases. The general information of the included articles and exposure mode, the types and levels of inflammatory factors in serum were extracted. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias, and the GRADE scale was used to assess the level of certainty of evidence. RevMan 5.4 software were used to conduct the meta-analysis. A total of 11 RCTs in 11 articles were included, and the total sample size was 274. The level of IL-1β in serum of people exposed to WBC was lower than that in control group (SMD value was - 2.08pg/mL, P < 0.05), and athletes exposed to WBC were more likely to benefit from this. The level of IL-10 in serum of people exposed to WBC was higher than that in control group ( SMD value was 0.78 pg/mL, P < 0.05), and obese people exposed to WBC were more likely to benefit from this than athletes. WBC effectively reduces inflammation by lowering IL-1β and increasing IL-10 levels, offering significant benefits for athletes and obese individuals.

Investigation of the Immunomodulatory and Neuroprotective Properties of Nigella sativa Oil in Experimental Systemic and Neuroinflammation

Nigella sativa (NS) is a promising medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of NS oil (NSO) on memory functions in rats with LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced neuroinflammation, as well as its effect on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Male rats were divided into four groups: control, LPS-control, LPS+NSO 3 and 5 mL/kg. Neuroinflammation was induced by a single intraperitoneal LPS injection (2 mg/kg). The novel object recognition test (NORT) and Y-maze were used for the evaluation of memory processes. Recognition index (RI) and % spontaneous alteration (%SA) were registered, respectively. Blood samples for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, BDNF, and NPY serum levels were taken. Thymoquinone, the active compound of the oil, was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. NSO administration resulted in an improvement in spatial and episodic memory, as evidenced by increased % SA and RI compared to LPS-control. Treatment with NSO led to a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and NPY, along with an increase in IL-10 and BDNF levels, when compared to LPS-control. In conclusion, NSO enhances BDNF production and regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines release, which probably contributes to the observed cognitive improvement in animals with experimental neuroinflammation.

The enigmatic role of SIRT2 in the cardiovascular system: Deciphering its protective and detrimental actions to unlock new avenues for therapeutic intervention

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and hence, there is a critical need to elucidate their molecular mechanisms. The Sirtuin (SIRT) family of NAD+-dependent enzymes has recently been shown to play a critical role in cardiovascular health and disease, and several SIRT isoforms, especially SIRT1 and SIRT3, have been amply investigated. However, the precise function of SIRT2 is only partially explored. Here, we review the current understanding of the involvement of SIRT2 in various cardiovascular pathologies, such as cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and vascular dysfunction, with emphasis placed on the context-dependent protective or deleterious actions of SIRT2, including its wide array of catalytic activities which span beyond deacetylation. Furthermore, the review uncovers several unresolved research gaps for SIRT2 mechanisms by which SIRT2 modulates cardiac and vascular function during development and aging, thereby paving the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets as well as SIRT2-targeted interventions in the prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases.

Vascularization, Innervation, and Inflammation: Pathways Connecting the Heart-Brain Axis and Implications in a Clinical Setting

With an aging population, the incidence of both ischemic heart disease and strokes have become the most prevalent diseases globally. These diseases have similar risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. However, there is also evidence of a relationship between the heart and the brain, referred to as the heart-brain axis. In this relationship, dysfunction of either organs can lead to injury to the other. There are several proposed physiologies to explain this relationship. These theories usually involve vascular, neuromodulatory, and inflammatory processes; however, few articles have explored and compared these different mechanisms of interaction between the heart and brain. A better understanding of the heart-brain axis can inform physicians of current and future treatment and preventive care options in heart and brain pathologies. The relationship between the brain and heart depends on inflammation, vascular anatomy and function, and neuromodulation. The pathways connecting these organs often become injured or dysfunctional when a major pathology, such as a myocardial infarction or stroke, occurs. This leads to long-term impacts on the patient's overall health and risk for future disease. This study summarizes the current research involved in the heart-brain axis, relates these interactions to different diseases, and proposes future research in the field of neurocardiology. Conditions of the brain and heart are some of the most prevalent diseases. Through understanding the connection between these two organs, we can help inform patients and physicians of novel therapeutics for these pathologies.

Functional Characteristics of the Crosstalk Between Vocal Fold Fibroblasts and Macrophages-The Role of Vibration in Vocal Fold Inflammation

OBJECTIVES

This in vitro study investigated the interaction between human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF) and macrophages under the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and vibration as potential regulators of vocal fold (VF) inflammation.

STUDY DESIGN

Experimental in vitro pilot study.

METHODS

Immortalized hVFF were cultured in flexible-bottomed cell culture plates, treated with CSE, and subjected to static or dynamic conditions in a phonomimetic bioreactor. For coculture, unstimulated or lipopolysaccharide/IFNγ-stimulated THP-1 (human leukemia monocytic cell line) macrophages were added in inserts for a final 24 hours of vibration period. We measured messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR]) and protein levels (Western Blot, ELISA, and LUMINEX®) of hVFF and analyzed the results using two- and three-way ANOVA with post hoc tests.

RESULTS

Under inflammatory stimulation, we observed a reduction of collagen (COL) type 1A1, 1A2, and 3A1, and increased gene expression of COL4A1, matrix metallopeptidase 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor A in hVFF. Additionally, the pro-inflammatory markers cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were upregulated. CSE increased COX1 and COX2 levels, whereas vibration reduced CSE-induced increases of COL4A1 and COX2 in pro-inflammatory stimulated hVFF.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that vibration may mitigate CSE-induced inflammatory damage in the hVFF, thereby offering new insights into the cellular crosstalk that underlies the pathophysiology of VF inflammation in smoking-related voice disorders.

Fasting the brain for mental health

Unfavorable socioeconomic and geopolitical conditions such as poverty, violence and inequality increase vulnerability to mental disorders. Also, exposure to a poor nutrition such as high-energy dense (HED) diets has been linked to alterations in brain function, leading to anxiety, addiction, and depression. HED diets rich in saturated fatty acids or obesity can activate the innate immune system in the brain, especially microglia, increasing proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL1-β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), in part, by the stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. Intermittent fasting (IF), an eating protocol characterized by alternating periods of fasting with periods of eating, has gained recognition as a weight-management strategy to reduce obesity. Accordingly, during IF inflammation and brain function can be modulated by production of ketone bodies and modulation of the intestinal microbiota, which also promote the induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is involved in neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. Although IF has contributed to reduce body weight and improve metabolic profiles, its influence on mental health remains an evolving field of research. Here, we provide experimental evidence supporting the role of IF reducing neuroinflammation as a valuable approach to improve mental health.

Extraction, detection, bioactivity, and product development of luteolin: A review

Luteolin is a kind of natural flavonoid, widely existing in a variety of plants, has been revealed to have a wide range of biological activities. In recent years, the research results of luteolin are abundant. Here we review the latest research results of luteolin in order to provide new ideas for further research and development of luteolin. In this paper, the focus of the search was published between 2010 and 2024 on the extraction and determination of luteolin, biological activities, and the development and application of luteolin products. A comprehensive search using the keyword "luteolin" was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science and WIPO databases. Through the collection of related literature, this paper summarized a variety of extraction techniques of luteolin, including immersion extraction, solvent extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and so on. The determination methods include: thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), electrochemical method (ED) and so on. In addition, the biological activities of luteolin, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, analgesic and so on, were described. And luteolin as the main component of the product is being gradually developed, and has been used in the field of food, medicine and cosmetics. This paper provides a reference for further study of luteolin.

The Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Matricaria recutita Blossoms and Zingiber officinale Rhizome Ethanol Extracts

BACKGROUND

Inflammation-induced oxidative stress is a pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory diseases. Treatments targeting oxidative stress can reduce inflammatory tissue damage.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to conduct phytochemical analysis and evaluate the antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria recutita blossoms (M. recutita) and Zingiber officinale rhizomes (Z. officinale).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The phytochemical analysis was carried out by measuring the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and polyphenolic compounds' HPLC-ESI MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through H2O2 DPPH, FRAP, and NO scavenging assays. An in vivo experiment was performed on rats with turpentine oil-induced acute inflammation. Treatments were administrated orally for 10 days, with three dilutions of each extract (100%, 50%, 25%), and compared to the CONTROL, inflammation, Diclofenac, and Trolox groups. In vivo, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total thiols (SH).

RESULTS

The phytochemical analysis found a high content of phenolic compounds in both extracts, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was significant. In vivo, M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts proved to be effective in increasing TAC and lowering oxidative stress markers, respectively, the TOS, OSI, MDA, and NO levels. The effects were dose-dependent, with the lower concentrations being more efficient antioxidants. Matricaria recutita and Z. officinale extract effects were as good as those of trolox and diclofenac.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with M. recutita and Z. officinale alleviated inflammation-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts could be a promising adjuvant antioxidant therapy in inflammatory diseases.

Anti-inflammatory and antiophidic effects of extract of Hymenaea eriogyne benth and structure-activity relationship prediction of the major markers in silico

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hymenaea eriogyne Benth (Fabaceae) is popularly known as "Jatobá". Despite its use in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, there are no descriptions that show its anti-inflammatory potential.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antivenom action of bark and leaves extract of H. eriogyne.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was conducted by carrageenan-induced paw edema and zymosan-induced air pouch models, evaluating the edematogenic effect, leukocyte migration, protein concentration, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The antivenom potential was investigated in vitro on the enzymatic action (proteolytic, phospholipase and hyaluronidase) of Bothrops brazili and B. leucurus venom, as well as in vivo on the paw edema model induced by B. leucurus. Furthermore, the influence of its markers (astilbin and rutin) on MPO activity was investigated in silico. For molecular docking, AutodockVina, Biovia Discovery Studio, and Chimera 1.16 software were used.

RESULTS

The extracts and bark and leaves of H. eriogyne revealed a high anti-inflammatory effect, with a reduction in all inflammatory parameters evaluated. The bark extract showed superior results when compared to the leaf extract, suggesting the influence of the astilbin concentration, higher in the bark, on the anti-inflammatory action. In addition, only the H. eriogyne bark extract was able to reduce MDA, indicating an associated antioxidant effect. Regarding the in vitro antivenom action, the extracts (bark and leaves) revealed the ability to inhibit the proteolytic, phospholipase and hyaluronidase action of both bothropic venom, with a greater effect against B. leucurus venom. In vivo, extracts from the bark and leaves of H. eriogyne (50-200 mg/kg) showed antiedematogenic activity, reducing the release of MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating the presence of bioactive components useful in controlling the inflammatory process induced by the venom. In the in silico assays, astilbin and rutin showed reversible interactions of 9 possible positions and orientations towards MPO, with affinities of -9.5 and -10.4 kcal/mol and interactions with Phe407, Gln91, His95 and Arg239, important active pockets of MPO. Rutin demonstrated more effective types of interactions with MPO.

CONCLUSION

This approach reveals for the first time the anti-inflammatory action of H. eriogyne bark and leaf extracts in vivo, as well as its antiophidic potential. Moreover, the distinct effect of pharmacogens as antioxidant agents and distinct effect of astilbin and rutin under MPO sheds light on the different anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds present in H. eriogyne extracts, with high potential for the prospection of new pharmacological agents.

Health Implications of Proinflammatory Cytokine Activity at Different Levels of Fluoride Exposure: A Systematic Review

The chronic intake of excessive fluoride (F−) (>  1.5 mg/L) affects several tissues, organs, and systems. This represents a worldwide issue due to the presence of the compound in nature, with drinking water being the main source of exposure. The underlying mechanisms by which F− is toxic are not completely understood, but proinflammatory cytokine activity is implicated in these events. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the health implications of proinflammatory cytokine activity at different levels of F− exposure. The search for original studies in which the activity of proinflammatory cytokines was assessed under exposure to F− was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, Springer, EBSCO, and Google Scholar databases by applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024546726). Sixteen studies were analyzed in the present review. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1 beta (β), IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐12, IL‐17, IL‐18, C‐reactive protein, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) were the proinflammatory cytokines identified in the included reports. Alterations in cytokine activity were observed in response to varying levels of F− exposure, implicating an increased risk of toxicity and damage to the evaluated structures by highlighting the role of inflammation in the progression of these processes. Hence, the activity of proinflammatory cytokines at different levels of F− exposure has important implications for health, where inflammation plays a relevant role in the underlying mechanisms related to the resulting toxicity.

Progress in the preparation, structure and bio-functionality of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides: A review

Dictyophora indusiata (D. indusiata) is an elegant fungus known as the "mushroom queen" because of its rich nutritional value and resemblance to dancers wearing clean white dresses. Due to the harsh growth environment, the yield of D. indusiata is relatively low. Polysaccharides are the most abundant component among them and it is valued for its unique physiological function. Multiple extraction and purification methods have been used to separate and purify polysaccharides from D. indusiata. These polysaccharides have demonstrated strong biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. In addition, D. indusiata polysaccharides have shown promising potential for development and application in the areas of food, healthcare products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities and application prospects of D. indusiata polysaccharides were summarized. This review may enrich the knowledge about bioactive polysaccharides from D. indusiata and provide a theoretical basis. Due to diverse potential health-promoting properties of D. indusiata polysaccharides, further development for their application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals is expected.

Physicochemical properties, health benefits, and applications of the polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa Thunb.: A review

Rosa rugosa Thunb. (R. rugosa) has been used as food and medicine and not just as ornamental plant for nearly a thousand years, its nutritional and medicinal value have been recognized by people. It contains a variety of biological active ingredients that are beneficial to the human body. R. rugosa polysaccharides are also one of the main bioactive ingredients, which have many health benefits such as anti-diabetes, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumour, moisture-preserving and anti-alcoholic liver disease. This review summarizes the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, health benefits, and structure-activity relationships of R. rugosa polysaccharides. In addition, current and potential applications of R. rugosa polysaccharides are analyzed and supplemented, hoping to provide some valuable insights for further research and development of functional food additives, nutritional supplements, additives for daily chemical products, and even pharmaceuticals.

Hesperidin：a citrus plant component, plays a role in the central nervous system

Hesperidin is a kind of flavonoids, which has the biological activities of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anti-virus, anti-allergy, anti-cancer, heart protection and neuroprotection. More and more studies have begun to pay attention to the therapeutic prospect of hesperidin in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. This paper describes its current role in the treatment of central nervous system diseases, especially stroke, and discusses its bioavailability, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of hesperidin.

Lippia alba essential oil: A powerful and valuable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory medicinal plant from Brazil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In Brazilian popular medicine, Lippia alba leaves are used in teas to treat pain and inflammatory diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

to evaluate the chemical composition, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of Lippia alba essential oil and its major compound geraniol.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Lippia alba leaves were collected in Pará state, Brazil. The leaf essential oil was obtained using a modified Clevenger-type extractor. Then, the oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS analyses. To evaluate the toxicity of LaEO and geraniol, the doses of 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg were used in a mouse model. For antinociception tests, abdominal contortion, hot plate, and formalin tests were used; all groups were treated with LaEO and geraniol at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg; and to evaluate inflammation using the ear edema model.

RESULTS

The constituents identified in the highest content were oxygenated monoterpenes: geraniol (37.5%), geranial (6.7%) and neral (3.8%). The animals treated with LaEO and geraniol demonstrated atypical behaviors with aspects of lethargy and drowsiness, characteristics of animals in a state of sedation; the relative weights showed no significant difference compared to the controls. In the abdominal contortion test, LaEO at 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg doses, and 100 mg/kg reduced the number of contortions, representing a percentage reduction of 84.64%, 81.23%, and 66.21% respectively. In the hot plate test, LaEO and geraniol increased the latency time at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg in all test periods; there was no statistical difference between LaEO and geraniol. In the first phase of the formalin test, only doses of 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of LaEO showed significant activity, reducing the latency time by 53.40% and 58.90%. LaEO at doses of 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg reduced the size of the edema, demonstrating an anti-inflammatory activity of 59.38% (25 mg/kg) and 50% (100 mg/kg).

CONCLUSION

Lippia alba essential oil and geraniol showed central/peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential and can be used as an alternative or complementary treatment to conventional drugs. More studies are needed to evaluate its action mechanisms and its analgesic effects.

Targeting TGFβ with chimeric switch receptor and secreted trap to improve T cells anti-tumor activity

Introduction

TGFβ is a major immunoinhibitory factor present in the microenvironment of solid tumors. Various cancer types acquire the ability to overexpress TGFβ to escape immune response. Specifically, TGFβ dampens cytotoxic T cell activity, and its presence has been correlated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis.

Methods

In this study, we developed two approaches to counteract the effects of TGFβ and provide a functional advantage to genetically engineered T cells in the immunoinhibitory tumor milieu. We designed a TGFβRI-based co-stimulatory switch receptor (CSRI), comprising the TGFβ receptor I extracellular binding domain and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory signaling moiety. Additionally, we tested the efficacy of a TGFβ-binding scFv trap produced by T cells.

Results

We demonstrated that both approaches enhanced tumor-specific T cell cytokine secretion, upregulated activation markers, and reduced inhibition markers upon co-culture with melanoma targets. Furthermore, CSRI and the anti-TGFβ trap exhibited improved anti-tumor function in vivo.

Conclusion

Overall, we show that targeting the TGFβ pathway can enhance cellular immunotherapy.

Coumarin: A natural solution for alleviating inflammatory disorders

Coumarin, a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. Recent research has highlighted its anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for treating inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding coumarin's pharmacological effects in alleviating inflammatory conditions by analyzing preclinical and clinical studies. The review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms through which coumarin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, including its antioxidant activity, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and modulation of immune cell functions. Additionally, the paper addresses potential limitations of using coumarin, such as concerns about toxicity at high doses or with prolonged use. Before widespread clinical application, further investigation is needed to fully understand coumarin's potential benefits and risks.

Dysregulation of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters by Proinflammatory Cytokines

Proinflammatory cytokines, elevated during inflammation caused by infection and/or autoimmune disorders, result in reduced clearance of drugs eliminated primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). However, the effect of cytokines on hepatic drug transporter expression or activity has not been well-studied. Here, using plated human hepatocytes (PHHs; n = 3 lots), we investigated the effect of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), on the mRNA expression and activity of hepatic drug transporters. PHHs were incubated for 72 hours at their pathophysiologically relevant plasma concentrations, both individually (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 ng/ml) or as a cocktail (i.e., when each was combined at 0.1 or 1 ng/ml). Following cytokine cocktail exposure (1 ng/ml), significant downregulation of mRNA expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1, multidrug resistance proteins (MRP) 2, 3, and 4 was observed. While the mRNA expression of organic anion transporter (OAT) 2 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 was downregulated in two lots, it was upregulated in one lot. In agreement (mostly), the 1 ng/ml cytokine cocktail reduced OATP1B1/3, OATP2B1, OAT2, OCT1, and NTCP activity by 75%, 44%, 82%, 47%, and 80%, respectively. Interestingly, upregulation of OAT2 and OCT1 mRNA in one donor did not translate into the same directional change in activity. Although significant interlot variability was observed, in general, the above effects, using individual cytokines, could be attributed to IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To date, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate the effect of four major proinflammatory cytokines, both individually and as a cocktail, on the mRNA expression and activity of human hepatic drug transporters. The data obtained can be used in the future to predict transporter-mediated drug clearance changes during inflammation through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation.

Study of Pentacyclic Triterpenes from Lyophilised Aguaje: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties

Mauritia flexuosa (M. flexuosa), commonly known as Aguaje or Moriche palm, is traditionally recognised in South America for its medicinal properties, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to isolate and characterise pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds from M. flexuosa and to evaluate their therapeutic potential. Using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), three pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds were successfully isolated. Among them, compound 1 (3,11-dioxours-12-en-28-oic acid) exhibited notable bioactivity, significantly inhibiting the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (IC50 = 7.39-8.11 μM) and of Nitric Oxide (NO) (IC50 = 4.75-6.59 μM), both of which are key processes in inflammation. Additionally, compound 1 demonstrated potent antioxidant properties by activating the antioxidant enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (EC50 = 1.87 μM) and the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (EC50 = 243-547.59 nM), thus showing its potential in combating oxidative stress. This study is the first to isolate and characterise the three compounds from M. flexuosa, suggesting that compound 1 could be a promising candidate for the development of safer and more effective therapies for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Methods and clinical biomarker discovery for targeted proteomics using Olink technology

PURPOSE

This paper is to offer insights for designing research utilizing Olink technology to identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for disease treatment.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

We discusses the application of Olink technology in oncology, cardiovascular, respiratory and immune-related diseases, and Outlines the advantages and limitations of Olink technology.

RESULTS

Olink technology simplifies the search for therapeutic targets, advances proteomics research, reveals the pathogenesis of diseases, and ultimately helps patients develop precision treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

Although proteomics technology has been rapidly developed in recent years, each method has its own disadvantages, so in the future research, more methods should be selected for combined application to verify each other.

The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson's Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research

Neurodegenerative diseases represent an increasing economic, social, and, above all, medical burden worldwide. The second most prevalent disease in this category is Parkinson's disease, surpassed only by Alzheimer's. It is a treatable but still incurable systemic disease with a pathogenesis that has not yet been elucidated. Several theories are currently being developed to explain the causes and progression of Parkinson's disease. Magnesium is one of the essential macronutrients and is absolutely necessary for life as we know it. The magnesium cation performs several important functions in the cell in the context of energetic metabolism, substrate metabolism, cell signalling, and the regulation of the homeostasis of other ions. Several of these cellular processes have been simultaneously described as being disrupted in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. The relationship between magnesium homeostasis and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has received little scientific attention to date. The aim of this review is to summarise and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on the possible role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and to outline possible future directions for research in this area.

Studies on the Comparative Response of Fibers Obtained from the Pastazzo of Citrus bergamia and Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica on In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation

Adhering to a healthy diet has a protective effect on human health, including a decrease in inflammatory diseases due to consuming fiber. The purpose of this manuscript was to obtain and compare two extracts based on fiber (BF and IF-C), derived from two plants particularly present in the Mediterranean region: bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica). The parts used by these plants have been the "pastazzo" for the bergamot and the cladodes for the prickly pear. In addition to in vitro evaluations, the antioxidant activity was also measured on human neurons under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the extracts of interest were examined for their effects on the cell cycle and the regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, caspase 9 and 3, induced by LPS. The results indicated that both extracts had a protective effect against LPS-induced damage, with BF consistently exhibiting superior functionality compared to IF-C. Moreover, the extracts can reduce inflammation, which is a common process of disease. By exploring this avenue, studying the consumption of dietary fiber could enhance our understanding of its positive effects, but additional experiments are needed to confirm this.

Intersecting Pathways: The Role of Metabolic Dysregulation, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Inflammation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis and Outcomes

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, driven by complex and multifaceted etiological factors. Metabolic dysregulation, gastrointestinal microbiome alterations, and systemic inflammation are emerging as significant contributors to AIS pathogenesis. This review addresses the critical need to understand how these factors interact to influence AIS risk and outcomes. We aim to elucidate the roles of dysregulated adipokines in obesity, the impact of gut microbiota disruptions, and the neuroinflammatory cascade initiated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in AIS. Dysregulated adipokines in obesity exacerbate inflammatory responses, increasing AIS risk and severity. Disruptions in the gut microbiota and subsequent LPS-induced neuroinflammation further link systemic inflammation to AIS. Advances in neuroimaging and biomarker development have improved diagnostic precision. Here, we highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to AIS management, integrating metabolic, microbiota, and inflammatory insights. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways could significantly improve AIS prevention and treatment. Future research should focus on further elucidating these pathways and developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impacts of metabolic dysregulation, microbiome imbalances, and inflammation on AIS.

A comprehensive review of engineered exosomes from the preparation strategy to therapeutic applications

Exosomes exhibit high bioavailability, biological stability, targeted specificity, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity in shuttling various bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Natural exosomes, however, have limited production, targeting abilities, and therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. On the other hand, engineered exosomes have demonstrated long-term circulation, high stability, targeted delivery, and efficient intracellular drug release, garnering significant attention. The engineered exosomes bring new insights into developing next-generation drug delivery systems and show enormous potential in therapeutic applications, such as tumor therapies, diabetes management, cardiovascular disease, and tissue regeneration and repair. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements associated with engineered exosomes by focusing on the state-of-the-art strategies for cell engineering and exosome engineering. Exosome isolation methods, including traditional and emerging approaches, are systematically compared along with advancements in characterization methods. Current challenges and future opportunities are further discussed in terms of the preparation and application of engineered exosomes.

CXCL3: A key player in tumor microenvironment and inflammatory diseases

CXCL3 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine 3), a member of the C-X-C chemokine subfamily, operates as a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, thereby orchestrating the recruitment and migration of leukocytes alongside eliciting an inflammatory response. Recent inquiries have shed light on the pivotal roles of CXCL3 in the context of carcinogenesis. In the tumor microenvironment, CXCL3 emanating from both tumor and stromal cells intricately modulates cellular behaviors through autocrine and paracrine actions, primarily via interaction with its receptor CXCR2. Activation of signaling cascades such as ERK/MAPK, AKT, and JAK2/STAT3 underscores CXCL3's propensity to favor tumorigenic processes. However, CXCL3 exhibits dualistic behaviors, as evidenced by its capacity to exert anti-tumor effects under specific conditions. Additionally, the involvement of CXCL3 extends to inflammatory disorders like eclampsia, obesity, and asthma. This review encapsulates the structural attributes, biological functionalities, and molecular underpinnings of CXCL3 across both tumorigenesis and inflammatory diseases.

Carvedilol attenuates inflammatory reactions of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells and modulates M1/M2 polarization of microglia via regulating NLRP3, Notch, and PPAR-γ signaling pathways

Microglial cells coordinate immune responses in the central nervous system. Carvedilol (CVL) is a non-selective β-blocker with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of CVL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in microglial BV2 cells. BV2 cells were stimulated with LPS, and the protective effects of CVL were investigated via measurement of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin (IL)-1β liberation. The protein levels of some inflammatory cascade, Notch, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ pathways and relative markers of M1/M2 microglial phenotypes were assessed. Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were cultured with a BV2-conditioned medium (CM), and the capacity of CVL to protect cell viability was evaluated. CVL displayed a protective effect against LPS stress through reducing ROS and down-regulating of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3), and IL-1β proteins. LPS treatment significantly increased the levels of the M1 microglial marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and M1-associated cleaved-NOTCH1 and hairy and enhancer of split-1 (HES1) proteins. Conversely, LPS treatment reduced the levels of the M2 marker arginase-1 (Arg-1) and PPAR-γ proteins. CVL pre-treatment reduced the protein levels of iNOS, cleaved-NOTCH1, and HES1, while increased Arg-1 and PPAR-γ. CM of CVL-primed BV2 cells significantly improved SH-SY5Y cell viability as compared with the LPS-induced cells. CVL suppressed ROS production and alleviated the expression of inflammatory markers in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Our results demonstrated that targeting Notch and PPAR-γ pathways as well as directing BV2 cell polarization toward the M2 phenotype may provide a therapeutic strategy to suppress neuroinflammation by CVL.

Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai.: A review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai., a commonly used herb, is known as "Guan Zhong" in China, "Oshida" in Japan and "Gwanjung" in Korea. It has long been used for parasitic infestation, hemorrhages and epidemic influenza.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma. Besides, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant information on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. 109 papers included in the article and we determined that no major information was missing after many checks. All authors participated in the review process for this article and all research paper are from authoritative published materials and electronic databases.

RESULTS

130 chemical components, among which phloroglucinols are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from D. crassirhizoma. D. crassirhizoma with its bioactive compounds is possessed of extensive biological activities, including anti-parasite, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, bone protective, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet and anti-hyperuricemia activity. Besides, D. crassirhizoma has special toxicology and pharmacokinetics characterization.

CONCLUSIONS

D. crassirhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine having a long history of application. This review mainly summarized the different chemical components extract from D. crassirhizoma and various reported pharmacological effects. Besides, the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma also be analysed in this review. However, the chemical components of D. crassirhizoma are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential, and it is urgent to design a new extraction scheme, so that the active ingredients can be obtained at a lower cost.

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Protein Hydrolysate as a New Ingredient of Functional Foods

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is an under-exploited crop with great potential due to its nutritional and medicinal characteristics. A Sacha inchi protein isolate (SII), obtained from defatted Sacha inchi flour (SIF), was hydrolyzed by Bioprotease LA 660 under specific conditions. The hydrolysates were characterized chemically, and their digestibility and antioxidant capacity were evaluated by in vitro cell-free experiments to select the hydrolysate with major antioxidant activity. Sacha inchi protein hydrolysate at 20 min (SIH20B) was selected, and the anti-inflammatory capacity was evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA techniques, using two different doses in monocytes THP-1 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results obtained showed that the in vitro administration of SIH20B down-regulated the TNF-α gene and reduced the release of this cytokine, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 were up-regulated in LPS-stimulated monocytes and co-administrated with SIH20B. The peptides contained in SIH20B were identified, and the 20 more relatively abundant peptides with a mass by 1 kDa were subjected to in silico analysis to hypothesize those that could be responsible for the bioactivity reported in the hydrolysate. From the identified peptides, the peptides AAGALKKFL and LGVKFKGGL, among others, are proposed as the most biologically actives. In conclusion, SIH20B is a novel, natural source of high-value-added biopeptides that could be used as an ingredient in formulations of food or nutraceutical compounds.

Assessment of serum inflammatory parameters in RRMS and SPMS patients

OBJECTIVES

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) differ in their responses to treatment; therefore, the correct diagnosis of the particular type of MS is crucial, and biomarkers that can differentiate between the forms of MS need to be identified. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of inflammatory parameters in serum samples from patients with RRMS and SPMS.

METHODS

The study group consisted of 60 patients with diagnosed MS. The patients were divided into RRMS and SPMS groups. In the RRMS patients, the usage of disease-modifying treatment was included in our analysis. The serum levels of inflammatory parameters were evaluated.

RESULTS

The serum levels of BAFF, gp130 and osteopontin were significantly higher in SPMS patients than in RRMS patients. The serum levels of BAFF correlated with age in both RRMS and SPMS patients. The serum levels of MMP-2 were significantly higher in RRMS patients than in SPMS patients and correlated with the number of past relapses. The serum levels of IL-32 were significantly higher in RRMS treatment-naïve patients than in RRMS patients treated with disease-modifying therapy.

DISCUSSION

Significant differences were found in BAFF, gp130, MMP-2 and osteopontin levels between RRMS and SPMS patients. Serum IL-32 levels were statistically lower in RRMS patients treated with disease-modifying therapy than in treatment-naïve patients.

Inflammation and cancer: friend or foe?

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of pathologies like neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, since tumor development and chronic inflammation are linked, sharing common signaling pathways. At least 20% of breast and colorectal cancers are associated with chronic inflammation triggered by infections, irritants, or autoimmune diseases. Obesity, chronic inflammation, and cancer interconnection underscore the importance of population-based interventions in maintaining healthy body weight, to disrupt this axis. Given that the dietary inflammatory index is correlated with an increased risk of cancer, adopting an anti-inflammatory diet supplemented with nutraceuticals may be useful for cancer prevention. Natural products and their derivatives offer promising antitumor activity with favorable adverse effect profiles; however, the development of natural bioactive drugs is challenging due to their variability and complexity, requiring rigorous research processes. It has been shown that combining anti-inflammatory products, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and statins, with plant-derived products demonstrate clinical utility as accessible adjuvants to traditional therapeutic approaches, with known safety profiles. Pharmacological approaches targeting multiple proteins involved in inflammation and cancer pathogenesis emerge as a particularly promising option. Given the systemic and multifactorial nature of inflammation, comprehensive strategies are essential for long term success in cancer therapy. To gain insights into carcinogenic phenomena and discover diagnostic or clinically relevant biomarkers, is pivotal to understand genetic variability, environmental exposure, dietary habits, and TME composition, to establish therapeutic approaches based on molecular and genetic analysis. Furthermore, the use of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid, and prostamide-type compounds as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the role of specific etiological agents and mediators contributing to persistent inflammatory reactions in tumor development. It explores potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, emphasizing the urgent need for cost-effective approaches to address cancer-associated inflammation.

Potential of natural products in inflammation: biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic targets

A balance between the development and suppression of inflammation can always be found in the body. When this balance is disturbed, a strong inflammatory response can damage the body. It sometimes is necessary to use drugs with a significant anti-inflammatory effect, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid hormones, to control inflammation in the body. However, the existing anti-inflammatory drugs have many adverse effects, which can be deadly in severe cases, making research into new safer and more effective anti-inflammatory drugs necessary. Currently, numerous types of natural products with anti-inflammatory activity and distinct structural features are available, and these natural products have great potential for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. This review summarizes 260 natural products and their derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities in the last two decades, classified by their active ingredients, and focuses on their structure-activity relationships in anti-inflammation to lay the foundation for subsequent new drug development. We also elucidate the mechanisms and pathways of natural products that exert anti-inflammatory effects via network pharmacology predictions, providing direction for identifying subsequent targets of anti-inflammatory natural products.

Efficacy of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl on mouse and rat models of inflammation-related diseases: a meta-analysis

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the fruits of the medicinal plant Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), in treating inflammation-associated diseases through a meta-analysis of animal models, and also probe deeply into the signaling pathways underlying the progression of inflammation. Materials and methods: All data analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 and the results are presented as flow diagrams, risk-of-bias summaries, forest plots, and funnel plots. Summary estimates were calculated using a random- or fixed-effect model, depending on the value of I2. Results: Of the 710 records identified in the initial search, 11 were selected for the final meta-analysis. Each study extracted data from the model and treatment groups for analysis, and the results showed that FS alleviated the inflammatory cytokine levels in serum; oxidant indicator: reactive oxygen species; enzymes of liver function; endotoxin and regulatory cells in blood; and improved the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Conclusion: FS effectively reversed the change in acute or chronic inflammation indicators in animal models, and the regulation of multiple channel proteins in inflammatory signaling pathways suggests that FS is a good potential drug for inflammatory disease drug therapy.

Potential Anti-Inflammatory Constituents from Aesculus wilsonii Seeds

A chemical study of Aesculus wilsonii Rehd. (also called Suo Luo Zi) and the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the obtained compounds was conducted. Retrieving results through SciFinder showed that there were four unreported compounds, aeswilosides I-IV (1-4), along with fourteen known isolates (5-18). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods such as UV, IR, NMR, [α]D, and MS spectra, as well as acid hydrolysis. Among the known ones, compounds 5, 6, 8-10, and 12-16 were obtained from the Aesculus genus for the first time; compounds 7, 11, 17, and 18 were first identified from this plant. The NMR data of 5 and 18 were reported first. The effects of 1-18 on the release of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were determined. The results showed that at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μM, the novel compounds, aeswilosides I (1) and IV (4), along with the known ones, 1-(2-methylbutyryl)phloroglucinyl-glucopyranoside (10) and pisuminic acid (15), displayed significant inhibitory effects on NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. It is worth mentioning that compound 10 showed the best NO inhibitory effect with a relative NO production of 88.1%, which was close to that of the positive drug dexamethasone. The Elisa experiment suggested that compounds 1, 4, 10, and 15 suppressed the release of TNF-α and IL-1β as well. In conclusion, this study enriches the spectra of compounds with potential anti-inflammatory effects in A. wilsonii and provides new references for the discovery of anti-inflammatory lead compounds, but further mechanistic research is still needed.

TRP Ion Channels in Immune Cells and Their Implications for Inflammation

The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels act as cellular sensors and mediate a plethora of physiological processes, including somatosensation, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Under specific conditions, certain TRP channels are involved in inflammation and immune responses. Thus, focusing on the role of TRPs in immune system cells may contribute to resolving inflammation. In this review, we discuss the distribution of five subfamilies of mammalian TRP ion channels in immune system cells and how these ion channels function in inflammatory mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of TRP ion channels in mediating inflammation and may offer potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.

The Extraction, Determination, and Bioactivity of Curcumenol: A Comprehensive Review

Curcuma wenyujin is a member of the Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary, Zingiberaceae) family, which has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its abundant biologically active constituents. Curcumenol, a component of Curcuma wenyujin, has several biological activities. At present, despite different pharmacological activities being reported, the clinical usage of curcumenol remains under investigation. To further determine the characteristics of curcumenol, the extraction, determination, and bioactivity of the compound are summarized in this review. Existing research has reported that curcumenol exerts different pharmacological effects in regard to a variety of diseases, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bactericidal, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activity, and also ameliorates osteoporosis. This review of curcumenol provides a theoretical basis for further research and clinical applications.

Nerve Growth Factor and the Role of Inflammation in Tumor Development

Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a dual role both in inflammatory states and cancer, acting both as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor and as an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediator in a context-dependent way based on the signaling networks and its interaction with diverse cellular components within the microenvironment. This report aims to provide a summary and subsequent review of the literature on the role of NGF in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment and tumor cell growth, survival, and death. The role of NGF in inflammation and tumorigenesis as a component of the inflammatory system, its interaction with the various components of the respective microenvironments, its ability to cause epigenetic changes, and its role in the treatment of cancer have been highlighted in this paper.

Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Hypertension Induced by Sleep Apnea Syndrome/Intermittent Hypoxia

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a central characteristic of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), and it subjects cells in the body to repetitive apnea, chronic hypoxia, oxygen desaturation, and hypercapnia. Since SAS is linked to various serious cardiovascular complications, especially hypertension, many studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of hypertension induced by SAS/IH. Hypertension in SAS is associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders. As hypertension is the most common complication of SAS, cell and animal models to study SAS/IH have developed and provided lots of hints for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hypertension induced by IH. However, the detailed mechanisms are obscure and under investigation. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms of hypertension in IH, which include the regulation systems of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and catecholamine biosynthesis in the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in hypertension. And hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), Endotheline 1 (ET-1), and inflammatory factors are also mentioned. In addition, we will discuss the influences of SAS/IH in cardiovascular dysfunction and the relationship of microRNA (miRNA)s to regulate the key molecules in each mechanism, which has become more apparent in recent years. These findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of SAS and help in the development of future treatments.

Chokeberry reduces inflammation in human preadipocytes

Chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa, is an indigenous fruit from North America used as food and to prevent chronic disease by Indigenous Peoples. The objective of this study was to test anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanin on palmitic acid (PA)-induced IL-6 gene expression, IL-6 DNA methylation, and histone (H3) acetylation. Additionally, we examined effects of anthocyanins Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (C3Gal) and Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on IL-6 gene expression. Human primary pre-adipocytes were treated with chokeberry juice extract (CBE), C3Gal or C3G in the presence or absence of PA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CBE inhibited LPS- and PA-induced IL-6 mRNA expression (p < 0.0001), while C3G and C3Gal had smaller effects. Human IL-6 promoter DNA methylation was increased (p = 0.0256) in CBE treated cells compared to control. Histone H3 acetylations were not affected by CBE or PA treatment. These data indicate that CBE epigenetically reduced PA-induced inflammation by regulating IL-6 DNA methylation without affecting histone modifications in human preadipocyte cells.

The Effects of Sumac Consumption on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND

Rhus coriaria L., commonly known as Sumac, is a plant from the Anacardiaceae family that is known for its high phytochemical content. These phytochemicals have the potential to effectively manage inflammation and oxidative stress. To explore the existing evidence on the impact of Sumac consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress, we conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to August 2023 to identify relevant studies examining the effects of Sumac on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The selected studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane tool.

RESULTS

A total of seven trials were included in this review. Among these trials, three focused on diabetes patients, while the remaining four involved individuals with fatty liver, overweight individuals with depression, and those with polycystic ovary or metabolic syndrome. Five studies reported the effects of Sumac on oxidative stress, with four of them demonstrating a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Regarding inflammation, one study reported no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels between the intervention and control groups. The results for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, reported in five trials, were inconsistent.

CONCLUSION

Sumac consumption over time may positively affect oxidative stress, although short-term use shows minimal impact. While one study found no significant effect on IL-6 and TNF-α, hs-CRP levels could decrease or remain unchanged. Further meta-analyses are needed to fully understand Sumac's potential benefits in managing metabolic diseases.

Phorbal-12-mysristate-13-acetate-induced inflammation is restored by protectin DX through PPARγ in human promonocytic U937 cells

AIMS

Protectin DX (PDX), a specialized pro-resolving mediator, is an important pharmaceutical compound with potential antioxidant and inflammation-resolving effects. However, the fundamental mechanism by which PDX's ameliorate chronic inflammatory diseases has not yet been elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties and PPARγ-mediated mechanisms of PDX in phorbal-12-mysristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated human promonocytic U937 cells.

MAIN METHODS

We confirmed the effects of PDX on expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mediators, and CD14 using conventional PCR, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, we observed that PDX regulated PMA-induced signaling cascades. Molecular docking analysis and a cellular thermal shift assay were conducted to verify the interaction between PDX and the proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligand binding domain. Western blotting was then employed to explore the alterations in PPARγ expression levels and validate PDX as a PPARγ full agonist.

KEY FINDINGS

PDX attenuated protein and mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 in PMA-treated U937 cells. PDX acts as a PPARγ agonist, exerting a modulating effect on the ROS/JNK/c-Fos signaling pathways. Furthermore, PDX reduced human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 expression levels.

SIGNIFICANCE

PPARγ exhibits pro-resolving effects to regulate the excessive inflammation. These results suggest that PDX demonstrates the resolution of inflammation, indicating the potential for therapeutic targeting of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Anti-inflammatory potential of ulvan

Green seaweeds are a widespread group of marine macroalgae that could be regarded as biorenewable source of valuable compounds, in particular sulfated polysaccharides like ulvans with interesting biological properties. Among them, anti-inflammatory activity represents an interesting target, since ulvans could potentially avoid side effects of conventional therapies. However, a great variability in ulvan content, composition, structure and properties occurs depending on seaweed specie and growth and processing conditions. All these aspects should be carefully considered in order to have reproducible and well characterized products. This review presents some concise ideas on ulvan composition and general concepts on inflammation mechanisms. Then, the main focus is on the importance of adequate selection of extraction, depolymerization and purification technologies followed by an updated survey on anti-inflammatory properties of ulvans through modulation of different signaling pathways. The potential application in a number of diseases, with special emphasis on inflammaging, gut microbiota dysbiosis, wound repair, and metabolic diseases is also discussed. This multidisciplinary overview tries to present the potential of ulvans considering not only mechanistic, but also processing and applications aspects, trusting that it can aid in the development and application of this widely available and renewable resource as an efficient and versatile anti-inflammatory agent.

Long-term effects of prenatal infection on the human brain: a prospective multimodal neuroimaging study

There is convincing evidence from rodent studies suggesting that prenatal infections affect the offspring's brain, but evidence in humans is limited. Here, we assessed the occurrence of common infections during each trimester of pregnancy and examined associations with brain outcomes in adolescent offspring. Our study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a large-scale sociodemographically diverse prospective birth cohort. We included 1094 mother-child dyads and investigated brain morphology (structural MRI), white matter microstructure (DTI), and functional connectivity (functional MRI), as outcomes at the age of 14. We focused on both global and focal regions. To define prenatal infections, we composed a score based on the number and type of infections during each trimester of pregnancy. Models were adjusted for several confounders. We found that prenatal infection was negatively associated with cerebral white matter volume (B = -0.069, 95% CI -0.123 to -0.015, p = 0.011), and we found an association between higher prenatal infection scores and smaller volumes of several frontotemporal regions of the brain. After multiple testing correction, we only observed an association between prenatal infections and the caudal anterior cingulate volume (B = -0.104, 95% CI -0.164 to -0.045, p < 0.001). We did not observe effects of prenatal infection on other measures of adolescent brain morphology, white matter microstructure, or functional connectivity, which is reassuring. Our results show potential regions of interest in the brain for future studies; data on the effect of severe prenatal infections on the offspring's brain in humans are needed.

Polydopamine-loaded prunetin nanomaterials activate DRD2 to reduce UV-induced inflammation by stabilizing and promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation

Skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light has been well documented clinically and histologically. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) possesses various biological functions. However, no study has reported the possible association of DRD2 with UV-induced skin damage. We established DRD2 conditional knockout and UV damage models in this work. The results showed that DRD2 played an important role in the treatment of UV-induced skin damage. The findings of the molecular mechanism study revealed that the internalization of DRD2 after activation can stabilize nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus did not increase. We prepared and characterized hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles (H@P@M). HA facilitated skin epidermal penetration of the nanoparticles to reach the site of inflammation smoothly. Meanwhile, MPDA activated DRD2 internalization to stabilize Nrf2. The release of prunetin inhibited the interaction of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 with Nrf2 and promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In summary, this study unveiled that in skin inflammation, H@P@M activated and internalized DRD2, which subsequently formed a protein complex with arrestin beta 1-ubiquitin specific protease 8 (USP8)-Nrf2. Deubiquitination was performed to stabilize Nrf2 while promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Skin is the body's largest physical barrier, always protecting the body from the interference of the external environment. However, excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays in the sun can cause skin inflammation, leading to skin erythema, itching, edema and pain, which can be troublesome in our daily lives. The complex mechanism of skin inflammation caused by ultraviolet radiation has not been fully clarified. In this study, the role of DRD2 in UV-induced skin inflammation was explored, and nano-composite particles HA@Prunetin@MPDA, which act on multiple targets in the anti-inflammatory pathway of DRD2, were developed to maximize the effect of the drug. It provides a new way to treat skin inflammation caused by UV.