1
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Dichiara M, Cosentino G, Giordano G, Pasquinucci L, Marrazzo A, Costanzo G, Amata E. Designing drugs optimized for both blood-brain barrier permeation and intra-cerebral partition. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:317-329. [PMID: 38145409 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2294118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increasing incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders globally, there is a paramount need for new pharmacotherapies. BBB effectively protects the brain but raises a profound challenge to drug permeation, with less than 2% of most drugs reaching the CNS. AREAS COVERED This article reviews aspects of the most recent design strategies, providing insights into ideas and concepts in CNS drug discovery. An overview of the products available on the market is given and why clinical trials are continuously failing is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Among the available CNS drugs, small molecules account for most successful CNS therapeutics due to their ability to penetrate the BBB through passive or carrier-mediated mechanisms. The development of new CNS drugs is very difficult. To date, there is a lack of effective drugs for alleviating or even reversing the progression of brain diseases. Particularly, the use of artificial intelligence strategies, together with more appropriate animal models, may enable the design of molecules with appropriate permeation, to elicit a biological response from the neurotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dichiara
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
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2
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Pyka P, Haberek W, Więcek M, Szymanska E, Ali W, Cios A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Satała G, Podlewska S, Di Giacomo S, Di Sotto A, Garbo S, Karcz T, Lambona C, Marocco F, Latacz G, Sudoł-Tałaj S, Mordyl B, Głuch-Lutwin M, Siwek A, Czarnota-Łydka K, Gogola D, Olejarz-Maciej A, Wilczyńska-Zawal N, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Starek M, Dąbrowska M, Kucwaj-Brysz K, Fioravanti R, Nasim MJ, Hittinger M, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Battistelli C, Zwergel C, Handzlik J. First-in-Class Selenium-Containing Potent Serotonin Receptor 5-HT 6 Agents with a Beneficial Neuroprotective Profile against Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1580-1610. [PMID: 38190615 PMCID: PMC10823479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex and not-fully-understood etiology. Recently, the serotonin receptor 5-HT6 emerged as a promising target for AD treatment; thus, here a new series of 5-HT6R ligands with a 1,3,5-triazine core and selenoether linkers was explored. Among them, the 2-naphthyl derivatives exhibited strong 5-HT6R affinity and selectivity over 5-HT1AR (13-15), 5-HT7R (14 and 15), and 5-HT2AR (13). Compound 15 displayed high selectivity for 5-HT6R over other central nervous system receptors and exhibited low risk of cardio-, hepato-, and nephrotoxicity and no mutagenicity, indicating its "drug-like" potential. Compound 15 also demonstrated neuroprotection against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity as well as antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity and regulated antioxidant and pro-inflammatory genes and NRF2 nuclear translocation. In rats, 15 showed satisfying pharmacokinetics, penetrated the blood-brain barrier, reversed MK-801-induced memory impairment, and exhibited anxiolytic-like properties. 15's neuroprotective and procognitive-like effects, stronger than those of the approved drug donepezil, may pave the way for the use of selenotriazines to inhibit both causes and symptoms in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Pyka
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wawrzyniec Haberek
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Więcek
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szymanska
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wesam Ali
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Cios
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Italian
National Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Garbo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Chiara Lambona
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marocco
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Sudoł-Tałaj
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Czarnota-Łydka
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilczyńska-Zawal
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucwaj-Brysz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department
of Drug Discovery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
- Department
of Drug Delivery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Levinstein MR, De Oliveira PA, Casajuana-Martin N, Quiroz C, Budinich RC, Rais R, Rea W, Ventriglia EN, Llopart N, Casadó-Anguera V, Moreno E, Walther D, Glatfelter GC, Weinshenker D, Zarate CA, Casadó V, Baumann MH, Pardo L, Ferré S, Michaelides M. Unique pharmacodynamic properties and low abuse liability of the µ-opioid receptor ligand (S)-methadone. Mol Psychiatry 2023:10.1038/s41380-023-02353-z. [PMID: 38145984 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
(R,S)-methadone ((R,S)-MTD) is a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist comprised of (R)-MTD and (S)-MTD enantiomers. (S)-MTD is being developed as an antidepressant and is considered an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist. We compared the pharmacology of (R)-MTD and (S)-MTD and found they bind to MORs, but not NMDARs, and induce full analgesia. Unlike (R)-MTD, (S)-MTD was a weak reinforcer that failed to affect extracellular dopamine or induce locomotor stimulation. Furthermore, (S)-MTD antagonized motor and dopamine releasing effects of (R)-MTD. (S)-MTD acted as a partial agonist at MOR, with complete loss of efficacy at the MOR-galanin Gal1 receptor (Gal1R) heteromer, a key mediator of the dopaminergic effects of opioids. In sum, we report novel and unique pharmacodynamic properties of (S)-MTD that are relevant to its potential mechanism of action and therapeutic use. One-sentence summary: (S)-MTD, like (R)-MTD, binds to and activates MORs in vitro, but (S)-MTD antagonizes the MOR-Gal1R heteromer, decreasing its abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Levinstein
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Paulo A De Oliveira
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cesar Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Reece C Budinich
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Neurology and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Emilya N Ventriglia
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Natàlia Llopart
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donna Walther
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Grant C Glatfelter
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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4
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Kato R, Zeng W, Siramshetty VB, Williams J, Kabir M, Hagen N, Padilha EC, Wang AQ, Mathé EA, Xu X, Shah P. Development and validation of PAMPA-BBB QSAR model to predict brain penetration potential of novel drug candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1291246. [PMID: 38108064 PMCID: PMC10722238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1291246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiently circumventing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major hurdle in the development of drugs that target the central nervous system. Although there are several methods to determine BBB permeability of small molecules, the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) is one of the most common assays in drug discovery due to its robust and high-throughput nature. Drug discovery is a long and costly venture, thus, any advances to streamline this process are beneficial. In this study, ∼2,000 compounds from over 60 NCATS projects were screened in the PAMPA-BBB assay to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship model to predict BBB permeability of small molecules. After analyzing both state-of-the-art and latest machine learning methods, we found that random forest based on RDKit descriptors as additional features provided the best training balanced accuracy (0.70 ± 0.015) and a message-passing variant of graph convolutional neural network that uses RDKit descriptors provided the highest balanced accuracy (0.72) on a prospective validation set. Finally, we correlated in vitro PAMPA-BBB data with in vivo brain permeation data in rodents to observe a categorical correlation of 77%, suggesting that models developed using data from PAMPA-BBB can forecast in vivo brain permeability. Given that majority of prior research has relied on in vitro or in vivo data for assessing BBB permeability, our model, developed using the largest PAMPA-BBB dataset to date, offers an orthogonal means to estimate BBB permeability of small molecules. We deposited a subset of our data into PubChem bioassay database (AID: 1845228) and deployed the best performing model on the NCATS Open Data ADME portal (https://opendata.ncats.nih.gov/adme/). These initiatives were undertaken with the aim of providing valuable resources for the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Kato
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Wenyu Zeng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Vishal B. Siramshetty
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jordan Williams
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Md Kabir
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Natalie Hagen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Elias C. Padilha
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Amy Q. Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ewy A. Mathé
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Pranav Shah
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, United States
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5
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Gall L, Jardi F, Lammens L, Piñero J, Souza TM, Rodrigues D, Jennen DGJ, de Kok TM, Coyle L, Chung S, Ferreira S, Jo H, Beattie KA, Kelly C, Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM, Pin C. A dynamic model of the intestinal epithelium integrates multiple sources of preclinical data and enables clinical translation of drug-induced toxicity. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1511-1528. [PMID: 37621010 PMCID: PMC10583244 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have built a quantitative systems toxicology modeling framework focused on the early prediction of oncotherapeutic-induced clinical intestinal adverse effects. The model describes stem and progenitor cell dynamics in the small intestinal epithelium and integrates heterogeneous epithelial-related processes, such as transcriptional profiles, citrulline kinetics, and probability of diarrhea. We fitted a mouse-specific version of the model to quantify doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced toxicity, which included pharmacokinetics and 5-FU metabolism and assumed that both drugs led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in stem cells and proliferative progenitors. The model successfully recapitulated observations in mice regarding dose-dependent disruption of proliferation which could lead to villus shortening, decrease of circulating citrulline, increased diarrhea risk, and transcriptional induction of the p53 pathway. Using a human-specific epithelial model, we translated the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin and 5-FU quantified in mice into human intestinal injury and predicted with accuracy clinical diarrhea incidence. However, for gefitinib, a specific-molecularly targeted therapy, the mice failed to reproduce epithelial toxicity at exposures much higher than those associated with clinical diarrhea. This indicates that, regardless of the translational modeling approach, preclinical experimental settings have to be suitable to quantify drug-induced clinical toxicity with precision at the structural scale of the model. Our work demonstrates the usefulness of translational models at early stages of the drug development pipeline to predict clinical toxicity and highlights the importance of understanding cross-settings differences in toxicity when building these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gall
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Ferran Jardi
- Preclinical Sciences & Translational SafetyJanssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Lieve Lammens
- Preclinical Sciences & Translational SafetyJanssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM)UPFBarcelonaSpain
| | - Terezinha M. Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Danyel G. J. Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Luke Coyle
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbHRidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | | | | | - Heeseung Jo
- Simcyp DivisionCertara UK LimitedSheffieldUK
| | - Kylie A. Beattie
- Target and Systems Safety, Non‐Clinical Safety, In Vivo/In Vitro TranslationGSKStevenageUK
| | - Colette Kelly
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
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6
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Baumgartner CK, Ebrahimi-Nik H, Iracheta-Vellve A, Hamel KM, Olander KE, Davis TGR, McGuire KA, Halvorsen GT, Avila OI, Patel CH, Kim SY, Kammula AV, Muscato AJ, Halliwill K, Geda P, Klinge KL, Xiong Z, Duggan R, Mu L, Yeary MD, Patti JC, Balon TM, Mathew R, Backus C, Kennedy DE, Chen A, Longenecker K, Klahn JT, Hrusch CL, Krishnan N, Hutchins CW, Dunning JP, Bulic M, Tiwari P, Colvin KJ, Chuong CL, Kohnle IC, Rees MG, Boghossian A, Ronan M, Roth JA, Wu MJ, Suermondt JSMT, Knudsen NH, Cheruiyot CK, Sen DR, Griffin GK, Golub TR, El-Bardeesy N, Decker JH, Yang Y, Guffroy M, Fossey S, Trusk P, Sun IM, Liu Y, Qiu W, Sun Q, Paddock MN, Farney EP, Matulenko MA, Beauregard C, Frost JM, Yates KB, Kym PR, Manguso RT. The PTPN2/PTPN1 inhibitor ABBV-CLS-484 unleashes potent anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2023; 622:850-862. [PMID: 37794185 PMCID: PMC10599993 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is effective for some patients with cancer, but most are refractory to current immunotherapies and new approaches are needed to overcome resistance1,2. The protein tyrosine phosphatases PTPN2 and PTPN1 are central regulators of inflammation, and their genetic deletion in either tumour cells or immune cells promotes anti-tumour immunity3-6. However, phosphatases are challenging drug targets; in particular, the active site has been considered undruggable. Here we present the discovery and characterization of ABBV-CLS-484 (AC484), a first-in-class, orally bioavailable, potent PTPN2 and PTPN1 active-site inhibitor. AC484 treatment in vitro amplifies the response to interferon and promotes the activation and function of several immune cell subsets. In mouse models of cancer resistant to PD-1 blockade, AC484 monotherapy generates potent anti-tumour immunity. We show that AC484 inflames the tumour microenvironment and promotes natural killer cell and CD8+ T cell function by enhancing JAK-STAT signalling and reducing T cell dysfunction. Inhibitors of PTPN2 and PTPN1 offer a promising new strategy for cancer immunotherapy and are currently being evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumours (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04777994 ). More broadly, our study shows that small-molecule inhibitors of key intracellular immune regulators can achieve efficacy comparable to or exceeding that of antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade in preclinical models. Finally, to our knowledge, AC484 represents the first active-site phosphatase inhibitor to enter clinical evaluation for cancer immunotherapy and may pave the way for additional therapeutics that target this important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hakimeh Ebrahimi-Nik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Kira E Olander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G R Davis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Omar I Avila
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Y Kim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin V Kammula
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey J Muscato
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Prasanthi Geda
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zhaoming Xiong
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
- Ipsen Biosciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchell D Yeary
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Patti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler M Balon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Navasona Krishnan
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
- Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Payal Tiwari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayla J Colvin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cun Lan Chuong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian C Kohnle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Ronan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Meng-Ju Wu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliette S M T Suermondt
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nelson H Knudsen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Collins K Cheruiyot
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debattama R Sen
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel K Griffin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nabeel El-Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yi Yang
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Im-Meng Sun
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Qiu
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Clay Beauregard
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen B Yates
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Robert T Manguso
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Stępnik K, Kukula-Koch W, Płaziński W. Molecular and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of the Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitory Potential of the Oleanane-Type Triterpenes and Their Glycosides. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1357. [PMID: 37759757 PMCID: PMC10526139 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory potential of the oleanane-type triterpenes and their glycosides from thebark of Terminalia arjuna (Combreatceae), i.e.,arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglucoside I, sericic acid and arjunetin, is presented. The studies are based on in silico pharmacokinetic and biomimetic studies, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibitory activity tests and molecular-docking research. Based on the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, arjunetin and arjunglucoside I are indicated as able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compounds of interest exhibit a marked acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential, which was tested in the TLC bioautography test. The longest time to reach brain equilibrium is observed for both the arjunic and arjunolic acids and the shortest one for arjunetin. All of the compounds exhibit a high and relatively similar magnitude of binding energies, varying from ca. -15 to -13 kcal/mol. The superposition of the most favorable positions of all ligands interacting with AChE is analyzed. The correlation between the experimentally determined IC50 values and the steric parameters of the molecules is investigated. The inhibition of the enzyme by the analyzed compounds shows their potential to be used as cognition-enhancing agents. For the most potent compound (arjunglucoside I; ARG), the kinetics of AChE inhibition were tested. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the hydrolysis of the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate was calculated to be 0.011 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stępnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
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8
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Stępnik K, Kukula-Koch W, Plazinski W, Rybicka M, Gawel K. Neuroprotective Properties of Oleanolic Acid-Computational-Driven Molecular Research Combined with In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1234. [PMID: 37765042 PMCID: PMC10536188 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), as a ubiquitous compound in the plant kingdom, is studied for both its neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties. The mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of OA is investigated using molecular dynamic simulations (MD) and docking as well as biomimetic tests. Moreover, the in vitro SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and the in vivo zebrafish model were used. The inhibitory potential towards the AChE enzyme is examined using the TLC-bioautography assay (the IC50 value is 9.22 μM). The CH-π interactions between the central fragment of the ligand molecule and the aromatic cluster created by the His440, Phe288, Phe290, Phe330, Phe331, Tyr121, Tyr334, Trp84, and Trp279 side chains are observed. The results of the in vitro tests using the SH-SY5Y cells indicate that the viability rate is reduced to 71.5%, 61%, and 43% at the concentrations of 100 µg/mL, 300 µg/mL, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively, after 48 h of incubation, whereas cytotoxicity against the tested cell line with the IC50 value is 714.32 ± 32.40 µg/mL. The in vivo tests on the zebrafish prove that there is no difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the mortality rate and morphology (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stępnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie–Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Plazinski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magda Rybicka
- Department of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego Str. 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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9
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Predict Pharmacokinetics of Enavogliflozin, a Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitor, in Humans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030942. [PMID: 36986803 PMCID: PMC10058973 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enavogliflozin is a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved for clinical use in South Korea. As SGLT2 inhibitors are a treatment option for patients with diabetes, enavogliflozin is expected to be prescribed in various populations. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling can rationally predict the concentration–time profiles under altered physiological conditions. In previous studies, one of the metabolites (M1) appeared to have a metabolic ratio between 0.20 and 0.25. In this study, PBPK models for enavogliflozin and M1 were developed using published clinical trial data. The PBPK model for enavogliflozin incorporated a non-linear urinary excretion in a mechanistically arranged kidney model and a non-linear formation of M1 in the liver. The PBPK model was evaluated, and the simulated pharmacokinetic characteristics were in a two-fold range from those of the observations. The pharmacokinetic parameters of enavogliflozin were predicted using the PBPK model under pathophysiological conditions. PBPK models for enavogliflozin and M1 were developed and validated, and they seemed useful for logical prediction.
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10
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Umemori Y, Handa K, Sakamoto S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. QSAR model to predict K p,uu,brain with a small dataset, incorporating predicted values of related parameter. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:885-897. [PMID: 36420623 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2149619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) is a parameter that indicates the extent of central nervous system penetration. Pharmaceutical companies build prediction models because many experiments are required to obtain Kp,uu,brain. However, the lack of data hinders the design of an accurate prediction model. To construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a small dataset of Kp,uu,brain, we investigated whether the prediction accuracy could be improved by incorporating software-predicted brain penetration-related parameters (BPrPs) as explanatory variables for pharmacokinetic parameter prediction. We collected 88 compounds with experimental Kp,uu,brain from various official publications. Random forest was used as the machine learning model. First, we developed prediction models using only structural descriptors. Second, we verified the predictive accuracy of each model with the predicted values of BPrPs incorporated in various combinations. Third, the Kp,uu,brain of the in-house compounds was predicted and compared with the experimental values. The prediction accuracy was improved using five-fold cross-validation (RMSE = 0.455, r2 = 0.726) by incorporating BPrPs. Additionally, this model was verified using an external in-house dataset. The result suggested that using BPrPs as explanatory variables improve the prediction accuracy of the Kp,uu,brain QSAR model when the available number of datasets is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umemori
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - K Handa
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - S Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - M Kageyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - T Iijima
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
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11
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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Kadoguchi M, Arakawa H, Honda R, Hotta K, Shirasaka Y, Deguchi Y, Tamai I. Characterization of Aripiprazole Uptake Transporter in the Blood-Brain Barrier Model hCMEC/D3 Cells by Targeted siRNA Screening. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1549-1559. [PMID: 35314999 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identification of blood-brain barrier (BBB) uptake transporters is a major challenge in the research and development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. However, conventional methods that consider known drug uptake characteristics have failed at identifying the responsible transporter molecule. The present study aimed at identifying aripiprazole uptake transporters in BBB model hCMEC/D3 cells using a knockdown screening study targeting various transporters, including uncharacterized ones. METHODS We evaluated the effect of 214 types of siRNA targeting transporters on the uptake of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in hCMEC/D3 cells. Aripiprazole uptake was determined using Xenopus oocytes expressing the candidate genes extracted from the siRNA screening assay. RESULTS The estimated unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) of aripiprazole was estimated as 0.67 in wild-type mice and 1.94 in abcb1a/1b/abcg2 knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of both uptake and efflux transporters in BBB permeation. According to siRNA knockdown screening studies, organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) and long-chain fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) were identified as candidate genes. The uptake of aripiprazole by hCMEC/D3 cells was decreased by OCTN2 inhibitors, but not by FATP1 inhibitors. A partially increased uptake of aripiprazole was observed in OCTN2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Finally, to evaluate transporter-mediated BBB permeation of drugs, the reported and estimated Kp,uu,brain values were summarized. CONCLUSIONS A knockdown screening study in combination with Kp,uu,brain values showed that aripiprazole was a potential substrate of OCTN2. The technique described in this study can be applied to identifying novel BBB transporters for CNS drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeno Kadoguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hotta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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13
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Guimaraes G, Yuan L, Li P. Antisense Oligonucleotide In Vitro Protein Binding Determination in Plasma, Brain and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Using Hybridization LC-MS/MS. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:268-276. [PMID: 34921096 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of quantitative models for prediction of drug pharmacokinetics based on in vitro data has transformed early drug discovery. Drug unbound fraction (ƒu) characterization is a key consideration in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling, assuming only unbound drug can interact with the target, and therefore has direct implications in the efficacy and potential toxicity of the drug. The current study describes the implementation of a hybridization LC-MS/MS platform for the direct quantitation of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) ƒu The method provides substantial improvements including minimal matrix effects and high specificity when compared to previously used oligonucleotide ƒu detection methods such as ligand binding assays or liquid scintillation. The hybridization LC-MS/MS platform was integrated with ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis, and method performance for each technique was evaluated. While ASO protein binding has been previously characterized in plasma, there were no studies that quantitated ASO ƒu in brain or CSF. As ASOs continue to undergo clinical trials for neurological and neuromuscular indications, ƒu characterization in brain and CSF can provide invaluable information about ASO distribution and target engagement in the central nervous system, therefore providing support for in vivo PK-PD data characterization. Significance Statement A novel hybridization LC-MS/MS based approach was successfully developed for the determination of ASO in vitro protein binding in plasma, and for the first time brain and cerebral spinal fluid. Ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis, and ultracentrifugation were assessed for the separation of unbound ASO from biological matrices. The hybridization LC-MS/MS platform provided unique advantages, including minimal matrix effects and high specificity, comparing to traditional ligand binding assays or liquid scintillation approaches, which enabled efficient and reliable in vitro protein binding assay.
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14
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Boras B, Jones RM, Anson BJ, Arenson D, Aschenbrenner L, Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Binder J, Chen E, Eng H, Hammond H, Hammond J, Haupt RE, Hoffman R, Kadar EP, Kania R, Kimoto E, Kirkpatrick MG, Lanyon L, Lendy EK, Lillis JR, Logue J, Luthra SA, Ma C, Mason SW, McGrath ME, Noell S, Obach RS, O' Brien MN, O'Connor R, Ogilvie K, Owen D, Pettersson M, Reese MR, Rogers TF, Rosales R, Rossulek MI, Sathish JG, Shirai N, Steppan C, Ticehurst M, Updyke LW, Weston S, Zhu Y, White KM, García-Sastre A, Wang J, Chatterjee AK, Mesecar AD, Frieman MB, Anderson AS, Allerton C. Preclinical characterization of an intravenous coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitor for the potential treatment of COVID19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6055. [PMID: 34663813 PMCID: PMC8523698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global pandemic. 3CL protease is a virally encoded protein that is essential across a broad spectrum of coronaviruses with no close human analogs. PF-00835231, a 3CL protease inhibitor, has exhibited potent in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 as a single agent. Here we report, the design and characterization of a phosphate prodrug PF-07304814 to enable the delivery and projected sustained systemic exposure in human of PF-00835231 to inhibit coronavirus family 3CL protease activity with selectivity over human host protease targets. Furthermore, we show that PF-00835231 has additive/synergistic activity in combination with remdesivir. We present the ADME, safety, in vitro, and in vivo antiviral activity data that supports the clinical evaluation of PF-07304814 as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Boras
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rhys M Jones
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Brandon J Anson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dan Arenson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joseph Binder
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer Hammond
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Robert E Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Hoffman
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Rob Kania
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Lorraine Lanyon
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lillis
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suman A Luthra
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stephen Noell
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Matthew N O' Brien
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 60045, USA
| | - Rebecca O'Connor
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dafydd Owen
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jean G Sathish
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Claire Steppan
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Martyn Ticehurst
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Lawrence W Updyke
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yuao Zhu
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Charlotte Allerton
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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15
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Wang S, Chen C, Guan C, Qiu L, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhou H, Du H, Li C, Wu Y, Chang H, Wang T. Effects of membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver of drugs: A microdialysis study in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00879. [PMID: 34628723 PMCID: PMC8502442 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unbound concentrations of 14 commercial drugs, including five non-efflux/uptake transporter substrates-Class I, five efflux transporter substrates-class II and four influx transporter substrates-Class III, were simultaneously measured in rat liver, muscle, and blood via microanalysis. Kpuu,liver and Kpuu,muscle were calculated to evaluate the membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver. For Class I compounds, represented by antipyrine, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are symmetrically distributed when compound hepatic clearance is low. And when compound hepatic clearance is high, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are asymmetrically distributed, such as Propranolol. For Class II and III compounds, overall, the unbound concentrations among liver, muscle, and blood are asymmetrically distributed due to a combination of hepatic metabolism and efflux and/or influx transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Wang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chun Chen
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chi Guan
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | | | - Hongyu Zhou
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Du
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Hang Chang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- DMPK Department, Pharmaron Inc., Beijing, China
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16
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Rowbottom C, Pietrasiewicz A, Tuczewycz T, Grater R, Qiu D, Kapadnis S, Trapa P. Optimization of dose and route of administration of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, valspodar (PSC-833) and the P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein dual-inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918) as dual infusion in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00740. [PMID: 33660938 PMCID: PMC7931226 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporters can play a key role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Understanding these contributions early in drug discovery allows for more accurate projection of the clinical pharmacokinetics. One method to assess the impact of transporters in vivo involves co‐dosing specific inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to optimize the dose and route of administration of a P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor, valspodar (PSC833), and a dual P‐gp/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918), by assessing the transporters’ impact on brain penetration and absorption. A dual‐infusion strategy was implemented to allow for flexibility with dose formulation. The chemical inhibitor was dosed intravenously via the femoral artery, and a cassette of known substrates was infused via the jugular vein. Valspodar or elacridar was administered as 4.5‐hour constant infusions over a range of doses. To assess the degree of inhibition, the resulting ratios of brain and plasma concentrations, Kp's, of the known substrates were compared to the vehicle control. These data demonstrated that doses greater than 0.9 mg/hr/kg valspodar and 8.9 mg/hr/kg elacridar were sufficient to inhibit P‐gp‐ and BCRP‐mediated efflux at the blood‐brain barrier in rats without any tolerability issues. Confirmation of BBB restriction by efflux transporters in preclinical species allows for subsequent prediction in humans based upon the proteomic expression at rodent and human BBB. Overall, the approach can also be applied to inhibition of efflux at other tissues (gut absorption, liver clearance) or can be extended to other transporters of interest using alternate inhibitors.
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17
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Boras B, Jones RM, Anson BJ, Arenson D, Aschenbrenner L, Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Binder J, Chen E, Eng H, Hammond H, Hammond J, Haupt RE, Hoffman R, Kadar EP, Kania R, Kimoto E, Kirkpatrick MG, Lanyon L, Lendy EK, Lillis JR, Logue J, Luthra SA, Ma C, Mason SW, McGrath ME, Noell S, Obach RS, O'Brien MN, O'Connor R, Ogilvie K, Owen D, Pettersson M, Reese MR, Rogers TF, Rossulek MI, Sathish JG, Shirai N, Steppan C, Ticehurst M, Updyke LW, Weston S, Zhu Y, Wang J, Chatterjee AK, Mesecar AD, Frieman MB, Anderson AS, Allerton C. Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of Coronavirus 3CL Protease for the Potential Treatment of COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32935104 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.12.293498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global pandemic. 3CL protease is a virally encoded protein that is essential across a broad spectrum of coronaviruses with no close human analogs. The designed phosphate prodrug PF-07304814 is metabolized to PF-00835321 which is a potent inhibitor in vitro of the coronavirus family 3CL pro, with selectivity over human host protease targets. Furthermore, PF-00835231 exhibits potent in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 as a single agent and it is additive/synergistic in combination with remdesivir. We present the ADME, safety, in vitro , and in vivo antiviral activity data that supports the clinical evaluation of this compound as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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18
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Evaluation of Quantitative Structure Property Relationship Algorithms for Predicting Plasma Protein Binding in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:100142. [PMID: 34017929 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2020.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extent of plasma protein binding is an important compound-specific property that influences a compound's pharmacokinetic behavior and is a critical input parameter for predicting exposure in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. When experimentally determined fraction unbound in plasma (fup) data are not available, quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models can be used for prediction. Because available QSPR models were developed based on training sets containing pharmaceutical-like compounds, we compared their prediction accuracy for environmentally relevant and pharmaceutical compounds. Fup values were calculated using Ingle et al., Watanabe et al. and ADMET Predictor (Simulation Plus). The test set included 818 pharmaceutical and environmentally relevant compounds with fup values ranging from 0.01 to 1. Overall, the three QSPR models resulted in over-prediction of fup for highly binding compounds and under-prediction for low or moderately binding compounds. For highly binding compounds (0.01≤ fup ≤ 0.25), Watanabe et al. performed better with a lower mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.7% and a lower mean absolute relative prediction error (RPE) of 171.7 % than other methods. For low to moderately binding compounds, both Ingle et al. and ADMET Predictor performed better than Watanabe et al. with superior MAE and RPE values. The positive polar surface area, the number of basic functional groups and lipophilicity were the most important chemical descriptors for predicting fup. This study demonstrated that the prediction of fup was the most uncertain for highly binding compounds. This suggested that QSPR-predicted fup values should be used with caution in PBPK modeling.
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19
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Bhattacharya C, Masters AR, Bach C, Stratford RE. Population model analysis of chiral inversion and degradation of bupropion enantiomers, and application to enantiomer specific fraction unbound determination in rat plasma and brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113872. [PMID: 33388643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic effects elicited by drugs most directly relate to their unbound concentrations. Measurement of binding in blood, plasma and target tissues are used to estimate these concentrations by determining the fraction of total concentration in a biological matrix that is not bound. In the case of attempting to estimate R- and S-bupropion concentrations in plasma and brain following racemic bupropion administration, reversible chiral inversion and irreversible degradation of the enantiomers were hypothesized to confound attempts at unbound fraction estimation. To address this possibility, a kinetic modeling approach was used to quantify inversion and degradation specific processes for each enantiomer from separate incubations of each enantiomer in the two matrices, and in pH 7.4 buffer, which is also used in binding experiments based on equilibrium dialysis. Modeling analyses indicated that chiral inversion kinetics were two to four-fold faster in plasma and brain than degradation, with only inversion observed in buffer. Inversion rate was faster for S-bupropion in the three media; whereas, degradation rates were similar for the two enantiomers in plasma and brain, with overall degradation in plasma approximately 2-fold higher than in brain homogenate. Incorporation of degradation and chiral inversion kinetic terms into a model to predict enantiomer-specific binding in plasma and brain revealed that, despite existence of these two processes, empirically derived estimates of fraction unbound were similar to model-derived values, leading to a firm conclusion that observed extent of plasma and brain binding are accurate largely because binding kinetics are faster than parallel degradation and chiral inversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrali Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Andrea R Masters
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Pharmacology Analytical Core, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Christine Bach
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Pharmacology Analytical Core, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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20
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Li N, Badrinarayanan A, Ishida K, Li X, Roberts J, Wang S, Hayashi M, Gupta A. Albumin-Mediated Uptake Improves Human Clearance Prediction for Hepatic Uptake Transporter Substrates Aiding a Mechanistic In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) Strategy in Discovery Research. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 23:1. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Li N, Kulkarni P, Badrinarayanan A, Kefelegn A, Manoukian R, Li X, Prasad B, Karasu M, McCarty WJ, Knutson CG, Gupta A. P-glycoprotein Substrate Assessment in Drug Discovery: Application of Modeling to Bridge Differential Protein Expression Across In Vitro Tools. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:325-337. [PMID: 32946896 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux assay is an integral part of discovery screening, especially for drugs requiring brain penetration as P-gp efflux ratio (ER) inversely correlates with brain exposure. However, significant variability in P-gp ER generated across cell lines can lead to misclassification of a P-gp substrate and subsequently disconnect with brain exposure data. We hypothesized that the ER depends on P-gp protein expression level in the in vitro assay. Quantitative proteomics and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to characterize P-gp protein expression and localization in four recombinant cell lines, over-expressing human or mouse P-gp isoforms, followed by functional evaluation. Efflux data generated in each cell line was compared against available rodent brain distribution data. The results suggested that the cell line with highest P-gp expression (hMDCK-MDR1 sourced from NIH) led to greatest dynamic range for efflux; thus, proving to be the most sensitive model to predict brain penetration. Cell lines with lower P-gp expression exhibited the greatest tendency for compound-dependent in vitro efflux saturation leading to false negative results. Ultimately, P-gp kinetics were characterized using a compartmental model to generate system-independent parameters to resolve such discrepancy. This study highlights the need for careful choice of well characterized P-gp in vitro tools and utility of modeling techniques to enable appropriate interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Akshay Badrinarayanan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adey Kefelegn
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raffi Manoukian
- Department of Cytometry Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xingwen Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Matthew Karasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - William J McCarty
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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22
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Godyń J, Gucwa D, Kobrlova T, Novak M, Soukup O, Malawska B, Bajda M. Novel application of capillary electrophoresis with a liposome coated capillary for prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability. Talanta 2020; 217:121023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Nagai Y, Miyakawa N, Takuwa H, Hori Y, Oyama K, Ji B, Takahashi M, Huang XP, Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Xiong Y, Urushihata T, Hirabayashi T, Fujimoto A, Mimura K, English JG, Liu J, Inoue KI, Kumata K, Seki C, Ono M, Shimojo M, Zhang MR, Tomita Y, Nakahara J, Suhara T, Takada M, Higuchi M, Jin J, Roth BL, Minamimoto T. Deschloroclozapine, a potent and selective chemogenetic actuator enables rapid neuronal and behavioral modulations in mice and monkeys. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1157-1167. [PMID: 32632286 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemogenetic technology designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) afford remotely reversible control of cellular signaling, neuronal activity and behavior. Although the combination of muscarinic-based DREADDs with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) has been widely used, sluggish kinetics, metabolic liabilities and potential off-target effects of CNO represent areas for improvement. Here, we provide a new high-affinity and selective agonist deschloroclozapine (DCZ) for muscarinic-based DREADDs. Positron emission tomography revealed that DCZ selectively bound to and occupied DREADDs in both mice and monkeys. Systemic delivery of low doses of DCZ (1 or 3 μg per kg) enhanced neuronal activity via hM3Dq within minutes in mice and monkeys. Intramuscular injections of DCZ (100 μg per kg) reversibly induced spatial working memory deficits in monkeys expressing hM4Di in the prefrontal cortex. DCZ represents a potent, selective, metabolically stable and fast-acting DREADD agonist with utility in both mice and nonhuman primates for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Justin G English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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24
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Jusko WJ, Molins EAG, Ayyar VS. Seeking Nonspecific Binding: Assessing the Reliability of Tissue Dilutions for Calculating Fraction Unbound. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:894-902. [PMID: 32759367 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become commonplace (270+ article citations to date) to measure the fraction unbound (FrUn) of drugs in tissue homogenates and diluted plasma and then use a Correction Factor Equation (CFE) to extrapolate to the undiluted state. The CFE is based on assumptions of nonspecific binding with experimental use of very low drug concentrations. There are several possible determinants of apparent nonspecific binding as measured by methods such as equilibrium dialysis: true macromolecule binding and lipid partitioning along with receptor, enzyme, and transporter interactions. Theoretical calculations based on nonlinear protein binding indicate that the CFE will be most reliable to obtain FrUn when added drug concentration is small, binding constants are weak, protein concentrations are relatively high, and tissue dilution is minimal. When lipid partitioning is the sole factor determining apparent tissue binding, the CFE should be perfectly accurate. Use of very low drug concentrations, however, makes it more likely that specific binding to receptors and other targets may occur, and thus FrUn may reflect some binding to such components. Inclusion of trapped blood can clearly cause minor to marked discrepancies from purely tissue binding alone, which can be corrected. Furthermore, assessment of the occurrence of ionization/pH shifts, drug instability, and tissue metabolism may be necessary. Caution is needed in the use and interpretation of results from tissue dilution studies and other assessments of nonspecific binding, particularly for very strongly bound drugs with very small FrUn values and in tissues with metabolic enzymes, receptors, and trapped blood. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The use of tissue, plasma, and cell preparations to help obtain fraction unbound and tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients in pharmacokinetics has grown commonplace, especially for brain. This report examines theoretical, physiological, and experimental issues that need consideration before trusting such measurements and calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York
| | - Emilie A G Molins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York
| | - Vivaswath S Ayyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York
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25
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Li N, Badrinarayanan A, Li X, Roberts J, Hayashi M, Virk M, Gupta A. Comparison of In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation Approaches for Predicting Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Clearance Using Suspended Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:861-872. [PMID: 32759366 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance (CL) prediction remains a significant challenge in drug discovery, especially when complex processes such as drug transporters are involved. The present work explores various in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches to predict hepatic CL driven by uptake transporters in rat. Broadly, two different IVIVE methods using suspended rat hepatocytes were compared: initial uptake CL (PSu,inf) and intrinsic metabolic CL (CLint,met) corrected by unbound hepatocytes to medium partition coefficient (Kpuu). Kpuu was determined by temperature method (Temp Kpuu,ss), homogenization method (Hom Kpuu,ss), and initial rate method (Kpuu,V0). In addition, the impact of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on each of these methods was investigated. Twelve compounds, which are known substrates of organic anion-transporting polypeptides representing diverse chemical matter, were selected for these studies. As expected, CLint,met alone significantly underestimated hepatic CL for all the test compounds. Overall, predicted hepatic CL using PSu,inf with BSA, Hom Kpuu,ss with BSA, and Temp Kpuu,ss showed the most robust correlation with in vivo rat hepatic CL. Adding BSA improved hepatic CL prediction for selected compounds when using the PSu,inf and Hom Kpuu,ss methods, with minimal impact on the Temp Kpuu,ss and Kpuu,V0 methods. None of the IVIVE approaches required an empirical scaling factor. These results suggest that supplementing rat hepatocyte suspension with BSA may be essential in drug discovery research for novel chemical matters to improve CL prediction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The current investigation demonstrates that hepatocyte uptake assay supplemented with 4% bovine serum albumin is a valuable tool for estimating unbound hepatic uptake clearance (CL) and Kpuu. Based upon the extended clearance concept, direct extrapolation from these in vitro parameters significantly improved the overall hepatic CL prediction for organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates in rat. This study provides a practical in vitro to in vivo extrapolation strategy for predicting transporter-mediated hepatic CL in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Akshay Badrinarayanan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xingwen Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Roberts
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mike Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manpreet Virk
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Vendel E, Rottschäfer V, de Lange ECM. The 3D Brain Unit Network Model to Study Spatial Brain Drug Exposure under Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Pharm Res 2020; 37:137. [PMID: 32648115 PMCID: PMC7347686 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have developed a 3D brain unit network model to understand the spatial-temporal distribution of a drug within the brain under different (normal and disease) conditions. Our main aim is to study the impact of disease-induced changes in drug transport processes on spatial drug distribution within the brain extracellular fluid (ECF). METHODS The 3D brain unit network consists of multiple connected single 3D brain units in which the brain capillaries surround the brain ECF. The model includes the distribution of unbound drug within blood plasma, coupled with the distribution of drug within brain ECF and incorporates brain capillaryblood flow, passive paracellular and transcellular BBB transport, active BBB transport, brain ECF diffusion, brain ECF bulk flow, and specific and nonspecific brain tissue binding. All of these processes may change under disease conditions. RESULTS We show that the simulated disease-induced changes in brain tissue characteristics significantly affect drug concentrations within the brain ECF. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the 3D brain unit network model is an excellent tool to gain understanding in the interdependencies of the factors governing spatial-temporal drug concentrations within the brain ECF. Additionally, the model helps in predicting the spatial-temporal brain ECF concentrations of existing drugs, under both normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Mathematical Institute, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Nirogi R, Molgara P, Bhyrapuneni G, Manoharan A, Padala NP, Palacharla VRC. The use of inactivated brain homogenate to determine the in vitro fraction unbound in brain for unstable compounds. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1228-1235. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1771795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arunkumar Manoharan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
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Mayumi K, Tachibana M, Yoshida M, Ohnishi S, Kanazu T, Hasegawa H. The Novel In Vitro Method to Calculate Tissue-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient in Humans for Predicting Pharmacokinetic Profiles by Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model With High Predictability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2345-2355. [PMID: 32283068 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proper prediction of human pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles can accelerate the compound selection in drug discovery. Recently, we reported a robust bottom-up physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach (J Pharm Sci. 2019 Aug; 108(8):2718-2727), which uses the in vivo rat distribution volume at the steady state (Vss) to determine human tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kptissue). Here, we report on a bottom-up PBPK approach that can simulate the PK profile with both high-throughput and high-predictive accuracy only using in vitro data. In this study, as an alternative parameter of in vivo rat Vss which was used for the correction of human Kptissue, Vss, in vitro was obtained from protein binding data in rats, and the values of Vss, in vitro for 31 reference compounds showed good correlation with the observed rat Vss (R2 = 0.859). Next, rat and human PK profiles of reference compounds were predicted by the bottom-up PBPK approach using Kptissue corrected by rat Vss, in vitro. As a result, the absolute average fold errors for pharmacokinetic parameters were almost less than 2, showing that these PK profiles could be accurately predicted using in vitro data. This method enables the screening of promising compounds with good PK profiles in humans at an early stage of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mayumi
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Miho Tachibana
- Analytical Chemistry & Bioanalysis, Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mei Yoshida
- Drug Safety, DMPK & Drug Efficacy Evaluation, Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohnishi
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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Wanat K. Biological barriers, and the influence of protein binding on the passage of drugs across them. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3221-3231. [PMID: 32140957 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug-protein binding plays a key role in determining the pharmacokinetics of a drug. The distribution and protein binding ability of a drug changes over a lifetime, and are important considerations during pregnancy and lactation. Although proteins are a significant fraction in plasma composition, they also exist beyond the bloodstream and bind with drugs in the skin, tissues or organs. Protein binding influences the bioavailability and distribution of active compounds, and is a limiting factor in the passage of drugs across biological membranes and barriers: drugs are often unable to cross membranes mainly due to the high molecular mass of the drug-protein complex, thus resulting in the accumulation of the active compounds and a significant reduction of their pharmacological activity. This review describes the consequences of drug-protein binding on drug transport across physiological barriers, whose role is to allow the passage of essential substances-such as nutrients or oxygen, but not of xenobiotics. The placental barrier regulates passage of xenobiotics into a fetus and protects the unborn organism. The blood-brain barrier is the most important barrier in the entire organism and the skin separates the human body from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wanat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Orozco CC, Atkinson K, Ryu S, Chang G, Keefer C, Lin J, Riccardi K, Mongillo RK, Tess D, Filipski KJ, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Scott D, Di L. Structural attributes influencing unbound tissue distribution. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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Muzzi M, Zecchi R, Ranieri G, Urru M, Tofani L, De Cesaris F, Panconesi A, Chiarugi A. Ultra-rapid brain uptake of subcutaneous sumatriptan in the rat: Implication for cluster headache treatment. Cephalalgia 2019; 40:330-336. [PMID: 31852231 DOI: 10.1177/0333102419896370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the substantial therapeutic efficacy of triptans, their site of action is still debated. Subcutaneous sumatriptan is the most efficacious symptomatic treatment for cluster headache (CH) patients, showing therapeutic onset within a few minutes after injection even in migraine patients. However, whether subcutaneous sumatriptan is able to reach the CNS within this short time frame is currently unknown. METHODS Here, by means of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we investigated peripheral and brain distribution of subcutaneous sumatriptan soon after injection in rats at a dose equivalent to that used in patients. Tissue sumatriptan contents were compared to those of oxazepam, a prototypical lipophilic, neuroactive drug. RESULTS We report that sumatriptan accumulated within brain regions of relevance to migraine and CH pathogenesis such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem as soon as 1 and 5 minutes after injection. Notably, sumatriptan brain distribution was faster than that of oxazepam, reaching concentrations exceeding its reported binding affinity for 5HT1B/D receptors, and in the range of those able to inhibit neurotransmitter release in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that sumatriptan distributes within the CNS soon after injection, and are in line with prompt pain relief by parenteral sumatriptan in CH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Muzzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ranieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Urru
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tofani
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Meyer JT, Sparling BA, McCarty WJ, Zhang M, Soto M, Schneider S, Chen H, Roberts J, Tan H, Kornecook T, Andrews PS, Knutson CG. Pharmacological Assessment of Sepiapterin Reductase Inhibition on Tactile Response in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:476-486. [PMID: 31110114 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for nonopioid pain therapies in human populations; several pathways are under investigation for possible therapeutic intervention. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has received attention recently as a mediator of neuropathic pain. Recent reports have implicated sepiapterin reductase (SPR) in this pain pathway as a regulator of BH4 production. To evaluate the role of SPR inhibition on BH4 reduction, we developed analytical methods to monitor the relationship between the plasma concentration of test article and endogenous pterins and applied these in the rat spinal nerve ligation pain model. Sepiapterin is an endogenous substrate, which accumulates upon inhibition of SPR. In response to a potent inhibitor of SPR, plasma concentrations of sepiapterin increased proportionally with exposure. An indirect-effect pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe the relationship between the plasma pharmacokinetics of test article and plasma sepiapterin levels in the rat, which was used to determine an in vivo SPR IC50 value. SPR inhibition and mechanical allodynia were assessed coordinately with pterin biomarkers in plasma and at the site of neuronal injury (i.e., dorsal root ganglion). Upon daily oral administration for 3 consecutive days, unbound plasma concentrations of test article exceeded the unbound in vivo rat SPR IC90 throughout the dose intervals, leading to a 60% reduction in BH4 in the dorsal root ganglion. Despite evidence for pharmacological modulation of the BH4 pathway, there was no significant effect on the tactile paw withdrawal threshold relative to vehicle-treated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Meyer
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Brian A Sparling
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - William J McCarty
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Maosheng Zhang
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Marcus Soto
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Stephen Schneider
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Hao Chen
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Jonathan Roberts
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Helming Tan
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Thomas Kornecook
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Paul S Andrews
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
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Jackson SJ, Authier S, Brohmann H, Goody SM, Jones D, Prior H, Rosch A, Traebert M, Tse K, Valentin JP, Milne A. Neurofunctional test batteries in safety pharmacology – Current and emerging considerations for the drug development process. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 100:106602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kikuchi R, Chiou WJ, Kasai MA, de Morais SM, Bow DA. No Inhibition of MATE1/2K-Mediated Renal Creatinine Secretion Predicted With Ritonavir or Cobicistat. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3118-3123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ramsden D, Wu JT, Zerler B, Iqbal S, Jiang J, Clausen V, Aluri K, Gu Y, Dennin S, Kim J, Chong S. In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Evaluation of GalNAc Conjugated siRNAs Against CYP450 Enzymes and Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1183-1194. [PMID: 31270142 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent a new class of medicines that are smaller (∼16,000 Da) than biologic therapeutics (>150,000 Da) but much larger than small molecules (<900 Da). Current regulatory guidance on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) from the European Medicines Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency provides no recommendations for oligonucleotide therapeutics including siRNAs; therefore, small molecule guidance documents have historically been applied. Over ∼10 years, in vitro DDI investigations with siRNAs conjugated to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine [(GalNAc)-siRNA] ligand have been conducted during nonclinical drug development to elucidate the potential clinical DDI liability. GalNAc siRNAs were evaluated as substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of major cytochrome P450s (P450s) and as substrates and inhibitors of transporters. Aggregate analysis of these data demonstrates a low potential for DDI against P450s. Zero of five, 10, and seven are inducers, time-dependent inhibitors, or substrates, respectively, and nine of 12 do not inhibit any P450 isoform evaluated. Three GalNAc siRNAs inhibited CYP2C8 at supratherapeutic concentrations, and one mildly inhibited CYP2B6. The lowest K i value of 28 µM is >3000-fold above the therapeutic clinical C max at steady state, and importantly no clinical inhibition was projected. Of four GalNAc siRNAs tested none were substrates for transporters and one caused inhibition of P-glycoprotein, calculated not to be clinically relevant. The pharmacological basis for DDIs, including consideration of the target and/or off-target profiles for GalNAc siRNAs, should be made as part of the overall DDI risk assessment. If modulation of the target protein does not interfere with P450s or transporters, then in vitro or clinical investigations into the DDI potential of the GalNAc siRNAs are not warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recommendations for evaluating DDI potential of small molecule drugs are well established; however, guidance for novel modalities, particularly oligonucleotide-based therapeutics are lacking. Given the paucity of published data in this field, in vitro DDI investigations are often conducted. The aggregate analysis of GalNAc-siRNA data reviewed herein demonstrates that, like new biological entities, these oligonucleotide-based therapeutic drugs are unlikely to result in DDIs; therefore, it is recommended that the need for in vitro or clinical investigations similarly be determined on a case-by-case basis. Given the mechanism of siRNA action, special consideration should be made in cases where there may be a pharmacological basis for DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ramsden
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Brad Zerler
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Sajida Iqbal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Jim Jiang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Valerie Clausen
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Krishna Aluri
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Yongli Gu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Sean Dennin
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Saeho Chong
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
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Ayyar VS, Song D, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling Corticosteroid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Part I: Determination and Prediction of Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone Tissue Binding in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:318-326. [PMID: 31197020 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma and tissue binding properties of two corticosteroids, dexamethasone (DEX) and methylprednisolone (MPL), were assessed in the rat in anticipation of developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models. The tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (K P) of DEX and MPL were measured in liver, muscle, and lung in vivo after steady-state infusion and bolus injection in rats. Since K P is often governed by reversible binding to macromolecules in blood and tissue, an attempt was made to assess K P values of DEX and MPL by in vitro binding studies using rat tissue homogenates and to compare these estimates to those obtained from in vivo kinetics after dosing. The K P values of both steroids were also calculated in rat tissues using mechanistic tissue composition-based equations. The plasma binding of DEX and MPL was linear with moderate binding (60.5% and 82.5%) in male and female rats. In vivo estimates of steroid uptake appeared linear across the tested concentrations and K P was highest in liver and lowest in muscle for both steroids. Assessment of hepatic binding of MPL in vitro was severely affected by drug loss at 37°C in male liver homogenates, whereas DEX was stable in both male and female liver homogenates. With the exception of MPL in liver, in vitro-derived K P estimates reasonably agreed with in vivo values. The mechanistic equations modestly underpredicted K P for both drugs. Tissue metabolism, saturable tissue binding, and active uptake are possible factors that can complicate assessments of in vivo tissue binding of steroids when using tissue homogenates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Assuming the free hormone hypothesis, the ratio of the unbound drug fraction in plasma and in tissues defines the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (K P), an important parameter in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling that determines total drug concentrations within tissues and the steady-state volume of distribution. This study assessed the plasma and tissue binding properties of the synthetic corticosteroids, dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, in rats using ultrafiltration and tissue homogenate techniques. In vitro-in vivo and in silico-in vivo extrapolation of K P was assessed for both drugs in liver, muscle, and lung. Although the extrapolation was fairly successful across the tissues, in vitro homogenate studies severely underpredicted the K P of methylprednisolone in liver, partly attributable to the extensive hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaswath S Ayyar
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (V.S.A., D.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dawei Song
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (V.S.A., D.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (V.S.A., D.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard R Almon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (V.S.A., D.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (V.S.A., D.S., D.C.D., R.R.A., W.J.J.) and Biological Sciences (D.C.D., R.R.A.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Humphreys SC, Thayer MB, Lade JM, Wu B, Sham K, Basiri B, Hao Y, Huang X, Smith R, Rock BM. Plasma and Liver Protein Binding of N-Acetylgalactosamine–Conjugated Small Interfering RNA. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1174-1182. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Caniga M, Yu H, Lee HH, Wang M, Witter D, Salmon M, Fan PW. Estimation of Fraction Dissolved After Intratracheal Delivery of a Potent Janus Kinase Inhibitor, iJAK-001, with Low Solubility in Rat and Sheep: Impact of Preclinical PKPD on Inhaled Human Dose Projection. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 32:251-265. [PMID: 31084462 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2018.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A highly potent pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor with excellent kinome selectivity was developed for topical delivery to treat severe asthma. This poorly soluble drug discovery candidate, iJAK-001, is expected to exhibit long duration of JAK/STAT pathway inhibition at low doses in asthmatics because of depot effect after dry powder inhalation. Human dose projection for inhaled molecules with low aqueous solubility remains to be a daunting challenge because of several limitations: (1) bioanalytical measurement of dissolved fraction after inhalation of solid particles is uncertain; (2) distribution of these particles is not homogenous in the lung; (3) in vitro solubility measurements to estimate fraction dissolved may not be a reflection of local surface lung concentration; (4) lack of a surrogate biomarker of lung target engagement, and (5) invasive procedure needed to sample human lung tissue in the clinic. Methods: We leveraged in silico, in vitro, and in vivo tools preclinically and found significant differences in lung to plasma partition ratio when iJAK-001 was given intravenously (IV) or intratracheally in a solution-based formulation versus that in suspension, as well as pharmacodynamic response in preclinical asthma models when delivered systemically via IV infusion versus inhaled. Results and Conclusion: The combined results from above suggest that caution must be exercised using either lung or plasma exposure for human dose projection. Instead, using the local inhibitor concentration estimate based on delivery efficiency, dose, fraction absorbed, and rate of absorption normalized by lung (cardiac) blood flow may be more appropriate for dose projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caniga
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc.Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc.Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc.Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meiyao Wang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc.Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Witter
- Preclinical Research, Cullinan Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Salmon
- Platform Translation and Development, Emulate, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc.Boston, Massachusetts
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Zaidi S, Chen MJ, Lee DT, Neubart E, Ewing P, Miller-Larsson A, Hochhaus G. Fetal Concentrations of Budesonide and Fluticasone Propionate: a Study in Mice. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:53. [PMID: 30993489 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study goal was to evaluate the transplacental transfer of two corticosteroids, budesonide (BUD) and fluticasone propionate (FP), in pregnant mice and investigate whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) might be involved in reducing BUD transplacental transfer. Pregnant mice (N = 18) received intravenously either low (104.9 μg/kg) or high (1049 μg/kg) dose of [3H]-BUD or a high dose of [3H]-FP (1590 μg/kg). In a separate experiment, pregnant mice (N = 12) received subcutaneously either the P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar (20 mg/kg) or vehicle, followed by an intravenous infusion of [3H]-BUD (104.9 μg/kg). Total and free (protein unbound) corticosteroid concentrations were determined in plasma, brain, fetus, placenta, kidney, and liver. The ratios of free BUD concentrations in fetus versus plasma K(fetus, plasma, u, u) 0.42 ± 0.17 (mean ± SD) for low-dose and 0.38 ± 0.18 for high-dose BUD were significantly different from K = 1 (P < 0.05), contrary to 0.87 ± 0.25 for FP, which was moreover significantly higher than that for matching high-dose BUD (P < 0.01). The BUD brain/plasma ratio was also significantly smaller than K = 1, while these ratios for other tissues were close to 1. In the presence of the P-gp inhibitor, K(fetus, plasma, u, u) for BUD (0.59 ± 0.16) was significantly increased over vehicle treatment (0.31 ± 0.10; P < 0.01). This is the first in vivo study demonstrating that transplacental transfer of BUD is significantly lower than FP's transfer and that placental P-gp may be involved in reducing the fetal exposure to BUD. The study provides a mechanistic rationale for BUD's use in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syedsaoud Zaidi
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, JHMHC, P3-33, University of Florida, 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mong-Jen Chen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, JHMHC, P3-33, University of Florida, 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel T Lee
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, JHMHC, P3-33, University of Florida, 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Elsa Neubart
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, JHMHC, P3-33, University of Florida, 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Pär Ewing
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Günther Hochhaus
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, JHMHC, P3-33, University of Florida, 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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Smith DA, Rowland M. Intracellular and Intraorgan Concentrations of Small Molecule Drugs: Theory, Uncertainties in Infectious Diseases and Oncology, and Promise. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:665-672. [PMID: 30910784 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of a drug within the body should be considered as involving movement of unbound drug between the various aqueous spaces of the body. At true steady state, even for a compound of restricted lipoidal permeability, unbound concentrations in all aqueous compartments (blood, extracellular, and intracellular) are considered identical, unless a compartment has a clearance/transport process. In contrast, total drug concentrations may differ greatly, reflecting binding or partitioning into constituents of each compartment. For most highly lipid permeable drugs, this uniform unbound concentration is expected to apply. However, many compounds have restricted lipoidal permeability and are subjected to transport/clearance processes causing a gradient between intracellular and extracellular unbound concentrations even at steady state. Additional concerns arise where the drug target resides in a site of limited vascularity. Many misleading assumptions about drug concentrations and access to drug targets are based on total drug. Correction, if made, is usually by measuring tissue binding, but this is limited by the lack of homogenicity of the organ or compartment. Rather than looking for technology to measure the unbound concentration it may be better to focus on designing high lipoidal permeable molecules with a high chance of achieving a uniform unbound drug concentration. It is hoped this paper will stimulate greater understanding of the path from circulation to cell interior, and thereby in part avoid or minimize the need to provide the experimentally very determining, and sometimes still questionable, answer to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Smith
- 4 The Maltings, Walmer, Kent, United Kingdom (D.A.S.); and Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (M.R.)
| | - Malcolm Rowland
- 4 The Maltings, Walmer, Kent, United Kingdom (D.A.S.); and Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (M.R.)
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Is There Always a Right or Wrong?: Comments on the FDA Warnings About Triptans and the Serotonin Syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 38:545-546. [PMID: 30303862 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang N, Wang L, Meng X, Wang J, Zhu L, Liu C, Li S, Zheng L, Yang Z, Xing L, Yu J. Osimertinib (AZD9291) increases radio‑sensitivity in EGFR T790M non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:77-86. [PMID: 30365094 PMCID: PMC6278463 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osimertinib (AZD9291) is a third generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has demonstrated significant clinical benefits in patients with EGFR‑sensitizing mutations or the T790M mutation. However, the potential therapeutic effect of osimertinib combined with ionizing irradiation (IR) is not well understood. The present study investigated treatment with osimertinib combined with IR in EGFR T790M non‑small cell lung cancer (NCI‑H1975) in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that osimertinib inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival following irradiation, decreased G2/M phase arrest in irradiated cells, and delayed DNA damage repair in a concentration‑ and time‑dependent manner. Furthermore, osimertinib alone or in combination with IR, blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr1068/Tyr1173), protein kinase B and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase. Osimertinib also enhanced the antitumor activity of IR in tumor‑bearing nude mice. The results of the present study indicated that osimertinib has therapeutic potential as a radiation‑sensitizer in lung cancer cells harboring the EGFR T790M mutation, providing a rationale for clinically combining osimertinib with irradiation in EGFR T790M non‑small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan‑Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjiao Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Zhu
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Changting Liu
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shaorong Li
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfan Yang
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
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Chen C, Lee MH, Weng CF, Leong MK. Theoretical Prediction of the Complex P-Glycoprotein Substrate Efflux Based on the Novel Hierarchical Support Vector Regression Scheme. Molecules 2018; 23:E1820. [PMID: 30037151 PMCID: PMC6100076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a membrane-bound transporter, can eliminate xenobiotics by transporting them out of the cells or blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Thus, P-gp mediated efflux plays a pivotal role in altering the absorption and disposition of a wide range of substrates. Nevertheless, the mechanism of P-gp substrate efflux is rather complex since it can take place through active transport and passive permeability in addition to multiple P-gp substrate binding sites. A nonlinear quantitative structure⁻activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed in this study using the novel machine learning-based hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) scheme to explore the perplexing relationships between descriptors and efflux ratio. The predictions by HSVR were found to be in good agreement with the observed values for the molecules in the training set (n = 50, r² = 0.96, qCV2 = 0.94, RMSE = 0.10, s = 0.10) and test set (n = 13, q² = 0.80⁻0.87, RMSE = 0.21, s = 0.22). When subjected to a variety of statistical validations, the developed HSVR model consistently met the most stringent criteria. A mock test also asserted the predictivity of HSVR. Consequently, this HSVR model can be adopted to facilitate drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Han Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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Chang C, Fonseca KR, Li C, Horner W, Zawadzke LE, Salafia MA, Welch KA, Strick CA, Campbell BM, Gernhardt SS, Rong H, Sawant-Basak A, Liras J, Dounay A, Tuttle JB, Verhoest P, Maurer TS. Quantitative Translational Analysis of Brain Kynurenic Acid Modulation via Irreversible Kynurenine Aminotransferase II Inhibition. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:823-833. [PMID: 29853495 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) plays a significant role in maintaining normal brain function, and abnormalities in KYNA levels have been associated with various central nervous system disorders. Confirmation of its causality in human diseases requires safe and effective modulation of central KYNA levels in the clinic. The kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT) II enzyme represents an attractive target for pharmacologic modulation of central KYNA levels; however, KAT II and KYNA turnover kinetics, which could contribute to the duration of pharmacologic effect, have not been reported. In this study, the kinetics of central KYNA-lowering effect in rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs, Cynomolgus macaques) was investigated using multiple KAT II irreversible inhibitors as pharmacologic probes. Mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of in vivo responses to irreversible inhibition quantitatively revealed that 1) KAT II turnover is relatively slow [16-76 hours' half-life (t1/2)], whereas KYNA is cleared more rapidly from the brain (<1 hour t1/2) in both rats and NHPs, 2) KAT II turnover is slower in NHPs than in rats (76 hours vs. 16 hours t1/2, respectively), and 3) the percent contribution of KAT II to KYNA formation is constant (∼80%) across rats and NHPs. Additionally, modeling results enabled establishment of in vitro-in vivo correlation for both enzyme turnover rates and drug potencies. In summary, quantitative translational analysis confirmed the feasibility of central KYNA modulation in humans. Model-based analysis, where system-specific properties and drug-specific properties are mechanistically separated from in vivo responses, enabled quantitative understanding of the KAT II-KYNA pathway, as well as assisted development of promising candidates to test KYNA hypothesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kari R Fonseca
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Weldon Horner
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Zawadzke
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Salafia
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn A Welch
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christine A Strick
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian M Campbell
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steve S Gernhardt
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Haojing Rong
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Liras
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Dounay
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Verhoest
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tristan S Maurer
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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46
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Harun SN, Nordin SA, Gani SSA, Shamsuddin AF, Basri M, Basri HB. Development of nanoemulsion for efficient brain parenteral delivery of cefuroxime: designs, characterizations, and pharmacokinetics. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2571-2584. [PMID: 29731632 PMCID: PMC5927357 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s151788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Drugs that are effective against diseases in the central nervous system and reach the brain via blood must pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a unique interface that protects against potential harmful molecules. This presents a major challenge in neuro-drug delivery. This study attempts to fabricate the cefuroxime-loaded nanoemulsion (CLN) to increase drug penetration into the brain when parenterally administered. Methods The nanoemulsions were formulated using a high-pressure homogenization technique and were characterized for their physicochemical properties. Results The characterizations revealed a particle size of 100.32±0.75 nm, polydispersity index of 0.18±0.01, zeta potential of -46.9±1.39 mV, viscosity of 1.24±0.34 cps, and osmolality of 285.33±0.58 mOsm/kg, indicating that the nanoemulsion has compatibility for parenteral application. CLN was physicochemically stable within 6 months of storage at 4°C, and the transmission electron microscopy revealed that the CLN droplets were almost spherical in shape. The in vitro release of CLN profile followed a sustained release pattern. The pharmacokinetic profile of CLN showed a significantly higher Cmax, area under the curve (AUC)0-t , prolonged half-life, and lower total plasma clearance, indicating that the systemic concentration of cefuroxime was higher in CLN-treated rats as compared to cefuroxime-free treated rats. A similar profile was obtained for the biodistribution of cefuroxime in the brain, in which CLN showed a significantly higher Cmax, AUC0-t , prolonged half-life, and lower clearance as compared to free cefuroxime solution. Conclusion Overall, CLN showed excellent physicochemical properties, fulfilled the requirements for parenteral administration, and presented improved in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, which reflected its practical approach to enhance cefuroxime delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norhawani Harun
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Syafinaz Amin Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Basri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hamidon Bin Basri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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47
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O’Neill BT, Beck EM, Butler CR, Nolan CE, Gonzales C, Zhang L, Doran SD, Lapham K, Buzon LM, Dutra JK, Barreiro G, Hou X, Martinez-Alsina LA, Rogers BN, Villalobos A, Murray JC, Ogilvie K, LaChapelle EA, Chang C, Lanyon LF, Steppan CM, Robshaw A, Hales K, Boucher GG, Pandher K, Houle C, Ambroise CW, Karanian D, Riddell D, Bales KR, Brodney MA. Design and Synthesis of Clinical Candidate PF-06751979: A Potent, Brain Penetrant, β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitor Lacking Hypopigmentation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4476-4504. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. O’Neill
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charles E. Nolan
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cathleen Gonzales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn D. Doran
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leanne M. Buzon
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason K. Dutra
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gabriela Barreiro
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anabella Villalobos
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John C. Murray
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Erik A. LaChapelle
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cheng Chang
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Discovery Sciences, Primary Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Discovery Sciences, Primary Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ashley Robshaw
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine Hales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Germaine G. Boucher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karamjeet Pandher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher Houle
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claude W. Ambroise
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Karanian
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Riddell
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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48
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Liu H, Dong K, Zhang W, Summerfield SG, Terstappen GC. Prediction of brain:blood unbound concentration ratios in CNS drug discovery employing in silico and in vitro model systems. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1357-1372. [PMID: 29548981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift away from optimizing the brain:blood concentration ratio toward the more relevant brain:blood unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,br) in CNS drug discovery. Here, we review the recent developments in the in silico and in vitro model systems to predict the Kp,uu,br of discovery compounds with special emphasis on the in-vitro-in-vivo correlation. We also discuss clinical 'translation' of rodent Kp,uu,br and highlight the future directions for improvement in brain penetration prediction. Important in this regard are in silico Kp,uu,br models built on larger datasets of high quality, calibration and deeper understanding of experimental in vitro transporter systems, and better understanding of blood-brain barrier transporters and their in vivo relevance aside from P-gp and BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kelly Dong
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G Summerfield
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarker, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Georg C Terstappen
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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49
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Laramy JK, Kim M, Parrish KE, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Cooperative Efflux of the Multitargeted Kinase Inhibitor Ponatinib Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:249-261. [PMID: 29440450 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A compartmental blood-brain barrier (BBB) model describing drug transport across the BBB was implemented to evaluate the influence of efflux transporters on the rate and extent of the multikinase inhibitor ponatinib penetration across the BBB. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in wild-type and transporter knockout mice showed that two major BBB efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), cooperate to modulate the brain exposure of ponatinib. The total and unbound (free) brain-to-plasma ratios were approximately 15-fold higher in the triple knockout mice lacking both P-gp and Bcrp [Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-)] compared with the wild-type mice. The triple knockout mice had a greater than an additive increase in the brain exposure of ponatinib when compared with single knockout mice [Bcrp1(-/-) or Mdr1a/b(-/-)], suggesting functional compensation of transporter-mediated drug efflux. Based on the BBB model characterizing the observed brain and plasma concentration-time profiles, the brain exit rate constant and clearance out of the brain were approximately 15-fold higher in the wild-type compared with Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice, resulting in a significant increase in the mean transit time (the average time spent by ponatinib in the brain in a single passage) in the absence of efflux transporters (P-gp and Bcrp). This study characterized transporter-mediated drug efflux from the brain, a process that reduces the duration and extent of ponatinib exposure in the brain and has critical implications for the use of targeted drug delivery for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Laramy
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.K.L., M.K., K.E.P., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.)
| | - Minjee Kim
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.K.L., M.K., K.E.P., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.)
| | - Karen E Parrish
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.K.L., M.K., K.E.P., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.K.L., M.K., K.E.P., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.)
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.K.L., M.K., K.E.P., W.F.E.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.N.S.)
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50
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Kalvass JC, Phipps C, Jenkins GJ, Stuart P, Zhang X, Heinle L, Nijsen MJMA, Fischer V. Mathematical and Experimental Validation of Flux Dialysis Method: An Improved Approach to Measure Unbound Fraction for Compounds with High Protein Binding and Other Challenging Properties. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:458-469. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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