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Read DJ, Haggar J, Magkourilou E, Durant E, Johnson D, Leake JR, Field KJ. Photosynthate transfer from an autotrophic orchid to conspecific heterotrophic protocorms through a common mycorrhizal network. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:398-406. [PMID: 38757767 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. Here we test the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of Ceratobasidium cornigerum connecting green Dactylorhiza fuchsii plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to 14CO2. After incubation for 48 h, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. Both methods of analysis revealed accumulation of 14C above background levels in protocorms, confirming that autotrophic plants supply carbon to juveniles via common mycorrhizal networks. Despite some accumulation of plant-fixed carbon in the fungal mycelium grown on oatmeal agar, a greater amount of carbon was transferred to protocorms growing on water agar, indicating that the polarity of transfer may be influenced by sink strength. We suggest this transfer pathway may contribute significantly to the pattern and processes determining localised orchid establishment in nature, and that 'parental nurture' via common mycelial networks may be involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Read
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Emily Magkourilou
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
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Li Y, Chen H, Gu L, Wu J, Zheng X, Fan Z, Pan D, Li JT, Shu W, Rosendahl S, Wang Y. Domestication of rice may have changed its arbuscular mycorrhizal properties by modifying phosphorus nutrition-related traits and decreasing symbiotic compatibility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38853449 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Modern cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) typically experiences limited growth benefits from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. This could be due to the long-term domestication of rice under favorable phosphorus conditions. However, there is limited understanding of whether and how the rice domestication has modified AM properties. This study compared AM properties between a collection of wild (Oryza rufipogon) and domesticated rice genotypes and investigated the mechanisms underlying their differences by analyzing physiological, genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic traits critical for AM symbiosis. The results revealed significantly lower mycorrhizal growth responses and colonization intensity in domesticated rice compared to wild rice, and this change of AM properties may be associated with the domestication modifications of plant phosphorus utilization efficiency at physiological and genomic levels. Domestication also resulted in a decrease in the activity of the mycorrhizal phosphorus acquisition pathway, which may be attributed to reduced mycorrhizal compatibility of rice roots by enhancing defense responses like root lignification and reducing carbon supply to AM fungi. In conclusion, rice domestication may have changed its AM properties by modifying P nutrition-related traits and reducing symbiotic compatibility. This study offers new insights for improving AM properties in future rice breeding programs to enhance sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hanwen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jingwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiutan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhilan Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dajian Pan
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jin-Tian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wensheng Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Søren Rosendahl
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yutao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Olanipon D, Boeraeve M, Jacquemyn H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and potential association networks among African tropical forest trees. MYCORRHIZA 2024:10.1007/s00572-024-01156-6. [PMID: 38850289 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tropical forests represent one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. High productivity is sustained by efficient and rapid cycling of nutrients, which is in large part made possible by symbiotic associations between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. In these associations, an individual plant typically associates simultaneously with multiple fungi and the fungi associate with multiple plants, creating complex networks among fungi and plants. However, there are few studies that have investigated mycorrhizal fungal composition and diversity in tropical forest trees, particularly in Africa, or that assessed the structure of the network of associations among fungi and trees. In this study, we collected root and soil samples from Ise Forest Reserve (Southwest Nigeria) and used a metabarcoding approach to identify the dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal taxa in the soil and associating with ten co-occurring tree species to assess variation in AM communities. Network analysis was used to elucidate the architecture of the network of associations between fungi and tree species. A total of 194 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) belonging to six AM fungal families were identified, with 68% of all OTUs belonging to Glomeraceae. While AM fungal diversity did not differ among tree species, AM fungal community composition did. Network analyses showed that the network of associations was not significantly nested and showed a relatively low level of specialization (H2 = 0.43) and modularity (M = 0.44). We conclude that, although there were some differences in AM fungal community composition, the studied tree species associate with a large number of AM fungi. Similarly, most AM fungi had great host breadth and were detected in most tree species, thereby potentially working as interaction network hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Olanipon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, UAntwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
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Charakas C, Khokhani D. Expanded trade: tripartite interactions in the mycorrhizosphere. mSystems 2024:e0135223. [PMID: 38837330 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01352-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plants, and the soil microbial community have the potential to increase the availability and uptake of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in agricultural systems. Nutrient exchange between plant roots, AMF, and the adjacent soil microbes occurs at the interface between roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi and soil, referred to as the mycorrhizosphere. Research on the P exchange focuses on plant-AMF or AMF-microbe interactions, lacking a holistic view of P exchange between the plants, AMF, and other microbes. Recently, N exchange at both interfaces revealed the synergistic role of AMF and bacterial community in N uptake by the host plant. Here, we highlight work carried out on each interface and build upon it by emphasizing research involving all members of the tripartite network. Both nutrient systems are challenging to study due to the complex chemical and biological nature of the mycorrhizosphere. We discuss some of the effective methods to identify important nutrient processes and the tripartite members involved in these processes. The extrapolation of in vitro studies into the field is often fraught with contradiction and noise. Therefore, we also suggest some approaches that can potentially bridge the gap between laboratory-generated data and their extrapolation to the field, improving the applicability and contextual relevance of data within the field of mycorrhizosphere interactions. Overall, we argue that the research community needs to adopt a holistic tripartite approach and that we have the means to increase the applicability and accuracy of in vitro data in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Charakas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
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Sun D, Rozmoš M, Kokkoris V, Kotianová M, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Faghihinia M, Jansa J. Unraveling the diversity of hyphal explorative traits among Rhizophagus irregularis genotypes. MYCORRHIZA 2024:10.1007/s00572-024-01154-8. [PMID: 38829432 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Differences in functioning among various genotypes of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can determine their fitness under specific environmental conditions, although knowledge of the underlying mechanisms still is very fragmented. Here we compared seven homokaryotic isolates (genotypes) of Rhizophagus irregularis, aiming to characterize the range of intraspecific variability with respect to hyphal exploration of organic nitrogen (N) resources, and N supply to plants. To this end we established two experiments (one in vitro and one in open pots) and used 15N-chitin as the isotopically labeled organic N source. In Experiment 1 (in vitro), mycelium of all AM fungal genotypes transferred a higher amount of 15N to the plants than the passive transfer of 15N measured in the non-mycorrhizal (NM) controls. Noticeably, certain genotypes (e.g., LPA9) showed higher extraradical mycelium biomass production but not necessarily greater 15N acquisition than the others. Experiment 2 (in pots) highlighted that some of the AM fungal genotypes (e.g., MA2, STSI) exhibited higher rates of targeted hyphal exploration of chitin-enriched zones, indicative of distinct N exploration patterns from the other genotypes. Importantly, there was a high congruence of hyphal exploration patterns between the two experiments (isolate STSI always showing highest efficiency of hyphal exploration and isolate L23/1 being consistently the lowest), despite very different (micro) environmental conditions in the two experiments. This study suggests possible strategies that AM fungal genotypes employ for efficient N acquisition, and how to measure them. Implications of such traits for local mycorrhizal community assembly still need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Vasilis Kokkoris
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, NL-1081HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Michala Kotianová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Maede Faghihinia
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, US
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
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Xia Z, Chen BJW, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Belowground ecological interactions in dioecious plants: why do opposites attract but similar ones repel? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:630-637. [PMID: 38485646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Dioecious plant species exhibit sexual dimorphism in various aspects, including morphology, physiology, life history, and behavior, potentially influencing sex-specific interactions. While it is generally accepted that intersexual interactions in dioecious species are less intense compared with intrasexual interactions, the mechanisms underlying belowground facilitation in intersexual combinations remain less understood. Here, we explore these mechanisms, which encompass resource complementarity, mycorrhizal fungal networks, root exudate-mediated belowground chemical communication, as well as plant-soil feedback. We address the reason for the lack of consistency in the strength of inter- and intrasexual interactions. We also propose that a comprehensive understanding of the potential positive consequences of sex-specific interactions can contribute to maintaining ecological equilibrium, conserving biodiversity, and enhancing the productivity of agroforestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xia
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bin J W Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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7
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Du Z, Zhou L, Thakur MP, Zhou G, Fu Y, Li N, Liu R, He Y, Chen H, Li J, Zhou H, Li M, Lu M, Zhou X. Mycorrhizal associations relate to stable convergence in plant-microbial competition for nitrogen absorption under high nitrogen conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17338. [PMID: 38822535 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) immobilization (Nim, including microbial N assimilation) and plant N uptake (PNU) are the two most important pathways of N retention in soils. The ratio of Nim to PNU (hereafter Nim:PNU ratio) generally reflects the degree of N limitation for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the key factors driving the pattern of Nim:PNU ratio across global ecosystems remain unclear. Here, using a global data set of 1018 observations from 184 studies, we examined the relative importance of mycorrhizal associations, climate, plant, and soil properties on the Nim:PNU ratio across terrestrial ecosystems. Our results show that mycorrhizal fungi type (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi) in combination with soil inorganic N mainly explain the global variation in the Nim:PNU ratio in terrestrial ecosystems. In AM fungi-associated ecosystems, the relationship between Nim and PNU displays a weaker negative correlation (r = -.06, p < .001), whereas there is a stronger positive correlation (r = .25, p < .001) in EM fungi-associated ecosystems. Our meta-analysis thus suggests that the AM-associated plants display a weak interaction with soil microorganisms for N absorption, while EM-associated plants cooperate with soil microorganisms. Furthermore, we find that the Nim:PNU ratio for both AM- and EM-associated ecosystems gradually converge around a stable value (13.8 ± 0.5 for AM- and 12.1 ± 1.2 for EM-associated ecosystems) under high soil inorganic N conditions. Our findings highlight the dependence of plant-microbial interaction for N absorption on both plant mycorrhizal association and soil inorganic N, with the stable convergence of the Nim:PNU ratio under high soil N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Du
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guiyao Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yuling Fu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqiang Liu
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanghui He
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Lu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center (NACC), Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Gao C, Bezemer TM, van Bodegom PM, Baldrian P, Kohout P, Mancinelli R, van der Hagen H, Soudzilovskaia NA. Fungal communities are passengers in community development of dune ecosystems, while bacteria are not. Ecology 2024; 105:e4312. [PMID: 38666421 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies of above-belowground interactions provide a fundamental basis for our understanding of the coexistence between plant and soil communities. However, we lack empirical evidence to understand the directionality of drivers of plant and soil communities under natural conditions: 'Are soil microorganisms driving plant community functioning or do they adapt to the plant community?' In a field experiment in an early successional dune ecosystem, we manipulated soil communities by adding living (i.e., natural microbial communities) and sterile soil inocula, originating from natural ecosystems, and examined the annual responses of soil and plant communities. The experimental manipulations had a persistent effect on the soil microbial community with divergent impacts for living and sterile soil inocula. The plant community was also affected by soil inoculation, but there was no difference between the impacts of living and sterile inocula. We also observed an increasing convergence of plant and soil microbial composition over time. Our results show that alterations in soil abiotic and biotic conditions have long-term effects on the composition of both plant and soil microbial communities. Importantly, our study provides direct evidence that soil microorganisms are not "drivers" of plant community dynamics. We found that soil fungi and bacteria manifest different community assemblies in response to treatments. Soil fungi act as "passengers," that is, soil microorganisms reflect plant community dynamics but do not alter it, whereas soil bacteria are neither "drivers" nor "passengers" of plant community dynamics in early successional ecosystems. These results are critical for understanding the community assembly of plant and soil microbial communities under natural conditions and are directly relevant for ecosystem management and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Gao
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Riccardo Mancinelli
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Cook C, Huskey D, Mazzola M, Somera T. Effect of Rootstock Genotype and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Species on Early Colonization of Apple. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1388. [PMID: 38794458 PMCID: PMC11125189 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The effect of plant cultivar on the degree of mycorrhization and the benefits mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been documented in many crops. In apple, a wide variety of rootstocks are commercially available; however, it is not clear whether some rootstock genotypes are more susceptible to mycorrhization than others and/or whether AMF species identity influences rootstock compatibility. This study addresses these questions by directly testing the ability/efficacy of four different AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis, Septoglomus deserticola, Claroideoglomus claroideum or Claroideoglomus etunicatum) to colonize a variety of commercially available Geneva apple rootstock genotypes (G.11, G.41, G.210, G.969, and G.890). Briefly, micropropagated plantlets were inoculated with individual species of AMF or were not inoculated. The effects of the rootstock genotype/AMF interaction on mycorrhization, plant growth, and/or leaf nutrient concentrations were assessed. We found that both rootstock genotype and the identity of the AMF are significant sources of variation affecting the percentage of colonization. However, these factors largely operate independently in terms of the extent of root colonization. Among the AMF tested, C. etunicatum and R. irregularis represented the most compatible fungal partners, regardless of apple rootstock genotype. Among the rootstocks tested, semi-dwarfing rootstocks appeared to have an advantage over dwarfing rootstocks in regard to establishing and maintaining associations with AMF. Nutrient uptake and plant growth outcomes were also influenced in a rootstock genotype/AMF species-specific manner. Our findings suggest that matching host genetics with compatible AMF species has the potential to enhance agricultural practices in nursery and orchard systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cook
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA;
| | - David Huskey
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Mark Mazzola
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa;
| | - Tracey Somera
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Tree Fruit Research Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
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Ghorui M, Chowdhury S, Balu P, Burla S. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal inoculants and its regulatory landscape. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30359. [PMID: 38711654 PMCID: PMC11070868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most prominent means for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management are Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) inoculants. These inoculants establish beneficial symbiotic relationships with land plant roots, offering a wide range of benefits, from enhanced nutrient absorption to improved resilience against environmental stressors. However, several currently available commercial AM inoculants face challenges such as inconsistency in field applications, ecological risks associated with non-native strains, and the absence of universal regulations. Currently, regulations for AM inoculants vary globally, with some regions leading efforts to standardize and ensure quality control. Proposed regulatory frameworks aim to establish parameters for composition, safety, and efficacy. Nevertheless, challenges persist in terms of scientific data, standardization, testing under real conditions, and the ecological impact of these inoculants. To address these challenges and unlock the full potential of AM inoculants, increased research funding, public-private partnerships, monitoring, awareness, and ecosystem impact studies are recommended. Future regulations have the potential to improve product quality, soil health, and crop productivity while reducing reliance on chemical inputs and benefiting the environment. However, addressing issues related to compliance, standardization, education, certification, monitoring, and cost is essential for realizing these benefits. Global harmonization and collaborative efforts are vital to maximize their impact on agriculture and ecosystem management, leading to healthier soils, increased crop yields, and a more sustainable agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maunata Ghorui
- Symbiotic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Plot no 575, Pace City-II, Sector 37, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Shouvik Chowdhury
- Symbiotic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Plot no 575, Pace City-II, Sector 37, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Prakash Balu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, India
| | - Sashidhar Burla
- ATGC Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Sy. No. 494, 495 & 496, ATGC Agri Biotech Innovation Square, TSIC Kolthur Biotech Park, Genome Valley, Shamirpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
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11
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Voller F, Ardanuy A, Taylor AFS, Johnson D. Maintenance of host specialisation gradients in ectomycorrhizal symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1426-1435. [PMID: 37984824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi that form ectomycorrhizas exhibit a degree of host specialisation, and individual trees are frequently colonised by communities of mycorrhizal fungi comprising species that fall on a gradient of specialisation along genetic, functional and taxonomic axes of variation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit little specialisation. Here, we propose that host tree root morphology is a key factor that gives host plants fine-scale control over colonisation and therefore opportunities for driving specialisation and speciation of ectomycorrhizal fungi. A gradient in host specialisation is likely driven by four proximate mechanistic 'filters' comprising partner availability, signalling recognition, competition for colonisation, and symbiotic function (trade, rewards and sanctions), and the spatially restricted colonisation seen in heterorhizic roots enables these mechanisms, especially symbiotic function, to be more effective in driving the evolution of specialisation. We encourage manipulation experiments that integrate molecular genetics and isotope tracers to test these mechanisms, alongside mathematical simulations of eco-evolutionary dynamics in mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Voller
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Agnès Ardanuy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, 31320, France
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- Ecological Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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12
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McPeek MA, Hicks Pries C. The complex circuitry of interactions determining coexistence among plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 2024; 105:e4281. [PMID: 38507266 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We present a mechanistic model of coexistence among a mycorrhizal fungus and one or two plant species that compete for a single nutrient. Plant-fungal coexistence is more likely if the fungus is better at extracting the environmental nutrient than the plant and the fungus acquires carbon from the plant above a minimum rate. When they coexist, their interaction can shift from mutualistic to parasitic at high nutrient availability. The fungus is a second nutrient source for plants and can promote the coexistence of two plant competitors if one is better at environmental nutrient extraction and the other is better at acquiring the nutrient from the fungus. Because it extracts carbon from both plants, the fungus also serves as a conduit of apparent competition between the plants. Consequently, the plant with the lower environmental nutrient extraction rate can drive the plant with the higher environmental nutrient extraction rate extinct at high carbon supply rates. This model illustrates mechanisms to explain several observed patterns, including shifts in plant-mycorrhizal growth responses and coexistence along nutrient gradients, equivocal results among experiments testing the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on plant diversity, and differences in plant diversity among ecosystems dominated by different mycorrhizal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Caitlin Hicks Pries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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13
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Lekberg Y, Jansa J, McLeod M, DuPre ME, Holben WE, Johnson D, Koide RT, Shaw A, Zabinski C, Aldrich-Wolfe L. Carbon and phosphorus exchange rates in arbuscular mycorrhizas depend on environmental context and differ among co-occurring plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1576-1588. [PMID: 38173184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) for carbon (C) exchange is the pivotal function of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), but how this exchange varies with soil P availability and among co-occurring plants in complex communities is still largely unknown. We collected intact plant communities in two regions differing c. 10-fold in labile inorganic P. After a 2-month glasshouse incubation, we measured 32P transfer from AM fungi (AMF) to shoots and 13C transfer from shoots to AMF using an AMF-specific fatty acid. AMF communities were assessed using molecular methods. AMF delivered a larger proportion of total shoot P in communities from high-P soils despite similar 13C allocation to AMF in roots and soil. Within communities, 13C concentration in AMF was consistently higher in grass than in blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata Pursh) roots, that is P appeared more costly for grasses. This coincided with differences in AMF taxa composition and a trend of more vesicles (storage structures) but fewer arbuscules (exchange structures) in grass roots. Additionally, 32P-for-13C exchange ratios increased with soil P for blanketflower but not grasses. Contrary to predictions, AMF transferred proportionally more P to plants in communities from high-P soils. However, the 32P-for-13C exchange differed among co-occurring plants, suggesting differential regulation of the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - William E Holben
- Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Alanna Shaw
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Catherine Zabinski
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Laura Aldrich-Wolfe
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
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14
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Bogar LM. Modified source-sink dynamics govern resource exchange in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1523-1528. [PMID: 37691279 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between roots and fungi is founded on the movement of carbon from plants to fungi, and of soil resources from fungi to plants. Framing this movement as a trade can facilitate an understanding of how this mutualism has developed over evolutionary time, but fails to explain experimental observations of carbon and nutrient movement. Here, I propose that source-sink dynamics are an essential basic model to explain the movement of plant and fungal resources, which may be modified by plant immune response, variability in fungal molecular repertoires, and competition in the soil. Source-sink dynamics provide testable hypotheses to illuminate mechanisms of ectomycorrhizal resource movement and its consequences for mutualism stability and forest function under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Bogar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 605 Hutchison Dr., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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15
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Plett KL, Wojtalewicz D, Anderson IC, Plett JM. Fungal metabolism and free amino acid content may predict nitrogen transfer to the host plant in the ectomycorrhizal relationship between Pisolithus spp. and Eucalyptus grandis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1589-1602. [PMID: 37974494 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are crucial for tree nitrogen (N) nutrition; however, mechanisms governing N transfer from fungal tissues to the host plant are not well understood. ECM fungal isolates, even from the same species, vary considerably in their ability to support tree N nutrition, resulting in a range of often unpredictable symbiotic outcomes. In this study, we used isotopic labelling to quantify the transfer of N to the plant host by isolates from the ECM genus Pisolithus, known to have significant variability in colonisation and transfer of nutrients to a host. We considered the metabolic fate of N acquired by the fungi and found that the percentage of plant N acquired through symbiosis significantly correlated to the concentration of free amino acids in ECM extra-radical mycelium. Transcriptomic analyses complemented these findings with isolates having high amino acid content and N transfer showing increased expression of genes related to amino acid transport and catabolic pathways. These results suggest that fungal N metabolism impacts N transfer to the host plant in this interaction and that relative N transfer may be possible to predict through basic biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Dominika Wojtalewicz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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16
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Fujita H, Yoshida S, Suzuki K, Toju H. Soil prokaryotic and fungal biome structures associated with crop disease status across the Japan Archipelago. mSphere 2024; 9:e0080323. [PMID: 38567970 PMCID: PMC11036807 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00803-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Archaea, bacteria, and fungi in the soil are increasingly recognized as determinants of agricultural productivity and sustainability. A crucial step for exploring soil microbiomes with important ecosystem functions is to perform statistical analyses on the potential relationship between microbiome structure and functions based on comparisons of hundreds or thousands of environmental samples collected across broad geographic ranges. In this study, we integrated agricultural field metadata with microbial community analyses by targeting 2,903 bulk soil samples collected along a latitudinal gradient from cool-temperate to subtropical regions in Japan (26.1-42.8 °N). The data involving 632 archaeal, 26,868 bacterial, and 4,889 fungal operational taxonomic units detected across the fields of 19 crop plant species allowed us to conduct statistical analyses (permutational analyses of variance, generalized linear mixed models, randomization analyses, and network analyses) on the relationship among edaphic factors, microbiome compositions, and crop disease prevalence. We then examined whether the diverse microbes form species sets varying in potential ecological impacts on crop plants. A network analysis suggested that the observed prokaryotes and fungi were classified into several species sets (network modules), which differed substantially in association with crop disease prevalence. Within the network of microbe-to-microbe coexistence, ecologically diverse microbes, such as an ammonium-oxidizing archaeon, an antibiotics-producing bacterium, and a potentially mycoparasitic fungus, were inferred to play key roles in shifts between crop-disease-promotive and crop-disease-suppressive states of soil microbiomes. The bird's-eye view of soil microbiome structure will provide a basis for designing and managing agroecosystems with high disease-suppressive functions.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how microbiome structure and functions are organized in soil ecosystems is one of the major challenges in both basic ecology and applied microbiology. Given the ongoing worldwide degradation of agroecosystems, building frameworks for exploring structural diversity and functional profiles of soil microbiomes is an essential task. Our study provides an overview of cropland microbiome states in light of potential crop-disease-suppressive functions. The large data set allowed us to explore highly functional species sets that may be stably managed in agroecosystems. Furthermore, an analysis of network architecture highlighted species that are potentially used to cause shifts from disease-prevalent states of agroecosystems to disease-suppressive states. By extending the approach of comparative analyses toward broader geographic ranges and diverse agricultural practices, agroecosystem with maximized biological functions will be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yoshida
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Living Systems Information Science (CeLiSIS), Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Ecosystems and Coevolution, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Pillai P, Gouhier TC. Metamicrobiome diversity promotes the evolution of host-microbial mutualisms. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:414-428. [PMID: 38366712 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that a host organism's internal spatial structure can promote the persistence of mutualistic microbes by allowing for the turnover of tissue occupied by non-beneficial or cheating microbes. This type of regulation, whereby a host preferentially rewards tissue occupied by beneficial members of its microbiome but sanctions tissue occupied by non-beneficial cheaters, is expected to generate a competition-extinction trade-off by allowing beneficial microbes to experience a lower extinction rate than competitively dominant cheaters. Using an adaptive dynamics approach, we demonstrate that although ecologically stable, microbial regulation via sanctioning is not stable in any evolutionary sense, as each individual host will be under pressure to reduce the costs incurred from cheater suppression in order to maximize its own fitness at the expense of the rest of the host population. However, increasing the diversity of non-beneficial cheaters in the host population metamicrobiome can lead to an increase in the relative fitness of hosts that actively sanction non-performing tissue, thus facilitating the evolutionary emergence and persistence of such strategies in host-microbial systems. These counter-intuitive results demonstrate how diversity at multiple levels of biological organization and spatiotemporal scales can interact to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Pillai
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
| | - Tarik C Gouhier
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
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18
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Maitra P, Hrynkiewicz K, Szuba A, Jagodziński AM, Al-Rashid J, Mandal D, Mucha J. Metabolic niches in the rhizosphere microbiome: dependence on soil horizons, root traits and climate variables in forest ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1344205. [PMID: 38645395 PMCID: PMC11026606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1344205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding belowground plant-microbial interactions is important for biodiversity maintenance, community assembly and ecosystem functioning of forest ecosystems. Consequently, a large number of studies were conducted on root and microbial interactions, especially in the context of precipitation and temperature gradients under global climate change scenarios. Forests ecosystems have high biodiversity of plants and associated microbes, and contribute to major primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impact of root metabolites/exudates and root traits on soil microbial functional groups along these climate gradients is poorly described in these forest ecosystems. The plant root system exhibits differentiated exudation profiles and considerable trait plasticity in terms of root morphological/phenotypic traits, which can cause shifts in microbial abundance and diversity. The root metabolites composed of primary and secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds that have diverse roles in appealing to and preventing distinct microbial strains, thus benefit plant fitness and growth, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought. Climatic factors significantly alter the quantity and quality of metabolites that forest trees secrete into the soil. Thus, the heterogeneities in the rhizosphere due to different climate drivers generate ecological niches for various microbial assemblages to foster beneficial rhizospheric interactions in the forest ecosystems. However, the root exudations and microbial diversity in forest trees vary across different soil layers due to alterations in root system architecture, soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient stoichiometry. Changes in root system architecture or traits, e.g. root tissue density (RTD), specific root length (SRL), and specific root area (SRA), impact the root exudation profile and amount released into the soil and thus influence the abundance and diversity of different functional guilds of microbes. Here, we review the current knowledge about root morphological and functional (root exudation) trait changes that affect microbial interactions along drought and temperature gradients. This review aims to clarify how forest trees adapt to challenging environments by leveraging their root traits to interact beneficially with microbes. Understanding these strategies is vital for comprehending plant adaptation under global climate change, with significant implications for future research in plant biodiversity conservation, particularly within forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Maitra
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Andrzej M. Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jubair Al-Rashid
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dipa Mandal
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Entomology and Pathology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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19
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Wu YC, Yu CW, Chiu JY, Chiang YH, Mitsuda N, Yen XC, Huang TP, Chang TF, Yen CJ, Guo WJ. The AT-hook protein AHL29 promotes Bacillus subtilis colonization by suppressing SWEET2-mediated sugar retrieval in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1084-1098. [PMID: 38037476 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial Bacillus subtilis (BS) symbiosis could combat root pathogenesis, but it relies on root-secreted sugars. Understanding the molecular control of sugar flux during colonization would benefit biocontrol applications. The SWEET (Sugar Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter) uniporter regulates microbe-induced sugar secretion from roots; thus, its homologs may modulate sugar distribution upon BS colonization. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that gene transcripts of SWEET2, but not SWEET16 and 17, were significantly induced in seedling roots after 12 h of BS inoculation. Particularly, SWEET2-β-glucuronidase fusion proteins accumulated in the apical mature zone where BS abundantly colonized. Yet, enhanced BS colonization in sweet2 mutant roots suggested a specific role for SWEET2 to constrain BS propagation, probably by limiting hexose secretion. By employing yeast one-hybrid screening and ectopic expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts, the transcription factor AHL29 was identified to function as a repressor of SWEET2 expression through the AT-hook motif. Repression occurred despite immunity signals. Additionally, enhanced SWEET2 expression and reduced colonies were specifically detected in roots of BS-colonized ahl29 mutant. Taken together, we propose that BS colonization may activate repression of AHL29 on SWEET2 transcription that would be enhanced by immunity signals, thereby maintaining adequate sugar secretion for a beneficial Bacillus association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chien Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chien-Wen Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jo-Yu Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Xu-Chen Yen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tzu-Pi Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
- Master and Doctoral Degree Program in Plant Health Care, Academy of Circular Economy, National Chung Hsing University, Nantou, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tzu-Fang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Cen-Jie Yen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
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20
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Zheng L, Zhao S, Zhou Y, Yang G, Chen A, Li X, Wang J, Tian J, Liao H, Wang X. The soybean sugar transporter GmSWEET6 participates in sucrose transport towards fungi during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1041-1052. [PMID: 37997205 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, sugars in root cortical cells could be exported as glucose or sucrose into peri-arbuscular space for use by AM fungi. However, no sugar transporter has been identified to be involved in sucrose export. An AM-inducible SWEET transporter, GmSWEET6, was functionally characterised in soybean, and its role in AM symbiosis was investigated via transgenic plants. The expression of GmSWEET6 was enhanced by inoculation with the cooperative fungal strain in both leaves and roots. Heterologous expression in a yeast mutant showed that GmSWEET6 mainly transported sucrose. Transgenic plants overexpressing GmSWEET6 increased sucrose concentration in root exudates. Overexpression or knockdown of GmSWEET6 decreased plant dry weight, P content, and sugar concentrations in non-mycorrhizal plants, which were partly recovered in mycorrhizal plants. Intriguingly, overexpression of GmSWEET6 increased root P content and decreased the percentage of degraded arbuscules, while knockdown of GmSWEET6 increased root sugar concentrations in RNAi2 plants and the percentage of degraded arbuscules in RNAi1 plants compared with wild-type plants when inoculated with AM fungi. These results in combination with subcellular localisation of GmSWEET6 to peri-arbuscular membranes strongly suggest that GmSWEET6 is required for AM symbiosis by mediating sucrose efflux towards fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Zheng
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Zhao
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoling Yang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A Chen
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Tian
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- Root Biology Center, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Chen X, Zhu Y, Feng M, Li J, Shi M. Community responses of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi to hydrological gradients in a riparian Phragmites australis wetland. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11271. [PMID: 38617102 PMCID: PMC11009486 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydrological regime is considered to be the major factor that affects the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi in wetlands. We aimed to investigate the responses of AM fungal community to different hydrological gradients. Illumina Miseq sequencing technology was used to study the AM fungal community structure in roots and rhizosphere soils of Phragmites australis in different moisture areas (dry area, alternating wet and dry area, and flooded area) in Mengjin Yellow River wetland. The rhizosphere soils and roots hosted different AM fungal communities. In roots, the AM fungal colonization and Chao1 richness in dry area were significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and flooded area, but the community composition did not vary clearly under different water conditions. In rhizosphere soils, the Chao1 richness of AM fungi in flooded area was significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and dry area, and the AM fungal community structure obviously differed across different areas. The redundancy analyses indicated that changes in the AM fungal community in soils were associated with altered soil properties, and the abundance of the dominant genus Glomus was mostly positively correlated with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in soils. This study helps us to understand the responses of AM fungal community to hydrological gradients in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐dong Chen
- College of Life ScienceLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
- West Henan Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research StationLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
| | - Ying Zhu
- College of Life ScienceLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
| | - Mei‐na Feng
- College of Life ScienceLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
| | - Ji‐hang Li
- College of Life ScienceLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
| | - Ming‐yan Shi
- College of Life ScienceLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
- West Henan Yellow River Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research StationLuoyang Normal UniversityLuoyangChina
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22
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Calderon RB, Dangi SR. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Improve Nutrient Uptake and Microbial Diversity Relative to Dryland Site-Specific Soil Conditions. Microorganisms 2024; 12:667. [PMID: 38674611 PMCID: PMC11052256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobium play a significant role in plant symbiosis. However, their influence on the rhizosphere soil microbiome associated with nutrient acquisition and soil health is not well defined in the drylands of Montana (MT), USA. This study investigated the effect of microbial inoculants as seed treatment on pea yield, nutrient uptake, potential microbial functions, and rhizosphere soil microbial communities using high-throughput sequencing of 16S and ITS rRNA genes. The experiment was conducted under two contrasting dryland conditions with four treatments: control, single inoculation with AMF or Rhizobium, and dual inoculations of AMF and Rhizobium (AMF+Rhizobium). Our findings revealed that microbial inoculation efficacy was site-specific. AMF+Rhizobium synergistically increased grain yield at Sidney dryland field site (DFS) 2, while at Froid site, DFS 1, AMF improved plant resilience to acidic soil but contributed a marginal yield under non-nutrient limiting conditions. Across dryland sites, the plants' microbial dependency on AMF+Rhizobium (12%) was higher than single inoculations of AMF (8%) or Rhizobium (4%) alone. Variations in microbial community structure and composition indicate a site-specific response to AMF and AMF+Rhizobium inoculants. Overall, site-specific factors significantly influenced plant nutrient uptake, microbial community dynamics, and functional potential. It underscores the need for tailored management strategies that consider site-specific characteristics to optimize benefits from microbial inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie B. Calderon
- Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA, 1500 N Central Avenue, Sidney, MT 59270, USA
| | - Sadikshya R. Dangi
- Correspondence: (R.B.C.); (S.R.D.); Tel.: +1-(406)-433-9479 (R.B.C.); +1-(406)-433-9490 (S.R.D.); Fax: +1-(406)-433-5038 (R.B.C. & S.R.D.)
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Sena L, Mica E, Valè G, Vaccino P, Pecchioni N. Exploring the potential of endophyte-plant interactions for improving crop sustainable yields in a changing climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349401. [PMID: 38571718 PMCID: PMC10988515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate change poses a major threat to global food security, significantly reducing crop yields as cause of abiotic stresses, and for boosting the spread of new and old pathogens and pests. Sustainable crop management as a route to mitigation poses the challenge of recruiting an array of solutions and tools for the new aims. Among these, the deployment of positive interactions between the micro-biotic components of agroecosystems and plants can play a highly significant role, as part of the agro-ecological revolution. Endophytic microorganisms have emerged as a promising solution to tackle this challenge. Among these, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and endophytic bacteria and fungi have demonstrated their potential to alleviate abiotic stresses such as drought and heat stress, as well as the impacts of biotic stresses. They can enhance crop yields in a sustainable way also by other mechanisms, such as improving the nutrient uptake, or by direct effects on plant physiology. In this review we summarize and update on the main types of endophytes, we highlight several studies that demonstrate their efficacy in improving sustainable yields and explore possible avenues for implementing crop-microbiota interactions. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are highly complex and require a comprehensive understanding. For this reason, omic technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have been employed to unravel, by a higher level of information, the complex network of interactions between plants and microorganisms. Therefore, we also discuss the various omic approaches and techniques that have been used so far to study plant-endophyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sena
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Sede Agraria, UNIMORE - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Erica Mica
- Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, UPO – Università del Piemonte Orientale, Complesso San Giuseppe, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, UPO – Università del Piemonte Orientale, Complesso San Giuseppe, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vaccino
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Sede Agraria, UNIMORE - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Foggia, Italy
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24
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Cheema A, Garg N. Arbuscular mycorrhizae reduced arsenic induced oxidative stress by coordinating nutrient uptake and proline-glutathione levels in Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:205-225. [PMID: 38409625 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of Arsenic (As) generates oxidative stress by reducing nutrients availability in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can impart metalloid tolerance in plants by enhancing the synthesis of sulfur (S)-rich peptides (glutathione- GSH) and low-molecular-weight nitrogenous (N) osmolytes (proline- Pro). The present study, therefore investigated the efficiency of 3 AM fungal species (Rhizoglomus intraradices-Ri, Funneliformis mosseae -Fm and Claroideoglomus claroideum- Cc) in imparting As (arsenate-AsV -40 at 60 mg kg-1 and arsenite- AsIII at 5 and 10 mg kg-1) tolerance in two Cicer arietinum (chickpea) genotypes (HC 3 and C 235). As induced significantly higher negative impacts in roots than shoots, which was in accordance with proportionately higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the former, with AsIII more toxic than AsV. Mycorrhizal symbiosis overcame oxidative stress by providing the host plants with necessary nutrients (P, N, and S) through enhanced microbial enzyme activities (MEAs) in soil, which increased the synthesis of Pro and GSH and established a redox balance in the two genotypes. This coordination between nutrient status, Pro-GSH levels, and antioxidant defense was stronger in HC 3 than C 235 due to its higher responsiveness to the three AM species. However, Ri was most beneficial in inducing redox homeostasis, followed by Fm and Cc, since the Cicer arietinum-Ri combination displayed the maximum ability to boost antioxidant defense mechanisms and establish a coordination with Pro synthesis. Thus, the results highlighted the importance of selecting specific chickpea genotypes having an ability to establish effective mycorrhizal symbiosis for imparting As stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Cheema
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Department of Agriculture, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, India
| | - Neera Garg
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Agriculture, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, India.
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25
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Sun D, Rozmoš M, Kotianová M, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi suppress ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but not archaea across agricultural soils. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26485. [PMID: 38444950 PMCID: PMC10912043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are supposedly competing with ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AO) for soil nitrogen in form of ammonium. Despite a few studies directly addressing AM fungal and AO interactions, mostly in artificial cultivation substrates, it is not yet clear whether AM fungi can effectively suppress AO in field soils containing complex indigenous microbiomes. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted compartmentalized pot experiments using four pairs of cropland and grassland soils with varying physicochemical properties. To exclude the interference of roots, a fine nylon mesh was used to separate the rhizosphere and mesh bags, with the latter being filled with unsterile field soils. Inoculation of plants with AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis LPA9 suppressed AO bacteria (AOB) but not archaea (AOA) in the soils, indicating how soil nitrification could be suppressed by AM fungal presence/activity. In addition, in rhizosphere filled with artificial substrate, AM inoculation did suppress both AOB and AOA, implying more complex interactions between roots, AO, and AM fungi. Besides, we also observed that indigenous AM fungi contained in the field soils eventually did colonize the roots of plants behind the root barrier, and that the extent of such colonization was higher if the soil has previously been taken from cropland than from grassland. Despite this, the effect of experimental AM fungal inoculation on suppression of indigenous AOB in the unsterile field soils did not vanish. It seems that studying processes at a finer temporal scale, using larger buffer zones between rhizosphere and mesh bags, and/or detailed characterization of indigenous AM fungal and AO communities would be needed to uncover further details of the biotic interactions between the AM fungi and indigenous soil AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Sun
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Kotianová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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26
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Lee K, Hare D, Blossey B. Measuring perceived fitness interdependence between humans and non-humans. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2024; 6:e16. [PMID: 38572224 PMCID: PMC10988171 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation ethics (i.e. moral concern for non-human organisms) are widespread, but we lack a comprehensive explanation for why people care about other species at all, and why they express strong moral concern for some species but not others. Recent theory suggests that conservation ethics might be rooted in cooperation between humans and members of other species. Building on central predictions of this eco-evolutionary theory, we conducted an online study (N = 651) and exploratory factor analysis to develop two scales that independently measure perceived fitness interdependence (PFI) and conservation ethics. The PFI scale measures perceived shared fate as a proximate indicator of human fitness interdependence with non-human organisms (i.e. the degree to which humans and other organisms influence each other's evolutionary success, that is, survival and reproduction). We designed the conservation ethics scale to measure moral beliefs and attitudes regarding those organisms. Both scales are composed of two factors and demonstrate good internal reliability. By combining insights from various branches of the evolutionary human sciences, including evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology and human behavioural ecology, we offer empirical tools to investigate eco-evolutionary foundations of conservation ethics and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darragh Hare
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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27
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Martignoni MM, Tyson RC, Kolodny O, Garnier J. Mutualism at the leading edge: insights into the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-symbiont communities during range expansion. J Math Biol 2024; 88:24. [PMID: 38308102 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-02037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of mutualism between host and symbiont communities plays an essential role in maintaining ecosystem function and should therefore have a profound effect on their range expansion dynamics. In particular, the presence of mutualistic symbionts at the leading edge of a host-symbiont community should enhance its propagation in space. We develop a theoretical framework that captures the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-symbiont communities, to investigate how the evolution of resource exchange may shape community structure during range expansion. We consider a community with symbionts that are mutualistic or parasitic to various degrees, where parasitic symbionts receive the same amount of resource from the host as mutualistic symbionts, but at a lower cost. The selective advantage of parasitic symbionts over mutualistic ones is increased with resource availability (i.e. with host density), promoting mutualism at the range edges, where host density is low, and parasitism at the population core, where host density is higher. This spatial selection also influences the speed of spread. We find that the host growth rate (which depends on the average benefit provided by the symbionts) is maximal at the range edges, where symbionts are more mutualistic, and that host-symbiont communities with high symbiont density at their core (e.g. resulting from more mutualistic hosts) spread faster into new territories. These results indicate that the expansion of host-symbiont communities is pulled by the hosts but pushed by the symbionts, in a unique push-pull dynamic where both the host and symbionts are active and tightly-linked players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Martignoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Rebecca C Tyson
- CMPS Department (Mathematics), University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Oren Kolodny
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jimmy Garnier
- Laboratory of Mathematics, CNRS, Université Savoie-Mont Blanc, Université Grenoble Alpes, Chambery, France
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28
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Carrara JE, Reddivari L, Heller WP. Inoculation of black turtle beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris) with mycorrhizal fungi increases the nutritional quality of seeds. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10128. [PMID: 38323132 PMCID: PMC10840373 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizers has proven successful in boosting the yield and nutritional quality of a variety of crops. AMF associate with plant roots and exchange soil nutrients for photosynthetically derived C in the form of sugars and lipids. Past research has shown that not all AMF species are equal in their benefit to nutrient uptake and crop health, and that the most beneficial AMF species appear to vary by host species. Although an important human food staple, especially in developing regions where nutrient deficiency is a prevalent threat to public health, little work has been done to test the effectiveness of AMF in enhancing the nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Therefore, our objective was to determine the most beneficial AMF species for inoculation of this important crop. We inoculated black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris black turtle beans) with eight individual AMF species and one mixed species inoculum in an outdoor pot trial over 3 months and assessed the extent to which they altered yield, mineral nutrient and anthocyanin concentration of seeds and leaf tissues. Despite seeing no yield effects from inoculation, we found that across treatments percent root length colonized by AMF was positively correlated with plant tissue P, Cu, and Zn concentration. Underlying these broad benefits, seeds from plants inoculated with three AMF species, Claroideoglomus claroideum (+15%), Funneliformis mosseae (+13%), and Gigaspora rosea (+11%) had higher P concentration than non-mycorrhizal plants. C. claroideum also increased seed potassium (K) and copper (Cu), as well as leaf aluminum (Al) concentration making it a promising candidate to further test the benefit of individual AMF species on black bean growth in field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Carrara
- USDA Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Regional Research CenterWyndmoorPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Wade P. Heller
- USDA Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Regional Research CenterWyndmoorPennsylvaniaUSA
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29
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Weber SE, Bascompte J, Kahmen A, Niklaus PA. Plant choice between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species results in increased plant P acquisition. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292811. [PMID: 38295035 PMCID: PMC10830030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant root symbionts that provide phosphorus (P) to plants in exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon (C). Previous research has shown that plants-given a choice among AMF species-may preferentially allocate C to AMF species that provide more P. However, these investigations rested on a limited set of plant and AMF species, and it therefore remains unclear how general this phenomenon is. Here, we combined 4 plant and 6 AMF species in 24 distinct plant-AMF species compositions in split-root microcosms, manipulating the species identity of AMF in either side of the root system. Using 14C and 32P/33P radioisotope tracers, we tracked the transfer of C and P between plants and AMF, respectively. We found that when plants had a choice of AMF species, AMF species which transferred more P acquired more C. Evidence for preferential C allocation to more beneficial AMF species within individual plant roots was equivocal. However, AMF species which transferred more P to plants did so at lower C-to-P ratios, highlighting the importance both of absolute and relative costs of P acquisition from AMF. When plants had a choice of AMF species, their shoots contained a larger total amount of P at higher concentrations. Our results thus highlight the benefits of plant C choice among AMF for plant P acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Eliot Weber
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Departement Umweltwissenschaften, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Bell CA, Magkourilou E, Ault JR, Urwin PE, Field KJ. Phytophagy impacts the quality and quantity of plant carbon resources acquired by mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:801. [PMID: 38280873 PMCID: PMC10821877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the roots of many plant species, enhancing their hosts access to soil nutrients whilst obtaining their carbon supply directly as photosynthates. AM fungi often face competition for plant carbon from other organisms. The mechanisms by which plants prioritise carbon allocation to mutualistic AM fungi over parasitic symbionts remain poorly understood. Here, we show that host potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) selectively allocate carbon resources to tissues interacting with AM fungi rather than those interacting with phytophagous parasites (the nematode Globodera pallida). We found that plants reduce the supply of hexoses but maintain the flow of plant-derived fatty acids to AM fungi when concurrently interacting with parasites. Transcriptomic analysis suggest that plants prioritise carbon transfer to AM fungi by maintaining expression of fatty acid biosynthesis and transportation pathways, whilst decreasing the expression of mycorrhizal-induced hexose transporters. We also report similar findings from a different plant host species (Medicago truncatula) and phytophagous pest (the aphid Myzus persicae). These findings suggest a general mechanism of plant-driven resource allocation in scenarios involving multiple symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bell
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - E Magkourilou
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - J R Ault
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - P E Urwin
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - K J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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31
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Liu JJ, Yang XQ, Li ZY, Miao JY, Li SB, Zhang WP, Lin YC, Lin LB. The role of symbiotic fungi in the life cycle of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae): a comprehensive review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1309038. [PMID: 38264031 PMCID: PMC10804856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1309038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume, a fully mycoheterotrophic perennial plant of the family Orchidaceae, is a traditional Chinese herb with medicinal and edible value. Interestingly, G. elata requires symbiotic relationships with Mycena and Armillaria strains for seed germination and plant growth, respectively. However, there is no comprehensive summary of the symbiotic mechanism between fungi and G. elata. Here, the colonization and digestion of hyphae, the bidirectional exchange of nutrients, the adaptation of fungi and G. elata to symbiosis, and the role of microorganisms and secondary metabolites in the symbiotic relationship between fungi and G. elata are summarized. We comprehensively and deeply analyzed the mechanism of symbiosis between G. elata and fungi from three perspectives: morphology, nutrition, and molecules. The aim of this review was to enrich the understanding of the mutualistic symbiosis mechanisms between plants and fungi and lay a theoretical foundation for the ecological cultivation of G. elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungal Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zong-Yang Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Yun Miao
- Yunnan Senhao Fungi Industry Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bo Li
- Yunnan Senhao Fungi Industry Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cen Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungal Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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32
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Frew A, Weinberger N, Powell JR, Watts-Williams SJ, Aguilar-Trigueros CA. Community assembly of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: beyond carbon and into defence? THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae007. [PMID: 38366019 PMCID: PMC10910849 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Natascha Weinberger
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
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33
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Gou X, Hu Y, Ni H, Wang X, Qiu L, Chang X, Shao M, Wei G, Wei X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate erosional soil nitrogen loss by regulating nitrogen cycling genes and enzymes in experimental agro-ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167425. [PMID: 37774877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient losses from agricultural ecosystems are increasingly threatening global environmental and human health. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the potential to regulate soil nitrogen (N) loss by enhancing plant uptake and soil particle immobilization, the microbial mechanism behind such mycorrhizal effect is unknown. Herein, by conducting a simulated erosion experiment, we compared the effects of exogenous AM fungal inoculation (Funneliformis mosseae) on the gene abundances and enzyme activities of N-cycling processes, and associated such effect to N uptake and loss. The experiment was composed of combinations of two AM fungal treatments (control vs. AM fungal inoculation), two crops (maize vs. soybean) and two slopes of the plots (6° vs. 20°). The experimental plots subjected to natural rainfalls to simulate the erosion events. We showed that the effects of AM fungi were greater in the maize soils than in the soybean soils. In the maize soils, AM fungi increased the abundances of N-fixing (+81.1 %) and nitrifying genes (+200.7 %) and N cycling enzyme activity (+22.3 %). In the soybean soils, AM fungi increased the N-fixing gene abundance (+36.9 %) but decreased the abundance of nitrifying genes (-18.9 %). The abundance of N-fixing gene was positively correlated with N uptake but negatively correlated with N loss. Additionally, AM fungi enhanced the effects of mycorrhizal colonization and moisture but decreased the effects of nutrients on soil microbial metrics related to N-cycling processes. Therefore, AM fungal inoculation enhanced N uptake and reduced N loss by increasing N-fixing gene abundance, and that AM fungi should be preferably used for the low N environments or for the ecosystems highly limited by or competing for N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaxian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huaqian Ni
- College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingchen Chang
- College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, the Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Soil & Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fontaine S, Abbadie L, Aubert M, Barot S, Bloor JMG, Derrien D, Duchene O, Gross N, Henneron L, Le Roux X, Loeuille N, Michel J, Recous S, Wipf D, Alvarez G. Plant-soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17034. [PMID: 38273527 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Redesigning agrosystems to include more ecological regulations can help feed a growing human population, preserve soils for future productivity, limit dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and reduce agriculture contribution to global changes such as eutrophication and warming. However, guidelines for redesigning cropping systems from natural systems to make them more sustainable remain limited. Synthetizing the knowledge on biogeochemical cycles in natural ecosystems, we outline four ecological systems that synchronize the supply of soluble nutrients by soil biota with the fluctuating nutrient demand of plants. This synchrony limits deficiencies and excesses of soluble nutrients, which usually penalize both production and regulating services of agrosystems such as nutrient retention and soil carbon storage. In the ecological systems outlined, synchrony emerges from plant-soil and plant-plant interactions, eco-physiological processes, soil physicochemical processes, and the dynamics of various nutrient reservoirs, including soil organic matter, soil minerals, atmosphere, and a common market. We discuss the relative importance of these ecological systems in regulating nutrient cycles depending on the pedoclimatic context and on the functional diversity of plants and microbes. We offer ideas about how these systems could be stimulated within agrosystems to improve their sustainability. A review of the latest advances in agronomy shows that some of the practices suggested to promote synchrony (e.g., reduced tillage, rotation with perennial plant cover, crop diversification) have already been tested and shown to be effective in reducing nutrient losses, fertilizer use, and N2 O emissions and/or improving biomass production and soil carbon storage. Our framework also highlights new management strategies and defines the conditions for the success of these nature-based practices allowing for site-specific modifications. This new synthetized knowledge should help practitioners to improve the long-term productivity of agrosystems while reducing the negative impact of agriculture on the environment and the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fontaine
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luc Abbadie
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Aubert
- UNIROUEN, INRAE, ECODIV-Rouen, Normandie Univ, Rouen, France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Juliette M G Bloor
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Olivier Duchene
- ISARA, Research Unit Agroecology and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gross
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Xavier Le Roux
- INRAE UMR 1418, CNRS UMR 5557, VetAgroSup, Microbial Ecology Centre LEM, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Michel
- Plant Sciences, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Recous
- INRAE, FARE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gaël Alvarez
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shakoor N, Hussain M, Adeel M, Azeem I, Ahmad MA, Zain M, Zhang P, Li Y, Quanlong W, Horton R, Rui Y. Lithium-induced alterations in soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation through multifunctional mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166438. [PMID: 37633397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing footprints of lithium (Li) in agroecosystems combined with limited recycling options have raised uncertain consequences for important crops. Nitrogen (N2)-fixation by legumes is an important biological response process, but the cause and effect of Li exposure on plant root-nodule symbiosis and biological N2-fixation (BNF) potential are still unclear. Soybean as a model plant was exposed to Li at low (25 mg kg-1), medium (50 mg kg-1), and high (100 mg kg-1) concentrations. We found that soybean growth and nodulation capacity had a concentration-dependent response to Li. Li at 100 mg kg-1 reduced the nodule numbers, weight, and BNF potential of soybean in comparison to the low and medium levels. Significant shift in soybean growth and BNF after exposure to Li were associated with alteration in the nodule metabolic pathways involved in nitrogen uptake and metabolism (urea, glutamine and glutamate). Importantly, poor soybean nodulation after high Li exposure was due in part to a decreased abundance of bacterium Ensifer in the nodule bacterial community. Also, the dominant N2-fixing bacterium Ensifer was significantly correlated with carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways. The findings of our study offer mechanistic insights into the environmental and biological impacts of Li on soybean root-nodule symbiosis and N2-acquisition and provide a pathway to develop strategies to mitigate the challenges posed by Li in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Imran Azeem
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yuanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wang Quanlong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Robert Horton
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Pena R, Bluhm SL, Ammerschubert S, Agüi-Gonzalez P, Rizzoli SO, Scheu S, Polle A. Mycorrhizal C/N ratio determines plant-derived carbon and nitrogen allocation to symbiosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1230. [PMID: 38053000 PMCID: PMC10698078 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon allocation of trees to ectomycorrhizas is thought to shape forest nutrient cycling, but the sink activities of different fungal taxa for host resources are unknown. Here, we investigate fungal taxon-specific differences in naturally composed ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities for plant-derived carbon and nitrogen. After aboveground dual labeling of young beech with 15N and 13C, ectomycorrhizas formed with different fungal taxa exhibit strong differences in label enrichment. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) imaging of nitrogen in cross sections of ectomycorrhizas demonstrates plant-derived 15N in both root and fungal structures. Isotope enrichment in ectomycorrhizas correlates with that in the corresponding ectomycorrhiza-attached lateral root, supporting fungal taxon-specific N and C fluxes in ectomycorrhizas. The enrichments with 13C and 15N in the symbiosis decrease with increasing C/N ratio of ectomycorrhizas, converging to zero at high C/N. The relative abundances of EM fungal species on roots are positively correlated with 13C enrichment, demonstrating higher fitness of stronger than of less C-demanding symbioses. Overall, our results support that differences among the C/N ratios in ectomycorrhizas formed with different fungal species regulate the supply of the symbioses with host-derived carbon and provide insights on functional traits of ectomycorrhizas, which are important for major ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sustainable Land Management, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah L Bluhm
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Ammerschubert
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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37
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Hawkes CV, Allen X, Balint-Kurti P, Cowger C. Manipulating the plant mycobiome to enhance resilience: Ecological and evolutionary opportunities and challenges. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011816. [PMID: 38096141 PMCID: PMC10721032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine V. Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xavious Allen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christina Cowger
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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38
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Dady ER, Kleczewski N, Ugarte CM, Ngumbi E. Plant Variety, Mycorrhization, and Herbivory Influence Induced Volatile Emissions and Plant Growth Characteristics in Tomato. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:710-724. [PMID: 37924424 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that mediate vital ecological interactions between herbivorous insects, their natural enemies, plants, and soil dwelling organisms including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The composition, quantity, and quality of the emitted VOCs can vary and is influenced by numerous factors such as plant species, variety (cultivar), plant developmental stage, root colonization by soil microbes, as well as the insect developmental stage, and level of specialization of the attacking herbivore. Understanding factors shaping VOC emissions is important and can be leveraged to enhance plant health and pest resistance. In this greenhouse study, we evaluated the influence of plant variety, mycorrhizal colonization, herbivory, and their interactions on the composition of emitted volatiles in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Four tomato varieties from two breeding histories (two heirlooms and two hybrids), were used. Tomato plants were inoculated with a commercial inoculum blend consisting of four species of AMF. Plants were also subjected to herbivory by Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae L.) five weeks after transplanting. Headspace volatiles were collected from inoculated and non-inoculated plants with and without herbivores using solid phase-microextraction. Volatile profiles consisted of 21 different volatiles in detectable quantities. These included monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alkane hydrocarbons. We documented a strong plant variety effect on VOC emissions. AMF colonization and herbivory suppressed VOC emissions. Plant biomass was improved by colonization of AMF. Our results show that mycorrhization, herbivory and plant variety can alter tomato plant VOC emissions and further shape volatile-mediated insect and plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn R Dady
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Carmen M Ugarte
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Esther Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Větrovský T, Kolaříková Z, Lepinay C, Awokunle Hollá S, Davison J, Fleyberková A, Gromyko A, Jelínková B, Kolařík M, Krüger M, Lejsková R, Michalčíková L, Michalová T, Moora M, Moravcová A, Moulíková Š, Odriozola I, Öpik M, Pappová M, Piché-Choquette S, Skřivánek J, Vlk L, Zobel M, Baldrian P, Kohout P. GlobalAMFungi: a global database of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal occurrences from high-throughput sequencing metabarcoding studies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2151-2163. [PMID: 37781910 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial mutualistic symbionts of the majority of plant species, with essential roles in plant nutrient uptake and stress mitigation. The importance of AM fungi in ecosystems contrasts with our limited understanding of the patterns of AM fungal biogeography and the environmental factors that drive those patterns. This article presents a release of a newly developed global AM fungal dataset (GlobalAMFungi database, https://globalamfungi.com) that aims to reduce this knowledge gap. It contains almost 50 million observations of Glomeromycotinian AM fungal amplicon DNA sequences across almost 8500 samples with geographical locations and additional metadata obtained from 100 original studies. The GlobalAMFungi database is built on sequencing data originating from AM fungal taxon barcoding regions in: i) the small subunit rRNA (SSU) gene; ii) the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region; and iii) the large subunit rRNA (LSU) gene. The GlobalAMFungi database is an open source and open access initiative that compiles the most comprehensive atlas of AM fungal distribution. It is designed as a permanent effort that will be continuously updated by its creators and through the collaboration of the scientific community. This study also documented applicability of the dataset to better understand ecology of AM fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Větrovský
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sandra Awokunle Hollá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna Fleyberková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anastasiia Gromyko
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Renata Lejsková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Michalčíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Michalová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Moravcová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štěpánka Moulíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Pappová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sarah Piché-Choquette
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Skřivánek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Vlk
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi St 2, 504 09, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czechia
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40
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Corazon-Guivin MA, Romero-Cachique G, Del Aguila KM, Padilla-Domínguez A, Hernández-Amasifuen AD, Cerna-Mendoza A, Coyne D, Oehl F. Rhizoglomus variabile and Nanoglomus plukenetiae, Native to Peru, Promote Coffee Growth in Western Amazonia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2883. [PMID: 38138027 PMCID: PMC10745942 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea arabica) is among the world's most economically important crops. Coffee was shown to be highly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in traditionally managed coffee plantations in the tropics. The objective of this study was to assess AMF species richness in coffee plantations of four provinces in Perú, to isolate AMF isolates native to these provinces, and to test the effects of selected indigenous AMF strains on coffee growth. AMF species were identified by morphological tools on the genus level, and if possible further to the species level. Two native species, Rhizoglomus variabile and Nanoglomus plukenetiae, recently described from the Peruvian mountain ranges, were successfully cultured in the greenhouse on host plants. In two independent experiments, both species were assessed for their ability to colonize coffee seedlings and improve coffee growth over 135 days. A total of 35 AMF morphospecies were identified from 12 plantations. The two inoculated species effectively colonized coffee roots, which resulted in 3.0-8.6 times higher shoot, root and total biomass, when compared to the non-mycorrhizal controls. R. variabile was superior to N. plukenetiae in all measured parameters, increasing shoot, root, and total biomass dry weight by 4.7, 8.6 and 5.5 times, respectively. The dual inoculation of both species, however, did not further improve plant growth, when compared to single-species inoculations. The colonization of coffee by either R. variabile or N. plukenetiae strongly enhances coffee plant growth. R. variabile, in particular, offers enormous potential for improving coffee establishment and productivity. Assessment of further AMF species, including species from other AMF families should be considered for optimization of coffee growth promotion, both alone and in combination with R. variabile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Anderson Corazon-Guivin
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Gabriel Romero-Cachique
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Karen M. Del Aguila
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Amner Padilla-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Angel David Hernández-Amasifuen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Agustin Cerna-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales 22201, Peru; (G.R.-C.); (K.M.D.A.); (A.P.-D.); (A.D.H.-A.); (A.C.-M.)
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Headquarters PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Agroscope, Competence Division for Plants and Plant Products, Plant Protection Products—Impact and Assessment, Applied Ecotoxicology, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Wu YH, Qin Y, Cai QQ, Liu M, He DM, Chen X, Wang H, Yan ZY. Effect the accumulation of bioactive constituents of a medicinal plant (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:597. [PMID: 38017446 PMCID: PMC10683245 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with various terrestrial plants and have attracted considerable interest as biofertilizers for improving the quality and yield of medicinal plants. Despite the widespread distribution of AMFs in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge's roots, research on the impact of multiple AMFs on biomass and active ingredient accumulations has not been conducted. In this study, the effects of five native AMFs (Glomus formosanum, Septoglomus constrictum, Rhizophagus manihotis, Acaulospora laevis, and Ambispora gerdemannii) and twenty-six communities on the root biomass and active ingredient concentrations of S. miltiorrhiza were assessed using the total factor design method. RESULTS Thirty-one treatment groups formed symbiotic relationships with S. miltiorrhiza based on the pot culture results, and the colonization rate ranged from 54.83% to 89.97%. AMF communities had higher colonization rates and total phenolic acid concentration than single AMF, and communities also appeared to have higher root fresh weight, dry weight, and total phenolic acid concentration than single inoculations. As AMF richness increased, there was a rising trend in root biomass and total tanshinone accumulations (ATTS), while total phenolic acid accumulations (ATP) showed a decreasing trend. This suggests that plant productivity was influenced by the AMF richness, with higher inoculation benefits observed when the communities contained three or four AMFs. Additionally, the affinities of AMF members were also connected to plant productivity. The inoculation effect of closely related AMFs within the same family, such as G. formosanum, S. constrictum, and R. manihotis, consistently yielded lower than that of mono-inoculation when any combinations were applied. The co-inoculation of S. miltiorrhiza with nearby or distant AMFs from two families, such as G. formosanum, R. manihotis, and Ac. laevis or Am. gerdemannii resulted in an increase of ATP and ATTS by more than 50%. AMF communities appear to be more beneficial to the yield of bioactive constituents than the single AMF, but overall community inoculation effects are related to the composition of AMFs and the relationship between members. CONCLUSION This study reveals that the AMF community has great potential to improve the productivity and the accumulation of bioactive constituents in S. miltiorrhiza, indicating that it is an effective way to achieve sustainable agricultural development through using the AMF community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhu-Yun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Taniguchi T, Isobe K, Imada S, Eltayeb MM, Akaji Y, Nakayama M, Allen MF, Aronson EL. Root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in a natural hot desert are differentially regulated in dry and wet seasons by stochastic processes and functional traits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165524. [PMID: 37467971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Dryland ecosystems experience seasonal cycles of severe drought and moderate precipitation. Desert plants may develop symbiotic relationships with root endophytic microbes to survive under the repeated wet and extremely dry conditions. Although community coalescence has been found in many systems, the colonization by functional microbes and its relationship to seasonal transitions in arid regions are not well understood. Here we examined root endophytic microbial taxa, and their traits in relation to their root colonization, during the dry and wet seasons in a hot desert of the southwestern United States. We used high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer gene profiling of five desert shrubs, and analyzed the seasonal change in endophytic microbial lineages. Goodness of fit to the neutral community model in relationship to microbial traits was evaluated. In summer, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia increased, although this was not genus-specific. For fungi, Glomeraceae selectively increased in summer. In winter, Gram-negative bacterial genera, including those capable of nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion, increased. Neutral model analysis revealed a strong stochastic influence on endophytic bacteria but a weak effect for fungi, especially in summer. The taxa with higher frequency than that predicted by neutral model shared environmental adaptability and symbiotic traits, whereas the frequency of pathogenic fungi was at or under the predicted value. These results suggest that community assembly of bacteria and fungi is regulated differently. The bacterial community was affected by stochastic and deterministic processes via bacterial response to drought (response trait), beneficial effect on plants (effect trait), and likely stable mutualistic interactions with plants suggested by the frequency of nodule bacteria. For fungi, mycorrhizal fungi were selected by plants in summer. The regulation of beneficial microbes by plants in both dry and wet seasons suggests the presence of plant-soil positive feedback in this natural desert ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Taniguchi
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Isobe
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shogo Imada
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Mohamed M Eltayeb
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat 13314, Sudan
| | - Yasuaki Akaji
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakayama
- Research Group for Environmental Science, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Michael F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emma L Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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43
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Betekhtina AA, Tukova DE, Veselkin DV. Root structure syndromes of four families of monocots in the Middle Urals. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:722-731. [PMID: 38197004 PMCID: PMC10772101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The present article tests the following general assumption: plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes. Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were studied: 16 species of Poaceae, 24 species of Cyperaceae, 14 species of Orchidaceae, and 7 species of Iridaceae. Using a fixed material of 5 individuals of each species, the following was determined: number of orders of branching roots; transverse dimensions of root, stele and cortex; number of primary xylem vessels and exodermis layers; length of root hairs; abundance of mycorrhiza. Species of each family had well-defined syndromes. Roots of Orchidaceae and Iridaceae were thick with a large stele and developed exodermis. Orchidaceae had no branching roots and had long root hairs. In Iridaceae, roots were branched, and root hairs were short. Roots of Poaceae and Cyperaceae were thin with a relatively thin stele. Root hairs were short in Poaceae and long in Cyperaceae. Our finding that root syndromes of four families of monocots differed is a new and unexpected discovery. The high specificity of root syndromes in Cyperaceae, Iridaceae, Poaceae, and Orchidaceae indicates that species of these families use different strategies to obtain water and soil nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Betekhtina
- Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Daria E. Tukova
- Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Denis V. Veselkin
- Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, 8 Marta Street, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia
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44
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Řezanka T, Hršelová H, Kyselová L, Jansa J. Can cardiolipins be used as a biomarker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:399-408. [PMID: 37814097 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Specific biomarker molecules are increasingly being used for detection and quantification in plant and soil samples of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, an important and widespread microbial guild heavily implicated in transfers of nutrients and carbon between plants and soils and in the maintenance of soil physico-chemical properties. Yet, concerns have previously been raised as to the validity of a range of previously used approaches (e.g., microscopy, AM-specific fatty acids, sterols, glomalin-like molecules, ribosomal DNA sequences), justifying further research into novel biomarkers for AM fungal abundance and/or functioning. Here, we focused on complex polar lipids contained in pure biomass of Rhizophagus irregularis and in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots of chicory (Cichorium intybus), leek (Allium porrum), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). The lipids were analyzed by shotgun lipidomics using a high-resolution hybrid mass spectrometer. Size range between 1350 and 1550 Da was chosen for the detection of potential biomarkers among cardiolipins (1,3-bis(sn-3'-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerols), a specific class of phospholipids. The analysis revealed a variety of molecular species, including cardiolipins containing one or two polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms each, i.e., arachidonic and/or eicosapentaenoic acids, some of them apparently specific for the mycorrhizal samples. Although further verification using a greater variety of AM fungal species and samples from various soils/ecosystems/environmental conditions is needed, current results suggest the possibility to identify novel biochemical signatures specific for AM fungi within mycorrhizal roots. Whether they could be used for quantification of both root and soil colonization by the AM fungi merits further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Leeks A, Bono LM, Ampolini EA, Souza LS, Höfler T, Mattson CL, Dye AE, Díaz-Muñoz SL. Open questions in the social lives of viruses. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1551-1567. [PMID: 37975507 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions among viruses occur whenever multiple viral genomes infect the same cells, hosts, or populations of hosts. Viral social interactions range from cooperation to conflict, occur throughout the viral world, and affect every stage of the viral lifecycle. The ubiquity of these social interactions means that they can determine the population dynamics, evolutionary trajectory, and clinical progression of viral infections. At the same time, social interactions in viruses raise new questions for evolutionary theory, providing opportunities to test and extend existing frameworks within social evolution. Many opportunities exist at this interface: Insights into the evolution of viral social interactions have immediate implications for our understanding of the fundamental biology and clinical manifestation of viral diseases. However, these opportunities are currently limited because evolutionary biologists only rarely study social evolution in viruses. Here, we bridge this gap by (1) summarizing the ways in which viruses can interact socially, including consequences for social evolution and evolvability; (2) outlining some open questions raised by viruses that could challenge concepts within social evolution theory; and (3) providing some illustrative examples, data sources, and conceptual questions, for studying the natural history of social viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Leeks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa M Bono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ampolini
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas S Souza
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas Höfler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Courtney L Mattson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anna E Dye
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel L Díaz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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46
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Choi DH, Han JG, Lee KH, Gi-Hong A. Promotion of Tricholoma matsutake mycelium growth by Penicillium citreonigrum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:354-359. [PMID: 37929006 PMCID: PMC10621265 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2257430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake has been the most valuable ectomycorrhizal fungi in Asia because of its unique flavor and taste. However, due to the difficulty of artificial cultivation, the cultivation of T. matsutake has relied on natural growth in forests. To cultivate the T. matsutake artificially, microorganisms in fairy rings were introduced. In this study, we isolated 30 fungal species of microfungi from the soil of fairy rings. Among them, one single fungal strain showed a promoting effect on the growth of T. matsutake. The growth effect was confirmed by measuring the growth area of T. matsutake and enzyme activities including α-amylase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase. In comparison with control, microfungal metabolite increased the growth area of T. matsutake by 213% and the enzyme activity of T. matsutake by 110-200%. The isolated fungal strain was identified as Penicillium citreonigrum by BLAST on the NCBI database. The Discovery of this microfungal strain is expected to contribute to artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Ho Choi
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kang-Hyo Lee
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - An Gi-Hong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea
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47
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Souza GG, Santos SC, Santos CC, Dias AS, Silverio JM, Trovato VW, Flauzino DS. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote the growth of Dipteryx alata Vogel. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275172. [PMID: 37909590 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fruit tree plants is a sustainable strategy for producing seedlings. However, information for Dipteryx alata Vogel., a native species, is still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to identify the most promising AMF inoculum for producing D. alata seedlings and their effects on growth. Seedlings were inoculated with Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora albida, Gigaspora margarita, a mixture of these three species, and an uninoculated control. Height, diameter, and chlorophyll index were evaluated at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after seedling transplanting, while biomass production, quality index, dependence, and mycorrhizal efficiency were evaluated at 180 days. Greater diameter and height values were observed for D. alata seedlings at 180 days and inoculated with G. albida, G. margarita, and the mixture. AMF of the genus Gigaspora positively contributed to biomass production and seedling quality. D. alata seedlings show high mycorrhizal dependence on G. albida and G. margarita inoculum, which had good mycorrhizal efficiency. AMF, especially those of the genus Gigaspora, favor the production of high-quality D. alata seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Souza
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - S C Santos
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - C C Santos
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - A S Dias
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J M Silverio
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - V W Trovato
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - D S Flauzino
- Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural - SENAR, Departamento de Hortifruti, Dourados, MS, Brasil
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Guigard L, Jobert L, Busset N, Moulin L, Czernic P. Symbiotic compatibility between rice cultivars and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi genotypes affects rice growth and mycorrhiza-induced resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278990. [PMID: 37941658 PMCID: PMC10628536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belong to the Glomeromycota clade and can form root symbioses with 80% of Angiosperms, including crops species such as wheat, maize and rice. By increasing nutrient availability, uptake and soil anchoring of plants, AMF can improve plant's growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses. AMF can also reduce symptoms and pathogen load on infected plants, both locally and systemically, through a phenomenon called mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR). There is scarce information on rice mycorrhization, despite the high potential of this symbiosis in a context of sustainable water management in rice production systems. Methods We studied the symbiotic compatibility (global mycorrhization & arbuscules intensity) and MIR phenotypes between six rice cultivars from two subspecies (indica: IR64 & Phka Rumduol; japonica: Nipponbare, Kitaake, Azucena & Zhonghua 11) and three AMF genotypes (Funneliformis mosseae FR140 (FM), Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 (RIR) & R. intraradices FR121 (RIN)). The impact of mycorrhization on rice growth and defence response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) infection was recorded via both phenotypic indexes and rice marker gene expression studies. Results All three AMF genotypes colonise the roots of all rice varieties, with clear differences in efficiency depending on the combination under study (from 27% to 84% for Phka Rumduol-RIN and Nipponbare-RIR combinations, respectively). Mycorrhization significantly (α=0.05) induced negative to beneficial effects on rice growth (impact on dry weight ranging from -21% to 227% on Azucena-FM and Kitaake-RIN combinations, respectively), and neutral to beneficial effects on the extent of Xoo symptoms on leaves (except for Azucena-RIN combination which showed a 68% increase of chlorosis). R. irregularis DAOM197198 was the most compatible AMF partner of rice, with high root colonisation intensity (84% of Nipponbare's roots hyphal colonisation), beneficial effects on rice growth (dry weight +28% (IR64) to +178% (Kitaake)) and decrease of Xoo-induced symptoms (-6% (Nipponbare) to -27% (IR64)). Transcriptomic analyses by RT-qPCR on leaves of two rice cultivars contrasting in their association with AMF show two different patterns of response on several physiological marker genes. Discussion Overall, the symbiotic compatibility between rice cultivars and AMF demonstrates adequate colonization, effectively restricting the nutrient starvation response and mitigating symptoms of phytopathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Czernic
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Mohd-Radzman NA, Drapek C. Compartmentalisation: A strategy for optimising symbiosis and tradeoff management. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2998-3011. [PMID: 36717758 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture is developmentally plastic in response to fluctuating nutrient levels in the soil. Part of this developmental plasticity is the formation of dedicated root cells and organs to host mutualistic symbionts. Structures like nitrogen-fixing nodules serve as alternative nutrient acquisition strategies during starvation conditions. Some root systems can also form myconodules-globular root structures that can host mycorrhizal fungi. The myconodule association is different from the wide-spread arbuscular mycorrhization. This range of symbiotic associations provides different degrees of compartmentalisation, from the cellular to organ scale, which allows the plant host to regulate the entry and extent of symbiotic interactions. In this review, we discuss the degrees of symbiont compartmentalisation by the plant host as a developmental strategy and speculate how spatial confinement mitigates risks associated with root symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen Drapek
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
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50
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Djotan AKG, Matsushita N, Fukuda K. Paired Root-Soil Samples and Metabarcoding Reveal Taxon-Based Colonization Strategies in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in Japanese Cedar and Cypress Stands. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2133-2146. [PMID: 37115261 PMCID: PMC10497666 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the roots and soil surrounding their hosts are typically independently investigated and little is known of the relationships between the communities of the two compartments. We simultaneously collected root and surrounding soil samples from Cryptomeria japonica (Cj) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Co) at three environmentally different sites. Based on molecular and morphological analyses, we characterized their associated AMF communities. Cj was more densely colonized than Co and that root colonization intensity was significantly correlated with soil AMF diversity. The communities comprised 15 AMF genera dominated by Glomus and Paraglomus and 1443 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of which 1067 and 1170 were in roots and soil, respectively. AMF communities were significantly different among sites, and the root AMF communities were significantly different from those of soil at each site. The root and soil AMF communities responded differently to soil pH. At the genus level, Glomus and Acaulospora were abundant in roots while Paraglomus and Redeckera were abundant in soil. Our findings suggest that AMF colonizing roots are protected from environmental stresses in soil. However, the root-soil-abundant taxa have adapted to both environments and represent a model AMF symbiont. This evidence of strategic exploitation of the rhizosphere by AMF supports prior hypotheses and provides insights into community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akotchiffor Kevin Geoffroy Djotan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (Laboratory of Forest Botany), University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (Laboratory of Forest Botany), University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (Laboratory of Forest Botany), University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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