1
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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2
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Lee K, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Polymerization Induced Microphase Separation for the Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307329. [PMID: 37429822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization induced microphase separation (PIMS) is a strategy used to develop unique nanostructures with highly useful morphologies through the microphase separation of emergent block copolymers during polymerization. In this process, nanostructures are formed with at least two chemically independent domains, where at least one domain is composed of a robust crosslinked polymer. Crucially, this synthetically simple method is readily used to develop nanostructured materials with the highly coveted co-continuous morphology, which can also be converted into mesoporous materials by selective etching of one domain. As PIMS exploits a block copolymer microphase separation mechanism, the size of each domain can be tightly controlled by modifying the size of block copolymer precursors, thus providing unparalleled control over nanostructure and resultant mesopore sizes. Since its inception 11 years ago, PIMS has been used to develop a vast inventory of advanced materials for an extensive range of applications including biomedical devices, ion exchange membranes, lithium-ion batteries, catalysis, 3D printing, and fluorescence-based sensors, among many others. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the PIMS process, summarize latest developments in PIMS chemistry, and discuss its utility in a wide variety of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H, Mohammadi A, Asghartabar Kashi P, Chen J, Ettelaie R. 3D Printing of Bioactive Gel-like Double Emulsion into a Biocompatible Hierarchical Macroporous Self-Lubricating Scaffold for 3D Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49874-49891. [PMID: 37824503 PMCID: PMC10614201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The interconnected hierarchically porous structures are of key importance for potential applications as substrates for drug delivery, cell culture, and bioscaffolds, ensuring cell adhesion and sufficient diffusion of metabolites and nutrients. Here, encapsulation of a vitamin C-loaded gel-like double emulsion using a hydrophobic emulsifier and soy particles was performed to develop a bioactive bioink for 3D printing of highly porous scaffolds with enhanced cell biocompatibility. The produced double emulsions suggested a mechanical strength with the range of elastic moduli of soft tissues possessing a thixotropic feature and recoverable matrix. The outstanding flow behavior and viscoelasticity broaden the potential of gel-like double emulsion to engineer 3D scaffolds, in which 3D constructs showed a high level of porosity and excellent shape fidelity with antiwearing and self-lubricating properties. Investigation of cell viability and proliferation using fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) within vitamin C-loaded gel-like bioinks revealed that printed 3D scaffolds offered brilliant biocompatibility and cell adhesion. Compared to scaffolds without encapsulated vitamin C, 3D scaffolds containing vitamin C showed higher cell viability after 1 week of cell proliferation. This work represented a systematic investigation of hierarchical self-assembly in double emulsions and offered insights into mechanisms that control microstructure within supramolecular structures, which could be instructive for the design of advanced functional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute
of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute
of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adeleh Mohammadi
- Faculty
of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University
of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran
| | - Peyman Asghartabar Kashi
- Faculty
of Biosystem, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Tehran University, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Food
Oral Processing Laboratory, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food
Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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4
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Ju J, Hayward RC. Cocontinuous Nanostructures by Microphase Separation of Statistically Cross-Linked Polystyrene/Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49633-49641. [PMID: 37843430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Cocontinuous polymeric nanostructures have drawn considerable attention due to their ability to combine distinct, percolation-dependent properties of two different polymer domains. Randomly end-linked copolymer networks (RECNs) have previously been shown to support the formation of disordered cocontinuous nanostructures across wide composition windows in a robust way. However, achieving highly efficient linking of telechelic polymers with excellent end-group fidelity often requires complex synthetic routes. As an alternative, we study here statistically cross-linked copolymer networks (SCCNs) composed of polystyrene and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS and P2VP) with cross-linkable allyl pendent groups that are conveniently synthesized by controlled radical copolymerization. Via selective extraction of P2VP, coupled with gravimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy, we find disordered cocontinuous phases across wide composition ranges (up to ≈ 35 wt %), approaching values previously determined for RECNs. Remarkably, even for samples that appear to exhibit full percolation, a substantial fraction of P2VP (≈ 20-30 wt %) cannot be removed, which we ascribe to short strands between nearby cross-linkers that are physically embedded within PS domains. The resulting PS porous monoliths with residual surface P2VP layers enable facile surface modification to resist protein adsorption and templating of porous gold nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechul Ju
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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5
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Luo Y, Mei Y, Xu Y, Huang K. Hyper-Crosslinked Porous Organic Nanomaterials: Structure-Oriented Design and Catalytic Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2514. [PMID: 37764543 PMCID: PMC10537049 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-crosslinked porous organic nanomaterials, especially the hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), are a unique class of materials that combine the benefits of high surface area, porous structure, and good chemical and thermal stability all rolled into one. A wide range of synthetic methods offer an enormous variety of HCPs with different pore structures and morphologies, which has allowed HCPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, and heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we present a systematic review of recent approaches to pore size modulation and morphological tailoring of HCPs and their applications to catalysis. We mainly compare the effects of pore size modulation and morphological tailoring on catalytic applications, aiming to pave the way for researchers to develop HCPs with an optimal performance for modern applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Yixuan Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
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6
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Gries S, Brinker M, Zeller-Plumhoff B, Rings D, Krekeler T, Longo E, Greving I, Huber P. Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Hierarchically Porous Silicon and Silica by Active Nanoparticle-Assisted Chemical Etching and Pseudomorphic Thermal Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206842. [PMID: 36794297 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many biological materials exhibit a multiscale porosity with small, mostly nanoscale pores as well as large, macroscopic capillaries to simultaneously achieve optimized mass transport capabilities and lightweight structures with large inner surfaces. Realizing such a hierarchical porosity in artificial materials necessitates often sophisticated and expensive top-down processing that limits scalability. Here, an approach that combines self-organized porosity based on metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) with photolithographically induced macroporosity for the synthesis of single-crystalline silicon with a bimodal pore-size distribution is presented, i.e., hexagonally arranged cylindrical macropores with 1 µm diameter separated by walls that are traversed by pores 60 nm across. The MACE process is mainly guided by a metal-catalyzed reduction-oxidation reaction, where silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) serve as the catalyst. In this process, the AgNPs act as self-propelled particles that are constantly removing silicon along their trajectories. High-resolution X-ray imaging and electron tomography reveal a resulting large open porosity and inner surface for potential applications in high-performance energy storage, harvesting and conversion or for on-chip sensorics and actuorics. Finally, the hierarchically porous silicon membranes can be transformed structure-conserving by thermal oxidation into hierarchically porous amorphous silica, a material that could be of particular interest for opto-fluidic and (bio-)photonic applications due to its multiscale artificial vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gries
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 10, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures, CHyN, University of Hamburg, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Brinker
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 10, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures, CHyN, University of Hamburg, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berit Zeller-Plumhoff
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Dagmar Rings
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krekeler
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Longo
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Italien
| | - Imke Greving
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 10, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures, CHyN, University of Hamburg, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Tsaur L, Wiesner UB. Non-Equilibrium Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Based Porous Membrane Formation Processes Employing Multicomponent Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092020. [PMID: 37177169 PMCID: PMC10180547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous polymer-derived membranes are useful for applications ranging from filtration and separation technologies to energy storage and conversion. Combining block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly with the industrially scalable, non-equilibrium phase inversion technique (SNIPS) yields membranes comprising periodically ordered top surface structures supported by asymmetric, hierarchical substructures that together overcome performance tradeoffs typically faced by materials derived from equilibrium approaches. This review first reports on recent advances in understanding the top surface structural evolution of a model SNIPS-derived system during standard membrane formation. Subsequently, the application of SNIPS to multicomponent systems is described, enabling pore size modulation, chemical modification, and transformation to non-polymeric materials classes without compromising the structural features that define SNIPS membranes. Perspectives on future directions of both single-component and multicomponent membrane materials are provided. This points to a rich and fertile ground for the study of fundamental as well as applied problems using non-equilibrium-derived asymmetric porous materials with tunable chemistry, composition, and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieihn Tsaur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Xu G, Li M, Wang Q, Feng F, Lou Q, Hou Y, Hui J, Zhang P, Wang L, Yao L, Qin S, Ouyang X, Wu D, Ling D, Wang X. A Dual-Kinetic Control Strategy for Designing Nano-Metamaterials: Novel Class of Metamaterials with Both Characteristic and Whole Sizes of Nanoscale. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205595. [PMID: 36377475 PMCID: PMC9896071 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly intricate in their multilevel multiscale microarchitecture, metamaterials with unique physical properties are challenging the inherent constraints of natural materials. Their applicability in the nanomedicine field still suffers because nanomedicine requires a maximum size of tens to hundreds of nanometers; however, this size scale has not been achieved in metamaterials. Therefore, "nano-metamaterials," a novel class of metamaterials, are introduced, which are rationally designed materials with multilevel microarchitectures and both characteristic sizes and whole sizes at the nanoscale, investing in themselves remarkably unique and significantly enhanced material properties as compared with conventional nanomaterials. Microarchitectural regulation through conventional thermodynamic strategy is limited since the thermodynamic process relies on the frequency-dependent effective temperature, Teff (ω), which limits the architectural regulation freedom degree. Here, a novel dual-kinetic control strategy is designed to fabricate nano-metamaterials by freezing a high-free energy state in a Teff (ω)-constant system, where two independent dynamic processes, non-solvent induced block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly and osmotically driven self-emulsification, are regulated simultaneously. Fe3+ -"onion-like core@porous corona" (Fe3+ -OCPCs) nanoparticles (the products) have not only architectural complexity, porous corona and an onion-like core but also compositional complexity, Fe3+ chelating BCP assemblies. Furthermore, by using Fe3+ -OCPCs as a model material, a microstructure-biological performance relationship is manifested in nano-metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xu
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNational Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Feng Feng
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Qi Lou
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Hui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical MaterialsSchool of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest UniversityXi'anShaanxi710069P. R. China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesInstitute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Shijie Qin
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Dazhuan Wu
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNational Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- Institute of Process EquipmentCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027P. R. China
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9
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Thedford RP, Yu F, Tait WRT, Shastri K, Monticone F, Wiesner U. The Promise of Soft-Matter-Enabled Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203908. [PMID: 35863756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of quantum materials has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, driven by exciting new discoveries with immense transformative potential. Traditional synthetic methods to quantum materials have, however, limited the exploration of architectural control beyond the atomic scale. By contrast, soft matter self-assembly can be used to tailor material structure over a large range of length scales, with a vast array of possible form factors, promising emerging quantum material properties at the mesoscale. This review explores opportunities for soft matter science to impact the synthesis of quantum materials with advanced properties. Existing work at the interface of these two fields is highlighted, and perspectives are provided on possible future directions by discussing the potential benefits and challenges which can arise from their bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - William R T Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kunal Shastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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10
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Guo L, Ntetsikas K, Zapsas G, Thankamony R, Lai Z, Hadjichristidis N. Highly Efficient Production of Nanoporous Block Copolymers with Arbitrary Structural Characteristics for Advanced Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212400. [PMID: 36346623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The great significance of boosting the design of percolating nanopore structures in block copolymers (BCPs) for various cases has been widely demonstrated in the past several decades. However, it still remains challenging to prepare the desired porous structures in a rapid, facile, and universal manner. Here we have developed an unconventional and benchtop strategy to rapidly generate the nanoporous polystyrene-based BCPs with arbitrary structural characteristics regardless of the BCP bulk morphology. This universal pore-forming strategy enables the sustainable CO2 -based BCPs to form advanced membranes after 1 s soaking for efficiently rejecting 94.2 % brilliant blue R (826 g mol-1 ). Meanwhile, the water permeance retains around 1020 L (m2 h bar)-1 , which is 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of other membranes. This strategy may offer an excellent opportunity to introduce percolating pore structures in those newly developed BCPs with which the previously reported pore-forming methods may not deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Guo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Georgios Zapsas
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshni Thankamony
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiping Lai
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Synthesis of reverse-selective nanoporous ultrafiltration membranes using dual phase separations of ionic liquid and Poly(ethylene glycol) from the gelating urea-linked covalent network. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Double stimuli-responsive isoporous block copolymer membranes upon phase separation strategies. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Riasi MS, Tsaur L, Li YM, Zhang Q, Wiesner U, Yeghiazarian L. Stochastic microstructure delineation and flow simulation in asymmetric block copolymer ultrafiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Ying J, Lenaerts S, Symes MD, Yang X. Hierarchical Design in Nanoporous Metals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106117. [PMID: 35900062 PMCID: PMC9507373 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous metals possess intriguing high accessibility of matter molecules and unique continuous metallic frameworks, as well as a high level of exposed active atoms. High rates of diffusion and fast energy transfer have been important and challenging goals of hierarchical design and porosity control with nanostructured metals. This review aims to summarize recent important progress toward the development of hierarchically porous metals, with special emphasis on synthetic strategies, hierarchical design in structure-function and corresponding applications. The current challenges and future prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologySun Yat‐sen University (SYSU)Zhuhai519082P. R. China
| | - Silvia Lenaerts
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy and Air Purification (DuEL), Department of Bioscience EngineeringUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerp2020Belgium
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestCHEM, School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiao‐Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
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16
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Septani CM, Kua MF, Chen CY, Lin JM, Sun YS. Micellization, aggregation, and gelation of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) in cosolvents added with hydrochloric acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Structure induced laminar vortices control anomalous dispersion in porous media. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3820. [PMID: 35780187 PMCID: PMC9250523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural porous systems, such as soil, membranes, and biological tissues comprise disordered structures characterized by dead-end pores connected to a network of percolating channels. The release and dispersion of particles, solutes, and microorganisms from such features is key for a broad range of environmental and medical applications including soil remediation, filtration and drug delivery. Yet, owing to the stagnant and opaque nature of these disordered systems, the role of microscopic structure and flow on the dispersion of particles and solutes remains poorly understood. Here, we use a microfluidic model system that features a pore structure characterized by distributed dead-ends to determine how particles are transported, retained and dispersed. We observe strong tailing of arrival time distributions at the outlet of the medium characterized by power-law decay with an exponent of 2/3. Using numerical simulations and an analytical model, we link this behavior to particles initially located within dead-end pores, and explain the tailing exponent with a hopping across and rolling along the streamlines of vortices within dead-end pores. We quantify such anomalous dispersal by a stochastic model that predicts the full evolution of arrival times. Our results demonstrate how microscopic flow structures can impact macroscopic particle transport.
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18
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Ahmadi Y, Kim KH. Recent Progress in the Development of Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers for Adsorption of Gaseous Volatile Organic Compounds. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2082470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Enhanced dimensional stability of lightweight SBR/EVA foam by an inorganic scaffold structure constructed in the cell wall. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Septani CM, Shih O, Yeh YQ, Sun YS. Structural Evolution of a Polystyrene- Block-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Block Copolymer in Tetrahydrofuran/Water Cosolvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5987-5995. [PMID: 35507040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to quantitatively investigate the effect of water content on the self-assembly behavior of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) in tetrahydrofuran/water cosolvents by small-angle X-ray scattering. PS-b-PEO chains preferentially form fractal aggregates at a dilute concentration in neat tetrahydrofuran (THF). By adding a small amount of water into THF, PS-b-PEO forms gelled networks. The gelled networks have correlated inhomogeneities, which were generated through mesophase separation. These gelled networks are not present when PS-b-PEO is dissolved in THF/methanol and THF/ethanol cosolvents. The substitution of water with 12 M HCl reduces the viscosity of the gelled networks. Those results indicate that the gelled networks of PS-b-PEO need hydrogen bonds formed from surrounding water molecules to be bridging agents, which connect different PEO block chains together. Upon increasing the water content in THF/water cosolvents, dispersed micelles with a core-shell conformation or aggregated micelles preferentially coexist with fractal aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mutiara Septani
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Orion Shih
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qi Yeh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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21
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Samitsu S, Pruksawan S, Yokoyama H, Ichinose I. Solvent Effects during the Flash-Freezing Fabrication of Mesoporous Polystyrenes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaki Samitsu
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Sirawit Pruksawan
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Toudaikasiwakyanpasu, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Izumi Ichinose
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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22
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Adegoke KA, Maxakato NW. Porous metal oxide electrocatalytic nanomaterials for energy conversion: Oxygen defects and selection techniques. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Duan X, Li N, Chen X, Zhu N. Characterization of Tissue Scaffolds Using Synchrotron Radiation Microcomputed Tomography Imaging. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:573-588. [PMID: 34670397 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing from other traditional imaging, synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography (SR-μCT) imaging allows for the visualization of three-dimensional objects of interest in a nondestructive and/or in situ way with better spatial resolution, deep penetration, relatively fast speed, and/or high contrast. SR-μCT has been illustrated promising for visualizing and characterizing tissue scaffolds for repairing or replacing damaged tissue or organs in tissue engineering (TE), which is of particular advance for longitudinal monitoring and tracking the success of scaffolds once implanted in animal models and/or human patients. This article presents a comprehensive review on recent studies of characterization of scaffolds based on SR-μCT and takes scaffold architectural properties, mechanical properties, degradation, swelling and wettability, and biological properties as five separate sections to introduce SR-μCT wide applications. We also discuss and highlight the unique opportunities of SR-μCT in various TE applications; conclude this article with the suggested future research directions, including the prospective applications of SR-μCT, along with its challenges and methods for improvement in the field of TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Duan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Naitao Li
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ning Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada
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24
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Nanoporous polyethersulfone membranes prepared by mixed solvent phase separation method for protein separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Seah GL, Wang L, Tan LF, Tipjanrawee C, Sasangka WA, Usadi AK, McConnachie JM, Tan KW. Ordered Mesoporous Alumina with Tunable Morphologies and Pore Sizes for CO 2 Capture and Dye Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36117-36129. [PMID: 34288649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a versatile and scalable strategy toward long-range and periodically ordered mesoporous alumina (Al2O3) structures by evaporation-induced self-assembly of a structure-directing ABA triblock copolymer (F127) mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide-derived sol additive. We found that the separate preparation of the alkoxide sol-gel reaction before mixing with the block copolymer enabled access to a relatively unexplored parameter space of copolymer-to-additive composition, acid-to-metal molar ratio, and solvent, yielding ordered mesophases of two-dimensional (2D) lamellar, hexagonal cylinder, and 3D cage-like cubic lattices, as well as multiscale hierarchical ordered structures from spinodal decomposition-induced macro- and mesophase separation. Thermal annealing in air at 900 °C yielded well-ordered mesoporous crystalline γ-Al2O3 structures and hierarchically porous γ-Al2O3 with 3D interconnected macroscale and ordered mesoscale pore networks. The ordered Al2O3 structures exhibited tunable pore sizes in three different length scales, <2 nm (micropore), 2-11 nm (mesopore), and 1-5 μm (macropore), as well as high surface areas and pore volumes of up to 305 m2/g and 0.33 cm3/g, respectively. Moreover, the resultant mesoporous Al2O3 demonstrated enhanced adsorption capacities of carbon dioxide and Congo red dye. Such hierarchically ordered mesoporous Al2O3 are well-suited for green environmental solutions and urban sustainability applications, for example, high-temperature solid adsorbents and catalyst supports for carbon dioxide sequestration, fuel cells, and wastewater separation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geok Leng Seah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Leyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Li Fang Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chanikarn Tipjanrawee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Wardhana A Sasangka
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Adam K Usadi
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | | | - Kwan W Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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26
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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27
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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28
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Schaper SJ, Löhrer FC, Xia S, Geiger C, Schwartzkopf M, Pandit P, Rubeck J, Fricke B, Frenzke S, Hinz AM, Carstens N, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Revealing the growth of copper on polystyrene- block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer thin films with in situ GISAXS. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10555-10565. [PMID: 34100512 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) as an excellent electrical conductor and the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) as a polymer electrolyte and ionic conductor can be combined with an active material in composite electrodes for polymer lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As interfaces are a key issue in LIBs, sputter deposition of Cu contacts on PS-b-PEO thin films with high PEO fraction is investigated with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to follow the formation of the Cu layer in real-time. We observe a hierarchical morphology of Cu clusters building larger Cu agglomerates. Two characteristic distances corresponding to the PS-b-PEO microphase separation and the Cu clusters are determined. A selective agglomeration of Cu clusters on the PS domains explains the origin of the persisting hierarchical morphology of the Cu layer even after a complete surface coverage is reached. The spheroidal shape of the Cu clusters growing within the first few nanometers of sputter deposition causes a highly porous Cu-polymer interface. Four growth stages are distinguished corresponding to different kinetics of the cluster growth of Cu on PS-b-PEO thin films: (I) nucleation, (II) diffusion-driven growth, (III) adsorption-driven growth, and (IV) grain growth of Cu clusters. Percolation is reached at an effective Cu layer thickness of 5.75 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Schaper
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Franziska C Löhrer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Senlin Xia
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pallavi Pandit
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rubeck
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Fricke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susann Frenzke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Hinz
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niko Carstens
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. and Heinz Maier-Leibniz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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29
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Jehle F, Priemel T, Strauss M, Fratzl P, Bertinetti L, Harrington MJ. Collagen Pentablock Copolymers Form Smectic Liquid Crystals as Precursors for Mussel Byssus Fabrication. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6829-6838. [PMID: 33793207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biological materials are important role models for the design and fabrication of next generation advanced polymers. Marine mussels (Mytilus spp.) fabricate hierarchically structured collagenous fibers known as byssal threads via bottom-up supramolecular assembly of fluid protein precursors. The high degree of structural organization in byssal threads is intimately linked to their exceptional toughness and self-healing capacity. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that multidomain collagen precursor proteins, known as preCols, are stored in secretory vesicles as a colloidal liquid crystal (LC) phase prior to thread self-assembly. Using advanced electron microscopy methods, including scanning TEM and FIB-SEM, we visualized the detailed smectic preCol LC nanostructure in 3D, including various LC defects, confirming this hypothesis and providing quantitative insights into the mesophase structure. In light of these findings, we performed an in-depth comparative analysis of preCol protein sequences from multiple Mytilid species revealing that the smectic organization arises from an evolutionarily conserved ABCBA pentablock copolymer-like primary structure based on demarcations in hydropathy and charge distribution as well as terminal pH-responsive domains that trigger fiber formation. These distilled supramolecular assembly principles provide inspiration and strategies for sustainable assembly of nanostructured polymeric materials for potential applications in engineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jehle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Priemel
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- BCUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Shi LY, Lee S, Du Q, Zhou B, Weng L, Liu R, Ross CA. Bending Behavior and Directed Self-Assembly of Rod-Coil Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10437-10445. [PMID: 33606493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of zigzags, chevrons, Y-junctions, and line segments is demonstrated in thin films formed from cylindrical morphology silicon-containing conformationally asymmetric rod-coil diblock copolymers and triblock terpolymers under solvent annealing. Directed self-assembly of the block copolymers within trenches yields well-ordered cylindrical microdomains oriented either parallel or transverse to the sidewalls depending on the chemical functionalization of the sidewalls, and the location and structure of concentric bends in the cylinders is determined by the shape of the trenches. The innate etching contrast, the spontaneous sharp bends and junctions, and the range of demonstrated periodicity and line/space ratios make these conformationally asymmetric rod-coil polymers attractive for nanoscale pattern generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qingyang Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Weng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Runze Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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31
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Coffer JL, Canham LT. Nanoporous Silicon as a Green, High-Tech Educational Tool. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020553. [PMID: 33672198 PMCID: PMC7926729 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pedagogical tools are needed that link multidisciplinary nanoscience and technology (NST) to multiple state-of-the-art applications, including those requiring new fabrication routes relying on green synthesis. These can both educate and motivate the next generation of entrepreneurial NST scientists to create innovative products whilst protecting the environment and resources. Nanoporous silicon shows promise as such a tool as it can be fabricated from plants and waste materials, but also embodies many key educational concepts and key industrial uses identified for NST. Specific mechanical, thermal, and optical properties become highly tunable through nanoporosity. We also describe exceptional properties for nanostructured silicon like medical biodegradability and efficient light emission that open up new functionality for this semiconductor. Examples of prior lecture courses and potential laboratory projects are provided, based on the author’s experiences in academic chemistry and physics departments in the USA and UK, together with industrial R&D in the medical, food, and consumer-care sectors. Nanoporous silicon-based lessons that engage students in the basics of entrepreneurship can also readily be identified, including idea generation, intellectual property, and clinical translation of nanomaterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Coffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (L.T.C.)
| | - Leigh T. Canham
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (L.T.C.)
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32
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Werner JG, Lee H, Wiesner U, Weitz DA. Ordered Mesoporous Microcapsules from Double Emulsion Confined Block Copolymer Self-Assembly. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3490-3499. [PMID: 33556234 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric microcapsules with shells containing homogeneous pores with uniform diameter on the nanometer scale are reported. The mesoporous microcapsules are obtained from confined self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers with a selective porogen in the shell of water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion drops. The use of double emulsion drops as a liquid template enables the formation of homogeneous capsules of 100s of microns in diameter, with aqueous cores encapsulated in a shell membrane with a tunable thickness of 100s of nanometers to 10s of microns. Microcapsules with shells that exhibit an ordered gyroidal morphology and three-dimensionally connected mesopores are obtained from the triblock terpolymer poly(isoprene)-block-poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) coassembled with pentadecylphenol as a porogen. The bicontinuous shell morphology yields nanoporous paths connecting the inside to the outside of the microcapsule after porogen removal; by contrast, one-dimensional hexagonally packed cylindrical pores, obtained from a traditional diblock copolymer system with parallel alignment to the surface, would block transport through the shell. To enable the mesoporous microcapsules to withstand harsh conditions, such as exposure to organic solvents, without rupture of the shell, we develop a cross-linking method of the nanostructured triblock terpolymer shell after its self-assembly. The microcapsules exhibit pH-responsive permeability to polymeric solutes, demonstrating their potential as a filtration medium for actively tunable macromolecular separation and purification. Furthermore, we report a tunable dual-phase separation method to fabricate microcapsules with hierarchically porous shells that exhibit ordered mesoporous membrane walls within sponge-like micron-sized macropores to further control shell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg G Werner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hyomin Lee
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Rodriguez-Palomo A, Lutz-Bueno V, Cao X, Kádár R, Andersson M, Liebi M. In Situ Visualization of the Structural Evolution and Alignment of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals in Confined Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006229. [PMID: 33502102 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled materials such as lyotropic liquid crystals offer a wide variety of structures and applications by tuning the composition. Understanding materials behavior under flow and the induced alignment is wanted in order to tailor structure related properties. A method to visualize the structure and anisotropy of ordered systems in situ under dynamic conditions is presented where flow-induced nanostructural alignment in microfluidic channels is observed by scanning small angle X-ray scattering in hexagonal and lamellar self-assembled phases. In the hexagonal phase, the material in regions with high extensional flow exhibits orientation perpendicular to the flow and is oriented in the flow direction only in regions with a high enough shear rate. For the lamellar phase, a flow-induced morphological transition occurs from aligned lamellae toward multilamellar vesicles. However, the vesicles do not withstand the mechanical forces and break in extended lamellae in regions with high shear rates. This evolution of nanostructure with different shear rates can be correlated with a shear thinning viscosity curve with different slopes. The results demonstrate new fundamental knowledge about the structuring of liquid crystals under flow. The methodology widens the quantitative investigation of complex structures and identifies important mechanisms of reorientation and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Lutz-Bueno
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Centre for X-ray Analytics, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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34
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Monahan M, Cai B, Jian T, Zhang S, Zhu G, Chen CL, De Yoreo JJ, Cossairt BM. Peptoid-directed assembly of CdSe nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1273-1282. [PMID: 33404572 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07509d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high information content of proteins drives their hierarchical assembly and complex function, including the organization of inorganic nanomaterials. Peptoids offer an organic scaffold very similar to proteins, but with a wider solubility range and easily tunable side chains and functional groups to create a variety of self-assembling architectures with atomic precision. If we could harness this paradigm and understand the factors that govern how they direct nucleation and assembly of inorganic materials to design order within such materials, new dimensions of function and fundamental science would emerge. In this work, peptoid tubes and sheets were explored as platforms to assemble colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and clusters. We have successfully synthesized CdSe QDs with difunctionalized capping ligands containing both carboxylic acid and thiol groups and mixed them with maleimide containing peptoids, to create an assembly of the QDs on the peptoid surface via a covalent linkage. This conjugation was seen to be successful with peptoid tubes, sheets and CdSe QDs and clusters. The particles were seen to have a high preference for the peptoid surface but non-specific interactions with carboxylic acid groups on the peptoids limited control over QD density via maleimide conjugation. Replacing the carboxylic acid groups with methoxy ethers, however, allowed for control over QD density as a function of maleimide concentration. 1H NMR analysis demonstrated that binding of QDs to peptoids involved a subset of surface ligands bound through the carboxylate functional group, allowing the distal thiol to engage in a covalent linkage to the maleimide. Overall, we have shown the compatibility and control of CdSe-peptoid interactions via a covalent linkage with varying peptoid structures and CdSe particles to create complex hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA.
| | - Bin Cai
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Tengyue Jian
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Guomin Zhu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA. and Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA.
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Lim E, Chun J, Jo C, Hwang J. Recent advances in the synthesis of mesoporous materials and their application to lithium-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacitors. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Oh W, Bae JS, Park JW. The Interplay between Phase Separation and Gelation Controlling the Morphologies of the Reactive Covalent Network/Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangsuk Oh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
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37
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Toth K, Osuji CO, Yager KG, Doerk GS. High-throughput morphology mapping of self-assembling ternary polymer blends. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42529-42541. [PMID: 35516747 PMCID: PMC9057993 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent blending is a convenient yet powerful approach to rationally control the material structure, morphology, and functional properties in solution-deposited films of block copolymers and other self-assembling nanomaterials. However, progress in understanding the structural and morphological dependencies on blend composition is hampered by the time and labor required to synthesize and characterize a large number of discrete samples. Here, we report a new method to systematically explore a wide composition space in ternary blends. Specifically, the blend composition space is divided into gradient segments deposited sequentially on a single wafer by a new gradient electrospray deposition tool, and characterized using high-throughput grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. This method is applied to the creation of a ternary morphology diagram for a cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer blended with PS and PMMA homopolymers. Using “wet brush” homopolymers of very low molecular weight (∼1 kg mol−1), we identify well-demarcated composition regions comprising highly ordered cylinder, lamellae, and sphere morphologies, as well as a disordered phase at high homopolymer mass fractions. The exquisite granularity afforded by this approach also helps to uncover systematic dependencies among self-assembled morphology, topological grain size, and domain period as functions of homopolymer mass fraction and PS : PMMA ratio. These results highlight the significant advantages afforded by blending low molecular weight homopolymers for block copolymer self-assembly. Meanwhile, the high-throughput, combinatorial approach to investigating nanomaterial blends introduced here dramatically reduces the time required to explore complex process parameter spaces and is a natural complement to recent advances in autonomous X-ray characterization. Compositionally graded electrospray deposition combined with grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering forms a high-throughput approach for mapping phase behavior in ternary mixtures as demonstrated here using block copolymer blends.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Toth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA
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38
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Schwartz J, Zheng H, Hanwell M, Jiang Y, Hovden R. Dynamic compressed sensing for real-time tomographic reconstruction. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 219:113122. [PMID: 33091708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron tomography has achieved higher resolution and quality at reduced doses with recent advances in compressed sensing. Compressed sensing (CS) exploits the inherent sparse signal structure to efficiently reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) volumes at the nanoscale from undersampled measurements. However, the process bottlenecks 3D reconstruction with computation times that run from hours to days. Here we demonstrate a framework for dynamic compressed sensing that produces a 3D specimen structure that updates in real-time as new specimen projections are collected. Researchers can begin interpreting 3D specimens as data is collected to facilitate high-throughput and interactive analysis. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we show that dynamic compressed sensing accelerates the convergence speed by ~3-fold while also reducing its error by 27% for a Au/SrTiO3 nanoparticle specimen. Before a tomography experiment is completed, the 3D tomogram has interpretable structure within ~33% of completion and fine details are visible as early as ~66%. Upon completion of an experiment, a high-fidelity 3D visualization is produced without further delay. Additionally, reconstruction parameters that tune data fidelity can be manipulated throughout the computation without re-running the entire process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schwartz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor,University of Michigan, MI, USA.
| | - Huihuo Zheng
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Robert Hovden
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor,University of Michigan, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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39
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Septani CM, Wang CA, Jeng US, Su YC, Ko BT, Sun YS. Hierarchically Porous Carbon Materials from Self-Assembled Block Copolymer/Dopamine Mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11754-11764. [PMID: 32955261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous carbon materials with interconnected frameworks of macro- and mesopores are desirable for electrochemical applications in biosensors, electrocatalysis, and supercapacitors. In this study, we report a facile synthetic route to fabricate hierarchically porous carbon materials by controlled macro- and mesophase separation of a mixture of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene) and dopamine. The morphology of mesopores is tailored by controlling the coassembly of PS-b-PEO and dopamine in the acidic tetrahydrofuran-water cosolvent. HCl addition plays a critical role via enhancing the charge-dipole interactions between PEO and dopamine and suppressing the clustering and chemical reactions of dopamine in solution. As a result, subsequent drying can produce interpenetrated PS-b-PEO/DA mixtures without forming dopamine microsized crystallites. Dopamine oxidative polymerization induced by solvent annealing in NH4OH vapor enables the formation of percolating macropores. Subsequent pyrolysis to selectively remove the PS-b-PEO template from the complex can produce hierarchically porous carbon materials with interconnected frameworks of macro- and mesopores when pyrolysis is implemented at a low temperature or when DA is a minor component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Septani
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chen-An Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Tsan Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
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40
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Li X, Kheirabad AK, Zhao Q, Yuan J, Wang H. Crosslinking of a Single Poly(ionic liquid) by Water into Porous Supramolecular Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xiangshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road No. 1037 Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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41
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Li X, Kheirabad AK, Zhao Q, Yuan J, Wang H. Crosslinking of a Single Poly(ionic liquid) by Water into Porous Supramolecular Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17187-17191. [PMID: 32583932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xiangshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road No. 1037 Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Institute of Polymer Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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42
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Room-temperature swelling of block copolymers for nanoporous membranes with well-defined porosities. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Suo X, Cui X, Yang L, Xu N, Huang Y, He Y, Dai S, Xing H. Synthesis of Ionic Ultramicroporous Polymers for Selective Separation of Acetylene from Ethylene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907601. [PMID: 32529690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of highly stable and efficient porous materials is essential for developing breakthrough hydrocarbon separation methods based on physisorption to replace currently used energy-intensive distillation/absorption technologies. Efforts to develop advanced porous materials such as zeolites, coordination frameworks, and organic polymers have met with limited success. Here, a new class of ionic ultramicroporous polymers (IUPs) with high-density inorganic anions and narrowly distributed ultramicroporosity is reported, which are synthesized by a facile free-radical polymerization using branched and amphiphilic ionic compounds as reactive monomers. A covalent and ionic dual-crosslinking strategy is proposed to manipulate the pore structure of amorphous polymers at the ultramicroporous scale. The IUPs exhibit exceptional selectivity (286.1-474.4) for separating acetylene from ethylene along with high thermal and water stability, collaboratively demonstrated by gas adsorption isotherms and experimental breakthrough curves. Modeling studies unveil the specific binding sites for acetylene capture as well as the interconnected ultramicroporosity for size sieving. The porosity-engineering protocol used in this work can also be extended to the design of other ultramicroporous materials for the challenging separation of other key gas constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Suo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Xili Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yi He
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Huabin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
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44
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Hibi Y, Hesse SA, Yu F, Thedford RP, Wiesner U. Structural Evolution of Ternary Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Solvent Systems for Phase Inversion Membrane Formation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hibi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sarah A. Hesse
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fei Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - R. Paxton Thedford
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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45
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Jin S, Wei X, Yu Z, Ren J, Meng Z, Jiang Z. Acoustic-Controlled Bubble Generation and Fabrication of 3D Polymer Porous Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22318-22326. [PMID: 32255607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials have a variety of applications such as catalysis, gas separation, sensing, tissue engineering, sewage treatment, and so on. However, there are still challenges in the synthesis of porous materials with light weight, high porosity, and superhydrophobicity. Herein, we demonstrate one acoustic-controlled microbubble generation method, which is used to synthesize 3D polymer porous materials. The acoustic-controlled microbubble generation based on focused surface acoustic wave (FSAW) is suitable for not only the generation of gas-in-oil microbubbles but also the gas-in-water microbubbles. The size of microbubbles can be real-time controlled by adjusting the frequency or the driving voltage of the FSAW. The as-prepared poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) foams composed of microbubbles can be used as a template to fabricate the PVA-based porous gel materials through freezing-thawing cyclic processing, and the various sized bubbles result in different porosity of the PVA-based porous gel materials. Moreover, excellent properties like oleophilicity and superhydrophobicity of the PVA-based porous gel materials can be obtained through a further hydrophobic modification treatment. The oil/water separation experiments have been done to demonstrate the good absorption and reliability of the modified porous gel materials, which are capable of multiple uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Juan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhijun Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Liang Y, Zhang W, Tian T, Ouyang W, Wang P, Wang S, Ju Y, Li G. Multifunctional Nanoporous Polymer Membranes from Supramolecular Assembly of Block Copolymer with Polymerizable Arginine Derivative. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
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48
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Li J, Wang J, Li H, Song N, Wang D, Tang BZ. Supramolecular materials based on AIE luminogens (AIEgens): construction and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1144-1172. [PMID: 31971181 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) has significantly stimulated the development of luminescent supramolecular materials because their strong emissions in the aggregated state have resolved the notorious obstacle of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, thereby enabling AIEgen-based supramolecular materials to have a promising prospect in the fields of luminescent materials, sensors, bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics. Moreover, in contrast to conventional fluorescent molecules, the configuration of AIEgens is highly twisted in space. Investigating AIEgens and the corresponding supramolecular materials provides fundamental insights into the self-assembly of nonplanar molecules, drastically expands the building blocks of supramolecular materials, and pushes forward the frontiers of supramolecular chemistry. In this review, we will summarize the basic concepts, seminal studies, recent trends, and perspectives in the construction and applications of AIEgen-based supramolecular materials with the hope to inspire more interest and additional ideas from researchers and further advance the development of supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nan Song
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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Jehle F, Macías-Sánchez E, Sviben S, Fratzl P, Bertinetti L, Harrington MJ. Hierarchically-structured metalloprotein composite coatings biofabricated from co-existing condensed liquid phases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:862. [PMID: 32054841 PMCID: PMC7018715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex hierarchical structure governs emergent properties in biopolymeric materials; yet, the material processing involved remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the multi-scale structure and composition of the mussel byssus cuticle before, during and after formation to gain insight into the processing of this hard, yet extensible metal cross-linked protein composite. Our findings reveal that the granular substructure crucial to the cuticle’s function as a wear-resistant coating of an extensible polymer fiber is pre-organized in condensed liquid phase secretory vesicles. These are phase-separated into DOPA-rich proto-granules enveloped in a sulfur-rich proto-matrix which fuses during secretion, forming the sub-structure of the cuticle. Metal ions are added subsequently in a site-specific way, with iron contained in the sulfur-rich matrix and vanadium coordinated by DOPA-catechol in the granule. We posit that this hierarchical structure self-organizes via phase separation of specific amphiphilic proteins within secretory vesicles, resulting in a meso-scale structuring that governs cuticle function. The mussel byssus cuticle is a wear-resistant and extensible metalloprotein composite. Here, the authors probed the cuticle nanostructure and composition before, during and after fabrication revealing a crucial role of metal-binding proteins that self-organize via liquid-liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jehle
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Elena Macías-Sánchez
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424, Potsdam, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Li C, Li Q, Kaneti YV, Hou D, Yamauchi Y, Mai Y. Self-assembly of block copolymers towards mesoporous materials for energy storage and conversion systems. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4681-4736. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the progress in the field of block copolymer-templated mesoporous materials, including synthetic methods, morphological and pore size control and their potential applications in energy storage and conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200242
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200242
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Dan Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200242
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200242
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