1
|
Carrión-Roca W, Colón-Mercado AM, Castro-Suarez JR, Caballero-Agosto ER, Colón-González FM, Centeno-Ortiz JA, Ríos-Velázquez C, Hernández-Rivera SP. Chemical sensing of common microorganisms found in biopharmaceutical industries using MIR laser spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300391. [PMID: 38581192 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Mid-infrared laser spectroscopy was used to investigate common bacteria encountered in biopharmaceutical industries. The study involved the detection of bacteria using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy coupled to a grazing angle probe (QCL-GAP). Substrates similar to surfaces commonly used in biopharmaceutical industries were used as support media for the samples. Reflectance measurements were assisted by Multivariate Analysis (MVA) to assemble a powerful spectroscopic technique with classification and identification resources. The species analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus, were used to challenge the technique's capability to discriminate from microorganisms of the same family. Principal Components Analysis and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis differentiated between the bacterial species, using QCL-GAP-MVA as the reference. Spectral differences in the bacterial membrane were used to determine if these microorganisms were present in the samples analyzed. Results herein provided effective discrimination for the bacteria under study with high sensitivity and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer Carrión-Roca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - John R Castro-Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
- Universidad del Sinú, Unisinú, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamath A, Guyot-Sionnest P. The "energy gap law" for mid-infrared nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:200901. [PMID: 38785281 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots are of increasing interest for mid-infrared detection and emission, but device performances will vastly benefit from reducing the non-radiative recombination. Empirically, the photoluminescence quantum yield decreases exponentially toward the mid-infrared, which appears similar to the energy gap law known for molecular fluorescence in the near-infrared. For molecules, the mechanism is electron-vibration coupling and fast internal vibrational relaxation. Here, we explore the possible mechanisms for inorganic quantum dots. The primary mechanism is assigned to an electric dipole near-field energy transfer from the quantum dot electronic transitions to the infrared absorption of surface organic ligands and then to the multiphonon absorption of the quantum dot inorganic core or the surrounding inorganic matrix. In order to obtain luminescent quantum dots in the 3-10 μm range, we motivate the importance of using inorganic matrices, which have a higher infrared transparency compared to organic materials. At longer wavelengths, inter-quantum dot energy transfer is noted to be much faster than radiative relaxation, indicating that bright mid-infrared colloidal quantum dot films might then benefit from dilution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Kamath
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Philippe Guyot-Sionnest
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Francis D, Hodgkinson J, Tatam RP. Long-wave infrared pulsed external-cavity QCL spectrometer using a hollow waveguide gas cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18399-18414. [PMID: 38858996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A spectrometer built using an external cavity pulsed quantum cascade laser is described. The spectrometer has a tuning range from 10 - 13 µm (1,000 - 769 cm-1) and is designed to target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which often exhibit water-free molecular absorption within the region. The spectrometer utilizes a hollow silica waveguide gas cell which has an internal volume of a few millilitres, a fast response time (∼1 s), and is advantageous when only low sample volumes, similar to the cell volume, are available. Propane is used as a test gas because it is easy to handle, and its spectral profile is comparable to VOCs of interest. Its absorption in the region is primarily within the ν21 band which spans from 10.55 - 11.16 µm (948 - 896 cm-1). Spectral measurements at a range of concentrations show good linearity and an Allan deviation of absorbance values recorded over a 100-minute period indicates a minimum detectable absorbance of 3.5×10-5 at an integration time of 75 s.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pistore V, Viti L, Schiattarella C, Wang Z, Law S, Mitrofanov O, Vitiello MS. Holographic Nano-Imaging of Terahertz Dirac Plasmon Polaritons in Topological Insulator Antenna Resonators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308116. [PMID: 38152928 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of Dirac plasmon polaritons (DPPs) in bi-dimensional materials have attracted considerable interest in recent years, both from perspectives of understanding their physics and exploring their transformative potential for nanophotonic devices, including ultra-sensitive plasmonic sensors, ultrafast saturable absorbers, modulators, and switches. Topological insulators (TIs) represent an ideal technological platform in this respect because they can support plasmon polaritons formed by Dirac carriers in the topological surface states. Tracing propagation of DPPs is a very challenging task, particularly at terahertz (THz) frequencies, where the DPP wavelength becomes over one order of magnitude shorter than the free space photon wavelength. Furthermore, severe attenuation hinders the comprehensive analysis of their characteristics. Here, the properties of DPPs in real TI-based devices are revealed. Bi2Se3 rectangular antennas can efficiently confine the propagation of DPPs to a single dimension and, as a result, enhance the DPPs visibility despite the strong intrinsic attenuation. The plasmon dispersion and loss properties from plasmon profiles are experimentally determined, along the antennas, obtained using holographic near-field nano-imaging in a wide range of THz frequencies, from 2.05 to 4.3 THz. The detailed investigation of the unveiled DPP properties can guide the design of novel topological quantum devices exploiting their directional propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Pistore
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiattarella
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Zhengtianye Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- University College London, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Miriam S Vitiello
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Jiang T, Zhan Z, Wang X, Luo J, Liu C, Li J, Chen F, Peng L, Wu W. Enhanced properties of the mid-infrared superluminescent emitter with a composite waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:3174-3177. [PMID: 38856463 DOI: 10.1364/ao.519659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This study reports on a composite structure composing tilted taper, and tilted and curved waveguides with the aim of enhancing the spectral width and output power of mid-infrared quantum cascade superluminescent emitters (QC-SLEs). The computational results indicate that a tilt angle of 10° and a curved angle of 20° can avoid the selectivity of a certain wavelength due to interference effects at tilt angles of 6° and 8°, resulting in the minimum reflectivity of 1.3×10-4 and 4.4×10-4 for each wide and narrow cavity surface. Simultaneously, the modes propagating perpendicular to the cavity surface exist the least. The corresponding experimental results show a significant enhancement in the spectral width to 168.5c m -1 and a high power output of 5.1 mW for the device. This study presents what we believe to be a novel concept for the designing of superluminescent emitters with both a broadband and high power output.
Collapse
|
6
|
Drake GA, Keating LP, Huang C, Shim M. Colloidal Multi-Dot Nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9074-9083. [PMID: 38517010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal nanorod heterostructures consisting of multiple quantum dots within a nanorod (n-DNRs, where n is the number of quantum dots within a nanorod) are synthesized with alternating segments of CdSe "dot" and CdS "rod" via solution heteroepitaxy. The reaction temperature, time dependent ripening, and asymmetry of the wurtzite lattice and the resulting anisotropy of surface ligand steric hindrance are exploited to vary the morphology of the growing quantum dot segments. The alternating CdSe and CdS growth steps can be easily repeated to increment the dot number in unidirectional or bidirectional growth regimes. As an initial exploration of electron occupation effects on their optical properties, asymmetric 2-DNRs consisting of two dots of different lengths and diameters are synthesized and are shown to exhibit a change in color and an unusual photoluminescence quantum yield increase upon photochemical doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gryphon A Drake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Logan P Keating
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Moonsub Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dal Cin S, Windischhofer A, Pilat F, Leskowschek M, Pecile VF, David M, Beiser M, Weih R, Koeth J, Marschick G, Hinkov B, Strasser G, Heckl OH, Schwarz B. An interband cascade laser based heterodyne detector with integrated optical amplifier and local oscillator. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:1759-1764. [PMID: 38681676 PMCID: PMC11052533 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Heterodyne detection based on interband cascade lasers (ICL) has been demonstrated in a wide range of different applications. However, it is still often limited to bulky tabletop systems using individual components such as dual laser setups, beam shaping elements, and discrete detectors. In this work, a versatile integrated ICL platform is investigated for tackling this issue. A RF-optimized, two-section ICL approach is employed, consisting of a short section typically used for efficient modulation of the cavity field and a long gain section. Such a laser is operated in reversed mode, with the entire Fabry-Pérot waveguide utilized as a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and the electrically separated short section as detector. Furthermore, a racetrack cavity is introduced as on-chip single-mode reference generator. The field of the racetrack cavity is coupled into the SOA waveguide via an 800 nm gap. By external injection of a single mode ICL operating at the appropriate wavelength, a heterodyne beating between the on-chip reference and the injected signal can be observed on the integrated detector section of the SOA-detector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Dal Cin
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Windischhofer
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Pilat
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Leskowschek
- Faculty of Physics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito F. Pecile
- Faculty of Physics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro David
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Beiser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Weih
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Johannes Koeth
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Georg Marschick
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver H. Heckl
- Faculty of Physics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karnik TS, Diehl L, Dao KP, Du Q, Pflügl C, Vakhshoori D, Hu J. Monolithic beam combined quantum cascade laser arrays with integrated arrayed waveguide gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11681-11692. [PMID: 38571010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are ubiquitous mid-infrared sources owing to their flexible designs and compact footprints. Manufacturing multiwavelength QCL chips with high power levels and good beam quality is highly desirable for many applications. In this study, we demonstrate an λ ∼ 4.9 µm monolithic, wavelength beam-combined (WBC) infrared laser source by integrating on a single chip array of five QCL gain sections with an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). Optical feedback from the cleaved facets enables lasing, whereas the integrated AWG locks the emission spectrum of each gain section to its corresponding input channel wavelength and spatially combines their signals into a single-output waveguide. Our chip features high peak power from the common aperture exceeding 0.6 W for each input channel, with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of over 27 dB when operated in pulsed mode. Our active/passive integration approach allows for a seamless transition from the QCL ridges to the AWG without requiring regrowth or evanescent coupling schemes, leading to a robust design. These results pave the way for the development of highly compact mid-IR sources suitable for applications such as hyperspectral imaging.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stanojević N, Demić A, Vuković N, Dean P, Ikonić Z, Indjin D, Radovanović J. Effects of background doping, interdiffusion and layer thickness fluctuation on the transport characteristics of THz quantum cascade lasers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5641. [PMID: 38453978 PMCID: PMC10920758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects of n and p-type background doping, interface composition diffusion (interdiffusion) of the barrier material and layer thickness variation during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth on transport characteristics of terahertz-frequency quantum cascade lasers (THz QCLs). We analysed four exemplary structures: a bound-to-continuum design, hybrid design, LO-phonon design and a two-well high-temperature performance LO-phonon design. The exemplary bound-to-continuum design has shown to be the most sensitive to the background doping as it stops lasing for concentrations around 1.0 · 10 15 - 2.0 · 10 15 cm- 3 . The LO-phonon design is the most sensitive to growth fluctuations during MBE and this is critical for novel LO-phonon structures optimised for high-temperature performance. We predict that interdiffusion mostly affects current density for designs with narrow barrier layers and higher Al composition. We show that layer thickness variation leads to significant changes in material gain and current density, and in some cases to the growth of nonfunctional devices. These effects serve as a beacon of fundamental calibration steps required for successful realisation of THz QCLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Novak Stanojević
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
- Vlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandar Demić
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikola Vuković
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Paul Dean
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Zoran Ikonić
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dragan Indjin
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jelena Radovanović
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Pan B, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Yao L, Wu Y, Ren W, Wang J, Ji H, Yu J, Chen B. Single-pixel p-graded-n junction spectrometers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1773. [PMID: 38413622 PMCID: PMC10899627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultra-compact spectrometers are becoming increasingly popular for their promising applications in biomedical analysis, environmental monitoring, and food safety. In this work, we report a single-pixel-photodetector spectrometer with a spectral range from 480 nm to 820 nm, based on the AlGaAs/GaAs p-graded-n junction with a voltage-tunable optical response. To reconstruct the optical spectrum, we propose a tailored method called Neural Spectral Fields (NSF) that leverages the unique wavelength and bias-dependent responsivity matrix. Our spectrometer achieves a high spectral wavelength accuracy of up to 0.30 nm and a spectral resolution of up to 10 nm. Additionally, we demonstrate the high spectral imaging performance of the device. The compatibility of our demonstration with the standard III-V process greatly accelerates the commercialization of miniaturized spectrometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Pan
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zi Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiqi Zhou
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Yao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanan Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haiming Ji
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingyi Yu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Baile Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Op De Beeck M, Troein C, Peterson C, Tunlid A, Persson P. Elucidating fungal decomposition of organic matter at sub-micrometer spatial scales using optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microspectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0148923. [PMID: 38289133 PMCID: PMC10880621 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01489-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In microbiological studies, a common goal is to link environmental factors to microbial activities. Both environmental factors and microbial activities are typically derived from bulk samples. It is becoming increasingly clear that such bulk environmental parameters poorly represent the microscale environments microorganisms experience. Using infrared (IR) microspectroscopy, the spatial distribution of chemical compound classes can be visualized, making it a useful tool for studying the interactions between microbial cells and their microenvironments. The spatial resolution of conventional IR microspectroscopy has been limited by the diffraction limit of IR light. The recent development of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microspectroscopy has pushed the spatial resolution of IR microspectroscopy beyond this diffraction limit, allowing the distribution of chemical compound classes to be visualized at sub-micrometer spatial scales. To examine the potential and limitations of O-PTIR microspectroscopy to probe the interactions between fungal cells and their immediate environments, we imaged the decomposition of cellulose films by cells of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and compared O-PTIR results using conventional IR microspectroscopy. Whereas the data collected with conventional IR microspectroscopy indicated that P. involutus has only a very limited ability to decompose cellulose films, O-PTIR data suggested that the ability of P. involutus to decompose cellulose was substantial. Moreover, the O-PTIR method enabled the identification of a zone located outside the fungal hyphae where the cellulose was decomposed by oxidation. We conclude that O-PTIR can provide valuable new insights into the abilities and mechanisms by which microorganisms interact with their surrounding environments.IMPORTANCEInfrared (IR) microspectroscopy allows the spatial distribution of chemical compound classes to be visualized. The use of conventional IR microspectroscopy in microbiological studies has been restricted by limited spatial resolution. Recent developments in laser technology have enabled a new class of IR microspectroscopy instruments to be developed, pushing the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of IR light to approximately 500 nm. This improved spatial resolution now allows microscopic observations of changes in chemical compounds to be made, making IR microspectroscopy a useful tool to investigate microscale changes in chemistry that are caused by microbial activity. We show these new possibilities using optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy to visualize the changes in cellulose substrates caused by oxidation by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus at the interface between individual fungal hyphae and cellulose substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Troein
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carsten Peterson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Persson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marschick G, Pelini J, Gabbrielli T, Cappelli F, Weih R, Knötig H, Koeth J, Höfling S, De Natale P, Strasser G, Borri S, Hinkov B. Mid-infrared Ring Interband Cascade Laser: Operation at the Standard Quantum Limit. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:395-403. [PMID: 38405392 PMCID: PMC10885206 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Many precision applications in the mid-infrared spectral range have strong constraints based on quantum effects that are expressed in particular noise characteristics. They limit, e.g., sensitivity and resolution of mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopic systems as well as the bit-error rate in optical free-space communication. Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are a class of mid-infrared lasers exploiting interband transitions in type-II band alignment geometry. They are currently gaining significant importance for mid-infrared applications from < 3 to > 6 μm wavelength, enabled by novel types of high-performance ICLs such as ring-cavity devices. Their noise behavior is an important feature that still needs to be thoroughly analyzed, including its potential reduction with respect to the shot-noise limit. In this work, we provide a comprehensive characterization of λ = 3.8 μm-emitting, continuous-wave ring ICLs operating at room temperature. It is based on an in-depth study of their main physical intensity noise features such as their bias-dependent intensity noise power spectral density and relative intensity noise. We obtained shot-noise-limited statistics for Fourier frequencies above 100 kHz. This is an important result for precision applications, e.g., interferometry or advanced spectroscopy, which benefit from exploiting the advantage of using such a shot-noise-limited source, enhancing the setup sensitivity. Moreover, it is an important feature for novel quantum optics schemes, including testing specific light states below the shot-noise level, such as squeezed states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Marschick
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Jacopo Pelini
- University
of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I 40, Napoli 80138, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
| | - Tecla Gabbrielli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Robert Weih
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Hedwig Knötig
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Johannes Koeth
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg—Physikalisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Awasthi C, Khan A, Islam SS. PdSe 2/MoSe 2: a promising van der Waals heterostructure for field effect transistor application. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:195202. [PMID: 38295411 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a fundamental component of semiconductors and the electronic industry. High on-current and mobility with layer-dependent features are required for outstanding FET channel material. Two-dimensional materials are advantageous over bulk materials owing to their higher mobility, high ON/OFF ratio, low tunneling current, and leakage problems. Moreover, two-dimensional heterostructures provide a better way to tune electrical properties. In this work, the two distinct possibilities of PdSe2/MoSe2heterostructure have been employed through mechanical exfoliation and analyzed their electrical response. These diffe approaches to heterostructure formation serve as crucial components of our investigation, allowing us to explore and evaluate the unique electronic properties arising from each design. This work demonstrates that the heterostructure possesses a better ON/OFF ratio of ∼5.78 × 105, essential in switching characteristics. Moreover, MoSe2provides a defect-free interface to PdSe2, resulting in a higher ON current of ∼10μA and mobility of ∼63.7 cm2V-1s-1, necessary for transistor applications. In addition, comprehending the process of charge transfer occurring at the interface between transition metal dichalcogenides is fundamental for advancing next-generation technologies. This work provides insights into the interface formed between the PdSe2and MoSe2that can be harnessed in transistor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Awasthi
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Afzal Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Micro-/Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-310058, People's Republic of China
| | - S S Islam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seitner L, Popp J, Heckelmann I, Vass RE, Meng B, Haider M, Faist J, Jirauschek C. Backscattering-Induced Dissipative Solitons in Ring Quantum Cascade Lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:043805. [PMID: 38335338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.043805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Ring quantum cascade lasers have recently gained considerable attention, showing ultrastable frequency comb and soliton operation, thus opening a way to integrated spectrometers in the midinfrared and terahertz fingerprint regions. Thanks to a self-consistent Maxwell-Bloch model, we demonstrate, in excellent agreement with the experimental data, that a small but finite coupling between the counterpropagating waves arising from distributed backscattering is essential to stabilize the soliton solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Seitner
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Popp
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ina Heckelmann
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Réka-Eszter Vass
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bo Meng
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Haider
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jérôme Faist
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jirauschek
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
- TUM Center for Quantum Engineering (ZQE), 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu Y, Liang F, He C, Yu H, Zhang H, Chen YF. Photon-phonon collaboratively pumped laser. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8110. [PMID: 38062008 PMCID: PMC10703827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1917, Einstein considered stimulated photon emission of electron radiation, offering the theoretical foundation for laser, technically achieved in 1960. However, thermal phonons along with heat creation of non-radiative transition, are ineffective, even playing a detrimental role in lasing efficiency. Here, we realize a photon-phonon collaboratively pumped laser enhanced by heat in a counterintuitive way. We observe a laser transition from phonon-free 1064 nm lasing to phonon-pumped 1176 nm lasing in Nd:YVO4 crystal, associated with the phonon-pumped population inversion under high temperatures. Moreover, an additional temperature threshold (Tth) appears besides the photon-pump power threshold (Pth), and a two-dimensional lasing phase diagram is verified with a general relation ruled by Pth = C/Tth (constant C upon loss for a given crystal), similar to Curie's Law. Our strategy will promote the study of laser physics via dimension extension, searching for highly efficient and low-threshold laser devices via this temperature degree of freedom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng He
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Huaijin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan-Feng Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peng Y, Liu S, Kovanis V, Wang C. Uniform spike trains in optically injected quantum cascade oscillators. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:123127. [PMID: 38127292 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been experimentally and theoretically analyzed that noise-induced excitability in quantum well and quantum dot semiconductor laser systems usually produces sharp spike patterns of non-uniform amplitude. In this paper, we experimentally record that a quantum cascade oscillator injected externally with a monochromatic laser beam exhibits a series of highly uniform spike trains, which occur in the proximity of the saddle-node bifurcation. Theoretical analysis based on a properly designed single-mode rate equation model endowed with quantum noise reveals that this high uniformity has its primary origin in the ultrashort carrier lifetime of the quantum cascade laser gain medium that is typically close to 1 ps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Peng
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siting Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Vassilios Kovanis
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech Research Center in Arlington VA, 900 N Glebe Rd, Arlington, Virginia 22203, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hermann DR, Ramer G, Riedlsperger L, Lendl B. Chiral Monitoring Across Both Enantiomeric Excess and Concentration Space: Leveraging Quantum Cascade Lasers for Sensitive Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1362-1370. [PMID: 37847076 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231206186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high-throughput quantum cascade laser-based vibrational circular dichroism (QCL-VCD) technology has reduced the measurement time for high-quality vibrational circular dichroism spectra from hours to a few minutes. This study evaluates QCL-VCD for chiral monitoring using flow-through measurement of a changing sample in a circulating loop. A balanced detection QCL-VCD system was applied to the enantiomeric pair R/S-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol in solution. Different mixtures of the two components were used to simulate a racemization process, collecting spectral data at a time resolution of 6 min, and over three concentration levels. The goal of this experimental setup was to evaluate QCL-VCD in terms of both molar and enantiomeric excess (EE) sensitivity at a time resolution relevant to chiral monitoring in chemical processes. Subsequent chemometric evaluation by partial least squares regression revealed a cross-validated prediction accuracy of 2.8% EE with a robust prediction also for the test data set (error = 3.5% EE). In addition, the data set was also treated with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), which also achieved a robust prediction. Due to the operating principle of LASSO, the obtained coefficients constituted a few discrete spectral frequencies, which represent the most variance. This information can be used in the future for dedicated QCL-based instrument design, gaining a higher time resolution without sacrificing predictive capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel-Ralph Hermann
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Riedlsperger
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Research Division of Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wan Y, Shen Y, Wang K, Chai T, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhu F. Study on Electrically Modulated Quasi-Continuous Wave Fe: ZnSe Solid-State Laser with Hundred-Hertz. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2194. [PMID: 38138363 PMCID: PMC10745602 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron-doped binary chalcogenide crystals are very promising for tunable solid-state lasers operating over the 3~5 μm spectral range. Fe: ZnSe is one of the most important gain crystals with the obvious advantages of material characteristics and conversion efficiency. By adjusting the output mode of the pump source, an Fe: ZnSe laser can operate in two modes at liquid nitrogen temperatures: continuous wave (CW) and pulse output. In terms of CW output, the Fe: ZnSe laser obtained a maximum 2.63 W continuous power output which was confined to the power of the pump source. An optical-to-optical efficiency of 47.05% was acquired. Direct electrical modulation was applied to the pump source. The highest average power of the quasi-CW laser, whose central wavelength is 4.02 μm, has a value of 253 mW with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 42.88% and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 23 nm when the pulse frequency is 100 Hz of 10% duty factor. The output waveform is consistent with the modulation waveform applied to the pump source. We report to the first of our knowledge an electrically modulated quasi-CW Fe: ZnSe laser in the pulse regime, equipped with features of compactness in structure, ignoring additional modulators, convenience in control, high efficiency, and sustainable operation, of great interest for solving numerous scientific and applied problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China; (Y.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Heckelmann I, Bertrand M, Dikopoltsev A, Beck M, Scalari G, Faist J. Quantum walk comb in a fast gain laser. Science 2023; 382:434-438. [PMID: 37883562 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic lattices in photonics enable the exploration of light states in new dimensions, transcending phenomena common only to physical space. We propose and demonstrate a quantum walk comb in synthetic frequency space formed by externally modulating a ring-shaped semiconductor laser with ultrafast recovery times. The initially ballistic quantum walk does not dissipate into low supermode states of the synthetic lattice; instead, the state stabilizes in a broad frequency comb, unlocking the full potential of the synthetic frequency lattice. Our device produces a low-noise, nearly flat broadband comb (reaching 100 per centimeter bandwidth) and offers a promising platform to generate broadband, tunable, and stable frequency combs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Heckelmann
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Bertrand
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Dikopoltsev
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mattias Beck
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Scalari
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Faist
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim SM, Chang YR, Lee YJ. Single-detector double-beam modulation for high-sensitivity infrared spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18231. [PMID: 37880230 PMCID: PMC10600177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced detection based on double beams is widely used to reduce common-mode noises, such as laser intensity fluctuation and irregular wavelength scanning, in absorption spectroscopy. However, employing an additional detector can increase the total system noise due to added non-negligible thermal noise of the detector, particularly with mid-infrared (IR) detectors. Herein, we demonstrate a new optical method based on double-beam modulation (DBM) that uses a single-element detector but keeps the advantage of double-beam balanced detection. The sample and reference path beams were modulated out-of-phase with each other at a high frequency, and their average and difference signals were measured by two lock-in amplifiers and converted into absorbance. DBM was coupled with our previously reported solvent absorption compensation (SAC) method to eliminate the IR absorption contribution of water in aqueous solutions. The DBM-SAC method enabled us to acquire IR absorption spectra of bovine serum albumin solutions down to 0.02 mg/mL. We investigated the noise characteristics of DBM measurements when the wavelength was either fixed or scanned. The results demonstrate that DBM can lower the limit of detection by ten times compared to the non-modulation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Kim
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Yow-Ren Chang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Phillips MC, Butler A, Glumac NG, DeMagistris MC, Ruesch M, Zambon AC, Sinha N. H 2O and temperature measurements in propagating hydrogen/oxygen flames using a broadband swept-wavelength ECQCL. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7643-7657. [PMID: 37855472 DOI: 10.1364/ao.499462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results using a swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade laser (swept-ECQCL) diagnostic to measure broadband absorption spectra over a range of 920-1180c m -1 (8.47-10.87 µm) with 2 ms temporal resolution in premixed hydrogen/oxygen flames propagating inside an enclosed chamber. Broadband spectral fits are used to determine time-resolved temperatures and column densities of H 2 O produced during combustion. Modeling of the flowfield within the test chamber under both equilibrium conditions and using a 1D freely propagating flame model is compared with the experiment in terms of temporal dynamics, temperatures, and H 2 O column density. Outputs from the numerical models were used to simulate radiative transport through an inhomogeneous combustion region and evaluate the performance of the spectral fitting model. Simulations show that probing hot-band H 2 O transitions in the high-temperature combustion regions minimizes errors due to spatial inhomogeneity. Good agreement is found between the experimental and modeling results considering experimental uncertainties and model assumptions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gabbrielli T, Insero G, De Regis M, Corrias N, Galli I, Mazzotti D, Bartolini P, Hyun Huh J, Cleff C, Kastner A, Holzwarth R, Borri S, Consolino L, De Natale P, Cappelli F. Time/frequency-domain characterization of a mid-IR DFG frequency comb via two-photon and heterodyne detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35330-35342. [PMID: 37859267 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared frequency combs are nowadays well-appreciated sources for spectroscopy and frequency metrology. Here, a comprehensive approach for characterizing a difference-frequency-generated mid-infrared frequency comb (DFG-comb) both in the time and in the frequency domain is presented. An autocorrelation scheme exploiting mid-infrared two-photon detection is used for characterizing the pulse width and to verify the optimal compression of the generated pulses reaching a pulse duration (FWHM) as low as 196 fs. A second scheme based on mid-infrared heterodyne detection employing two independent narrow-linewidth quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is used for frequency-narrowing the modes of the DFG-comb down to 9.4 kHz on a 5-ms timescale.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sutter E, Sutter P. Self-Assembly of Mixed-Dimensional GeS 1- x Se x (1D Nanowire)-(2D Plate) Van der Waals Heterostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302592. [PMID: 37312407 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The integration of dissimilar materials into heterostructures is a mainstay of modern materials science and technology. An alternative strategy of joining components with different electronic structure involves mixed-dimensional heterostructures, that is, architectures consisting of elements with different dimensionality, for example, 1D nanowires and 2D plates. Combining the two approaches can result in hybrid architectures in which both the dimensionality and composition vary between the components, potentially offering even larger contrast between their electronic structures. To date, realizing such heteromaterials mixed-dimensional heterostructures has required sequential multi-step growth processes. Here, it is shown that differences in precursor incorporation rates between vapor-liquid-solid growth of 1D nanowires and direct vapor-solid growth of 2D plates attached to the wires can be harnessed to synthesize heteromaterials mixed-dimensional heterostructures in a single-step growth process. Exposure to mixed GeS and GeSe vapors produces GeS1- x Sex van der Waals nanowires whose S:Se ratio is considerably larger than that of attached layered plates. Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on single heterostructures confirms that the bandgap contrast between the components is determined by both composition and carrier confinement. These results demonstrate an avenue toward complex heteroarchitectures using single-step synthesis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sutter
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kolek A, Sobaszek M. Nonlinear gain models in a quantum cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31825-31838. [PMID: 37858999 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Density matrix analysis of a three-state model of quantum cascade laser (QCL) reveals that in this device, the optical gain is composed of the linear part (proportional to population inversion Δn) and the remaining nonlinear part. The nonlinear component non-negligibly contributes even to the small-signal response of the medium. In many attempts to modeling QCLs, the common practice to account for nonlinear gain components is to complement the equation for the gain, g = gcΔn, gc is the gain cross-section, by a compression factor f. In this paper, improved (but still simple) models of the optical gain in QCL are proposed, which preserve the two-component gain structure. With these models, there is no need to solve the Hamiltonian with time-dependent potentials, so that extraordinary numerical loads can be avoided, but simultaneously the essential physics of the phenomena is kept. The improved gain models defined by Eqs. (12), (15) and (16) enable accounting for its nonlinear components while preserving the load-saving, scattering-like approach to light-matter interaction. It is also shown that as long as the populations and dc coherences are determined such that they account for the interaction with the optical field, the small-signal formulation of the gain gives its realistic estimate also for a large optical signal. This conjecture validates the use of non-equilibrium Green's function-based approaches, in which the interaction with the optical field is included through electron-photon selfenergies. The small-signal formulation of the gain can be used in this approach to monitor the saturation process, estimate the clamping flux and the light-current characteristic.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dabard C, Po H, Fu N, Makke L, Lehouelleur H, Curti L, Xu XZ, Lhuillier E, Diroll BT, Ithurria S. Expanding the color palette of bicolor-emitting nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14651-14658. [PMID: 37622447 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their bright and tunable luminescence spectra, nanocrystals appear as a unique playground for light source design. Displays and lighting require white light sources that combine several narrow lines. As Kasha's rule prevents the emission of hot carriers, blends of multiple nanocrystal populations are currently the obvious strategy for broad-band source design. However, a few reports suggest that bicolor emission can also be obtained from a single particle even under weak excitation if a careful design of the exciton scattering mechanism sufficiently slows down its relaxation pathways. A key challenge remains to maintain quantum confinement for color tunability in the same structure, while simultaneously achieving a large size to leverage the critical, slower exciton diffusion or relaxation down to the ground state. Herein, we demonstrate that 2D nanoplatelets offer an original opportunity for the design of confined and large heterostructures. We demonstrate that bicolor emission is not limited to green-red pair and show that blue-yellow and purple-green emissions can be obtained from CdSe/CdTe/CdSe core/crown/crown and CdSe/CdS core/crown heterostructures, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Dabard
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Hong Po
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Ningyuan Fu
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Lina Makke
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Henri Lehouelleur
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Leonardo Curti
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xiang Zhen Xu
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Sandrine Ithurria
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim S, Kim J. Efficient strain-modified improved nonparabolic-band energy dispersion model that considers the effect of conduction band nonparabolicity in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31267-31283. [PMID: 37710650 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Intersubband polar-optical-phonon (POP) scattering plays an important role in determining the population inversion and optical gain of mid-infrared (mid-IR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In particular, the nonparabolicity of the conduction band (CB) significantly affects the energy dispersion relation and intersubband POP scattering time. However, the currently used parabolic-band (PB) and nonparabolic-band (NPB) energy dispersion models are not appropriate for mid-IR QCLs because they are unsuitable for high electron wave vectors and do not consider the effect of applied strain on the energy dispersion relation of the CB. The eight-band k·p method can provide a relatively accurate nonparabolic energy dispersion relation for high electron wave vectors but has the disadvantages of high computational complexity and spurious solutions to be discarded. Consequently, we propose a strain-modified improved nonparabolic-band (INPB) energy dispersion model that has no spurious solution and acceptable accuracy, compared to the eight-band k·p method. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed INPB model compared with those of the PB, NPB, and eight-band k·p models, we calculate the energy dispersion relations and intersubband POP scattering times in a strain-compensated QCL with a lasing wavelength of 3.58 µm. Calculation results reveal that our proposed model is almost as accurate as the eight-band k·p model; however, it enables much faster calculations and is free from spurious solutions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Al Mahfuz MM, Park J, Islam R, Ko DK. Colloidal Ag 2Se intraband quantum dots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10722-10736. [PMID: 37606169 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02203j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the Internet of Things, wearable electronics, and machine vision, the exponentially growing demands for miniaturization, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness have imposed critical requirements on the size, weight, power consumption and cost (SWaP-C) of infrared detectors. To meet this demand, new sensor technologies that can reduce the fabrication cost associated with semiconductor epitaxy and remove the stringent requirement for cryogenic cooling are under active investigation. In the technologically important spectral region of mid-wavelength infrared, intraband colloidal quantum dots are currently at the forefront of this endeavor, with wafer-scale monolithic integration and Auger suppression being the key material capabilities to minimize the sensor's SWaP-C. In this Feature Article, we provide a focused review on the development of sensors based on Ag2Se intraband colloidal quantum dots, a heavy metal-free colloidal nanomaterial that has merits for wide-scale adoption in consumer and industrial sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mostafa Al Mahfuz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Junsung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Rakina Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | - Dong-Kyun Ko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fomina P, Femenias A, Hlavatsch M, Scheuermann J, Schäfer N, Freitag S, Patel N, Kohler A, Krska R, Koeth J, Mizaikoff B. A Portable Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectrometer for Food Analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1073-1086. [PMID: 37525897 PMCID: PMC10478342 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231190660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The analytical performance of a compact infrared attenuated total reflection spectrometer using a pyroelectric detector array has been evaluated and compared to a conventional laboratory Fourier transform infrared system for applications in food analysis. Analytical characteristics including sensitivity, repeatability, linearity of the calibration functions, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectral resolution have been derived for both approaches. Representative analytes of relevance in food industries (i.e., organic solvents, fatty acids, and mycotoxins) have been used for the assessment of the performance of the device and to discuss the potential of this technology in food and feed analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Fomina
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antoni Femenias
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Hlavatsch
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Schäfer
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nageshvar Patel
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Johannes Koeth
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yeh K, Sharma I, Falahkheirkhah K, Confer MP, Orr AC, Liu YT, Phal Y, Ho RJ, Mehta M, Bhargava A, Mei W, Cheng G, Cheville JC, Bhargava R. Infrared spectroscopic laser scanning confocal microscopy for whole-slide chemical imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5215. [PMID: 37626026 PMCID: PMC10457288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical imaging, especially mid-infrared spectroscopic microscopy, enables label-free biomedical analyses while achieving expansive molecular sensitivity. However, its slow speed and poor image quality impede widespread adoption. We present a microscope that provides high-throughput recording, low noise, and high spatial resolution where the bottom-up design of its optical train facilitates dual-axis galvo laser scanning of a diffraction-limited focal point over large areas using custom, compound, infinity-corrected refractive objectives. We demonstrate whole-slide, speckle-free imaging in ~3 min per discrete wavelength at 10× magnification (2 μm/pixel) and high-resolution capability with its 20× counterpart (1 μm/pixel), both offering spatial quality at theoretical limits while maintaining high signal-to-noise ratios (>100:1). The data quality enables applications of modern machine learning and capabilities not previously feasible - 3D reconstructions using serial sections, comprehensive assessments of whole model organisms, and histological assessments of disease in time comparable to clinical workflows. Distinct from conventional approaches that focus on morphological investigations or immunostaining techniques, this development makes label-free imaging of minimally processed tissue practical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yeh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ishaan Sharma
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kianoush Falahkheirkhah
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew P Confer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andres C Orr
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yamuna Phal
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ruo-Jing Ho
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Manu Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ankita Bhargava
- University of Illinois Laboratory High School, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Georgina Cheng
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carle Health, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John C Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vicentini E, Nuansing W, Niehues I, Amenabar I, Bittner AM, Hillenbrand R, Schnell M. Pseudoheterodyne interferometry for multicolor near-field imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22308-22322. [PMID: 37475345 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and characterization of a detection technique for scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) that enables near-field amplitude and phase imaging at two or more wavelengths simultaneously. To this end, we introduce multispectral pseudoheterodyne (PSH) interferometry, where infrared lasers are combined to form a beam with a discrete spectrum of laser lines and a time-multiplexing scheme is employed to allow for the use of a single infrared detector. We first describe and validate the implementation of multispectral PSH into a commercial s-SNOM instrument. We then demonstrate its application for the real-time correction of the negative phase contrast (NPC), which provides reliable imaging of weak IR absorption at the nanoscale. We anticipate that multispectral PSH could improve data throughput, reduce effects of sample and interferometer drift, and help to establish multicolor s-SNOM imaging as a regular imaging modality, which could be particularly interesting as new infrared light sources become available.
Collapse
|
31
|
Levy S, Lander Gower N, Piperno S, Addamane SJ, Reno JL, Albo A. Split-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22274-22283. [PMID: 37475342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly diagonal "split-well resonant-phonon" (SWRP) active region design for GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz-QCLs). Negative differential resistance is observed at room temperature, which indicates the suppression of thermally activated leakage channels. The overlap between the doped region and the active level states is reduced relative to that of the split-well direct-phonon (SWDP) design. The energy gap between the lower laser level (LLL) and the injector is kept at 36 meV, enabling a fast depopulation of the LLL. Within this work, we investigated the temperature performance and potential of this structure.
Collapse
|
32
|
Li C, Zhang Y, Hirakawa K. Terahertz Detectors Using Microelectromechanical System Resonators. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5938. [PMID: 37447789 DOI: 10.3390/s23135938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The doubly clamped microelectromechanical system (MEMS) beam resonators exhibit extremely high sensitivity to tiny changes in the resonance frequency owing to their high quality (Q-) factors, even at room temperature. Such a sensitive frequency-shift scheme is very attractive for fast and highly sensitive terahertz (THz) detection. The MEMS resonator absorbs THz radiation and induces a temperature rise, leading to a shift in its resonance frequency. This frequency shift is proportional to the amount of THz radiation absorbed by the resonator and can be detected and quantified, thereby allowing the THz radiation to be measured. In this review, we present an overview of the THz bolometer based on the doubly clamped MEMS beam resonators in the aspects of working principle, readout, detection speed, sensitivity, and attempts at improving the performance. This allows one to have a comprehensive view of such a novel THz detector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ya Zhang
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirakawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
He C, Xiao X, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Guo H. Numerical and experimental investigations on the propagation property of a mid-infrared 7 × 1 multimode fiber combiner. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22113-22126. [PMID: 37381293 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared fiber combiners have great potential in power and spectral combination. However, studies on mid-infrared transmission optical field distributions using these combiners are limited. In this study, we designed and fabricated a 7 × 1 multimode fiber combiner based on sulfur-based glass fibers and observed approximately 80% per-port transmission efficiency at 4.778 µm wavelength. We investigated the propagation properties of the prepared combiners and explored the effects of transmission wavelength, output fiber length, and fusion deviation on the transmitted optical field and beam quality factor M2. Additionally, we assessed the effect of coupling on the excitation mode and spectral combination of the mid-infrared fiber combiner for multiple light sources. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the propagation properties of the mid-infrared multimode fiber combiners, which may find applications in high-beam-quality laser devices.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bhargava R. Digital Histopathology by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:205-230. [PMID: 37068745 PMCID: PMC10408309 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-101422-090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging records spatially resolved molecular vibrational spectra, enabling a comprehensive measurement of the chemical makeup and heterogeneity of biological tissues. Combining this novel contrast mechanism in microscopy with the use of artificial intelligence can transform the practice of histopathology, which currently relies largely on human examination of morphologic patterns within stained tissue. First, this review summarizes IR imaging instrumentation especially suited to histopathology, analyses of its performance, and major trends. Second, an overview of data processing methods and application of machine learning is given, with an emphasis on the emerging use of deep learning. Third, a discussion on workflows in pathology is provided, with four categories proposed based on the complexity of methods and the analytical performance needed. Last, a set of guidelines, termed experimental and analytical specifications for spectroscopic imaging in histopathology, are proposed to help standardize the diversity of approaches in this emerging area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry; Cancer Center at Illinois; and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Han S, Cui J, Chua Y, Zeng Y, Hu L, Dai M, Wang F, Sun F, Zhu S, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Tan CS, Kivshar Y, Wang QJ. Electrically-pumped compact topological bulk lasers driven by band-inverted bound states in the continuum. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:145. [PMID: 37308488 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most exciting breakthroughs in physics is the concept of topology that was recently introduced to photonics, achieving robust functionalities, as manifested in the recently demonstrated topological lasers. However, so far almost all attention was focused on lasing from topological edge states. Bulk bands that reflect the topological bulk-edge correspondence have been largely missed. Here, we demonstrate an electrically pumped topological bulk quantum cascade laser (QCL) operating in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. In addition to the band-inversion induced in-plane reflection due to topological nontrivial cavity surrounded by a trivial domain, we further illustrate the band edges of such topological bulk lasers are recognized as the bound states in the continuum (BICs) due to their nonradiative characteristics and robust topological polarization charges in the momentum space. Therefore, the lasing modes show both in-plane and out-of-plane tight confinements in a compact laser cavity (lateral size ~3λlaser). Experimentally, we realize a miniaturized THz QCL that shows single-mode lasing with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) around 20 dB. We also observe a cylindrical vector beam for the far-field emission, which is evidence for topological bulk BIC lasers. Our demonstration on miniaturization of single-mode beam-engineered THz lasers is promising for many applications including imaging, sensing, and communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jieyuan Cui
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunda Chua
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongquan Zeng
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangxing Hu
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingjin Dai
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fakun Wang
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fangyuan Sun
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Song Zhu
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Chuan Seng Tan
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jin C, Patel A, Peters J, Hodawadekar S, Kalyanaraman R. Quantum Cascade Laser Based Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Paradigm for Protein Secondary Structure Measurement. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1507-1517. [PMID: 36329374 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectroscopy is one of the major analytical techniques employed for measurements of protein structure in solution. Traditional Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) measurement is limited by its blackbody light source that is inherently spatially incoherent and has low optical power output. This limitation is pronounced when working with proteins in aqueous solutions. Strong absorbance of water in protein amide I region 1600-1700 cm-1 restricts light path length to <10 μm and imposes significant experimental challenges in sample and flow cell handling. Emerging laser spectroscopic techniques use high-power coherent laser as light source that overcomes the limitation in FT-IR measurement. In this study, we employed an innovative infrared spectrometer that uses quantum cascade laser (QCL) as light source. Continuous infrared radiation from this laser source can be swiftly swept within the amide I region (1600-1700 cm-1) and amide II region (1500-1600 cm-1), which makes this technique ideal for protein secondary structure study. Protein solutions as low as 0.5 mg/mL were measured rapidly without any sample preparation. Infrared spectra of model proteins were thus collected, and a chemometric model based on partial least squares regression was developed to quantify α-helix and β-strand motifs in protein secondary structure. The model was applied to measurement of the native secondary structure of commercial therapeutic proteins and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and in thermal degradation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Jin
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
| | - Amrish Patel
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Jeremy Peters
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kalyanaraman
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li X, Nie W, Ma X. Intersubband Transitions in Lead Halide Perovskite-Based Quantum Wells for Mid-Infrared Detectors. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4766-4774. [PMID: 37184992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their excellent optical and electrical properties as well as versatile growth and fabrication processes, lead halide perovskites have been widely considered as promising candidates for green energy and applications related to optoelectronics. Here, we investigate their potential applications at infrared wavelengths by modeling the intersubband transitions in perovskite-based quantum well systems. Both single-well and double-well structures are studied, and their energy levels as well as the corresponding wave functions and intersubband transition energies are calculated by solving the one-dimensional Schrödinger equations. Via adjustment of the quantum well and barrier thicknesses, the intersubband transition energies can be tuned to cover a broad infrared wavelength range. We also find that the lead halide perovskite-based quantum wells possess high absorption coefficients. The widely tunable transition energies and high absorption coefficients of the perovskite-based quantum well systems, combined with their unique material and electrical properties, may enable an alternative material system for infrared photodetector applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee W, Chen X, Shao Q, Baik SI, Kim S, Seidman D, Bedzyk M, Dravid V, Ketterson JB, Medvedeva J, Chang RPH, Grayson MA. Realizing the Heteromorphic Superlattice: Repeated Heterolayers of Amorphous Insulator and Polycrystalline Semiconductor with Minimal Interface Defects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207927. [PMID: 36906738 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An unconventional "heteromorphic" superlattice (HSL) is realized, comprised of repeated layers of different materials with differing morphologies: semiconducting pc-In2 O3 layers interleaved with insulating a-MoO3 layers. Originally proposed by Tsu in 1989, yet never fully realized, the high quality of the HSL heterostructure demonstrated here validates the intuition of Tsu, whereby the flexibility of the bond angle in the amorphous phase and the passivation effect of the oxide at interfacial bonds serve to create smooth, high-mobility interfaces. The alternating amorphous layers prevent strain accumulation in the polycrystalline layers while suppressing defect propagation across the HSL. For the HSL with 7:7 nm layer thickness, the observed electron mobility of 71 cm2 Vs-1 , matches that of the highest quality In2 O3 thin films. The atomic structure and electronic properties of crystalline In2 O3 /amorphous MoO3 interfaces are verified using ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations and hybrid functional calculations. This work generalizes the superlattice concept to an entirely new paradigm of morphological combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woongkyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xianyu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sung-Il Baik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - David Seidman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John B Ketterson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Julia Medvedeva
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Robert P H Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew A Grayson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Veresko M, Cheng MC. Physics-informed reduced-order learning from the first principles for simulation of quantum nanostructures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6197. [PMID: 37062799 PMCID: PMC10106468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Schrödinger equation is needed for design and analysis of quantum nanostructures that offer numerous applications in biology, medicine, materials, electronic/photonic devices, etc. In large-scale nanostructures, extensive computational effort needed in DNS may become prohibitive due to the high degrees of freedom (DoF). This study employs a physics-based reduced-order learning algorithm, enabled by the first principles, for simulation of the Schrödinger equation to achieve high accuracy and efficiency. The proposed simulation methodology is applied to investigate two quantum-dot structures; one operates under external electric field, and the other is influenced by internal potential variation with periodic boundary conditions. The former is similar to typical operations of nanoelectronic devices, and the latter is of interest to simulation and design of nanostructures and materials, such as applications of density functional theory. In each structure, cases within and beyond training conditions are examined. Using the proposed methodology, a very accurate prediction can be realized with a reduction in the DoF by more than 3 orders of magnitude and in the computational time by 2 orders, compared to DNS. An accurate prediction beyond the training conditions, including higher external field and larger internal potential in untrained quantum states, is also achieved. Comparison is also carried out between the physics-based learning and Fourier-based plane-wave approaches for a periodic case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Veresko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5720, USA
| | - Ming-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Paul P, Addamane SJ, Liu PQ. Mid-Infrared Intersubband Cavity Polaritons in Flexible Single Quantum Well. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2890-2897. [PMID: 36999755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strong and ultrastrong coupling between intersubband transitions in quantum wells and cavity photons have been realized in mid-infrared and terahertz spectral regions. However, most previous works employed a large number of quantum wells on rigid substrates to achieve coupling strengths reaching the strong or ultrastrong coupling regime. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate ultrastrong coupling between the intersubband transition in a single quantum well and the resonant mode of photonic nanocavity at room temperature. We also observe strong coupling between the nanocavity resonance and the second-order intersubband transition in a single quantum well. Furthermore, we implement for the first time such intersubband cavity polariton systems on soft and flexible substrates and demonstrate that bending of the single quantum well does not significantly affect the characteristics of the cavity polaritons. This work paves the way to broaden the range of potential applications of intersubband cavity polaritons including soft and wearable photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puspita Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J Addamane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Peter Qiang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang X, Zhang Z, Yang S, Sun P, Wu B, Xia H, Yu R. Development of a Rapid Measurement Method for Analysis of the NOx Conversion Process Based on Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3885. [PMID: 37112225 PMCID: PMC10146664 DOI: 10.3390/s23083885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method for double-beam quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (DB-QCLAS) was developed. Two mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade laser beams were coupled in an optical cavity for the monitoring of NO and NO2 (NO at 5.26 μm; NO2 at 6.13 μm). Appropriate lines in the absorption spectra were selected, and the influence of common gases in the atmosphere, such as H2O and CO2, was avoided. By analyzing the spectral lines under different pressure conditions, the appropriate measurement pressure of 111 mbar was selected. Under this pressure, the interference between adjacent spectral lines could be effectively distinguished. The experimental results show that the standard deviations for NO and NO2 were 1.57 ppm and 2.67 ppm, respectively. Moreover, in order to improve the feasibility of this technology for detecting chemical reactions between NO and O2, the standard gases of NO and O2 were used to fill the cavity. A chemical reaction instantaneously began, and the concentrations of the two gases were immediately changed. Through this experiment, we hope to develop new ideas for the accurate and rapid analysis of the process of NOx conversion and to lay a foundation for a deeper understanding of the chemical changes in atmospheric environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pengshuai Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hua Xia
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Runqing Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bahrehmand M, Gacemi D, Vasanelli A, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield E, Sirtori C, Todorov Y. Auto-Calibrated Charge-Sensitive Infrared Phototransistor at 9.3 µm. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3635. [PMID: 37050698 PMCID: PMC10098959 DOI: 10.3390/s23073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Charge-sensitive infrared photo-transistors (CSIP) are quantum detectors of mid-infrared radiation (λ=4 µm-14 µm) which have been reported to have outstanding figures of merit and sensitivities that allow single photon detection. The typical absorbing region of a CSIP consists of an AlxGa1-xAs quantum heterostructure, where a GaAs quantum well, where the absorption takes place, is followed by a triangular barrier with a graded x(Al) composition that connects the quantum well to a source-drain channel. Here, we report a CSIP designed to work for a 9.3 µm wavelength where the Al composition is kept constant and the triangular barrier is replaced by tunnel-coupled quantum wells. This design is thus conceptually closer to quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) which are an established technology for detection in the mid-infrared range. While previously reported structures use metal gratings in order to couple infrared radiation in the absorbing quantum well, here, we employ a 45° wedge facet coupling geometry that allows a simplified and reliable estimation of the incident photon flux Φ in the device. Remarkably, these detectors have an "auto-calibrated" nature, which enables the precise assessment of the photon flux Φ solely by measuring the electrical characteristics and from knowledge of the device geometry. We identify an operation regime where CSIP detectors can be directly compared to other unipolar quantum detectors such as quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) and QCDs and we estimate the corresponding detector figure of merit under cryogenic conditions. The maximum responsivity R = 720 A/W and a photoconductive gain G~2.7 × 104 were measured, and were an order of magnitude larger than those for QCDs and quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). We also comment on the benefit of nano-antenna concepts to increase the efficiency of CSIP in the photon-counting regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrehmand
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Edmund Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang G, Huang S, Chaves A, Yan H. Black Phosphorus as Tunable Van der Waals Quantum Wells with High Optical Quality. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6073-6080. [PMID: 36912761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals quantum wells, naturally formed in two-dimensional layered materials with nanoscale thickness, possess many inherent advantages over conventional molecular beam epitaxy grown counterparts, and could bring up intriguing physics and applications. However, optical transitions originated from the series of quantized states in these emerging quantum wells are still elusive. Here, we show that multilayer black phosphorus appears to be an excellent candidate for van der Waals quantum wells with well-defined subbands and high optical quality. Using infrared absorption spectroscopy, we probe subband structures of multilayer black phosphorus with tens of atomic layers, revealing clear signatures for optical transitions with subband index as high as 10, far from what was attainable previously. Surprisingly, in addition to allowed transitions, an unexpected series of "forbidden" transitions is also evidently observed, which enables us to determine energy spacings separately for conduction and valence subbands. Furthermore, the linear tunability of subband spacings by temperature and strain is demonstrated. Our results are expected to facilitate potential applications for infrared optoelectronics based on tunable van der Waals quantum wells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shenyang Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Andrey Chaves
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 6030, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugen Yan
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pilat F, Schwarz B, Baumgartner B, Ristanić D, Detz H, Andrews AM, Lendl B, Strasser G, Hinkov B. Beyond Karl Fischer titration: a monolithic quantum cascade sensor for monitoring residual water concentration in solvents. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1816-1824. [PMID: 36800171 PMCID: PMC10045895 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quality control of liquids is an important part of analytical chemistry. The gold standard for measuring residual water in organic solvents and pharmaceutical applications is Karl Fischer titration. It has a high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. The downsides are a time-consuming offline analysis, together with the need for toxic reagents producing waste, and it suffers from poor inter-laboratory reproducibility. In this work, we present a high-performance lab-on-a-chip sensor exploiting mid-IR spectroscopy for liquid sensing. It is operating at 6.1 μm wavelength and is suitable for robust and flexible real-time in situ analysis of the residual water concentration in isopropyl alcohol. This is demonstrated in two experiments. A custom-made 60 μL flow cell is employed to measure only minute amounts of analyte in an inline configuration. In a second approach, the whole sensor is immersed into the analyte to demonstrate sensitive and rapid in situ operation on the millisecond time scale. This is confirmed by the ability for time resolved single water-droplet monitoring, while they are mixed into the liquid sample. We obtain a limit of detection between 120 ppm and 150 ppm with a concentration coverage spanning three orders of magnitude from 1.2 × 10-2%vol to 25%vol for the flow cell and 1.5 × 10-2%vol to 19%vol in the in situ configuration, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pilat
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Ristanić
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hermann Detz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron M Andrews
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nathawat J, Mansaray I, Sakanashi K, Wada N, Randle MD, Yin S, He K, Arabchigavkani N, Dixit R, Barut B, Zhao M, Ramamoorthy H, Somphonsane R, Kim GH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Aoki N, Han JE, Bird JP. Signatures of hot carriers and hot phonons in the re-entrant metallic and semiconducting states of Moiré-gapped graphene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1507. [PMID: 36932096 PMCID: PMC10023744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stacking of graphene with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can dramatically modify its bands from their usual linear form, opening a series of narrow minigaps that are separated by wider minibands. While the resulting spectrum offers strong potential for use in functional (opto)electronic devices, a proper understanding of the dynamics of hot carriers in these bands is a prerequisite for such applications. In this work, we therefore apply a strategy of rapid electrical pulsing to drive carriers in graphene/h-BN heterostructures deep into the dissipative limit of strong electron-phonon coupling. By using electrical gating to move the chemical potential through the "Moiré bands", we demonstrate a cyclical evolution between metallic and semiconducting states. This behavior is captured in a self-consistent model of non-equilibrium transport that considers the competition of electrically driven inter-band tunneling and hot-carrier scattering by strongly non-equilibrium phonons. Overall, our results demonstrate how a treatment of the dynamics of both hot carriers and hot phonons is essential to understanding the properties of functional graphene superlattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jubin Nathawat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ishiaka Mansaray
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Kohei Sakanashi
- Department of Materials Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naoto Wada
- Department of Materials Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Michael D Randle
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Shenchu Yin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Keke He
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Nargess Arabchigavkani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ripudaman Dixit
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Bilal Barut
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Miao Zhao
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Harihara Ramamoorthy
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Ratchanok Somphonsane
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Gil-Ho Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Aoki
- Department of Materials Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jong E Han
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Bird
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA. .,Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dely H, Joharifar M, Pang X, Gacemi D, Salgals T, Schatz R, Sun YT, Bonazzi T, Rodriguez E, Todorov Y, Vasanelli A, Udalcovs A, Spolitis S, Bobrovs V, Ozolins O, Popov S, Sirtori C. High bitrate data transmission in the 8-14 µm atmospheric window using an external Stark-effect modulator with digital equalization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7259-7264. [PMID: 36859861 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High bitrate mid-infrared links using simple (NRZ) and multi-level (PAM-4) data coding schemes have been realized in the 8 µm to 14 µm atmospheric transparency window. The free space optics system is composed of unipolar quantum optoelectronic devices, namely a continuous wave quantum cascade laser, an external Stark-effect modulator and a quantum cascade detector, all operating at room-temperature. Pre- and post-processing are implemented to get enhanced bitrates, especially for PAM-4 where inter-symbol interference and noise are particularly detrimental to symbol demodulation. By exploiting these equalization procedures, our system, with a full frequency cutoff of 2 GHz, has reached transmission bitrates of 12 Gbit/s NRZ and 11 Gbit/s PAM-4 fulfilling the 6.25 % overhead hard-decision forward error correction threshold, limited only by the low signal-to-noise ratio of our detector.
Collapse
|
47
|
Barh A, Nussbaum-Lapping A, Heidrich J, Gaulke M, Golling M, Phillips CR, Keller U. Single-cavity dual-modelocked 2.36-µm laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6475-6483. [PMID: 36823902 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present the first dual-modelocked femtosecond oscillator operating beyond 2 µm wavelength. This new class of laser is based on a Cr:ZnS gain medium, an InGaSb SESAM for modelocking, and a two-surface reflective device for spatial duplexing of the two modelocked pulse trains (combs). The laser operates at 2.36 µm, and for each comb, we have achieved a FWHM spectral bandwidth of 30 nm, an average power of over 200 mW, and a pulse duration close to 200 fs. The nominal repetition rate is 242 MHz with a sufficiently large repetition rate difference of 4.17 kHz. We also found that the laser is able to produce stable modelocked pulses over a wide range of output powers. This result represents a significant step towards realizing dual-comb applications directly above 2 µm using a single free-running laser.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bleotu PG, Mihai L, Sporea D, Sporea A, Straticiuc M, Burducea I. Impact of 3MeV Energy Proton Particles on Mid-IR QCLs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:677. [PMID: 36839045 PMCID: PMC9965782 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results obtained for a distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) exposed to different fluences of proton particles: 1014, 1015 and 1016 p/cm2. Dedicated laboratory setups were developed to assess the irradiation-induced changes in this device. Multiple parameters defining the QCL performances were investigated prior to and following each irradiation step: (i) voltage-driving current; (ii) emitted optical power-driving current; (iii) central emitting wavelength-driving current; (iv) emitted spectrum-driving current; (v) transversal mode structure-driving current, maintaining the system operating temperature at 20 °C. The QCL system presented, before irradiation, two emission peaks: a central emission peak and a side peak. After proton irradiation, the QCL presented a spectral shift, and the ratio between the two peaks also changed. Even though, after irradiation, the tunning spectral range was reduced, at the end of the tests, the system was still functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrişor Gabriel Bleotu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, CETAL, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Doctoral School of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- LULI-CNRS, CEA, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Universite Sorbonne, Ecole Polytechnique, CEDEX, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laura Mihai
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, CETAL, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Dan Sporea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, CETAL, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Adelina Sporea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, CETAL, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihai Straticiuc
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ion Burducea
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Karnik TS, Dao KP, Du Q, Diehl L, Pflügl C, Vakhshoori D, Hu J. High-efficiency mid-infrared InGaAs/InP arrayed waveguide gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5056-5068. [PMID: 36785457 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits and mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers have attracted significant attention over the years because of the numerous applications enabled by these compact semiconductor chips. In this paper, we demonstrate low loss passive waveguides and highly efficient arrayed waveguide gratings that can be used, for example, to beam combine infrared (IR) laser arrays. The waveguide structure used consists of an In0.53Ga0.47As core and InP cladding layers. This material system was chosen because of its compatibility with future monolithic integration with quantum cascade lasers. Different photonic circuits were fabricated using standard semiconductor processes, and experiments conducted with these chips demonstrated low-loss waveguides with an estimated propagation loss of ∼ 1.2 dB/cm as well as micro-ring resonators with an intrinsic Q-factor of 174,000. Arrayed waveguide gratings operating in the 5.15-5.34 µm range feature low insertion loss and non-uniformity of ∼ 0.9 dB and ∼ 0.6 dB, respectively. The demonstration of the present photonic circuits paves the path toward monolithic fabrication of compact infrared light sources with advanced functionalities beneficial to many chemical sensing and high-power applications.
Collapse
|
50
|
Perkitel I, Demir I. Effect of Si-doped and undoped inter-layer transition time on the strain-compensated InGaAs/InAlAs QCL active region grown with MOVPE. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|