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Yang YJ, Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Lee WY, Yang JH, Kim HH, Shim MS, Heo JW, Son JD, Kim WH, Kim GS, Lee HJ, Kim YW, Kim KY, Park KI. Ziziphus jujuba Miller Ethanol Extract Restores Disrupted Intestinal Barrier Function via Tight Junction Recovery and Reduces Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:575. [PMID: 38790680 PMCID: PMC11118233 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the disruption of the intestinal barrier. The intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions (TJs), which sustain intestinal homeostasis and prevent pathogens from entering the microbiome and mucosal tissues. Ziziphus jujuba Miller (Z. jujuba) is a natural substance that has been used in traditional medicine as a therapy for a variety of diseases. However, in IBD, the efficacy of Z. jujuba is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated ZJB in Caco2 cells and a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model to demonstrate its efficacy in IBD. Z. jujuba extracts were prepared using 70% ethanol and were named ZJB. ZJB was found to be non-cytotoxic and to have excellent antioxidant effects. We confirmed its anti-inflammatory properties via the down-regulation of inflammatory factors, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). To evaluate the effects of ZJB on intestinal barrier function and TJ improvement, the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FITC-Dextran 4) permeability were assessed. The TEER value increased by 61.389% and permeability decreased by 27.348% in the 200 μg/mL ZJB group compared with the 50 ng/mL IL-6 group after 24 h. Additionally, ZJB alleviated body weight loss, reduced the disease activity index (DAI) score, and induced colon shortening in 5% DSS-induced mice; inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were down-regulated in the serum. TJ proteins, such as Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin, were up-regulated by ZJB in an impaired Caco2 mouse model. Additionally, according to the liquid chromatography results, in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, seven active ingredients were detected in ZJB. In conclusion, ZJB down-regulated inflammatory factors, protected intestinal barrier function, and increased TJ proteins. It is thus a safe, natural substance with the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Gyeongnam Bio-Health Research Support Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 17 Jeigok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea;
| | - Won-Yung Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Min Sup Shim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Ji Woong Heo
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Jae Dong Son
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jang Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (H.H.K.); (J.W.H.); (J.D.S.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
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Luo M, Liu Y, Nikolovska K, Riederer B, Patrucco E, Hofmann F, Seidler U. cGMP-dependent kinase 2, Na +/H + exchanger NHE3, and PDZ-adaptor NHERF2 co-assemble in apical membrane microdomains. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14125. [PMID: 38533975 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM Trafficking, membrane retention, and signal-specific regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) are modulated by the Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor (NHERF) family of PDZ-adapter proteins. This study explored the assembly of NHE3 and NHERF2 with the cGMP-dependent kinase II (cGKII) within detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs, "lipid rafts") during in vivo guanylate cycle C receptor (Gucy2c) activation in murine small intestine. METHODS Small intestinal brush border membranes (siBBMs) were isolated from wild type, NHE3-deficient, cGMP-kinase II-deficient, and NHERF2-deficient mice, after oral application of the heat-stable Escherichia coli toxin (STa) analog linaclotide. Lipid raft and non-raft fractions were separated by Optiprep density gradient centrifugation of Triton X-solubilized siBBMs. Confocal microscopy was performed to study NHE3 redistribution after linaclotide application in vivo. RESULTS In the WT siBBM, NHE3, NHERF2, and cGKII were strongly raft associated. The raft association of NHE3, but not of cGKII, was NHERF2 dependent. After linaclotide application to WT mice, lipid raft association of NHE3 decreased, that of cGKII increased, while that of NHERF2 did not change. NHE3 expression in the BBM shifted from a microvillar to a terminal web region. The linaclotide-induced decrease in NHE3 raft association and in microvillar abundance was abolished in cGKII-deficient mice, and strongly reduced in NHERF2-deficient mice. CONCLUSION NHE3, cGKII, and NHERF2 form a lipid raft-associated signal complex in the siBBM, which mediates the inhibition of salt and water absorption by Gucy2c activation. NHERF2 enhances the raft association of NHE3, which is essential for its close interaction with the exclusively raft-associated activated cGKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Katerina Nikolovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enrico Patrucco
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, TU München, München, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, TU München, München, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectiology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Juraver-Geslin H, Devotta A, Saint-Jeannet JP. Developmental roles of natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203878. [PMID: 37742795 PMCID: PMC10841480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides and their receptors are implicated in the physiological control of blood pressure, bone growth, and cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. They mediate their action through the modulation of intracellular levels of cGMP and cAMP, two second-messengers that have broad biological roles. In this review, we briefly describe the major players of this signaling pathway and their physiological roles in the adult, and discuss several reports describing their activity in the control of various aspects of embryonic development in several species. While the core components of this signaling pathway are well conserved, their functions have diverged in the embryo and the adult to control a diverse array of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Juraver-Geslin
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Arun Devotta
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Akgun-Dogan O, Díaz-González F, de Lima Jorge AA, Onenli-Mungan N, Menezes Andrade NL, de Polli Cellin L, Ceylaner S, Barcellos Rosa Modkovski M, Alanay Y, Heath KE. Two new patients with acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type-identification and characterization of the first missense variant. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01472-z. [PMID: 37789084 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP, MIM 619636), is an extremely rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe disproportionate short stature presenting with acromesomelia, mild metaphyseal widening of the long bones and mild spondylar dysplasia. To date, only four variants have been reported; one nonsense, one splice-site, and two frameshifts in five AMDP families. Here, we report the first missense variant and a second splice-site variant in PRKG2 in two patients with clinical and radiological features of acromesomelic dysplasia. Furthermore, functional studies of the novel missense variant, p.Val470Gly, revealed that it was unable to down-regulate FGF2-induced MAPK signaling and, thus, would be predicted to cause growth delay. Hence, this report expands the mutational spectrum in skeletal dysplasias associated with PRKG2 variants. In addition, we propose recognizable facial features with acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akgun-Dogan
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs Application and Research Center (ACURARE), Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Francisca Díaz-González
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neslihan Onenli-Mungan
- Pediatric Metabolism Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Laurana de Polli Cellin
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yasemin Alanay
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs Application and Research Center (ACURARE), Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Kalyanaraman H, China SP, Cabriales JA, Moininazeri J, Casteel DE, Garcia JJ, Wong VW, Chen A, Sah RL, Boss GR, Pilz RB. Protein Kinase G2 Is Essential for Skeletal Homeostasis and Adaptation to Mechanical Loading in Male but Not Female Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:171-185. [PMID: 36371651 PMCID: PMC9825661 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the NO/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway positively regulates osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and survival in vitro, and that cGMP-elevating agents have bone-anabolic effects in mice. Here, we generated mice with an osteoblast-specific (OB) knockout (KO) of type 2 PKG (gene name Prkg2) using a Col1a1(2.3 kb)-Cre driver. Compared to wild type (WT) littermates, 8-week-old male OB Prkg2-KO mice had fewer osteoblasts, reduced bone formation rates, and lower trabecular and cortical bone volumes. Female OB Prkg2-KO littermates showed no bone abnormalities, despite the same degree of PKG2 deficiency in bone. Expression of osteoblast differentiation- and Wnt/β-catenin-related genes was lower in primary osteoblasts and bones of male KO but not female KO mice compared to WT littermates. Osteoclast parameters were unaffected in both sexes. Since PKG2 is part of a mechano-sensitive complex in osteoblast membranes, we examined its role during mechanical loading. Cyclical compression of the tibia increased cortical thickness and induced mechanosensitive and Wnt/β-catenin-related genes to a similar extent in male and female WT mice and female OB Prkg2-KO mice, but loading had a minimal effect in male KO mice. We conclude that PKG2 drives bone acquisition and adaptation to mechanical loading via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in male mice. The striking sexual dimorphism of OB Prkg2-KO mice suggests that current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved cGMP-elevating agents may represent novel effective treatment options for male osteoporosis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These two authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Shyamsundar Pal China
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These two authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Justin A. Cabriales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jafar Moininazeri
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Darren E. Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julian J. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Van W. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Albert Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Renate B. Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pagnamenta AT, Diaz-Gonzalez F, Banos-Pinero B, Ferla MP, Toosi MB, Calder AD, Karimiani EG, Doosti M, Wainwright A, Wordsworth P, Bailey K, Ejeskär K, Lester T, Maroofian R, Heath KE, Tajsharghi H, Shears D, Taylor JC. Variable skeletal phenotypes associated with biallelic variants in PRKG2. J Med Genet 2022; 59:947-950. [PMID: 34782440 PMCID: PMC9554069 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Francisca Diaz-Gonzalez
- INGEMM, IdiPAZ and Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE, ERN-BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benito Banos-Pinero
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Matteo P Ferla
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Mehran B Toosi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alistair D Calder
- Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Razavi International Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doosti
- Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Razavi International Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Andrew Wainwright
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Wordsworth
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Bailey
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Katarina Ejeskär
- School of Health Sciences, Translational Medicine, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tracy Lester
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Karen E Heath
- INGEMM, IdiPAZ and Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE, ERN-BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Homa Tajsharghi
- School of Health Sciences, Translational Medicine, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Deborah Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Sharma R, Kim JJ, Qin L, Henning P, Akimoto M, VanSchouwen B, Kaur G, Sankaran B, MacKenzie KR, Melacini G, Casteel DE, Herberg FW, Kim CW. An auto-inhibited state of protein kinase G and implications for selective activation. eLife 2022; 11:79530. [PMID: 35929723 PMCID: PMC9417419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) are key mediators of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway that regulates biological functions as diverse as smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, and axon guidance. Understanding how cGMP differentially triggers mammalian PKG isoforms could lead to new therapeutics that inhibit or activate PKGs, complementing drugs that target nitric oxide synthases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in this signaling axis. Alternate splicing of PRKG1 transcripts confers distinct leucine zippers, linkers, and auto-inhibitory (AI) pseudo-substrate sequences to PKG Iα and Iβ that result in isoform-specific activation properties, but the mechanism of enzyme auto-inhibition and its alleviation by cGMP is not well understood. Here, we present a crystal structure of PKG Iβ in which the AI sequence and the cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domains are bound to the catalytic domain, providing a snapshot of the auto-inhibited state. Specific contacts between the PKG Iβ AI sequence and the enzyme active site help explain isoform-specific activation constants and the effects of phosphorylation in the linker. We also present a crystal structure of a PKG I CNB domain with an activating mutation linked to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections. Similarity of this structure to wildtype cGMP-bound domains and differences with the auto-inhibited enzyme provide a mechanistic basis for constitutive activation. We show that PKG Iβ auto-inhibition is mediated by contacts within each monomer of the native full-length dimeric protein, and using the available structural and biochemical data we develop a model for the regulation and cooperative activation of PKGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Jeong Joo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Liying Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Philipp Henning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, kassel, Germany
| | - Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gundeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Fritz W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, kassel, Germany
| | - Choel W Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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8
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Xiong X, Zhou M, Zhu X, Tan Y, Wang Z, Gong J, Xu J, Wen Y, Liu J, Tu X, Rao Y. RNA Sequencing of the Pituitary Gland and Association Analyses Reveal PRKG2 as a Candidate Gene for Growth and Carcass Traits in Chinese Ningdu Yellow Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892024. [PMID: 35782572 PMCID: PMC9244401 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and carcass traits are of great economic importance to the chicken industry. The candidate genes and mutations associated with growth and carcass traits can be utilized to improve chicken growth. Therefore, the identification of these genes and mutations is greatly importance. In this study, a total of 17 traits related to growth and carcass were measured in 399 Chinese Ningdu yellow chickens. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to detect candidate genes using 12 pituitary gland samples (six per group), which exhibited extreme growth and carcass phenotypes: either a high live weight and carcass weight (H group) or a low live weight and carcass weight (L group). A differential expression analysis, utilizing RNA-seq, between the H and L groups identified 428 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 110 up-regulated genes and 318 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the identified genes showed a significant enrichment of 158 GO terms and two KEGG pathways, including response to stimulus and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, respectively. Furthermore, RNA-seq data, qRT–PCR, and quantitative trait transcript (QTT) analysis results suggest that the PRKG2 gene is an important candidate gene for growth and carcass traits of Chinese Ningdu yellow chickens. More specifically, association analyses of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PRKG2 and growth and carcass traits showed that the SNP rs16400745 was significantly associated with 12 growth and carcass traits (P < 0.05), such as carcass weight (P = 9.68E-06), eviscerated weight (P = 3.04E-05), and semi-eviscerated weight (P = 2.14E-04). Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the genetic basis of growth in Chinese Ningdu yellow chickens and the SNP rs16400745 reported here could be incorporated into the selection programs involving this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Xiong
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xinwei Xiong
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuenong Zhu
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuwen Tan
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhangfeng Wang
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jishang Gong
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiguo Xu
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yafang Wen
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xutang Tu
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yousheng Rao
- Institute of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Chicken Breeds of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Yousheng Rao
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Physiological and Pathophysiological Effects of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide on the Heart. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060911. [PMID: 35741432 PMCID: PMC9219612 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), CNP was not previously regarded as an important cardiac modulator. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with its cognate natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. In this review, I introduce the history of research on CNP in the cardiac field. Abstract C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike other members, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are cardiac hormones secreted from the atrium and ventricle of the heart, respectively, CNP is regarded as an autocrine/paracrine regulator with broad expression in the body. Because of its low expression levels compared to ANP and BNP, early studies failed to show its existence and role in the heart. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with the distribution of its specific natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. NPR-B generates intracellular cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) upon CNP binding, followed by various molecular effects including the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, which generates diverse cytoprotective actions in cardiomyocytes, as well as in cardiac fibroblasts. CNP exerts negative inotropic and positive lusitropic responses in both normal and failing heart models. Furthermore, osteocrin, the intrinsic and specific ligand for the clearance receptor for natriuretic peptides, can augment the effects of CNP and may supply a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac protection.
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Tadalafil and Steroid Hormones Interactions in Adipose, Bone and Prostate Tissues: Focus on Translational Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084191. [PMID: 35457011 PMCID: PMC9024809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tadalafil is a selective phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction (ED) and/or benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) -associated symptoms. Besides its classical actions on PDE5 within the genitourinary tract, where the specific enzyme expression is maximal, it may exert different systemic effects. This is mainly due to the pleiotropic distribution of PDE5 enzyme throughout the human (and animal) body, where it can exert protective effects in different clinical conditions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that tadalafil may display novel actions on androgen receptor (AR) expression and activity and cytochrome P19a1 (Cyp19a1) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression in different in vitro systems, such as adipose, bone and prostate cancer cells, where it can act as a selective modulator of steroid hormone production. This may determine novel potential mechanism(s) of control in pathophysiologic pathways. In this review, we summarize basic research and translational results applicable to the use of tadalafil in the treatment of obesity, bone loss and prostate cancer.
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11
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Expanding horizons of achondroplasia treatment: current options and future developments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:535-544. [PMID: 34864168 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the FGFR3 receptor tyrosine kinase lead to most prevalent form of genetic dwarfism in humans, the achondroplasia. Many features of the complex function of FGFR3 in growing skeleton were characterized, which facilitated identification of therapy targets, and drove progress toward treatment. In August 2021, the vosoritide was approved for treatment of achondroplasia, which is based on a stable variant of the C-natriuretic peptide. Other drugs may soon follow, as several conceptually different inhibitors of FGFR3 signaling progress through clinical trials. Here, we review the current achondroplasia therapeutics, describe their mechanisms, and illuminate motivations leading to their development. We also discuss perspectives of curing achondroplasia, and options for repurposing achondroplasia drugs for dwarfing conditions unrelated to FGFR3.
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Zhang M, Ali G, Komatsu S, Zhao R, Ji HL. Prkg2 regulates alveolar type 2-mediated re-alveolarization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:111. [PMID: 35313961 PMCID: PMC8935727 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cGMP-dependent type 2 protein kinase, encoded by the prkg2 gene, is highly expressed in alveolar type 2 epithelial (AT2) cells. It is unclear whether prkg2 regulates AT2 cell homeostasis and re-alveolarization of injured lungs. This study aimed to investigate the role of prkg2 in the regulation of the fate of AT2 in vitro. METHODS Primary AT2 cells of wild-type (wt) and prkg2-/- mice were co-cultured with fibroblasts as three-dimensional organoids. The colony formation was analyzed between days 4 and 12 post-seeding. EdU assay was used to detect cells with active DNA synthesis. AT1 and AT2 cells in organoids were visualized with anti-podoplanin and anti-surfactant protein C antibodies, respectively. RESULTS Prkg2-/- AT2 cells developed a greater number of organoids than wt controls. However, compared to wt organoids, a lower number of AT2 but a greater number of AT1 cells were visualized. In addition, a lower number of proliferated cells (EdU+) were observed in prkg2-/- organoids compared to wt controls. The numbers of organoids and EdU+ cells were significantly reduced in protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89-treated wt and prkg2-/- cultures. Organoids and EdU+ cells were increased by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in both wt and prkg2-/- groups. The increase in the proportion of AT1 and AT2 cells in organoids was only seen in wt controls. CONCLUSIONS Prkg2 may regulate the lineage of AT2 cells, which is affected by endotoxins and the interactive PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA.,Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gibran Ali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Satoshi Komatsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Runzhen Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX, 75708-3154, USA. .,Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
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13
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Hirota K, Hirashima T, Horikawa K, Yasoda A, Matsuda M. C-type Natriuretic Peptide-induced PKA Activation Promotes Endochondral Bone Formation in Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6511000. [PMID: 35041746 PMCID: PMC8826897 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth is achieved by a tightly controlled process termed endochondral bone formation. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulates endochondral bone formation through binding to its specific receptor, guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B. However, CNP/GC-B signaling dynamics in different stages of endochondral bone formation have not been fully clarified, especially in terms of the interaction between the cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. Here, we demonstrated that CNP activates the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and that this activation contributed to the elongation of the hypertrophic zone in the growth plate. Cells of the chondrogenic line ATDC5 were transfected with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cGMP and PKA biosensors. Dual-FRET imaging revealed that CNP increased intracellular cGMP levels and PKA activities in chondrocytes. Further, CNP-induced PKA activation was enhanced following differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Live imaging of the fetal growth plate of transgenic mice, expressing a FRET biosensor for PKA, PKAchu mice, showed that CNP predominantly activates the PKA in the hypertrophic chondrocytes. Additionally, histological analysis of the growth plate of PKAchu mice demonstrated that CNP increased the length of the growth plate, but coadministration of a PKA inhibitor, H89, inhibited the growth-promoting effect of CNP only in the hypertrophic zone. In summary, we revealed that CNP-induced cGMP elevation activated the cAMP/PKA pathway, and clarified that this PKA activation contributed to the bone growth-promoting effect of CNP in hypertrophic chondrocytes. These results provide insights regarding the cross-talk between cGMP and cAMP signaling in endochondral bone formation and in the physiological role of the CNP/GC-B system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Hirota
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence: Keisho Hirota, Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horikawa
- Department of Optical Imaging, Advanced Research Promotion Center, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Islam BN, Sharman SK, Hou Y, Wang R, Ashby J, Li H, Liu K, Vega KJ, Browning DD. Type-2 cGMP-dependent protein kinase suppresses proliferation and carcinogenesis in the colon epithelium. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:584-593. [PMID: 35188962 PMCID: PMC9234760 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has demonstrated that cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), signaling has anti-tumor effects that might be used for colon cancer prevention. The tumor-suppressive mechanism and the signaling components downstream of cGMP remain largely unknown. The present study has characterized the expression of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG1, PKG2) in normal and cancerous tissue from human colon. PKG1 was detected in both normal and tumor tissue, where it localized exclusively to the lamina propria and stroma (respectively). In contrast, PKG2 localized specifically to the epithelium where its expression decreased markedly in tumors compared to matched normal tissue. Neither PKG isoform was detected at the RNA or protein level in established colon cancer cell lines. To test for a potential tumor-suppressor role of PKG2 in the colon epithelium, Prkg2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to azoxymethane/dextran sulfate-sodium (AOM/DSS) treatment. PKG2 deficiency was associated with crypt hyperplasia (Ki67) and almost twice the number of polyps per mouse as wild-type (WT) siblings. In vitro culture of mouse colon epithelium as organoids confirmed that PKG2 was the only isoform expressed, and it was detected in both proliferating and differentiating epithelial compartments. Colon organoids derived from Prkg2 KO mice proliferated more rapidly and exhibited a reduced ability to differentiate compared to WT controls. Taken together our results highlight PKG2 as the central target of cGMP in the colon, where it suppresses carcinogenesis by controlling proliferation in an epithelial-cell intrinsic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah K Sharman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yali Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Justin Ashby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Vega
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Darren D Browning
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 706 7219526; Fax: +1 706 7216608;
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15
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Prasad H, Mathew JKK, Visweswariah SS. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C and Cyclic GMP in Health and Disease: Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:911459. [PMID: 35846281 PMCID: PMC9276936 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.911459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C (GC-C) was initially characterized as an important regulator of intestinal fluid and ion homeostasis. Recent findings demonstrate that GC-C is also causally linked to intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, and tumorigenesis. These advances have been fueled in part by identifying mutations or changes in gene expression in GC-C or its ligands, that disrupt the delicate balance of intracellular cGMP levels and are associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In this review, we highlight aspects of the current knowledge of the GC-C signaling pathway in homeostasis and disease, emphasizing recent advances in the field. The review summarizes extra gastrointestinal functions for GC-C signaling, such as appetite control, energy expenditure, visceral nociception, and behavioral processes. Recent research has expanded the homeostatic role of GC-C and implicated it in regulating the ion-microbiome-immune axis, which acts as a mechanistic driver in inflammatory bowel disease. The development of transgenic and knockout mouse models allowed for in-depth studies of GC-C and its relationship to whole-animal physiology. A deeper understanding of the various aspects of GC-C biology and their relationships with pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and obesity can be leveraged to devise novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sandhya S. Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Sandhya S. Visweswariah,
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Trophectoderm cell failure leads to peri-implantation lethality in Trpm7-deficient mouse embryos. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109851. [PMID: 34686339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryogenesis depends on proper control of intracellular homeostasis of ions including Ca2+ and Mg2+. Deletion of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ conducting the TRPM7 channel is embryonically lethal in mice but leaves compaction, blastomere polarization, blastocoel formation, and correct specification of the lineages of the trophectoderm and inner cell mass unaltered despite that free cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Mg2+ is reduced at the two-cell stage. Although Trpm7-/- embryos are able to hatch from the zona pellucida, no expansion of Trpm7-/- trophoblast cells can be observed, and Trpm7-/- embryos are not identifiable in utero at E6.5 or later. Given the proliferation and adhesion defect of Trpm7-/- trophoblast stem cells and the ability of Trpm7-/- ESCs to develop to embryos in tetraploid embryo complementation assays, we postulate a critical role of TRPM7 in trophectoderm cells and their failure during implantation as the most likely explanation of the developmental arrest of Trpm7-deficient mouse embryos.
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Scalco RC, Correa FA, Dantas NCB, Vasques GA, Jorge AAL. Hormone resistance and short stature: A journey through the pathways of hormone signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111416. [PMID: 34333056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hormone resistances have been described in association with growth disorders, the majority involving the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) axis or hormones with specific paracrine-autocrine actions in the growth plate. Defects in hormone receptors or in proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction (post-receptor defects) are the main mechanisms of hormone resistance leading to short stature. The characteristic phenotypes of each of these hormonal resistances are very distinct and bring with them important insights into the role of each hormone and its signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the molecular and clinical aspects of the main hormone resistances associated with short stature in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Scalco
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Correa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Naiara C B Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Brazil.
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18
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PRKG2 Splice Site Variant in Dogo Argentino Dogs with Disproportionate Dwarfism. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101489. [PMID: 34680883 PMCID: PMC8535654 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dwarfism phenotypes occur in many species and may be caused by genetic or environmental factors. In this study, we investigated a family of nine Dogo Argentino dogs, in which two dogs were affected by disproportionate dwarfism. Radiographs of an affected dog revealed a decreased level of endochondral ossification in its growth plates, and a premature closure of the distal ulnar physes. The pedigree of the dogs presented evidence of monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance; combined linkage and homozygosity mapping assigned the most likely position of a potential genetic defect to 34 genome segments, totaling 125 Mb. The genome of an affected dog was sequenced and compared to 795 control genomes. The prioritization of private variants revealed a clear top candidate variant for the observed dwarfism. This variant, PRKG2:XM_022413533.1:c.1634+1G>T, affects the splice donor site and is therefore predicted to disrupt the function of the PKRG2 gene encoding protein, kinase cGMP-dependent type 2, a known regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. The genotypes of the PRKG2 variant were perfectly associated with the phenotype in the studied family of dogs. PRKG2 loss-of-function variants were previously reported to cause disproportionate dwarfism in humans, cattle, mice, and rats. Together with the comparative data from other species, our data strongly suggest PRKG2:c.1634+1G>T to be a candidate causative variant for the observed dwarfism phenotype in Dogo Argentino dogs.
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Mok CH, MacLeod JN. Kinetics of Gene Expression Changes in Equine Fetal Interzone and Anlagen Cells Over 14 Days of Induced Chondrogenesis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722324. [PMID: 34434986 PMCID: PMC8380811 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within developing synovial joints, interzone and anlagen cells progress through divergent chondrogenic pathways to generate stable articular cartilage and transient hypertrophic anlagen cartilage, respectively. Understanding the comparative cell biology between interzone and anlagen cells may provide novel insights into emergent cell-based therapies to support articular cartilage regeneration. The aim of this study was to assess the kinetics of gene expression profiles in these skeletal cell lines after inducing chondrogenesis in culture. Interzone and anlagen cells from seven equine fetuses were isolated and grown in a TGF-β1 chondrogenic inductive medium. Total RNA was isolated at ten time points (0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 168, and 336 h), and gene expression for 93 targeted gene loci was measured in a microfluidic RT-qPCR system. Differential transcriptional responses were observed as early as 1.5 h after the initiation of chondrogenesis. Genes with functional annotations that include transcription regulation responded to the chondrogenic stimulation earlier (1.5–96 h) than genes involved in signal transduction (1.5–336 h) and the extracellular matrix biology (3–336 h). Between interzone and anlagen cell cultures, expression levels of 73 out of the 93 targeted genes were not initially different at 0 h, but 47 out of the 73 genes became differentially expressed under the chondrogenic stimulation. While interzone and anlagen cells are both chondrogenic, they display clear differences in response to the same TGF-β1 chondrogenic stimulation. This study provides new molecular insight into a timed sequence of the divergent developmental fates of interzone and anlagen cells in culture over 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Mok
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James N MacLeod
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Li ZS, Hung LY, Margolis KG, Ambron RT, Sung YJ, Gershon MD. The α isoform of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1α) is expressed and functionally important in intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14100. [PMID: 33655600 PMCID: PMC8681866 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) enable the gut to manifest reflexes in the absence of CNS input. PKG1α is selectively expressed in a subset of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and has been linked to nociception and long-term hyperexcitability. METHODS We used immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and in vitro assays of IPAN-dependent enteric functions to test hypotheses that subsets of primary neurons of the ENS and DRG share a reliance on PKG1α expression. KEY RESULTS PKG1α immunoreactivity was demonstrated in immunoblots from isolated myenteric ganglia. PKG1α, but not PKG1β, immunoreactivity, was coincident with that of neuronal markers (HuC/D; β3-tubulin) in both enteric plexuses. PKG1α immunoreactivity also co-localized with the immunoreactivities of the IPAN markers, calbindin (100%; myenteric plexus) and cytoplasmic NeuN (98 ± 1% submucosal plexus). CGRP-immunoreactive DRG neurons, identified as visceral afferents by retrograde transport, were PKG1α-immunoreactive. We used intraluminal cholera toxin to determine whether PKG1α was necessary to enable stimulation of the mucosa to activate Fos in enteric neurons. Tetrodotoxin (1.0 µM), low Ca2+ /high Mg2+ media, and the PKG inhibitor, N46 (100 µM), all inhibited Fos activation in myenteric neurons. N46 also concentration dependently inhibited peristaltic reflexes in isolated preparations of distal colon (IC50 = 83.3 ± 1.3 µM). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data suggest that PKG1α is present and functionally important in IPANs and visceral afferent nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi S. Li
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Y. Hung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard T. Ambron
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying J. Sung
- Departments of Basic Science, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Nelson AD, Black CJ, Houghton LA, Lugo-Fagundo NS, Lacy BE, Ford AC. Systematic review and network meta-analysis: efficacy of licensed drugs for abdominal bloating in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:98-108. [PMID: 34114657 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bloating is a highly prevalent and troublesome symptom in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), treatment is empirical with no specific guidelines for its management. AIM To conduct a pairwise and network meta-analysis, using a frequentist approach, of Food and Drug Administration-licensed drugs for IBS-C comparing their efficacy for abdominal bloating as a specific endpoint. METHODS We searched the medical literature through December 2020 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in IBS-C, with abdominal bloating reported as a dichotomous assessment. Efficacy of each drug was reported as a pooled relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to summarise effect of each comparison tested. Treatments were ranked according to their P-score. RESULTS We identified 13 eligible RCTs, containing 10 091 patients. Linaclotide 290 µg o.d., lubiprostone 8 µg b.d., tenapanor 50 mg b.d. and tegaserod 6 mg b.d. were all superior to placebo for abdominal bloating in patients with IBS-C, in both pairwise and the network meta-analyses. Linaclotide demonstrated the greatest improvement in abdominal bloating in both pairwise and network meta-analysis (RR of failure to achieve an improvement in abdominal bloating = 0.78; 95% CI 0.74-0.83, number needed to treat = 7, P-score 0.97). Indirect comparison revealed no significant differences between individual drugs. CONCLUSIONS We found all licensed drugs for IBS-C to be superior to placebo for abdominal bloating. Linaclotide appeared to be the most efficacious at relieving abdominal bloating. Further research is needed to assess long-term efficacy of these agents and to better understand the precise mechanism of improving bloating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D Nelson
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher J Black
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lesley A Houghton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Brian E Lacy
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander C Ford
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Hofmann F. The cGMP system: components and function. Biol Chem 2021; 401:447-469. [PMID: 31747372 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is one of the most prominent regulators of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in many mammalian and non-mammalian tissues. Targeting this pathway by increasing cGMP levels has been a very successful approach in pharmacology as shown for nitrates, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors and stimulators of nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) and particulate GC (pGC). This is an introductory review to the cGMP signaling system intended to introduce those readers to this system, who do not work in this area. This article does not intend an in-depth review of this system. Signal transduction by cGMP is controlled by the generating enzymes GCs, the degrading enzymes PDEs and the cGMP-regulated enzymes cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP-regulated PDEs. Part A gives a very concise introduction to the components. Part B gives a very concise introduction to the functions modulated by cGMP. The article cites many recent reviews for those who want a deeper insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Hofmann
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802 München, Germany
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23
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Pharmic Activation of PKG2 Alleviates Diabetes-Induced Osteoblast Dysfunction by Suppressing PLC β1-Ca 2+-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5552530. [PMID: 34221234 PMCID: PMC8225424 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5552530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As reported in our previous study, cinaciguat can improve implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats by reactivating type 2 cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG2), but the downstream mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the favorable effect of cinaciguat on primary rat osteoblast, which was cultivated on titanium disc under vitro T2DM conditions (25 mM glucose and 200 μM palmitate), and clarified the therapeutic mechanism by proteomic analysis. The results demonstrated that T2DM medium caused significant downregulation of PKG2 and induced obvious osteoblast dysfunction. And overexpression of PKG2 by lentivirus and cinaciguat could promote cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation, leading to decreased osteoblasts injury. Besides, proteomic analysis revealed the interaction between PKG2 and phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) in the cinaciguat addition group, and we further verified that upregulated PKG2 by cinaciguat could inhibit the activation of PLCβ1, then relieve intracellular calcium overload, and suppress endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to ameliorate osteoblast functions under T2DM condition. Collectively, these findings provided the first detailed mechanisms responsible for cinaciguat provided a favorable effect on promoting osseointegration in T2DM and demonstrated a new insight that diabetes mellitus-induced the aberrations in PKG2-PLCβ1-Ca2+-ER stress pathway was one underlying mechanism for poor osseointegration.
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24
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Tran TM, Sherwood JK, Doolittle MJ, Sathler MF, Hofmann F, Stone-Roy LM, Kim S. Loss of cGMP-dependent protein kinase II alters ultrasonic vocalizations in mice, a model for speech impairment in human microdeletion 4q21 syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136048. [PMID: 34126178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 4q21 microdeletion leads to a human syndrome that exhibits restricted growth, facial dysmorphisms, mental retardation, and absent or delayed speech. One of the key genes in the affected region of the chromosome is PRKG2, which encodes cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII). Mice lacking cGKII exhibit restricted growth and deficits in learning and memory, as seen in the human syndrome. However, vocalization impairments in these mice have not been determined. The molecular pathway underlying vocalization impairment in humans is not fully understood. Here, we employed cGKII knockout (KO) mice as a model for the human microdeletion syndrome to test whether vocalizations are affected by loss of the PRKG2 gene. Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) to communicate in social situations, stress, and isolation. We thus recorded ultrasonic vocalizations as a model for human speech. We isolated postnatal day 5-7 pups from the nest to record and analyze USVs and found significant differences in vocalizations of KO mice relative to wild-type and heterozygous mutant mice. KO mice produced fewer calls that were shorter duration and higher frequency. Because neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus is important for the production of animal USVs following isolation from the nest, we assessed neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of KO pups following isolation. We found significant reduction of neuronal activation in cGKII KO pups after isolation. Taken together, our studies indicate that cGKII is important for neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus, which significantly contributes to the production of USVs in neonatal mice. We further suggest cGKII KO mice can be a valuable animal model to investigate pathophysiology of human microdeletion 4q21 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Tran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jessica K Sherwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael J Doolittle
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matheus F Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Leslie M Stone-Roy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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25
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Busslinger GA, Weusten BLA, Bogte A, Begthel H, Brosens LAA, Clevers H. Human gastrointestinal epithelia of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum resolved at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108819. [PMID: 33691112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal tract, consisting of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, controls food transport, digestion, nutrient uptake, and hormone production. By single-cell analysis of healthy epithelia of these human organs, we molecularly define their distinct cell types. We identify a quiescent COL17A1high KRT15high stem/progenitor cell population in the most basal cell layer of the esophagus and detect substantial gene expression differences between identical cell types of the human and mouse stomach. Selective expression of BEST4, CFTR, guanylin, and uroguanylin identifies a rare duodenal cell type, referred to as BCHE cell, which likely mediates high-volume fluid secretion because of continual activation of the CFTR channel by guanylin/uroguanylin-mediated autocrine signaling. Serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells in the antral stomach significantly differ in gene expression from duodenal enterochromaffin cells. We, furthermore, discover that the histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like cells in the oxyntic stomach express the luteinizing hormone, yet another member of the enteroendocrine hormone family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Busslinger
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas L A Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Auke Bogte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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26
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Porwal K, Pal S, Bhagwati S, Siddiqi MI, Chattopadhyay N. Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of osteoporosis: Scopes for therapeutic repurposing and discovery of new oral osteoanabolic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174015. [PMID: 33711307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that hydrolyze phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules including cAMP and cGMP. A wide range of drugs blocks one or more PDEs thereby preventing the inactivation of cAMP/cGMP. PDEs are differentially expressed in bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Intracellular increases in cAMP/cGMP levels in osteoblasts result in osteogenic response. Acting via the type 1 PTH receptor, teriparatide and abaloparatide increase intracellular cAMP and induce osteoanabolic effect, and many PDE inhibitors mimic this effect in preclinical studies. Since all osteoanabolic drugs are injectable and that oral drugs are considered to improve the treatment adherence and persistence, osteogenic PDE inhibitors could be a promising alternative to the currently available osteogenic therapies and directly assessed clinically in drug repurposing mode. Similar to teriparatide/abaloparatide, PDE inhibitors while stimulating osteoblast function also promote osteoclast function through stimulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand production from osteoblasts. In this review, we critically discussed the effects of PDE inhibitors in bone cells from cellular signalling to a variety of preclinical models that evaluated the bone formation mechanisms. We identified pentoxifylline (a non-selective PDE inhibitor) and rolipram (a PDE4 selective inhibitor) being the most studied inhibitors with osteogenic effect in preclinical models of bone loss at ≤ human equivalent doses, which suggest their potential for post-menopausal osteoporosis treatment through therapeutic repurposing. Subsequently, we treated pentoxifylline and rolipram as prototypical osteogenic PDEs to predict new chemotypes via the computer-aided design strategies for new drugs, based on the structural biology of PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India
| | - Subhashis Pal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India
| | - Sudha Bhagwati
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10/1 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Mohd Imran Siddiqi
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10/1 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India.
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27
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Tan Q, di Stefano G, Tan X, Renjie X, Römermann D, Talbot SR, Seidler UE. Inhibition of Na + /H + exchanger isoform 3 improves gut fluidity and alkalinity in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-deficient and F508del mutant mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1018-1036. [PMID: 33179259 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Constipation and intestinal obstructive episodes are major health problems in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Three FDA-approved drugs against constipation-prone irritable bowel syndrome were tested for their ability to increase luminal fluidity and alkalinity in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) null (cftr-/- ) and F508del mutant (F508delmut/mut ) murine intestine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Guanylate cyclase C agonist linaclotide, PGE1 analogue lubiprostone and intestine-specific NHE3 inhibitor tenapanor were perfused through a ~3 cm jejunal, proximal or mid-distal colonic segment in anaesthetized cftr-/- , F508delmut/mut and WT mice. Net fluid balance was determined gravimetrically and alkaline output by pH-stat back titration. KEY RESULTS Basal jejunal fluid absorptive rates were significantly higher and basal HCO3 - output was significantly lower in cftr-/- and F508delmut/mut compared to WT mice. In cftr-/- and F508delmut/mut mice, all three drugs significantly inhibited the fluid absorptive rate and increased alkaline output in the jejunum and tenapanor and lubiprostone, but not linaclotide, in the colon. After tenapanor pre-incubation, linaclotide elicited a robust fluid secretory response in WT jejunum, while no further change in absorptive rates was observed in cftr-/- and F508delmut/mut jejunum, suggesting that the increase in gut fluidity and alkalinity by linaclotide in CF gut is mediated via NHE3 inhibition. Lubiprostone also inhibited fluid absorption in cftr-/- and F508delmut/mut jejunum via NHE3 inhibition but had a residual NHE3-independent effect. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Linaclotide, lubiprostone and tenapanor reduced fluid absorption and increased alkaline output in the CF gut. Their application may ameliorate constipation and reduce obstructive episodes in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Xinjie Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Xiu Renjie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Römermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute of Veterinary Research, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ursula E Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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28
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Koch M, Scheel C, Ma H, Yang F, Stadlmeier M, Glück AF, Murenu E, Traube FR, Carell T, Biel M, Ding XQ, Michalakis S. The cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 2 Contributes to Cone Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Cnga3-Deficient Mouse Model of Achromatopsia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E52. [PMID: 33374621 PMCID: PMC7793084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CNGA3 gene, which encodes the A subunit of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-gated cation channel in cone photoreceptor outer segments, cause total colour blindness, also referred to as achromatopsia. Cones lacking this channel protein are non-functional, accumulate high levels of the second messenger cGMP and degenerate over time after induction of ER stress. The cell death mechanisms that lead to loss of affected cones are only partially understood. Here, we explored the disease mechanisms in the Cnga3 knockout (KO) mouse model of achromatopsia. We found that another important effector of cGMP, the cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 (Prkg2) is crucially involved in cGMP cytotoxicity of cones in Cnga3 KO mice. Virus-mediated knockdown or genetic ablation of Prkg2 in Cnga3 KO mice counteracted degeneration and preserved the number of cones. Analysis of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response confirmed that induction of these processes in Cnga3 KO cones also depends on Prkg2. In conclusion, we identified Prkg2 as a novel key mediator of cone photoreceptor degeneration in achromatopsia. Our data suggest that this cGMP mediator could be a novel pharmacological target for future neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Koch
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Constanze Scheel
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Michael Stadlmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Andrea F. Glück
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Elisa Murenu
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska R. Traube
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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29
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Gharib-Naseri K, de Las Heras-Saldana S, Kheravii S, Qin L, Wang J, Wu SB. Necrotic enteritis challenge regulates peroxisome proliferator-1 activated receptors signaling and β-oxidation pathways in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:239-251. [PMID: 33997353 PMCID: PMC8110866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important enteric disease in poultry and has become a major concern in poultry production in the post-antibiotic era. The infection with NE can damage the intestinal mucosa of the birds leading to impaired health and, thus, productivity. To gain a better understanding of how NE impacts the gut function of infected broilers, global mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed in the jejunum tissue of NE challenged and non-challenged broilers to identify the pathways and genes affected by this disease. Briefly, to induce NE, birds in the challenge group were inoculated with 1 mL of Eimeria species on day 9 followed by 1 mL of approximately 108 CFU/mL of a NetB producing Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 15. On day 16, 2 birds in each treatment were randomly selected and euthanized and the whole intestinal tract was evaluated for lesion scores. Duodenum tissue samples from one of the euthanized birds of each replicate (n = 4) was used for histology, and the jejunum tissue for RNA extraction. RNA-seq analysis was performed with an Illumina RNA HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified and functional analysis was performed in DAVID to find protein–protein interactions (PPI). At a false discovery rate threshold <0.05, a total of 377 DEG (207 upregulated and 170 downregulated) DEG were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEG were considerably enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling (P < 0.01) and β-oxidation pathways (P < 0.05). The DEG were mostly related to fatty acid metabolism and degradation (cluster of differentiation 36 [CD36], acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member-1 [ACSBG1], fatty acid-binding protein-1 and -2 [FABP1] and [FABP2]; and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase-1 [ACSL1]), bile acid production and transportation (acyl-CoA oxidase-2 [ACOX2], apical sodium–bile acid transporter [ASBT]) and essential genes in the immune system (interferon-, [IFN-γ], LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase [LCK], zeta chain of T cell receptor associated protein kinase 70 kDa [ZAP70], and aconitate decarboxylase 1 [ACOD1]). Our data revealed that pathways related to fatty acid digestion were significantly compromised which thereby could have affected metabolic and immune responses in NE infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Gharib-Naseri
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Sarbast Kheravii
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lihong Qin
- Animal Science and Husbandary Branch, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, 136100, China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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30
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de Jonge HR, Ardelean MC, Bijvelds MJC, Vergani P. Strategies for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibition: from molecular mechanisms to treatment for secretory diarrhoeas. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4085-4108. [PMID: 33113586 PMCID: PMC7756540 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an unusual ABC transporter. It acts as an anion‐selective channel that drives osmotic fluid transport across many epithelia. In the gut, CFTR is crucial for maintaining fluid and acid‐base homeostasis, and its activity is tightly controlled by multiple neuro‐endocrine factors. However, microbial toxins can disrupt this intricate control mechanism and trigger protracted activation of CFTR. This results in the massive faecal water loss, metabolic acidosis and dehydration that characterize secretory diarrhoeas, a major cause of malnutrition and death of children under 5 years of age. Compounds that inhibit CFTR could improve emergency treatment of diarrhoeal disease. Drawing on recent structural and functional insight, we discuss how existing CFTR inhibitors function at the molecular and cellular level. We compare their mechanisms of action to those of inhibitors of related ABC transporters, revealing some unexpected features of drug action on CFTR. Although challenges remain, especially relating to the practical effectiveness of currently available CFTR inhibitors, we discuss how recent technological advances might help develop therapies to better address this important global health need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R. de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Ardelean
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonUK
- Department of Natural SciencesUniversity College LondonUK
| | - Marcel J. C. Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paola Vergani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonUK
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31
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Díaz-González F, Wadhwa S, Rodriguez-Zabala M, Kumar S, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Alonso M, Ahmad I, Zahra S, Kumar D, Kushwah N, Shamim U, Sait H, Kapoor S, Roldán B, Nishimura G, Offiah AC, Faruq M, Heath KE. Biallelic cGMP-dependent type II protein kinase gene (PRKG2) variants cause a novel acromesomelic dysplasia. J Med Genet 2020; 59:28-38. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundC-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its endogenous receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), as well as its downstream mediator, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase II (cGKII), have been shown to play a pivotal role in chondrogenic differentiation and endochondral bone growth. In humans, biallelic variants in NPR2, encoding NPR-B, cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux, while heterozygous variants in NPR2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) and NPPC (natriuretic peptide precursor C), encoding CNP, cause milder phenotypes. In contrast, no variants in cGKII, encoded by the protein kinase cGMP-dependent type II gene (PRKG2), have been reported in humans to date, although its role in longitudinal growth has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.MethodsExome sequencing was performed in two girls with severe short stature due to acromesomelic limb shortening, brachydactyly, mild to moderate platyspondyly and progressively increasing metaphyseal alterations of the long bones. Functional characterisation was undertaken for the identified variants.ResultsTwo homozygous PRKG2 variants, a nonsense and a frameshift, were identified. The mutant transcripts are exposed to nonsense-mediated decay and the truncated mutant cGKII proteins, partially or completely lacking the kinase domain, alter the downstream mitogen activation protein kinase signalling pathway by failing to phosphorylate c-Raf 1 at Ser43 and subsequently reduce ERK1/2 activation in response to fibroblast growth factor 2. They also downregulate COL10A1 and upregulate COL2A1 expression through SOX9.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have clinically and molecularly characterised a new acromesomelic dysplasia, acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP).
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Kim SM, Yuen T, Iqbal J, Rubin MR, Zaidi M. The NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in skeletal remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1487:21-30. [PMID: 32860248 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway plays a critical role in skeletal homeostasis. Preclinical data using NO and its donors and genetically modified mice demonstrated that NO was required in bone remodeling and partly mediated the anabolic effects of mechanical stimuli and estrogen. However, the off-target effects and tachyphylaxis of NO limit its long-term use, and previous clinical trials using organic nitrates for osteoporosis have been disappointing. Among the other components in the downstream pathway, targeting cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase to promote the NO-cGMP-PKG signal is a viable option. There are growing in vitro and in vivo data that, among many other PDE families, PDE5A is highly expressed in skeletal tissue, and inhibiting PDE5A using currently available PDE5A inhibitors might increase the osteoanabolic signal and protect the skeleton. These preclinical data open the possibility of repurposing PDE5A inhibitors for treating osteoporosis. Further research is needed to address the primary target bone cell of PDE5A inhibition, the contribution of direct and indirect effects of PDE5A inhibition, and the pathophysiological changes in skeletal PDE5A expression in aging and hypogonadal animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Kim
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jameel Iqbal
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mishaela R Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Deciphering ion transporters, kinases and PDZ-adaptor molecules that mediate guanylate cyclase C agonist-dependent intestinal fluid loss in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim SM, Taneja C, Perez-Pena H, Ryu V, Gumerova A, Li W, Ahmad N, Zhu LL, Liu P, Mathew M, Korkmaz F, Gera S, Sant D, Hadelia E, Ievleva K, Kuo TC, Miyashita H, Liu L, Tourkova I, Stanley S, Lizneva D, Iqbal J, Sun L, Tamler R, Blair HC, New MI, Haider S, Yuen T, Zaidi M. Repurposing erectile dysfunction drugs tadalafil and vardenafil to increase bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14386-14394. [PMID: 32513693 PMCID: PMC7321982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000950117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that two widely-used drugs for erectile dysfunction, tadalafil and vardenafil, trigger bone gain in mice through a combination of anabolic and antiresorptive actions on the skeleton. Both drugs were found to enhance osteoblastic bone formation in vivo using a unique gene footprint and to inhibit osteoclast formation. The target enzyme, phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A), was found to be expressed in mouse and human bone as well as in specific brain regions, namely the locus coeruleus, raphe pallidus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Localization of PDE5A in sympathetic neurons was confirmed by coimmunolabeling with dopamine β-hydroxylase, as well as by retrograde bone-brain tracing using a sympathetic nerve-specific pseudorabies virus, PRV152. Both drugs elicited an antianabolic sympathetic imprint in osteoblasts, but with net bone gain. Unlike in humans, in whom vardenafil is more potent than tadalafil, the relative potencies were reversed with respect to their osteoprotective actions in mice. Structural modeling revealed a higher binding energy of tadalafil to mouse PDE5A compared with vardenafil, due to steric clashes of vardenafil with a single methionine residue at position 806 in mouse PDE5A. Collectively, our findings suggest that a balance between peripheral and central actions of PDE5A inhibitors on bone formation together with their antiresorptive actions specify the osteoprotective action of PDE5A blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Kim
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Charit Taneja
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Helena Perez-Pena
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Anisa Gumerova
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Naseer Ahmad
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peng Liu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mehr Mathew
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sakshi Gera
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Damini Sant
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Elina Hadelia
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kseniia Ievleva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Reproductive Health, Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, 664003 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tan-Chun Kuo
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hirotaka Miyashita
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Irina Tourkova
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daria Lizneva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jameel Iqbal
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Li Sun
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ronald Tamler
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Maria I New
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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Robinson JW, Blixt NC, Norton A, Mansky KC, Ye Z, Aparicio C, Wagner BM, Benton AM, Warren GL, Khosla S, Gaddy D, Suva LJ, Potter LR. Male mice with elevated C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent guanylyl cyclase-B activity have increased osteoblasts, bone mass and bone strength. Bone 2020; 135:115320. [PMID: 32179168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B, also known as NPR2, stimulates cGMP synthesis and bone elongation. CNP activation requires the phosphorylation of multiple GC-B residues and dephosphorylation inactivates the receptor. GC-B7E/7E knockin mice, expressing a glutamate-substituted, "pseudophosphorylated," form of GC-B, exhibit increased CNP-dependent GC activity. Since mutations that constitutively activate GC-B in the absence of CNP result in low bone mineral density in humans, we determined the skeletal phenotype of 9-week old male GC-B7E/7E mice. Unexpectedly, GC-B7E/7E mice have significantly greater tibial and L5 vertebral trabecular bone volume fraction, tibial trabecular number, and tibial bone mineral density. Cortical cross-sectional area, cortical thickness, periosteal diameter and cortical cross-sectional moment of inertia were also significantly increased in GC-B7E/7E tibiae. Three-point bending measurements demonstrated that the mutant tibias and femurs had greater ultimate load, stiffness, energy to ultimate load, and energy to failure. No differences in microhardness indicated similar bone quality at the tissue level between the mutant and wildtype bones. Procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide and osteocalcin were elevated in serum, and osteoblast number per bone perimeter and osteoid width per bone perimeter were elevated in tibias from the mutant mice. In contrast to mutations that constitutively activate GC-B, we report that mutations that enhance GC-B activity only in the presence of its natural ligand, increase bone mass, bone strength, and the number of active osteoblasts at the bone surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerid W Robinson
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas C Blixt
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Norton
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kim C Mansky
- Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew M Benton
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Schall N, Garcia JJ, Kalyanaraman H, China SP, Lee JJ, Sah RL, Pfeifer A, Pilz RB. Protein kinase G1 regulates bone regeneration and rescues diabetic fracture healing. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135355. [PMID: 32315291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with diabetes, who have a high incidence of fractures and exhibit poor fracture healing. Coordinated expression of osteoblast-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) is essential for fracture repair. The NO/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway mediates osteoblast responses to estrogens and mechanical stimulation, but the pathway's role in bone regeneration is unknown. Here, we used a mouse cortical-defect model to simulate bone fractures and studied osteoblast-specific PKG1-knockout and diabetic mice. The knockout mice had normal bone microarchitecture but after injury exhibited poor bone regeneration, with decreased osteoblasts, collagen deposition, and microvessels in the bone defect area. Primary osteoblasts and tibiae from the knockout mice expressed low amounts of Vegfa and Bmp2/4 mRNAs, and PKG1 was required for cGMP-stimulated expression of these genes. Diabetic mice also demonstrated low Vegfa and Bmp2/4 expression in bone and impaired bone regeneration after injury; notably, the cGMP-elevating agent cinaciguat restored Vegfa and BMP2/4 expression and full bone healing. We conclude that PKG1 is a key orchestrator of VEGF and BMP signaling during bone regeneration and propose pharmacological PKG activation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhance fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schall
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian J Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shyamsundar Pal China
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jenna J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert L Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Cossenza M, Socodato R, Mejía-García TA, Domith I, Portugal CC, Gladulich LFH, Duarte-Silva AT, Khatri L, Antoine S, Hofmann F, Ziff EB, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Protein synthesis inhibition promotes nitric oxide generation and activation of CGKII-dependent downstream signaling pathways in the retina. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118732. [PMID: 32360667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is an important neuromodulator in the CNS, and its production within neurons is modulated by NMDA receptors and requires a fine-tuned availability of L-arginine. We have previously shown that globally inhibiting protein synthesis mobilizes intracellular L-arginine "pools" in retinal neurons, which concomitantly enhances neuronal nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production. Activation of NMDA receptors also induces local inhibition of protein synthesis and L-arginine intracellular accumulation through calcium influx and stimulation of eucariotic elongation factor type 2 kinase. We hypothesized that protein synthesis inhibition might also increase intracellular L-arginine availability to induce nitric oxide-dependent activation of downstream signaling pathways. Here we show that nitric oxide produced by inhibiting protein synthesis (using cycloheximide or anisomycin) is readily coupled to AKT activation in a soluble guanylyl cyclase and cGKII-dependent manner. Knockdown of cGKII prevents cycloheximide or anisomycin-induced AKT activation and its nuclear accumulation. Moreover, in retinas from cGKII knockout mice, cycloheximide was unable to enhance AKT phosphorylation. Indeed, cycloheximide also produces an increase of ERK phosphorylation which is abrogated by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. In summary, we show that inhibition of protein synthesis is a previously unanticipated driving force for nitric oxide generation and activation of downstream signaling pathways including AKT and ERK in cultured retinal cells. These results may be important for the regulation of synaptic signaling and neuronal development by NMDA receptors as well as for solving conflicting data observed when using protein synthesis inhibitors for studying neuronal survival during development as well in behavior and memory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cossenza
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Renato Socodato
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Telmo A Mejía-García
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan Domith
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis F H Gladulich
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline T Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Latika Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shannon Antoine
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der TU-München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edward B Ziff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Taura D, Nakao K, Nakagawa Y, Kinoshita H, Sone M, Nakao K. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylate cyclase B (GC-B) system and endothelin-1(ET-1)/ET receptor A and B system in human vasculature. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:611-617. [PMID: 32268070 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the physiological and clinical implications of the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B) system in the human vasculature, we have examined gene expressions of CNP and its receptor, GC-B, in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and have also compared the endothelin-1(ET-1)/endothelin receptor-A (ETR-A) and endothelin receptor-B (ETR-B) system in human aortic ECs (HAECs) and vascular SMCs (HSMCs) in vitro. We also examined these gene expressions in human embryonic stem (ES)/induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived ECs and mural cells (MCs). A little but significant amount of mRNA encoding CNP was detected in both human ES-derived ECs and HAECs. A substantial amount of GC-B was expressed in both ECs (iPS-derived ECs and HAECs) and SMCs (iPS-derived MCs and HSMCs). ET-1 was expressed solely in ECs. ETR-A was expressed in SMCs, while ETR-B was expressed in ECs. These results indicate the existence of a vascular CNP/GC-B system in the human vascular wall, indicating the evidence for clinical implication of the CNP/GC-B system in concert with the ET-1/ETR-A and ETR-B system in the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakao
- National Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular Research Center Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are closely linked and commonly occur in the same patients. This review focuses on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) system and its crosstalk between metabolism and the cardiovascular system. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that cGMP, which serves as second messenger for nitric oxide and for natriuretic peptides, improves oxidative metabolism and insulin signaling. The clinical evidence is particularly strong for the natriuretic peptide branch of the cGMP system. Clinical trials suggested improvements in insulin sensitivity and reductions in the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further studies are needed. SUMMARY Enhancing cGMP signaling through nonpharmacological or pharmacological means may improve glucose metabolism in addition to affecting the cardiovascular system. However, excessive cGMP production could have significant unwanted cardiovascular and metabolic effects.
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Active PKG II inhibited the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells through blocking Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190405. [PMID: 31350342 PMCID: PMC6692568 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) is still the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. So, it is imperative to explore its mechanism and find novel targets to improve the outcome. Type II cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) has been recently reported to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in several tumors. The present study is to clarify the effect of PKG II combined with l-arginine (l-Arg) on OC cells. SKOV3 and A2780 cells were infected with adenovirus coding cDNA of PKG II to increase PKG II expression and l-Arg was applied to activate this kinase. CCK8 assay, Transwell migration and TUNEL assay were applied to detect the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of the OC cells, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the level of total and phosphorylated proteins. Our results showed that co-treatment with PKG II and l-Arg inhibited EGF-induced proliferation and the expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Cyclin E and N-Cadherin, whereas up-regulated the expression of E-Cadherin, abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of EGF, prevented the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as blocked EGF-triggered Raf-MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Our results suggested that PKG II activated by l-Arg could inhibit proliferation and migration and promote the apoptosis of OC cells. Based on the above results and our previous data, it is speculated that PKG II is an inhibitor of cancer with extensive effects.
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Schramm A, Schweda F, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Hofmann F, Sandner P, Schlossmann J. Protein Kinase G Is Involved in Acute but Not in Long-Term Regulation of Renin Secretion. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31379575 PMCID: PMC6657341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is, in combination with diuretics, the first-choice treatment for hypertension, although 10–20% of patients do not respond adequately. Next to the RAAS, the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) system is the second fundamental blood pressure regulator. Whether both systems influence each other is not well-studied. It has been shown that nitric oxide (NO) supports renin recruitment via activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and subsequent generation of cGMP. Whether this leads to an ensuing activation of PKGs in this context is not known. PKGIα, as well as PKGII, is expressed in renin-producing cells. Hence, we analyzed whether these enzymes play a role regarding renin synthesis, secretion, or recruitment. We generated renin-cell-specific PKGI-knockout mice and either stimulated or inhibited the renin system in these mice by salt diets. To exclude the possibility that one kinase isoform can compensate the lack of the other, we also studied double-knockout animals with a conditional knockout of PKGI in juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and a ubiquitous knockout of PKGII. We analyzed blood pressure, renin mRNA and renal renin protein content as well as plasma renin concentration. Furthermore, we stimulated the cGMP system in these mice using BAY 41-8543, an sGC stimulator, and examined renin regulation either after acute administration or after 7 days (application once daily). We did not reveal any striking differences regarding long-term renin regulation in the studied mouse models. Yet, when we studied the acute effect of BAY 41-8543 on renin secretion in isolated perfused kidneys as well as in living animals, we found that the administration of the substance led to a significant increase in plasma renin concentration in control animals. This effect was completely abolished in double-knockout animals. However, after 7 days of once daily application, we did not detect a persistent increase in renin mRNA or protein in any studied genotype. Therefore, we conclude that in mice, cGMP and PKG are involved in the acute regulation of renin release but have no influence on long-term renin adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schramm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery-Cardiology, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Reverte-Salisa L, Sanyal A, Pfeifer A. Role of cAMP and cGMP Signaling in Brown Fat. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:161-182. [PMID: 29633180 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cold-induced activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is mediated by norepinephrine and adenosine that are released during sympathetic nerve activation. Both signaling molecules induce an increase in intracellular levels of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in murine and human BAT. In brown adipocytes, cAMP plays a central role, because it activates lipolysis, glucose uptake, and thermogenesis. Another well-studied intracellular second messenger is 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which closely resembles cAMP. Several studies have shown that intact cGMP signaling is essential for normal adipogenic differentiation and BAT-mediated thermogenesis in mice. This chapter highlights recent observations, demonstrating the physiological significance of cyclic nucleotide signaling in BAT as well as their potential to induce browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sanyal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Keto Y, Kosako M. [Pharmacological and clinical profile of linaclotide (Linzess ®), a novel therapeutic agent for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic constipation]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:289-298. [PMID: 31178535 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Linaclotide (Linzess® tablets 0.25 mg) is a guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist with high selectivity and binding affinity to GC-C. In Japan, linaclotide was approved for 〝irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C)〟 in December 2016 and 〝chronic constipation (CC) (excluding constipation due to organic disease)〟 in August 2018. Non-clinical studies demonstrated that linaclotide binding to GC-C increases intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in increased fluid secretion and gastrointestinal transit. In rats with colonic hyperalgesia, but not in normal rats, linaclotide suppressed the visceral nociceptive response, mediated by increased submucosal cGMP. In clinical studies in Japan, improvements were observed in the responder rates for global assessment of IBS symptom relief, complete spontaneous bowel movements in patients with IBS-C, and the frequency of spontaneous bowel movement in patients with CC, which were maintained during long-term treatment. Additionally, abdominal bloating, which has been associated with lower quality of life (QOL) and lower satisfaction with other approved therapies, and IBS QOL were improved throughout treatment with linaclotide. Diarrhea, a consequence of linaclotide's mechanism of action, was observed during the clinical studies, but was generally controllable by decreasing the linaclotide dose. No drug resistance was observed during the clinical studies, unlike some other approved agents. These results of non-clinical and clinical studies demonstrate that linaclotide can improve constipation, various abdominal symptoms, and QOL with a favorable safety profile in patients with IBS-C and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Keto
- Medical Communications, Medical Affairs, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Masanori Kosako
- Japan-Asia Clinical Development 1, Development, Astellas Pharma Inc
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NAKAO K. Translational science: Newly emerging science in biology and medicine - Lessons from translational research on the natriuretic peptide family and leptin. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:538-567. [PMID: 31708497 PMCID: PMC6856003 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Translation is the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic, and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the public, ranging from diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes. Translational research is defined as the effort to traverse a particular step of the translation process for a particular target or disease. Translational science is a newly emerging science, distinct from basic and clinical sciences in biology and medicine, and is a field of investigation focused on understanding the scientific and operational principles underlying each step of the translational process. Advances in translational science will increase the efficacy and safety of translational research in all diagnostic and therapeutic areas. This report examines translational research on novel hormones, the natriuretic peptide family and leptin, which have achieved clinical applications or for which studies are still ongoing, and also emphasizes the lessons that translational science has learned from more than 30 years' experience in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuwa NAKAO
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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de Kroon LMG, van den Akker GGH, Brachvogel B, Narcisi R, Belluoccio D, Jenner F, Bateman JF, Little CB, Brama PAJ, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM, van Osch GJVM. Identification of TGFβ-related genes regulated in murine osteoarthritis and chondrocyte hypertrophy by comparison of multiple microarray datasets. Bone 2018; 116:67-77. [PMID: 30010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. Some features of OA, including chondrocyte hypertrophy and focal calcification of articular cartilage, resemble the endochondral ossification processes. Alterations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling have been associated with OA as well as with chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our aim was to identify novel candidate genes implicated in chondrocyte hypertrophy during OA pathogenesis by determining which TGFβ-related genes are regulated during murine OA and endochondral ossification. METHODS A list of 580 TGFβ-related genes, including TGFβ signaling pathway components and TGFβ-target genes, was generated. Regulation of these TGFβ-related genes was assessed in a microarray of murine OA cartilage: 1, 2 and 6 weeks after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Subsequently, genes regulated in the DMM model were studied in two independent murine microarray datasets on endochondral ossification: the growth plate and transient embryonic cartilage (joint development). RESULTS A total of 106 TGFβ-related genes were differentially expressed in articular cartilage of DMM-operated mice compared to sham-control. From these genes, 43 were similarly regulated during chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate or embryonic joint development. Among these 43 genes, 18 genes have already been associated with OA. The remaining 25 genes were considered as novel candidate genes involved in OA pathogenesis and endochondral ossification. In supplementary data of published human OA microarrays we found indications that 15 of the 25 novel genes are indeed regulated in articular cartilage of human OA patients. CONCLUSION By focusing on TGFβ-related genes during OA and chondrocyte hypertrophy in mice, we identified 18 known and 25 new candidate genes potentially implicated in phenotypical changes in chondrocytes leading to OA. We propose that 15 of these candidates warrant further investigation as therapeutic target for OA as they are also regulated in articular cartilage of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie M G de Kroon
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniele Belluoccio
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Florien Jenner
- Equine University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - John F Bateman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Pieter A J Brama
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ramdani G, Schall N, Kalyanaraman H, Wahwah N, Moheize S, Lee JJ, Sah RL, Pfeifer A, Casteel DE, Pilz RB. cGMP-dependent protein kinase-2 regulates bone mass and prevents diabetic bone loss. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:203-219. [PMID: 29914933 PMCID: PMC6086127 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NO/cGMP signaling is important for bone remodeling in response to mechanical and hormonal stimuli, but the downstream mediator(s) regulating skeletal homeostasis are incompletely defined. We generated transgenic mice expressing a partly-activated, mutant cGMP-dependent protein kinase type 2 (PKG2R242Q) under control of the osteoblast-specific Col1a1 promoter to characterize the role of PKG2 in post-natal bone formation. Primary osteoblasts from these mice showed a two- to three-fold increase in basal and total PKG2 activity; they proliferated faster and were resistant to apoptosis compared to cells from WT mice. Male Col1a1-Prkg2R242Q transgenic mice had increased osteoblast numbers, bone formation rates and Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression in bone and a higher trabecular bone mass compared to their WT littermates. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes suppressed bone formation and caused rapid bone loss in WT mice, but male transgenic mice were protected from these effects. Surprisingly, we found no significant difference in bone micro-architecture or Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression between female WT and transgenic mice; female mice of both genotypes showed higher systemic and osteoblastic NO/cGMP generation compared to their male counterparts, and a higher level of endogenous PKG2 activity may be responsible for masking effects of the PKG2R242Q transgene in females. Our data support sexual dimorphism in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PKG2 regulation of this crucial pathway in bone homeostasis. This work establishes PKG2 as a key regulator of osteoblast proliferation and post-natal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Ramdani
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nadine Schall
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Institute for Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nisreen Wahwah
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sahar Moheize
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jenna J Lee
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert L Sah
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- The Institute for Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Islam BN, Sharman SK, Browning DD. Clinical utility of plecanatide in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:323-330. [PMID: 30127634 PMCID: PMC6089121 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s125051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is an important health burden that reduces the quality of life for countless millions of people. Symptom-centric therapeutics are often used to treat constipation due to unknown etiology, but in many cases, these drugs are either inadequate or have significant side effects. More recently, synthetic peptide agonists for epithelial guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) have been developed which are effective at treating constipation in a sub-population of adult constipation patients. The first to market was linaclotide that is structurally related to the diarrheagenic enterotoxin, but this was followed by plecanatide, which more closely resembles endogenous uroguanylin. Both the drugs exhibit almost identical clinical efficacy in about 20% of patients, with diarrhea being a common side effect. Despite the potential for reduced side effects with plecanatide, detailed analysis suggests that clinically, they are very similar. Ongoing clinical and preclinical studies with these drugs suggest that treating constipation might be the tip of the iceberg in terms of clinical utility. The expression of cGMP signaling components could be diagnostic for functional bowel disorders, and increasing cGMP using GC-C agonists or phosphodiesterase inhibitors has huge potential for treating enteric pain, ulcerative colitis, and for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Sarah K Sharman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
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Rappaport JA, Waldman SA. The Guanylate Cyclase C-cGMP Signaling Axis Opposes Intestinal Epithelial Injury and Neoplasia. Front Oncol 2018; 8:299. [PMID: 30131940 PMCID: PMC6091576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on the luminal aspect of the intestinal epithelium. Its ligands include bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins responsible for traveler's diarrhea, the endogenous peptide hormones uroguanylin and guanylin, and the synthetic agents, linaclotide, plecanatide, and dolcanatide. Ligand-activated GUCY2C catalyzes the synthesis of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP), initiating signaling cascades underlying homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. Mouse models of GUCY2C ablation, and recently, human populations harboring GUCY2C mutations, have revealed the diverse contributions of this signaling axis to epithelial health, including regulating fluid secretion, microbiome composition, intestinal barrier integrity, epithelial renewal, cell cycle progression, responses to DNA damage, epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk, cell migration, and cellular metabolic status. Because of these wide-ranging roles, dysregulation of the GUCY2C-cGMP signaling axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bowel transit disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. This review explores the current understanding of cGMP signaling in the intestinal epithelium and mechanisms by which it opposes intestinal injury. Particular focus will be applied to its emerging role in tumor suppression. In colorectal tumors, endogenous GUCY2C ligand expression is lost by a yet undefined mechanism conserved in mice and humans. Further, reconstitution of GUCY2C signaling through genetic or oral ligand replacement opposes tumorigenesis in mice. Taken together, these findings suggest an intriguing hypothesis that colorectal cancer arises in a microenvironment of functional GUCY2C inactivation, which can be repaired by oral ligand replacement. Hence, the GUCY2C signaling axis represents a novel therapeutic target for preventing colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Kalyanaraman H, Schall N, Pilz RB. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP functions in bone. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:62-70. [PMID: 29550520 PMCID: PMC9990405 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays a central role in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis. In cells of the osteoblastic lineage, NO is generated in response to mechanical stimulation and estrogen exposure. Via activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), NO enhances proliferation, differentiation, and survival of bone-forming cells in the osteoblastic lineage. NO also regulates the differentiation and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts; here the effects are largely inhibitory and partly cGMP-independent. We review the skeletal phenotypes of mice deficient in NO synthases and PKGs, and the effects of NO and cGMP on bone formation and resorption. We examine the roles of NO and cGMP in bone adaptation to mechanical stimulation. Finally, we discuss preclinical and clinical data showing that NO donors and NO-independent sGC activators may protect against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. sGC represents an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Nadine Schall
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA.
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50
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Contribution of membrane receptor signalling to chronic visceral pain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 98:10-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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