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Russi RC, del Balzo D, Reidel IG, Alonso Bivou M, Flor N, Lujan A, Sanchez D, Damiani MT, Veaute C. Evaluation of three formulations based on Polymorphic membrane protein D in mice infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267684. [PMID: 38045697 PMCID: PMC10690417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant impact of Chlamydia trachomatis(Ct) infections worldwide highlights the need to develop a prophylactic vaccine that elicits effective immunity and protects the host from the immunopathological effects of Ct infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate a vaccine based on a fragment of the Polymorphic membrane protein D (FPmpD) of C. trachomatis as an immunogen using a heterologous DNA prime-protein boost strategy in female mice Three different formulations were evaluated as protein boost: free recombinant FPmpD (rFPmpD) or rFPmpD formulated with a liposomal adjuvant alternatively supplemented with CpG or a cationic gemini lipopeptide as immunostimulants. The three candidates induced an increase in the cervicovaginal and systemic titers of anti-rFPmpD antibodies in two strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6), with no evidence of fertility alterations. The three formulations induced a rapid and robust humoral immune response upon the Ct challenge. However, the booster with free rFPmpD more efficiently reduced the shedding of infective Ct and prevented the development of immunopathology. The formulations containing adjuvant induced a strong inflammatory reaction in the uterine tissue. Hence, the prime-boost strategy with the adjuvant-free FPmpD vaccine formulation might constitute a promissory candidate to prevent C. trachomatis intravaginal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cecilia Russi
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Experimental Immunology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego del Balzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Experimental Immunology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mariano Alonso Bivou
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Noelia Flor
- Experimental Immunology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Agustín Lujan
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Damiani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBECUCONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Veaute
- Experimental Immunology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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2
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Gelbard A, Shilts MH, Strickland B, Motz K, Tsai HW, Boone H, Drake WP, Wanjalla C, Smith PM, Brown H, Ramierez M, Atkinson JB, Powell J, Simpson J, Rajagopala SV, Mallal S, Sheng Q, Hillel AT, Das SR. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis arises at the epithelial interface of host and pathogen. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2945067. [PMID: 37292825 PMCID: PMC10246274 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2945067/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare fibrotic disease of the proximal airway affecting adult Caucasian women nearly exclusively. Life-threatening ventilatory obstruction occurs secondary to pernicious subglottic mucosal scar. Disease rarity and wide geographic patient distribution has previously limited substantive mechanistic investigation into iSGS pathogenesis. Result By harnessing pathogenic mucosa from an international iSGS patient cohort and single-cell RNA sequencing, we unbiasedly characterize the cell subsets in the proximal airway scar and detail their molecular phenotypes. Results show that the airway epithelium in iSGS patients is depleted of basal progenitor cells, and the residual epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Observed displacement of bacteria beneath the lamina propria provides functional support for the molecular evidence of epithelial dysfunction. Matched tissue microbiomes support displacement of the native microbiome into the lamina propria of iSGS patients rather than disrupted bacterial community structure. However, animal models confirm that bacteria are necessary for pathologic proximal airway fibrosis and suggest an equally essential role for host adaptive immunity. Human samples from iSGS airway scar demonstrate adaptive immune activation in response to the proximal airway microbiome of both matched iSGS patients and healthy controls. Clinical outcome data from iSGS patients suggests surgical extirpation of airway scar and reconstitution with unaffected tracheal mucosa halts the progressive fibrosis. Conclusion Our data support an iSGS disease model where epithelial alterations facilitate microbiome displacement, dysregulated immune activation, and localized fibrosis. These results refine our understanding of iSGS and implicate shared pathogenic mechanisms with distal airway fibrotic diseases.
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Okoth K, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K, Adderley NJ. Risk of cardiometabolic outcomes among women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease: a retrospective matched cohort study from the UK. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:80. [PMID: 36823565 PMCID: PMC9948336 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe the incidence and prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and to estimate the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes among women with PID compared to women without PID. METHODS A UK retrospective matched cohort study using data from The Health Improvement Network. To assess cardiometabolic risk, women (aged ≥ 16 years) with PID were compared to matched controls without PID. Annual prevalence and incidence of PID (1998-2017) were estimated among women aged 16-50 years using annual cross-sectional and cohort analyses, respectively. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% CI for cardiometabolic outcomes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. The primary outcome was composite cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its subtypes, including ischaemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF) and cerebrovascular disease. Secondary outcomes were hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESULTS Among the 715 recorded composite CVD events, the crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years was 1.5 among women with history of PID compared to 1.3 in matched controls. Compared to women without PID (N = 73,769), the aHRs for cardiometabolic outcomes among women with PID (N = 19,804) were: composite CVD 1.10 (95% CI 0.93-1.30); IHD 1.19 (95% CI 0.93-1.53); cerebrovascular disease 1.13 (95% CI 0.90-1.43); HF 0.92 (95% CI 0.62-1.35) hypertension 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.20); and T2DM 1.25 (95% CI 1.09-1.43). The prevalence (per 10,000 population) of PID was 396.5 in 1998 and 237 in 2017. The incidence (per 10,000 person-years) of PID was 32.4 in 1998 and 7.9 in 2017. CONCLUSION There was no excess risk of composite CVD or its subtypes among women with history of PID compared to matched controls. Findings from our study suggest that history of PID was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two major risk factors for CVD. Additional studies are required to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Okoth
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G. Neil Thomas
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Nicola J. Adderley
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Stein RA, Thompson LM. Epigenetic changes induced by pathogenic Chlamydia spp. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad034. [PMID: 38031337 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci, the three Chlamydia species known to cause human disease, have been collectively linked to several pathologies, including conjunctivitis, trachoma, respiratory disease, acute and chronic urogenital infections and their complications, and psittacosis. In vitro, animal, and human studies also established additional correlations, such as between C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis and between C. trachomatis and ovarian cancer. As part of their survival and pathogenesis strategies as obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia spp. modulate all three major types of epigenetic changes, which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Some of these epigenetic changes may be implicated in key aspects of pathogenesis, such as the ability of the Chlamydia spp. to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, interfere with DNA damage repair, suppress cholesterol efflux from infected macrophages, act as a co-factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical cancer, prevent apoptosis, and preserve the integrity of mitochondrial networks in infected host cells. A better understanding of the individual and collective contribution of epigenetic changes to pathogenesis will enhance our knowledge about the biology of Chlamydia spp. and facilitate the development of novel therapies and biomarkers. Pathogenic Chlamydia spp. contribute to epigenetically-mediated gene expression changes in host cells by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Lily M Thompson
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of acute cardiovascular events, and vascular calcification is an important pathological phenomenon in atherosclerosis. Recently, many studies have shown that immune cells are closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and calcification, but there are many conflicting viewpoints because of immune system complications, such as the pro-atherosclerotic and atheroprotective effects of regulatory B cells (Bregs), T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. In this review, we summarize the studies on the roles of immune cells, especially lymphocytes and macrophages, in atherosclerotic calcification. Furthermore, we prepared graphs showing the relationship between T cells, B cells and macrophages and atherosclerotic calcification. Finally, we highlight some potential issues that are closely associated with the function of immune cells in atherosclerotic calcification. Based on current research results, this review summarizes the relationship between immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification, and it will be beneficial to understand the relationship of immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 574417The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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6
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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Gelbard A, Wanjalla C, Wootten CT, Drake WP, Lowery AS, Wheeler DA, Cardenas MF, Sikora AG, Pathak RR, McDonnell W, Mallal S, Pilkinton M. The Proximal Airway Is a Reservoir for Adaptive Immunologic Memory in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:610-617. [PMID: 32603507 PMCID: PMC7951501 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Characterization of the localized adaptive immune response in the airway scar of patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). STUDY DESIGN Basic Science. METHODS Utilizing 36 patients with subglottic stenosis (25 idiopathic subglottic stenosis [iSGS], 10 iatrogenic post-intubation stenosis [iLTS], and one granulomatosis with polyangiitis [GPA]) we applied immunohistochemical and immunologic techniques coupled with RNA sequencing. RESULTS iSGS, iLTS, and GPA demonstrate a significant immune infiltrate in the subglottic scar consisting of adaptive cell subsets (T cells along with dendritic cells). Interrogation of T cell subtypes showed significantly more CD69+ CD103+ CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM ) in the iSGS airway scar than iLTS specimens (iSGS vs. iLTS; 50% vs. 28%, P = .0065). Additionally, subglottic CD8+ clones possessed T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences with known antigen specificity for viral and intracellular pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The human subglottis is significantly enriched for CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells in iSGS, which possess TCR sequences proven to recognize viral and intracellular pathogens. These results inform our understanding of iSGS, provide a direction for future discovery, and demonstrate immunologic function in the human proximal airway. Laryngoscope, 131:610-617, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gelbard
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher T. Wootten
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wonder P. Drake
- Dept. of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Anne S Lowery
- Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Dept. of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Maria F. Cardenas
- Dept. of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Bobby R. Alford Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Ravi R. Pathak
- Bobby R. Alford Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | | | - Simon Mallal
- Dept. of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Mark Pilkinton
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Gu QH, Huynh M, Shi Y, Jia XY, Luo JJ, Jiang TJ, Cui Z, Ooi JD, Kitching AR, Zhao MH. Experimental Antiglomerular Basement Membrane GN Induced by a Peptide from Actinomyces. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 31:1282-1295. [PMID: 32444356 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is associated with HLA-DRB1*1501 (the major predisposing genetic factor in the disease), with α3127-148 as a nephritogenic T and B cell epitope. Although the cause of disease remains unclear, the association of infections with anti-GBM disease has been long suspected. METHODS To investigate whether microbes might activate autoreactive T and B lymphocytes via molecular mimicry in anti-GBM disease, we used bioinformatic tools, including BLAST, SYFPEITHI, and ABCpred, for peptide searching and epitope prediction. We used sera from patients with anti-GBM disease to assess peptides recognized by antibodies, and immunized WKY rats and a humanized mouse model (HLA-DR15 transgenic mice) with each of the peptide candidates to assess pathogenicity. RESULTS On the basis of the critical motif, the bioinformatic approach identified 36 microbial peptides that mimic human α3127-148. Circulating antibodies in sera from patients with anti-GBM recognized nine of them. One peptide, B7, derived from Actinomyces species, induced proteinuria, linear IgG deposition on the GBM, and crescent formation when injected into WKY rats. The antibodies to B7 also targeted human and rat α3127-148. B7 induced T cell activation from human α3127-148-immunized rats. T cell responses to B7 were detected in rats immunized by Actinomyces lysate proteins or recombinant proteins. We confirmed B7's pathogenicity in HLA-DR15 transgenic mice that developed kidney injury similar to that observed in α3135-145-immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Sera from patients with anti-GBM disease recognized microbial peptides identified through a bioinformatic approach, and a peptide from Actinomyces induced experimental anti-GBM GN by T and B cell crossreactivity. These studies demonstrate that anti-GBM disease may be initiated by immunization with a microbial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Gu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Megan Huynh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yue Shi
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Jia
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tai-Jiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China .,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, PR China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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9
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Suárez LJ, Garzón H, Arboleda S, Rodríguez A. Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591255. [PMID: 33363538 PMCID: PMC7754713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of regulation of the inflammatory responses. In the construction of explanatory models of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease, autoimmune mechanisms were among the first to be explored and historically, for more than five decades, they have been described in an isolated manner as part of the tissue damage process observed in periodontitis, however direct participation of these mechanisms in the tissue damage is still controversial. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic and environmental factors, leading to an imbalance between the effector and regulatory responses, mostly associated with failed resolution mechanisms. However, dysbiosis/infection and chronic inflammation could trigger autoimmunity by several mechanisms including bystander activation, dysregulation of toll-like receptors, amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines, epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity, autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, and activation or inhibition of receptors related to autoimmunity by microorganisms. Even though autoreactivity in periodontitis is biologically plausible, the associated mechanisms could be related to non-pathologic responses which could even explain non-recognized physiological functions. In this review we shall discuss from a descriptive point of view, the autoimmune mechanisms related to periodontitis physio-pathogenesis and the participation of oral dysbiosis on local periodontal autoimmune responses as well as on different systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina J. Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernan Garzón
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiologia Clínica Oral (UNIECLO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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10
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Chen L, Ishigami T, Doi H, Arakawa K, Tamura K. Gut microbiota and atherosclerosis: role of B cell for atherosclerosis focusing on the gut-immune-B2 cell axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1235-1244. [PMID: 32737524 PMCID: PMC7447622 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity worldwide and is described as a complex disease involving several different cell types and their molecular products. Recent studies have revealed that atherosclerosis arises from a systemic inflammatory process, including the accumulation and activities of various immune cells. However, the immune system is a complicated network made up of many cell types, hundreds of bioactive cytokines, and millions of different antigens, making it challenging to readily define the associated mechanism of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, we previously reported a potential persistent inflammatory process underlying atherosclerosis development, centered on a pathological humoral immune response between commensal microbes and activated subpopulations of substantial B cells in the vicinity of the arterial adventitia. Accumulating evidence has indicated the importance of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis development. Commensal microbiota are considered important regulators of immunity and metabolism and also to be possible antigenic sources for atherosclerosis development. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and metabolism with regard to the modulation of atherosclerosis-associated immune responses remains poorly understood. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence atherogenesis, with particular focus on humoral immunity and B cells, especially the gut-immune-B2 cell axis. Under high-fat and high-calorie conditions, signals driven by the intestinal microbiota via the TLR signaling pathway cause B2 cells in the spleen to become functionally active and activated B2 cells then modify responses such as antibody production (generation of active antibodies IgG and IgG3), thereby contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, intestinal microbiota also resulted in recruitment and ectopic activation of B2 cells via the TLR signaling pathway in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), and, subsequently, an increase in circulating IgG and IgG3 led to the enhanced disease development. This is a potential link between microbiota alterations and B cells in the context of atherosclerosis. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Long Mian Avenue 109 Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arakawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Wang A, Kho AN, French DD. Association of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundations' social determinants of health and Medicare hospitalisations for ischaemic strokes: a cross-sectional data analysis. Open Heart 2020; 7:e001189. [PMID: 32076565 PMCID: PMC6999678 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Social determinants of health (SDH) have previously demonstrated to be important risk factors in determining health outcomes. To document whether the SDH are associated with hospitalisations for ischaemic stroke. Methods This cross-sectional study examines data from fiscal year 2015. Patients from the national Medicare 100% Inpatient Limited Dataset were linked with SDH measures from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) County Health Rankings. Medicare patients were included in the study group if they had either an admitting or primary diagnosis of ischaemic stroke. Counties without RWJF data were excluded from the study. Ischaemic strokes were compared with all other hospitalisations associated with characteristics of the SDH measures and benchmarked to above or below their respective national median. Estimates were performed with nested logistic regression. Results Approximately 256 766 Medicare patients had ischaemic stroke hospitalisations compared with all other Medicare patients (n=6 386 180) without ischaemic stroke hospitalisations while 30 853 patients were excluded due to residence in US territories. Significant factors included air pollution exceeding the national median (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.07), per cent of children in single parent households exceeding the national median, (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03), violent crime rates exceeding the national median, (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03) and per cent smoking exceeding the national median, (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03). Conclusions When cross-sectional SDH are benchmarked to national median for ischaemic stroke hospitalisations and compared with all-cause hospitalisations, the effects remain significant. Further research on the longitudinal effects of the SDH and cardiovascular health, particularly disease-specific outcomes, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wang
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Center for Health Information Partnerships, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Abel N Kho
- Medicine, Center for Health Information Partnerships, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dustin D French
- Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Lu S, White JV, Judy RI, Merritt LL, Lin WL, Zhang X, Solomides C, Nwaneshiudu I, Gaughan J, Monos DS, Oleszak EL, Platsoucas CD. Clonally expanded alpha-chain T-cell receptor (TCR) transcripts are present in aneurysmal lesions of patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218990. [PMID: 31310631 PMCID: PMC6634378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening immunological disease responsible for 1 to 2% of all deaths in 65 year old or older individuals. Although mononuclear cell infiltrates have been demonstrated in AAA lesions and autoimmunity may be responsible for the initiation and account for the propagation of the disease, the information available about the pathogenesis of AAA is limited. To examine whether AAA lesions from patients with AAA contain clonally expanded α-chain TCR transcripts, we amplified by the non-palindromic adaptor-PCR (NPA-PCR)/Vα-specific PCR and/or the Vα-specific PCR these α-chain TCR transcripts. The amplified transcripts were cloned and sequenced. Substantial proportions of identical α-chain TCR transcripts were identified in AAA lesions of 4 of 5 patients, demonstrating that clonally expanded T cells are present in these AAA lesions. These results were statistically significant by the bimodal distribution. Three of 5 of these patients were typed by DNA-based HLA-typing and all three expressed DRB1 alleles containing the DRβGln70 amino acid residue that has been demonstrated to be associated with AAA. All three patients exhibited clonally expanded T cells in AAA lesions. Four of the 5 patients with AAA who exhibited clonal expansions of α-chain TCR transcripts, also exhibited clonal expansions of β-chain TCR transcripts in AAA lesions, as we have demonstrated previously (J Immunol 192:4897, 2014). αβ TCR-expressing T cells infiltrating AAA lesions contain T-cell clones which have undergone proliferation and clonal expansion in vivo in response to as yet unidentified specific antigens that may be self or nonself. These results provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that AAA is a specific antigen-driven T-cell autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/immunology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/immunology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - John V. White
- Department of Surgery, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital and University of Illinois School of Medicine, Park Ridge, IL, United States of America
| | - Raquel I. Judy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Lisa L. Merritt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Wan Lu Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Charalambos Solomides
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ifeyinwa Nwaneshiudu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - John Gaughan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dimitri S. Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Emilia L. Oleszak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Chris D. Platsoucas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
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13
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Sikder S, Price G, Alim MA, Gautam A, Scott Simpson R, Margaret Rush C, Lee Govan B, Ketheesan N. Group A streptococcal M-protein specific antibodies and T-cells drive the pathology observed in the rat autoimmune valvulitis model. Autoimmunity 2019; 52:78-87. [PMID: 31062619 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1605356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are autoimmune mediated diseases triggered by group A streptococcal (GAS) infections. Molecular mimicry between GAS M-proteins and host tissue proteins has been proposed as the mechanism that initiates autoreactive immune responses in ARF/RHD. However, the individual role of antibodies and T-cells specific for GAS M-proteins in the pathogenesis of autoimmune carditis remains under-explored. The current study investigated the role of antibodies and T-cells in the development of carditis in the Lewis rat autoimmune valvultis (RAV) model by transferring serum and/or splenic T-cells from rats previously injected with GAS recombinant M5 protein. Here we report that serum antibodies alone and serum plus in vitro expanded rM5-specific T-cells from hyperimmune rats were capable of transferring carditis to naïve syngeneic animals. Moreover, the rats that received combined serum and T-cells developed more severe carditis. Recipient rats developed mitral valvulitis and myocarditis and showed prolongation of P-R intervals in electrocardiography. GAS M5 protein-specific IgG reactivity and T-cell recall response were also demonstrated in recipient rats indicating long-term persistence of antibodies and T-cells following transfer. The results suggest that both anti-GAS M5 antibodies and T-cells have differential propensity to induce autoimmune mediated carditis in syngeneic rats following transfer. The results highlight that antibodies and effector T-cells generated by GAS M protein injection can also independently home into cardiac tissue to cross-react with tissue proteins causing autoimmune mediated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandan Sikder
- a College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences , Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia.,b Department of Medicine and Surgery , Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chittagong , Bangladesh
| | - Georgina Price
- a College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences , Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- a College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences , Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia.,c Department of Pathology and Parasitology , Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chittagong , Bangladesh
| | - Anil Gautam
- d The Townsville Hospital , Townsville , Australia
| | | | - Catherine Margaret Rush
- a College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences , Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | - Brenda Lee Govan
- a College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences , Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- f School of Science & Technology , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
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14
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Almeida NCC, Queiroz MAF, Lima SS, Brasil Costa I, Ayin Fossa MA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and IL-6 and IL-8 Gene Alterations With Heart Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30804931 PMCID: PMC6370681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the arterial walls, associated with genetic and infectious factors. The present study investigated the involvement of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections and immunological markers (C-reactive protein, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) in the process of atherosclerosis. The evaluation included 159 patients for surgical revascularization (CAD) and 71 patients for surgical heart valve disease (HVD) at three hospitals in Belém, Brazil. The control group (CG) comprised 300 healthy individuals. Blood samples collected before surgery were used for antibodies detection (enzyme immunoassay), CRP (immunoturbidimetry) and IL-6 levels (enzyme immunoassay). Tissue fragments (atheroma plaque, heart valve and ascending aorta) were collected during surgery and subjected to qPCR for detection of bacterial DNA. Promoter region polymorphisms of each marker and relative quantification of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 gene expression were performed. Demography and social information were similar to the general population involved with both diseases. Antibody prevalence to C. trachomatis was 30.6, 20.3, and 36.7% (in the CAD, HVD, and CG, respectively) and to C. pneumoniae was 83.6, 84.5, and 80.3% (in the CAD, HVD, and CG, respectively). C. trachomatis cryptic plasmid DNA was detected in 7.4% of the samples. Frequency of IL6−174G>C polymorphism was higher in CAD and HVD than in CG regardless of previous exposure to Chlamydia. Previous C. trachomatis infection showed involvement in HVD and CAD. Significant association between disease and previous C. pneumoniae infection was found only among HVD. GG genotype of IL6−174G>C is apparently a risk factor for heart disease, whereas AT genotype of IL8−251A>T was mainly involved in valvulopathies, including patients with prior exposure to C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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15
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Jansen AFM, Raijmakers RPH, Keijmel SP, van der Molen RG, Vervoort GM, van der Meer JWM, van Deuren M, Bleeker-Rovers CP. Autoimmunity and B-cell dyscrasia in acute and chronic Q fever: A review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 54:6-12. [PMID: 29908707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Q fever infection can lead to chronic Q fever, a potentially lethal disease occurring in 1-5% of patients infected with Coxiella burnetii, characterized by the persistence of this intracellular bacterium. It usually presents as endocarditis, infected vascular aneurysms, or infected vascular prostheses. This systematic review of the literature discusses the various autoimmune syndromes and B-cell dyscrasias in acute and chronic Q fever patients, that may interfere with or impede recognition and diagnosis of Q fever. Reportedly, high concentrations of anti-cardiolipin antibodies may be found in acute Q fever patients, while specifically cardiac muscle antibodies have been reported during chronic Q fever. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome are the most frequently reported autoimmune syndromes, followed by neuromuscular disorders and vasculitis. B-cell dyscrasia, mostly cryoglobulinaemia, is predominantly described in chronic Q fever patients with endocarditis. We conclude that immunological (epi)phenomena are not rare during Q fever and may obscure the infectious etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F M Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Center for Q fever, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud P H Raijmakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Center for Q fever, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan P Keijmel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Center for Q fever, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald M Vervoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Deuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Center for Q fever, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Center for Q fever, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Morgan AM, Roden RC, Matson SC, Wallace GM, Lange HLH, Bonny AE. Severe Sepsis and Acute Myocardial Dysfunction in an Adolescent with Chlamydia Trachomatis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Case Report. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018; 31:143-145. [PMID: 29037929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although generally asymptomatic, severe Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infections have been documented. C. trachomatis has been associated with myocarditis as well as sepsis. CASE A 19-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus developed sudden-onset mental status change and shock after resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis. Abdominal and pelvic imaging showed uterine and adnexal inflammation, and pelvic examination confirmed a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. The patient was intubated, required vasopressor support, and developed severe biventricular myocardial dysfunction. Infectious myocarditis workup was negative. Nucleic acid amplification testing from vaginal discharge was positive for C. trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis and negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION C. trachomatis should be considered in the workup of septic shock, particularly in populations at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Morgan
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | | | - Steven C Matson
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Grant M Wallace
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hannah L H Lange
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrea E Bonny
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Rajesh Kumar M, Joice Sophia P. Nanoparticles as Precious Stones in the Crown of Modern Molecular Biology. TRENDS IN INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61343-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Pianta A, Arvikar SL, Strle K, Drouin EE, Wang Q, Costello CE, Steere AC. Two rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantigens correlate microbial immunity with autoimmune responses in joints. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28650341 DOI: 10.1172/jci93450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), immunological triggers at mucosal sites, such as the gut microbiota, may promote autoimmunity that affects joints. Here, we used discovery-based proteomics to detect HLA-DR-presented peptides in synovia or peripheral blood mononuclear cells and identified 2 autoantigens, N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (GNS) and filamin A (FLNA), as targets of T and B cell responses in 52% and 56% of RA patients, respectively. Both GNS and FLNA were highly expressed in synovia. GNS appeared to be citrullinated, and GNS antibody values correlated with anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) levels. FLNA did not show the same results. The HLA-DR-presented GNS peptide has marked sequence homology with epitopes from sulfatase proteins of the Prevotella sp. and Parabacteroides sp., whereas the HLA-DR-presented FLNA peptide has homology with epitopes from proteins of the Prevotella sp. and Butyricimonas sp., another gut commensal. Patients with T cell reactivity with each self-peptide also had responses to the corresponding microbial peptides, and the levels were directly correlated. Furthermore, HLA-DR molecules encoded by shared-epitope (SE) alleles were predicted to bind these self- and microbial peptides strongly, and these responses were more common in RA patients with SE alleles. Thus, sequence homology between T cell epitopes of 2 self-proteins and a related order of gut microbes may provide a link between mucosal and joint immunity in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pianta
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheila L Arvikar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise E Drouin
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Li JN, Jia X, Wang Y, Xie C, Jiang T, Cui Z, Zhao MH. Plasma from patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane disease could recognize microbial peptides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174553. [PMID: 28410377 PMCID: PMC5391914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection has long been suspected as a trigger of autoimmune diseases, and molecular mimicry mechanism was hypothesized in this study. Microbe originated peptides were searched from the Uniprot database based on a previous defined critical amino acid motif within α3129−150, isoleucine137, tryptophan140, glycine142, phenylalanine 143 and phenylalanine 145. 23826 microbial peptides were identified using our searching strategy, among which seven were related with human infections. Circulating IgG and IgM antibodies against the seven microbial peptides were detected using ELISA in 76 patients with anti-GBM disease. Four peptides were recognized by both IgG and IgM antibodies, and one peptide was recognized by IgG antibodies only. Peptides from Bacteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bifidobacterium thermophilum possessed the highest recognition frequency with the prevalence of 73.7%, 61.8% and 67.1% for IgG, 56.6%, 44.7% and 67.1% for IgM in anti-GBM patients. Patients with antibodies against these microbial peptides showed more severe kidney injury, including higher serum creatinine and higher percentage of crescent formation. In conclusion, antibodies against microbial peptides were identified in the circulation of anti-GBM patients, implying its etiological role in eliciting autoimmune response against α3(IV)NC1 through molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-nan Li
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ming-hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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O’Donohoe TJ, Ketheesan N, Schrale RG. Anti-troponin antibodies following myocardial infarction. J Cardiol 2017; 69:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: understanding the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in vaccine research. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:346-70. [PMID: 24696438 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00105-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide, and despite significant advances in chlamydial research, a prophylactic vaccine has yet to be developed. This Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, which often causes asymptomatic infection, may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancies, scarring of the fallopian tubes, miscarriage, and infertility when left untreated. In the genital tract, Chlamydia trachomatis infects primarily epithelial cells and requires Th1 immunity for optimal clearance. This review first focuses on the immune cells important in a chlamydial infection. Second, we summarize the research and challenges associated with developing a chlamydial vaccine that elicits a protective Th1-mediated immune response without inducing adverse immunopathologies.
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22
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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Cardiovascular Diseases: A View on Human Studies. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5946807. [PMID: 27088098 PMCID: PMC4818818 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5946807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) are key to the immunological response, with different functions ascribed ranging from cellular immune activation to induction of tolerance. Such immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, with DCs shown to play a role in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure and most notably following heart transplantation. A better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and cardiovascular diseases will therefore be critical for developing novel therapeutic treatments as well as innovative monitoring tools for disease progression. As such, the present review will provide an overview of DCs involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and how targeting these cells may have beneficial effects for the prognosis of patients.
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Abstract
Each individual harbours a unique set of commensal microorganisms, collectively referred to as the microbiota. Notably, these microorganisms exceed the number of cells in the human body by 10-fold. This finding has accelerated a shift in our understanding of human physiology, with the realization that traits necessary for health are both encoded and influenced by the human genome and the microbiota. Our understanding of the aetiology of complex diseases has, therefore, evolved with increasing awareness that the human microbiota has an active and critical role in maintaining health and inducing disease. Indeed, findings from bioinformatic studies indicate that the microbiota and microbiome have multiple effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems, with effects on infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. In this Review, we first address the important statistical and informatics aspects that should be considered when characterizing the composition of microbiota. We next highlight the effects of the microbiota on the immune system and the implications of these effects on organ failure and transplantation. Finally, we reflect on the future perspectives for studies of the microbiota, including novel diagnostic tests and therapeutics.
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Molecular mimicry and clonal deletion: A fresh look. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:71-76. [PMID: 25172771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I trace the historic background of clonal deletion and molecular mimicry, two major pillars underlying our present understanding of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. Clonal deletion originated as a critical element of the clonal selection theory of antibody formation in order to explain tolerance of self. If we did have complete clonal deletion, there would be major voids, the infamous "black holes", in our immune repertoire. For comprehensive, protective adaptive immunity, full deletion is necessarily a rare event. Molecular mimicry, the sharing of epitopes among self and non-self antigens, is extraordinary common and provides the evidence that complete deletion of self-reactive clones is rare. If molecular mimicry were not common, protective adaptive immunity could not be all-encompassing. By taking a fresh look at these two processes together we can envision their evolutionary basis and understand the need for regulatory devices to prevent molecular mimicry from progressing to autoimmune disease.
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Dellegrottaglie S, Russo G, Damiano M, Pagliano P, Ferrara L, De Simone C, Guarini P. A case of acute myocarditis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection: role of cardiac MRI in the clinical management. Infection 2014; 42:937-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Patton DL, Teng A, Randall A, Liang X, Felgner PL, de la Maza LM. Whole genome identification of C. trachomatis immunodominant antigens after genital tract infections and effect of antibiotic treatment of pigtailed macaques. J Proteomics 2014; 108:99-109. [PMID: 24862987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cervix and/or fallopian tubes of pigtailed macaques were experimentally infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Their sera were collected at varying time points and screened for identification of immunodominant antigens using a whole-genome protein microarray. The effect of doxycycline treatment on the antibody response generated in these macaques was also investigated. Twenty-five female macaques were infected with C. trachomatis serovars D or E in the cervix and/or fallopian tubes. Bloods were collected at baseline and at various intervals after challenge. Serum samples were tested for antibodies using a C. trachomatis serovar D protein microarray. Twenty chlamydial antigens reacted with sera from at least 68% (17/25) of the macaques. In addition to some well-known chlamydial antigens, nine different proteins, not previously recognized as immunodominant, including four hypothetical proteins (CT005, CT066, CT360 and CT578), were identified. Monkeys infected in the fallopian tubes developed a more robust antibody response than animals inoculated in the cervix. Treatment with doxycycline significantly decreased Chlamydia-specific antibody levels. In summary, using protein microarray serum samples from experimentally infected pigtailed macaques were screened for immunodominant chlamydial antigens. These antigens can now be tested in animal models for their ability to protect and as markers of disease progression. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first time that Chlamydia trachomatis immunodominant antigens have been identified in pigtailed macaques following a uterine cervix or a fallopian tubes infection. These immunodominant antigens can now be used to vaccinate non-human primates and determine their ability to protect against a C. trachomatis genital infection. Proteins that are protective can subsequently be tested in humans. Amongst the immunodominant antigens some were predominantly recognized by sera from macaques inoculated in the fallopian tubes rather than in the cervix and therefore, may be markers for upper genital tract pathology. In addition, treatment with doxycycline following infection significantly decreased Chlamydia-specific antibody levels. This information can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic treatment and potentially susceptibility to reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195-6460, United States
| | - Andy Teng
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc., 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
| | - Arlo Randall
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc., 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc., 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
| | - Philip L Felgner
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc., 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, United States.
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Lu S, White JV, Lin WL, Zhang X, Solomides C, Evans K, Ntaoula N, Nwaneshiudu I, Gaughan J, Monos DS, Oleszak EL, Platsoucas CD. Aneurysmal lesions of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm contain clonally expanded T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4897-912. [PMID: 24752442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease with often life-threatening consequences. This vascular disorder is responsible for 1-2% of all deaths in men aged 65 years or older. Autoimmunity may be responsible for the pathogenesis of AAA. Although it is well documented that infiltrating T cells are essentially always present in AAA lesions, little is known about their role in the initiation and/or progression of the disease. To determine whether T cells infiltrating AAA lesions contain clonally expanded populations of T cells, we amplified β-chain TCR transcripts by the nonpalindromic adaptor-PCR/Vβ-specific PCR and/or Vβ-specific PCR, followed by cloning and sequencing. We report in this article that aortic abdominal aneurysmal lesions from 8 of 10 patients with AAA contained oligoclonal populations of T cells. Multiple identical copies of β-chain TCR transcripts were identified in these patients. These clonal expansions are statistically significant. These results demonstrate that αβ TCR(+) T lymphocytes infiltrating aneurysmal lesions of patients with AAA have undergone proliferation and clonal expansion in vivo at the site of the aneurysmal lesion, in response to unidentified self- or nonself Ags. This evidence supports the hypothesis that AAA is a specific Ag-driven T cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Bachmaier K, Toya S, Malik AB. Therapeutic administration of the chemokine CXCL1/KC abrogates autoimmune inflammatory heart disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89647. [PMID: 24586934 PMCID: PMC3937330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis, often due to an aberrant immune response to infection, is a major cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. Microbial pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, orchestrate the cytokine and chemokine responses that augment or limit the severity of myocarditis. Using the mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), in which disease is induced by immunization with a heart-specific self peptide and the agonist to multiple TLRs, complete Freund's adjuvant, we found that increased serum concentrations of the chemokine CXCL1/KC correlated directly with decreased severity of myocarditis. To directly test whether CXCL1/KC caused the amelioration of myocarditis, we treated mice, after challenge with heart-specific self peptide, with exogenous recombinant CXCL1/KC. We found that the administration of recombinant mouse CXCL1/KC completely abrogated heart inflammatory infiltration and cardiomyocyte damage. Moreover, we show that TLR4 signaling is required to increase serum protein concentrations of CXCL1/KC in EAM, and we demonstrate that the administration of the TLR4 agonist LPS significantly decreased severity and prevalence of EAM and reduced the number of heart-specific self peptide reactive effector T cells. These findings reveal a novel function of CXCL1/KC in the context of organ-specific autoimmune disease that may prove useful for the treatment of inflammatory conditions that underlie human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Bachmaier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Toya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Root-Bernstein R. Rethinking Molecular Mimicry in Rheumatic Heart Disease and Autoimmune Myocarditis: Laminin, Collagen IV, CAR, and B1AR as Initial Targets of Disease. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:85. [PMID: 25191648 PMCID: PMC4137453 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular mimicry theory (MMT) suggests that epitope mimicry between pathogens and human proteins can activate autoimmune disease. Group A streptococci (GAS) mimics human cardiac myosin in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and coxsackie viruses (CX) mimic actin in autoimmune myocarditis (AM). But myosin and actin are immunologically inaccessible and unlikely initial targets. Extracellular cardiac proteins that mimic GAS and CX would be more likely. OBJECTIVES To determine whether extracellular cardiac proteins such as coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), beta 1 adrenergic receptor (B1AR), CD55/DAF, laminin, and collagen IV mimic GAS, CX, and/or cardiac myosin or actin. METHODS BLAST 2.0 and LALIGN searches of the UniProt protein database were employed to identify potential molecular mimics. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure antibody cross-reactivity. MEASUREMENTS Similarities were considered to be significant if a sequence contained at least 5 identical amino acids in 10. Antibodies were considered to be cross-reactive if the binding constant had a K d less than 10(-9) M. MAIN RESULTS Group A streptococci mimics laminin, CAR, and myosin. CX mimics actin and collagen IV and B1AR. The similarity search results are mirrored by antibody cross-reactivities. Additionally, antibodies against laminin recognize antibodies against collagen IV; antibodies against actin recognize antibodies against myosin, and antibodies against GAS recognize antibodies against CX. Thus, there is both mimicry of extracellular proteins and antigenic complementarity between GAS-CX in RHD/AM. CONCLUSION Rheumatic heart disease/AM may be due to combined infections of GAS with CX localized at cardiomyocytes that may produce a synergistic, hyperinflammatory response that cross-reacts with laminin, collagen IV, CAR, and/or B1AR. Epitope drift shifts the immune response to myosin and actin after cardiomyocytes become damaged.
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Massilamany C, Huber SA, Cunningham MW, Reddy J. Relevance of molecular mimicry in the mediation of infectious myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 7:165-71. [PMID: 24263348 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease, the leading cause of death in humans, is estimated to affect one in four American adults in some form. One predominant cause of heart failure in young adults is myocarditis, which can lead to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, a major indication for heart transplantation. Environmental microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi that are otherwise innocuous, have the potential to induce inflammatory heart disease. As the list is growing, it is critical to determine the mechanisms by which microbes can trigger heart autoimmunity and, importantly, to identify their target antigens. This is especially true as microbes showing structural similarities with the cardiac antigens can predispose to heart autoimmunity by generating cross-reactive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the relevance of molecular mimicry in the mediation of infectious myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Room 202, Bldg VBS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Cheng C, Jain P, Pal S, Tifrea D, Sun G, Teng AA, Liang X, Felgner PL, de la Maza LM. Assessment of the role in protection and pathogenesis of the Chlamydia muridarum V-type ATP synthase subunit A (AtpA) (TC0582). Microbes Infect 2013; 16:123-133. [PMID: 24161793 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel Chlamydia muridarum antigen (TC0582) was used to vaccinate BALB/c mice. Mice were also immunized with other components of the ATP synthase complex (TC0580, TC0581, and TC0584), or with the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). TC0582 was also formulated in combination with TC0580, TC0581 or MOMP. TC0582 alone, or in combination with the other antigens, elicited strong Chlamydia-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccinated animals were challenged intranasally and the course of the infection was followed for 10 days. Based on percentage change in body weight, lung weight, and number of Chlamydia inclusion forming units recovered from the lungs, mice immunized with TC0582, TC0581 or MOMP, as single antigens, showed significant protection. Mice immunized with combinations of two antigens were also protected but the level of protection was not additive. TC0582 has sequence homology with the eukaryotic ATP synthase subunit A (AtpA). Therefore, to determine if immunization with TC0582, or with Chlamydia, elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with the mouse AtpA, the two proteins were printed on a microarray. Sera from mice immunized with TC0582 and/or live Chlamydia, strongly reacted with TC0582 but did not recognize the mouse AtpA. In conclusion, TC0582 may be considered as a Chlamydia vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
| | - Delia Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
| | - Guifeng Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
| | - Andy A Teng
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc. 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309 Irvine, CA 92618
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc. 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309 Irvine, CA 92618
| | - Philip L Felgner
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc. 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309 Irvine, CA 92618.,Department of Medicine 3052 Hewitt Hall University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4068
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-4800
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Alvarez-Navarro C, Cragnolini JJ, Dos Santos HG, Barnea E, Admon A, Morreale A, López de Castro JA. Novel HLA-B27-restricted epitopes from Chlamydia trachomatis generated upon endogenous processing of bacterial proteins suggest a role of molecular mimicry in reactive arthritis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25810-25825. [PMID: 23867464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an HLA-B27-associated spondyloarthropathy that is triggered by diverse bacteria, including Chlamydia trachomatis, a frequent intracellular parasite. HLA-B27-restricted T-cell responses are elicited against this bacterium in ReA patients, but their pathogenetic significance, autoimmune potential, and relevant epitopes are unknown. High resolution and sensitivity mass spectrometry was used to identify HLA-B27 ligands endogenously processed and presented by HLA-B27 from three chlamydial proteins for which T-cell epitopes were predicted. Fusion protein constructs of ClpC, Na(+)-translocating NADH-quinone reductase subunit A, and DNA primase were expressed in HLA-B27(+) cells, and their HLA-B27-bound peptidomes were searched for endogenous bacterial ligands. A non-predicted peptide, distinct from the predicted T-cell epitope, was identified from ClpC. A peptide recognized by T-cells in vitro, NQRA(330-338), was detected from the reductase subunit. This is the second HLA-B27-restricted T-cell epitope from C. trachomatis with relevance in ReA demonstrated to be processed and presented in live cells. A novel peptide from the DNA primase, DNAP(211-223), was also found. This was a larger variant of a known epitope and was highly homologous to a self-derived natural ligand of HLA-B27. All three bacterial peptides showed high homology with human sequences containing the binding motif of HLA-B27. Molecular dynamics simulations further showed a striking conformational similarity between DNAP(211-223) and its homologous and much more flexible human-derived HLA-B27 ligand. The results suggest that molecular mimicry between HLA-B27-restricted bacterial and self-derived epitopes is frequent and may play a role in ReA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarez-Navarro
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Juan J Cragnolini
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Helena G Dos Santos
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Eilon Barnea
- the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Antonio Morreale
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - José A López de Castro
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and.
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Pedicino D, Giglio AF, Galiffa VA, Cialdella P, Trotta F, Graziani F, Liuzzo G. Infections, immunity and atherosclerosis: Pathogenic mechanisms and unsolved questions. Int J Cardiol 2013; 166:572-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhang Y, Zhuang R, Geng C, Cai X, Lei W, Tian N, Gao F. Insulin promotes T cell recovery in a murine model of autoimmune myocarditis. Clin Exp Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23199322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) is a useful adjunct to myocarditis. Besides its essential action in energy metabolism, insulin also exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. This study investigated the effect of insulin on myocardial inflammation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice and its potential role in T cell regulation. Mice were divided randomly into a normal control group, a saline-treated EAM group and an insulin-treated EAM group. The histopathological changes of myocardium, α-myosin heavy chain (MyHCα)(614-629) antigen-specific autoantibody titre, the serum level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members' activity and content were measured. Furthermore, the phenotype of T lymphocyte subsets in splenocytes was analysed to evaluate the immune status of mice. Insulin reduced serum cTnI of EAM mice on days 14 and 21 (P < 0·05) after immunization, with no changes in blood glucose and autoantibody production. Western blot revealed that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) may be a determining factor in this process. Total ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were both up-regulated in insulin-treated mice after immunization. We also found that insulin treatment promoted T cell recovery without changing the naive-to-memory T-cell ratio; in particular, CD3(+) T cells in insulin-treated mice proliferated more vigorously than in control mice (P < 0·05). We report here for the first time that insulin alleviates myocarditis in the EAM model. These data show that insulin has a direct effect on T cell proliferation in EAM. It is possible that GIK or insulin may assist T cell recovery towards normal in myocarditis, especially for diabetic or hyperglycaemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Myers JM, Fairweather D, Huber SA, Cunningham MW. Autoimmune myocarditis, valvulitis, and cardiomyopathy. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; Chapter 15:Unit 15.14.1-51. [PMID: 23564686 PMCID: PMC3672855 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1514s101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis and valvulitis are inflammatory diseases affecting myocardium and valve. Myocarditis, a viral-induced disease of myocardium, may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and loss of heart function. Valvulitis leads to deformed heart valves and altered blood flow in rheumatic heart disease. Animal models recapitulating these diseases are important in understanding the human condition. Cardiac myosin is a major autoantigen in heart, and antibodies and T cells to cardiac myosin are evident in inflammatory heart diseases. This unit is a practical guide to induction and evaluation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in several mouse strains and the Lewis rat. Purification protocols for cardiac myosin and protocols for induction of EAM by cardiac myosin and its myocarditis-producing peptides, and coxsackievirus CVB3, are defined. Protocols for assessment of myocarditis and valvulitis in humans and animal models provide methods to define functional autoantibodies targeting cardiac myosin, β-adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors, and their deposition in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Myers
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present scientific evidence supporting the infectious origin for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) by molecular mimicry between pathogens, infection and vaccination with β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) molecule. RECENT FINDINGS APS is characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies against β2-GPI. The infection etiology of APS was well established. Likewise, a link between vaccination such as tetanus toxoid may trigger antibodies targeting tetanus toxoid and β2-GPI, due to molecular mimicry between the two molecules. During the years, the pathogenic potential of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies cross reactive with β2-GPI were found to be pathogenic in animal models, inducing experimental APS. SUMMARY Accumulated evidence supports that the presence of anti-β2-GPI antibodies is associated with a history of infections and the main mechanism to explain this correlation is molecular mimicry. The relationship between tetanus toxoid vaccination and APS reveals a novel view on the autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA).
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Igietseme JU, Eko FO, Black CM. Chlamydia vaccines: recent developments and the role of adjuvants in future formulations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1585-96. [PMID: 22043957 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Chlamydia cause a plethora of ocular, genital and respiratory diseases that continue to pose a considerable public health challenge worldwide. The major diseases are conjunctivitis and blinding trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility and interstitial pneumonia. The rampart asymptomatic infections prevent timely and effective antibiotic treatments, and quite often clinical presentation of sequelae is the first evidence of an infection. Besides, significant broad coverage in population screening and treatment is economically and logistically impractical, and mass education for public awareness has been ineffective. The current medical opinion is that an efficacious prophylactic vaccine is the best approach to protect humans from chlamydial infections. Unfortunately, a human vaccine has yet to be realized despite successful veterinary vaccines. Fortunately, recent advances in chlamydial immunobiology, cell biology, molecular pathogenesis, genomics, antigen discovery and animal models of infections are hastening progress toward an efficacious vaccine. Thus, it is established that Chlamydia immunity is mediated by T cells and a complementary antibody response, and several potential vaccine candidates have been identified. However, further advances are needed in effective vaccine delivery systems and safe potent adjuvants to boost and sustain immune responses for long-lasting protective immunity. This article focuses on the current status of human chlamydial vaccine research, specifically how application of new delivery systems and human compatible adjuvants could lead to a timely achievement of efficacious Chlamydia vaccines. The ranking of the candidate vaccine antigens for human vaccine development will await the availability of results from studies in which the antigens are tested by comparable experimental standards, such as antigen-adjuvant combination, route of delivery and possible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph U Igietseme
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MailStop G-36, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Jha HC, Srivastava P, Vardhan H, Singh LC, Bhengraj AR, Prasad J, Mittal A. Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 60 is associated with apoptotic signaling pathway in human atheromatous plaques of coronary artery disease patients. J Cardiol 2011; 58:216-25. [PMID: 21889313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein (HSP) 60 is known to contribute to the activation of inflammation. In addition, there are contradictory reports on C. pneumoniae and their role in activation of pathways (apoptotic/antiapoptotic/necrosis) in coronary artery disease (CAD). Hence, more studies are required to know the actual role of C. pneumoniae in activation of apoptotic/antiapoptotic/necrosis pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, two sets of patient groups (cHSP60 positive and cHSP60 negative) were included and gene expression was studied by cDNA micro array and real time polymerase chain reaction arrays. Expression of Caspase-3, 8, 9, c-FLIP, PPAR-γ, PGC-1α, and Gsk-3b were also evaluated at protein level by immunoblotting. In cHSP60 positive CAD patients significantly higher (p<0.001) mRNA expression was found for CCL4, CXCL4, CXCL9, IL-8, CD40LG, CD8, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, APOE, EGR1, CTGF, APOB, LDLR, LPA, and LPL, whereas significantly lower (p<0.001) mRNA expression was detected for CD4, IL1F10, IFNA2, and IL-10 as compared to cHSP60 negative CAD patients. Additionally, at protein level expression of Caspase-3 (p=0.027), 8 (p=0.028), and 9 (p=0.037) were higher and c-FLIP (p=0.028) and PPAR-γ (p=0.95) expression were comparable in cHSP60 positive CAD patients compared to cHSP60 negative CAD patients. CONCLUSION Genes/proteins of pre-apoptotic caspase dependent/independent pathways, chemokines, and inflammatory cytokines receptors were significantly up-regulated in human atheromatous plaques of cHSP60 positive CAD patients suggesting an association of cHSP60 with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Chandra Jha
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Post Box No. 4909, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Mavrogeni S, Spargias C, Bratis C, Kolovou G, Markussis V, Papadopoulou E, Constadoulakis P, Papadimitropoulos M, Douskou M, Pavlides G, Cokkinos D. Myocarditis as a precipitating factor for heart failure: evaluation and 1-year follow-up using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy. Eur J Heart Fail 2011; 13:830-7. [PMID: 21632580 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate myocarditis as a precipitating factor for heart failure using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and endomyocardial biopsy. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-five patients with suspected myocarditis and 20 controls were evaluated. Seventy-one patients with positive CMR were referred for endomyocardial biopsy and re-evaluation after 1 year. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was performed using STIR T2-weighted (T2W), early T1-weighted (EGE), and late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) images. Immunohistological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of myocardial specimens was employed. In patients with myocarditis, T2 and EGE were increased compared with controls (2.6 ± 0.9 vs. 1.57 ± 0.13, P < 0.001 and 7.9 ± 5.5 vs. 3.59 ± 0.08, P < 0.001, respectively). Late gadolinium enhancement was found in all myocarditis patients. Endomyocardial biopsy performed in 50 of 71 patients with positive CMR showed positive immunohistology in 48% and presence of infectious genomes in 80% (mainly Chlamydia, Herpes, and Parvovirus B19). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly decreased compared with controls (47.7 ± 19.2 vs. 64 ± 0.2, P < 0.001). After 1 year, CMR showed normalization of T2 and EGE, and decreased LGE. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased in 36.5% of patients, remained stable in 56.5% and decreased in 7% of patients, in whom biopsy showed persistence of the initial infective agents. A negative correlation was identified between EGE, LGE, and LVEF. Patients with positive biopsies had lower LVEFs. CONCLUSION In a Greek population with myocarditis, Chlamydia with viruses was a common finding. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and PCR proved useful for the detection of myocarditis; EGE and LGE had the best correlation for the development of heart failure. Persistence of the initially detected infective agents was identified in patients who deteriorated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mavrogeni
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 50 Esperou Street, 175-61 P.Faliro, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Roy E, Leduc M, Guegan S, Rachdi L, Kluger N, Scharfmann R, Aractingi S, Khosrotehrani K. Specific maternal microchimeric T cells targeting fetal antigens in β cells predispose to auto-immune diabetes in the child. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:253-62. [PMID: 21414756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During pregnancy there is an exchange of cells between the fetus and the mother including T lymphocytes that can persist after delivery. Previous studies have described an increased numbers of maternal cells in children with juvenile diabetes as compared to their unaffected siblings. Our objective was to assess the possibility for these chimeric T cells to trigger an anti-beta cell response. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We mated OT2 transgenic female mice having T cells specifically targeting ovalbumin to RIP-OVA males expressing ovalbumin in pancreatic β cells. This allowed us to examine RIP-OVA progeny from OT2 mothers to assess the consequences of maternal T cells acquired during gestation or lactation. We quantitatively analyzed the pancreas of RIP-OVA mice from OT2 mothers for islet infiltration and compared them to RIP-OVA mice not exposed to OT2 mothers or to wild-type mice from OT2 mothers. RESULTS RIP-OVA mice from OT2 mothers had significantly more peri-insulitis (p=0.0083) compared to wild-type littermates. Similarly RIP-OVA mice from OT2 mothers had more peri-insulitis as compared to RIP-OVA mice from RIP-OVA mothers (p=0.0073). Presence and specific anti-ovalbumin activity of maternal OT2 cells in the offsprings' peripheral lymphoid tissues was found in a separate group of mice. In animals presenting islet inflammation, CD3+ infiltrating cells in the pancreas were however derived from the offspring and not from OT2 mothers. In accordance, OT2 and RIP-OVA double transgenic mice with high levels of auto-reactive T cells had more peri-insulitis and sometimes intense insulitis when they were from OT2 mothers as compared to RIP-OVA mothers (p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS In highly specific fetal/maternal combinations, maternal T cells with activity against the offspring pancreatic beta cells, presumably chimeric in fetal organs, initiate islet inflammation and may therefore predispose to auto-immune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Roy
- UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR_S938, Paris, France
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Steffen D, Reddy J. Identification of novel mimicry epitopes for cardiac myosin heavy chain-α that induce autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:438-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Skwor T, Kandel RP, Basravi S, Khan A, Sharma B, Dean D. Characterization of humoral immune responses to chlamydial HSP60, CPAF, and CT795 in inflammatory and severe trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5128-36. [PMID: 20463311 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) remains the leading global cause of preventable blindness. There are limited data on humoral immune responses in trachoma. Evaluating these responses is important for understanding host-pathogen interactions and informing vaccine design. Antibodies to chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (cHSP60) have been associated with infertility and trachomatous scarring. Other proteins, including chlamydial protease-associated factor (CPAF) and a hypothetical protein unique to the family Chlamydiaceae, CT795, elicit strong immune responses in urogenital infections, but their role in trachomatous disease is unknown. METHODS This study was conducted to expand on previous cHSP60 findings and evaluate the association of CPAF and CT795 antibodies with ocular Ct infection and disease. Clinical trachoma grading was performed, and conjunctival samples were obtained from individuals with trachomatous trichiasis (TT; one or more inturned eyelashes) or inflammatory trachoma without trichiasis and control subjects without disease, all of whom resided in trachoma-endemic regions of Nepal. Ct infection was determined using commercial PCR. IgG and IgA tear antibodies against cHSP60, CT795, and CPAF fusion proteins were measured by quantitative ELISA. RESULTS Significantly higher IgG antibody levels were found against cHSP60, CPAF, and CT795 in the inflammatory cases compared with levels in the controls (P < 0.005 for all three). Ct infection was independently associated with IgG antibodies against all three immunogens in the inflammatory cases but not in the controls (P = 0.025, P = 0.03 and P = 0.017, respectively). Only IgG antibodies against CPAF were significantly elevated among the TT cases (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with trachoma, IgG antibody responses to CPAF are likely to be both a marker and risk factor for inflammatory trachoma and severe trachomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Skwor
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
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Igietseme JU, He Q, Joseph K, Eko FO, Lyn D, Ananaba G, Campbell A, Bandea C, Black CM. Role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Chlamydia disease. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:926-34. [PMID: 19656067 DOI: 10.1086/605411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are needed to prevent the oculogenital diseases of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infected hosts develop immunity, although temporary, and experimental vaccines have yielded significant protective immunity in animal models, fueling the impetus for a vaccine. Because infections cause sequelae, the functional relationship between infection- and vaccine-induced immunity is unclear. We hypothesized that infection- and vaccine-induced immunity are functionally distinct, particularly in the ability to prevent sequelae. Chlamydia-immune mice, with immunity generated by either a previous infection or vaccination, exhibited a significant degree of protective immunity, marked by a lower-intensity, abbreviated course of infection. However, vaccinated mice were protected from infertility, whereas preinfected mice were not. Thus, infection-induced immunity does not prevent the pathologic process leading to infertility. Furthermore, T cell subsets, especially CD8 T cells, play a major role in Chlamydia-induced infertility. The results have important implications for the immunopathogenesis of chlamydial disease and new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph U Igietseme
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Honjo K, van Reekum R, Verhoeff NPLG. Alzheimer's disease and infection: do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2009; 5:348-60. [PMID: 19560105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with several important pathogens could constitute risk factors for cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular. This review summarizes the data related to infectious agents that appear to have a relationship with AD. Infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, picornavirus, Borna disease virus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and spirochete were reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD or to cognitive changes. Based on these reports, it may be hypothesized that central nervous system or systemic infections may contribute to the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of AD, and chronic infection with several pathogens should be considered a risk factor for sporadic AD. If this hypothesis holds true, early intervention against infection may delay or even prevent the future development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Honjo
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Enhanced proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with psoriasis vulgaris mediated by streptococcal antigen with bacterial DNA. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2653-60. [PMID: 19609313 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcal infection is believed to have an intimate relationship with psoriasis, although the pathogenic role of streptococcal DNA is not fully understood. To gain a clearer understanding of these dynamics, we investigated the effect of streptococcal DNA on lymphocyte proliferation and activation as well as cytokine secretion in psoriasis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from psoriatic patients had higher proliferative responses upon stimulation by streptococcal antigen (SA) when compared with those from healthy individuals. Strikingly, this enhanced proliferation of PBMCs was attenuated after administration of SA treated with DNase-I. In addition, CD69 expression levels on T cells, including skin-homing lymphocyte cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen positive T cells, and IFN-alpha secretion by PBMCs were also attenuated in patients after stimulation with SA without nucleic acid (non-nucleic acid SA, non-NASA) compared with stimulation with untreated SA. However, activation marker CD86 expression levels on B cells as well as the secretion of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha following stimulation with SA or non-NASA were not significantly altered. Interestingly, the attenuated T-cell activation and IFN-alpha secretion in psoriatic patients could be reconstituted when stimulated by non-NASA combined with synthetic CpG-A, but not when combined with synthetic CpG-B. This study demonstrates the integral function of SA, particularly streptococcal DNA, in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is due to infection with the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, and is associated with persistent infection unless treated with antibiotics. The persistent nature of infection by B. burgdorferi can lead to development of chronic disease, as found in patients infected before recognition of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Much speculation has surrounded the possibility that autoimmune mechanisms are involved in chronic symptoms. In most cases, involvement of autoimmunity in Lyme disease has not received experimental support. The exception is in a small group of patients with chronic arthritis whose abnormal joint symptoms persist after apparent elimination of the bacteria. In this review, the evidence supporting autoimmune mechanisms in Lyme disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin D Bolz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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