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Iyer RF, Verweij MC, Nair SS, Morrow D, Mansouri M, Chakravarty D, Beechwood T, Meyer C, Uebelhoer L, Lauron EJ, Selseth A, John N, Thin TH, Dzedzik S, Havenar-Daughton C, Axthelm MK, Douglas J, Korman A, Bhardwaj N, Tewari AK, Hansen S, Malouli D, Picker LJ, Früh K. CD8 + T cell targeting of tumor antigens presented by HLA-E. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7515. [PMID: 38728394 PMCID: PMC11086602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) molecule is up-regulated on many cancer cells, thus contributing to immune evasion by engaging inhibitory NKG2A/CD94 receptors on NK cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells. To investigate whether MHC-E expression by cancer cells can be targeted for MHC-E-restricted T cell control, we immunized rhesus macaques (RM) with rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors genetically programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells and to express established tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) including prostatic acidic phosphatase (PAP), Wilms tumor-1 protein, or Mesothelin. T cell responses to all three tumor antigens were comparable to viral antigen-specific responses with respect to frequency, duration, phenotype, epitope density, and MHC restriction. Thus, CMV-vectored cancer vaccines can bypass central tolerance by eliciting T cells to noncanonical epitopes. We further demonstrate that PAP-specific, MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RhCMV/PAP-immunized RM respond to PAP-expressing HLA-E+ prostate cancer cells, suggesting that the HLA-E/NKG2A immune checkpoint can be exploited for CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Marieke C. Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Teresa Beechwood
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Luke Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Andrea Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nessy John
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tin Htwe Thin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Siarhei Dzedzik
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Alan Korman
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 14158, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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2
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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3
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Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
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4
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Metzdorf K, Jacobsen H, Kim Y, Teixeira Alves LG, Kulkarni U, Eschke K, Chaudhry MZ, Hoffmann M, Bertoglio F, Ruschig M, Hust M, Cokarić Brdovčak M, Materljan J, Šustić M, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Widera M, Ciesek S, Pöhlmann S, Landthaler M, Čičin-Šain L. A single-dose MCMV-based vaccine elicits long-lasting immune protection in mice against distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.11.25.517953. [PMID: 36482969 PMCID: PMC9727759 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.25.517953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines against COVID-19 elicit immune responses that are overall strong but wane rapidly. As a consequence, the necessary booster shots have led to vaccine fatigue. Hence, vaccines that would provide lasting protection against COVID-19 are needed, but are still unavailable. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) elicit lasting and uniquely strong immune responses. Used as vaccine vectors, they may be attractive tools that obviate the need for boosters. Therefore, we tested the murine CMV (MCMV) as a vaccine vector against COVID-19 in relevant preclinical models of immunization and challenge. We have previously developed a recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) vaccine vector expressing the spike protein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (MCMVS). In this study, we show that the MCMVS elicits a robust and lasting protection in young and aged mice. Notably, S-specific humoral and cellular immunity was not only maintained but even increased over a period of at least 6 months. During that time, antibody avidity continuously increased and expanded in breadth, resulting in neutralization of genetically distant variants, like Omicron BA.1. A single dose of MCMVS conferred rapid virus clearance upon challenge. Moreover, MCMVS vaccination controlled two immune-evading variants of concern (VoCs), the Beta (B.1.135) and the Omicron (BA.1) variants. Thus, CMV vectors provide unique advantages over other vaccine technologies, eliciting broadly reactive and long-lasting immune responses against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Metzdorf
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luiz Gustavo Teixeira Alves
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Upasana Kulkarni
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M. Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Materljan
- Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šustić
- Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External partner site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture of HZI and MHH, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Berry N, Mee ET, Almond N, Rose NJ. The Impact and Effects of Host Immunogenetics on Infectious Disease Studies Using Non-Human Primates in Biomedical Research. Microorganisms 2024; 12:155. [PMID: 38257982 PMCID: PMC10818626 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding infectious disease pathogenesis and evaluating novel candidate treatment interventions for human use frequently requires prior or parallel analysis in animal model systems. While rodent species are frequently applied in such studies, there are situations where non-human primate (NHP) species are advantageous or required. These include studies of animals that are anatomically more akin to humans, where there is a need to interrogate the complexity of more advanced biological systems or simply reflect susceptibility to a specific infectious agent. The contribution of different arms of the immune response may be addressed in a variety of NHP species or subspecies in specific physiological compartments. Such studies provide insights into immune repertoires not always possible from human studies. However, genetic variation in outbred NHP models may confound, or significantly impact the outcome of a particular study. Thus, host factors need to be considered when undertaking such studies. Considerable knowledge of the impact of host immunogenetics on infection dynamics was elucidated from HIV/SIV research. NHP models are now important for studies of emerging infections. They have contributed to delineating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, which identified differences in outcomes attributable to the selected NHP host. Moreover, their use was crucial in evaluating the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19 and establishing putative correlates of vaccine protection. More broadly, neglected or highly pathogenic emerging or re-emergent viruses may be studied in selected NHPs. These studies characterise protective immune responses following infection or the administration of candidate immunogens which may be central to the accelerated licensing of new vaccines. Here, we review selected aspects of host immunogenetics, specifically MHC background and TRIM5 polymorphism as exemplars of adaptive and innate immunity, in commonly used Old and New World host species. Understanding this variation within and between NHP species will ensure that this valuable laboratory source is used most effectively to combat established and emerging virus infections and improve human health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Research & Development—Science, Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK; (E.T.M.); (N.A.); (N.J.R.)
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6
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Jost S, Lucar O, Lee E, Yoder T, Kroll K, Sugawara S, Smith S, Jones R, Tweet G, Werner A, Tomezsko PJ, Dugan HL, Ghofrani J, Rascle P, Altfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Goepfert P, Reeves RK. Antigen-specific memory NK cell responses against HIV and influenza use the NKG2/HLA-E axis. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi3974. [PMID: 38064568 PMCID: PMC11104516 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have broadened the roles of natural killer (NK) cells functioning as purely innate lymphocytes by demonstrating that they are capable of putative antigen-specific immunological memory against multiple infectious agents including HIV-1 and influenza. However, the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antigen-specific human NK cell memory develops upon exposure to both HIV and influenza, unified by a conserved and epitope-specific targetable mechanism largely dependent on the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor and its ligand HLA-E. We validated the permanent acquisition of antigen specificity by individual memory NK cells by single-cell cloning. We identified elevated expression of KLRG1, α4β7, and NKG2C as biomarkers of antigen-specific NK cell memory through complex immunophenotyping. Last, we uncovered individual HLA-E-restricted peptides that may constitute the dominant NK cell response in HIV-1- and influenza-infected persons in vivo. Our findings clarify the mechanisms contributing to antigen-specific memory NK cell responses and suggest that they could be potentially targeted therapeutically for vaccines or other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jost
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Taylor Yoder
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Scott Smith
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rhianna Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - George Tweet
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Werner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phillip J. Tomezsko
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Ghofrani
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | | | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Hogan MJ, Maheshwari N, Begg BE, Nicastri A, Hedgepeth EJ, Muramatsu H, Pardi N, Miller MA, Reilly SP, Brossay L, Lynch KW, Ternette N, Eisenlohr LC. Cryptic MHC-E epitope from influenza elicits a potent cytolytic T cell response. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1933-1946. [PMID: 37828378 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which unconventional forms of antigen presentation drive T cell immunity is unknown. By convention, CD8 T cells recognize viral peptides, or epitopes, in association with classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, or MHC-Ia, but immune surveillance can, in some cases, be directed against peptides presented by nonclassical MHC-Ib, in particular the MHC-E proteins (Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans); however, the overall importance of nonclassical responses in antiviral immunity remains unclear. Similarly uncertain is the importance of 'cryptic' viral epitopes, defined as those undetectable by conventional mapping techniques. Here we used an immunopeptidomic approach to search for unconventional epitopes that drive T cell responses in mice infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934. We identified a nine amino acid epitope, termed M-SL9, that drives a co-immunodominant, cytolytic CD8 T cell response that is unconventional in two major ways: first, it is presented by Qa-1, and second, it has a cryptic origin, mapping to an unannotated alternative reading frame product of the influenza matrix gene segment. Presentation and immunogenicity of M-SL9 are dependent on the second AUG codon of the positive sense matrix RNA segment, suggesting translation initiation by leaky ribosomal scanning. During influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 infection, M-SL9-specific T cells exhibit a low level of egress from the lungs and strong differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells. Importantly, we show that M-SL9/Qa-1-specific T cells can be strongly induced by messenger RNA vaccination and that they can mediate antigen-specific cytolysis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that noncanonical translation products can account for an important fraction of the T cell repertoire and add to a growing body of evidence that MHC-E-restricted T cells could have substantial therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Nikita Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bridget E Begg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hedgepeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Century Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Martin TM, Robinson ST, Huang Y. Discovery medicine - the HVTN's iterative approach to developing an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing vaccine. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:290-299. [PMID: 37712873 PMCID: PMC10552837 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past two decades, there has been an explosion in the discovery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and associated vaccine strategies to induce them. This abundance of approaches necessitates a system that accurately and expeditiously identifies the most promising regimens. We herein briefly review the background science of bnAbs, provide a description of the first round of phase 1 discovery medicine studies, and suggest an approach to integrate these into a comprehensive HIV-1-neutralizing vaccine. RECENT FINDINGS With recent preclinical success including induction of early stage bnAbs in mouse knockin models and rhesus macaques, successful priming of VRC01-class bnAbs with eOD-GT8 in a recent study in humans, and proof-of-concept that intravenous infusion of VRC01 prevents sexual transmission of virus in humans, the stage is set for a broad and comprehensive bnAb vaccine program. Leveraging significant advances in protein nanoparticle science, mRNA technology, adjuvant development, and B-cell and antibody analyses, the HVTN has reconfigured its HIV-1 vaccine strategy by developing the Discovery Medicine Program to test promising vaccine candidates targeting six key epitopes. SUMMARY The HVTN Discovery Medicine program is testing multiple HIV-1-neutralizing vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Martin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Gabriel EE, Sjölander A, Follmann D, Sachs MC. Cross-direct effects in settings with two mediators. Biostatistics 2023; 24:1017-1030. [PMID: 36050911 PMCID: PMC10583720 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When multiple mediators are present, there are additional effects that may be of interest beyond the well-known natural (NDE) and controlled direct effects (CDE). These effects cross the type of control on the mediators, setting one to a constant level and one to its natural level, which differs across subjects. We introduce five such estimands for the cross-CDE and -NDE when two mediators are measured. We consider both the scenario where one mediator is influenced by the other, referred to as sequential mediators, and the scenario where the mediators do not influence each other. Such estimands may be of interest in immunology, as we discuss in relation to measured immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We provide identifying expressions for the estimands in observational settings where there is no residual confounding, and where intervention, outcome, and mediators are of arbitrary type. We further provide tight symbolic bounds for the estimands in randomized settings where there may be residual confounding of the outcome and mediator relationship and all measured variables are binary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Gabriel
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Køpenhavn, Denmark
| | - Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Sachs
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Zeng J, Jaijyan DK, Yang S, Pei S, Tang Q, Zhu H. Exploring the Potential of Cytomegalovirus-Based Vectors: A Review. Viruses 2023; 15:2043. [PMID: 37896820 PMCID: PMC10612100 DOI: 10.3390/v15102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have emerged as powerful tools for delivering and expressing foreign genes, playing a pivotal role in gene therapy. Among these vectors, cytomegalovirus (CMV) stands out as a promising viral vector due to its distinctive attributes including large packaging capacity, ability to achieve superinfection, broad host range, capacity to induce CD8+ T cell responses, lack of integration into the host genome, and other qualities that make it an appealing vector candidate. Engineered attenuated CMV strains such as Towne and AD169 that have a ~15 kb genomic DNA deletion caused by virus passage guarantee human safety. CMV's large genome enables the efficient incorporation of substantial foreign genes as demonstrated by CMV vector-based therapies for SIV, tuberculosis, cancer, malaria, aging, COVID-19, and more. CMV is capable of reinfecting hosts regardless of prior infection or immunity, making it highly suitable for multiple vector administrations. In addition to its broad cellular tropism and sustained high-level gene expression, CMV triggers robust, virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, offering a significant advantage as a vaccine vector. To date, successful development and testing of murine CMV (MCMV) and rhesus CMV (RhCMV) vectors in animal models have demonstrated the efficacy of CMV-based vectors. These investigations have explored the potential of CMV vectors for vaccines against HIV, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria, and other infectious pathogens, as well as for other gene therapy applications. Moreover, the generation of single-cycle replication CMV vectors, produced by deleting essential genes, ensures robust safety in an immunocompromised population. The results of these studies emphasize CMV's effectiveness as a gene delivery vehicle and shed light on the future applications of a CMV vector. While challenges such as production complexities and storage limitations need to be addressed, ongoing efforts to bridge the gap between animal models and human translation continue to fuel the optimism surrounding CMV-based vectors. This review will outline the properties of CMV vectors and discuss their future applications as well as possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shakai Pei
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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12
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de Brito RCF, Holtham K, Roser J, Saunders JE, Wezel Y, Henderson S, Mauch T, Sanz-Bernardo B, Frossard JP, Bernard M, Lean FZX, Nunez A, Gubbins S, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Francis MJ, Huether M, Benchaoui H, Salt J, Fowler VL, Jarvis MA, Graham SP. An attenuated herpesvirus vectored vaccine candidate induces T-cell responses against highly conserved porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus M and NSP5 proteins that are unable to control infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1201973. [PMID: 37600784 PMCID: PMC10436000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a leading cause of economic loss in pig farming worldwide. Existing commercial vaccines, all based on modified live or inactivated PRRSV, fail to provide effective immunity against the highly diverse circulating strains of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective and broadly active PRRSV vaccines. In the absence of neutralizing antibodies, T cells are thought to play a central role in controlling PRRSV infection. Herpesvirus-based vectors are novel vaccine platforms capable of inducing high levels of T cells against encoded heterologous antigens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and efficacy of an attenuated herpesvirus-based vector (bovine herpesvirus-4; BoHV-4) expressing a fusion protein comprising two well-characterized PRRSV-1 T-cell antigens (M and NSP5). Prime-boost immunization of pigs with BoHV-4 expressing the M and NSP5 fusion protein (vector designated BoHV-4-M-NSP5) induced strong IFN-γ responses, as assessed by ELISpot assays of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with a pool of peptides representing PRRSV-1 M and NSP5. The responses were closely mirrored by spontaneous IFN-γ release from unstimulated cells, albeit at lower levels. A lower frequency of M and NSP5 specific IFN-γ responding cells was induced following a single dose of BoHV-4-M-NSP5 vector. Restimulation using M and NSP5 peptides from PRRSV-2 demonstrated a high level of cross-reactivity. Vaccination with BoHV-4-M-NSP5 did not affect viral loads in either the blood or lungs following challenge with the two heterologous PRRSV-1 strains. However, the BoHV-4-M-NSP5 prime-boost vaccination showed a marked trend toward reduced lung pathology following PRRSV-1 challenge. The limited effect of T cells on PRRSV-1 viral load was further examined by analyzing local and circulating T-cell responses using intracellular cytokine staining and proliferation assays. The results from this study suggest that vaccine-primed T-cell responses may have helped in the control of PRRSV-1 associated tissue damage, but had a minimal, if any, effect on controlling PRRSV-1 viral loads. Together, these results indicate that future efforts to develop effective PRRSV vaccines should focus on achieving a balanced T-cell and antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jack E. Saunders
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Wezel
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thekla Mauch
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Matthieu Bernard
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy Salt
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael A. Jarvis
- The Vaccine Group Ltd., Plymouth, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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13
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Sokolovska L, Isaguliants M, Buonaguro FM. Proceedings of the Online Conference "Vaccines and Vaccination during and Post COVID Pandemics" (7-9 December 2022). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1175. [PMID: 37514990 PMCID: PMC10383049 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic put focus on various aspects of vaccine research and development. These include mass vaccination strategies, vaccination compliance and hesitancy, acceptance of novel vaccine approaches, preclinical and animal models used to assess vaccine safety and efficacy, and many other related issues. These issues were addressed by the international online conference "Vaccines and Vaccination During and Post COVID Pandemics" (VAC&VAC 2022) held on the platform of Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. Conference was supported by the International Society for Vaccines, the National Cancer Institute "Fondazione Pascale" (Naples, Italy), and the scientific journal VACCINES (mdpi). VAC&VAC 2022 attracted nearly 150 participants from 14 countries. This report summarizes conference presentations and their discussion. Sessions covered the topics of (1) COVID-19 vaccine development, evaluation, and attitude towards these vaccines, (2) HPV and cancer vaccines, (3) progress and challenges of HIV vaccine development, (4) new and re-emerging infectious threats, and (5) novel vaccine vehicles, adjuvants, and carriers. Each session was introduced by a plenary lecture from renowned experts from leading research institutions worldwide. The conference also included sessions on research funding and grant writing and an early career researcher contest in which the winners received monetary awards and a chance to publish their results free of charge in the special issue of VACCINES covering the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liba Sokolovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Experimental Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute 'Fondazione Pascale', 80131 Naples, Italy
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14
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Geiger KM, Manoharan M, Coombs R, Arana K, Park CS, Lee AY, Shastri N, Robey EA, Coscoy L. Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112317. [PMID: 36995940 PMCID: PMC10539480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we find that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an interferon γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP-deficient cells. We observe that ERAAP downregulation during infection leads to the presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b-restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulate effector markers upon MCMV infection and are sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Geiger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Manoharan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel Coombs
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kathya Arana
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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15
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Picker LJ, Lifson JD, Gale M, Hansen SG, Früh K. Programming cytomegalovirus as an HIV vaccine. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:287-304. [PMID: 36894436 PMCID: PMC10089689 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The initial development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a vaccine vector for HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was predicated on its potential to pre-position high-frequency, effector-differentiated, CD8+ T cells in tissues for immediate immune interception of nascent primary infection. This goal was achieved and also led to the unexpected discoveries that non-human primate (NHP) CMVs can be programmed to differentially elicit CD8+ T cell responses that recognize viral peptides via classical MHC-Ia, and/or MHC-II, and/or MHC-E, and that MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses can uniquely mediate stringent arrest and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV, an unprecedented type of vaccine-mediated protection. These discoveries delineate CMV vector-elicited MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells as a functionally distinct T cell response with the potential for superior efficacy against HIV-1, and possibly other infectious agents or cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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16
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Desrosiers RC. The Failure of AIDS Vaccine Efficacy Trials: Where to Go from Here. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021123. [PMID: 36916947 PMCID: PMC10062124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00211-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The seven AIDS vaccine efficacy trials have yielded extremely disappointing results at great expense. Greater stringency is needed for government support of AIDS vaccine efficacy trials.
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17
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Hansen SG, Womack JL, Perez W, Schmidt KA, Marshall E, Iyer RF, Cleveland Rubeor H, Otero CE, Taher H, Vande Burgt NH, Barfield R, Randall KT, Morrow D, Hughes CM, Selseth AN, Gilbride RM, Ford JC, Caposio P, Tarantal AF, Chan C, Malouli D, Barry PA, Permar SR, Picker LJ, Früh K. Late gene expression-deficient cytomegalovirus vectors elicit conventional T cells that do not protect against SIV. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164692. [PMID: 36749635 PMCID: PMC10070102 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus-based (RhCMV-based) vaccine vectors induce immune responses that protect ~60% of rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIVmac239 challenge. This efficacy depends on induction of effector memory-based (EM-biased) CD8+ T cells recognizing SIV peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex-E (MHC-E) instead of MHC-Ia. The phenotype, durability, and efficacy of RhCMV/SIV-elicited cellular immune responses were maintained when vector spread was severely reduced by deleting the antihost intrinsic immunity factor phosphoprotein 71 (pp71). Here, we examined the impact of an even more stringent attenuation strategy on vector-induced immune protection against SIV. Fusion of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) degradation domain to Rh108, the orthologue of the essential human CMV (HCMV) late gene transcription factor UL79, generated RhCMV/SIV vectors that conditionally replicate only when the FK506 analog Shield-1 is present. Despite lacking in vivo dissemination and reduced innate and B cell responses to vaccination, Rh108-deficient 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors elicited high-frequency, durable, EM-biased, SIV-specific T cell responses in RhCMV-seropositive RMs at doses of ≥ 1 × 106 PFU. Strikingly, elicited CD8+ T cells exclusively targeted MHC-Ia-restricted epitopes and failed to protect against SIVmac239 challenge. Thus, Rh108-dependent late gene expression is required for both induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells and protection against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennie L. Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Wilma Perez
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Emily Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hillary Cleveland Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan H. Vande Burgt
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter A. Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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18
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Griffiths ME, Meza DK, Haydon DT, Streicker DG. Inferring the disruption of rabies circulation in vampire bat populations using a betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216667120. [PMID: 36877838 PMCID: PMC10089182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216667120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible vaccines are an emerging biotechnology that hold prospects to eliminate pathogens from wildlife populations. Such vaccines would genetically modify naturally occurring, nonpathogenic viruses ("viral vectors") to express pathogen antigens while retaining their capacity to transmit. The epidemiology of candidate viral vectors within the target wildlife population has been notoriously challenging to resolve but underpins the selection of effective vectors prior to major investments in vaccine development. Here, we used spatiotemporally replicated deep sequencing to parameterize competing epidemiological mechanistic models of Desmodus rotundus betaherpesvirus (DrBHV), a proposed vector for a transmissible vaccine targeting vampire bat-transmitted rabies. Using 36 strain- and location-specific time series of prevalence collected over 6 y, we found that lifelong infections with cycles of latency and reactivation, combined with a high R0 (6.9; CI: 4.39 to 7.85), are necessary to explain patterns of DrBHV infection observed in wild bats. These epidemiological properties suggest that DrBHV may be suited to vector a lifelong, self-boosting, and transmissible vaccine. Simulations showed that inoculating a single bat with a DrBHV-vectored rabies vaccine could immunize >80% of a bat population, reducing the size, frequency, and duration of rabies outbreaks by 50 to 95%. Gradual loss of infectious vaccine from vaccinated individuals is expected but can be countered by inoculating larger but practically achievable proportions of bat populations. Parameterizing epidemiological models using accessible genomic data brings transmissible vaccines one step closer to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Griffiths
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Diana K. Meza
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Medical Research Council–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG61 1QH, United Kingdom
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19
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Malouli D, Gilbride RM, Wu HL, Hwang JM, Maier N, Hughes CM, Newhouse D, Morrow D, Ventura AB, Law L, Tisoncik-Go J, Whitmore L, Smith E, Golez I, Chang J, Reed JS, Waytashek C, Weber W, Taher H, Uebelhoer LS, Womack JL, McArdle MR, Gao J, Papen CR, Lifson JD, Burwitz BJ, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Früh K, Gale M, Picker LJ, Hansen SG, Sacha JB. Cytomegalovirus-vaccine-induced unconventional T cell priming and control of SIV replication is conserved between primate species. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1207-1218.e7. [PMID: 35981532 PMCID: PMC9927879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens (RhCMV/SIV) primes MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that control SIV replication in 50%-60% of the vaccinated rhesus macaques. Whether this unconventional SIV-specific immunity and protection is unique to rhesus macaques or RhCMV or is intrinsic to CMV remains unknown. Here, using cynomolgus CMV vectors expressing SIV antigens (CyCMV/SIV) and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we demonstrate that the induction of MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells requires matching CMV to its host species. RhCMV does not elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells in cynomolgus macaques. However, cynomolgus macaques vaccinated with species-matched 68-1-like CyCMV/SIV mounted MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells, and half of the vaccinees stringently controlled SIV post-challenge. Protected animals manifested a vaccine-induced IL-15 transcriptomic signature that is associated with efficacy in rhesus macaques. These findings demonstrate that the ability of species-matched CMV vectors to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that are required for anti-SIV efficacy is conserved in nonhuman primates, and these data support the development of HCMV/HIV for a prophylactic HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Joseph M Hwang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nicholas Maier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Lynn Law
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leanne Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inah Golez
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney Waytashek
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Whitney Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Luke S Uebelhoer
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie L Womack
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Junwei Gao
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney R Papen
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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20
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Zhao F, Berndsen ZT, Pedreño-Lopez N, Burns A, Allen JD, Barman S, Lee WH, Chakraborty S, Gnanakaran S, Sewall LM, Ozorowski G, Limbo O, Song G, Yong P, Callaghan S, Coppola J, Weisgrau KL, Lifson JD, Nedellec R, Voigt TB, Laurino F, Louw J, Rosen BC, Ricciardi M, Crispin M, Desrosiers RC, Rakasz EG, Watkins DI, Andrabi R, Ward AB, Burton DR, Sok D. Molecular insights into antibody-mediated protection against the prototypic simian immunodeficiency virus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5236. [PMID: 36068229 PMCID: PMC9446601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SIVmac239 infection of macaques is a favored model of human HIV infection. However, the SIVmac239 envelope (Env) trimer structure, glycan occupancy, and the targets and ability of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to protect against SIVmac239 remain unknown. Here, we report the isolation of SIVmac239 nAbs that recognize a glycan hole and the V1/V4 loop. A high-resolution structure of a SIVmac239 Env trimer-nAb complex shows many similarities to HIV and SIVcpz Envs, but with distinct V4 features and an extended V1 loop. Moreover, SIVmac239 Env has a higher glycan shield density than HIV Env that may contribute to poor or delayed nAb responses in SIVmac239-infected macaques. Passive transfer of a nAb protects macaques from repeated intravenous SIVmac239 challenge at serum titers comparable to those described for protection of humans against HIV infection. Our results provide structural insights for vaccine design and shed light on antibody-mediated protection in the SIV model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zachary T Berndsen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Alison Burns
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shawn Barman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Leigh M Sewall
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Oliver Limbo
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Yong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sean Callaghan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Coppola
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim L Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas B Voigt
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Fernanda Laurino
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Johan Louw
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Brandon C Rosen
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI, New York, NY, 10004, USA.
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21
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Hansen SG, Hancock MH, Malouli D, Marshall EE, Hughes CM, Randall KT, Morrow D, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Selseth AN, Trethewy RE, Bishop LM, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Silipino L, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Shao D, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Früh K, Nelson JA, Picker LJ. Myeloid cell tropism enables MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cell priming and vaccine efficacy by the RhCMV/SIV vaccine. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn9301. [PMID: 35714200 PMCID: PMC9387538 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccine for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can stringently protect rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIV challenge by arresting viral replication early in primary infection. This vaccine elicits unconventional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells that recognize epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II and MHC-E instead of MHC-Ia. Although RhCMV/SIV vaccines based on strains that only elicit MHC-II- and/or MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells do not protect against SIV, it remains unclear whether MHC-E-restricted T cells are directly responsible for protection and whether these responses can be separated from the MHC-II-restricted component. Using host microRNA (miR)-mediated vector tropism restriction, we show that the priming of MHC-II and MHC-E epitope-targeted responses depended on vector infection of different nonoverlapping cell types in RMs. Selective inhibition of RhCMV infection in myeloid cells with miR-142-mediated tropism restriction eliminated MHC-E epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-II epitope-targeted response. Inhibition with the endothelial cell-selective miR-126 eliminated MHC-II epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-E epitope-targeted response. Dual miR-142 + miR-126-mediated tropism restriction reverted CD8+ T cell responses back to conventional MHC-Ia epitope targeting. Although the magnitude and differentiation state of these CD8+ T cell responses were generally similar, only the vectors programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses provided protection against SIV challenge, directly demonstrating the essential role of these responses in RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Emily E. Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Renee Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Lindsey M Bishop
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
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22
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Cafaro A, Ensoli B. HIV-1 therapeutic vaccines in clinical development to intensify or replace antiretroviral therapy: the promising results of the Tat vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1243-1253. [PMID: 35695268 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2089119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upon the introduction of the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV infection has become a chronic disease. However, cART is unable to eradicate the virus and fails to restore the CD4 counts in about 30% of the treated individuals. Furthermore, treatment is life-long, and it does not protect from morbidities typically observed in the elderly. Therapeutic vaccines represent the most cost-effective intervention to intensify or replace cART. AREAS COVERED Here, we briefly discuss the obstacles to the development and evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines and review recent approaches evaluated in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although vaccines were generally safe and immunogenic, evidence of efficacy was negligible or marginal in most trials. A notable exception is the therapeutic Tat vaccine approach showing promising results of cART intensification, with CD4 T-cell increase and proviral load reduction beyond those afforded by cART alone. Rationale and evidence in support of choosing Tat as the vaccine target are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
SignificanceUsing CMV as a gene therapy vector we illustrated that CMV can be used therapeutically as a monthly inhaled or intraperitoneally delivered treatment for aging-associated decline. Exogenous telomerase reverse transcriptase or follistatin genes were safely and effectively delivered in a murine model. This treatment significantly improved biomarkers associated with healthy aging, and the mouse lifespan was increased up to 41% without an increased risk of cancer. The impact of this research on an aging population cannot be understated as the global aging-related noncommunicable disease burden quickly rises.
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24
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Sendai virus particles carrying target virus glycoproteins for antibody induction. Vaccine 2022; 40:2420-2431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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MCMV-based vaccine vectors expressing full-length viral proteins provide long-term humoral immune protection upon a single-shot vaccination. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:234-244. [PMID: 34992275 PMCID: PMC8739032 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Global pandemics caused by influenza or coronaviruses cause severe disruptions to public health and lead to high morbidity and mortality. There remains a medical need for vaccines against these pathogens. CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a β-herpesvirus that induces uniquely robust immune responses in which remarkably large populations of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are maintained for a lifetime. Hence, CMV has been proposed and investigated as a novel vaccine vector for expressing antigenic peptides or proteins to elicit protective cellular immune responses against numerous pathogens. We generated two recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) vaccine vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus (MCMVHA) or the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (MCMVS). A single injection of MCMVs expressing either viral protein induced potent neutralizing antibody responses, which strengthened over time. Importantly, MCMVHA-vaccinated mice were protected from illness following challenge with the influenza virus, and we excluded that this protection was due to the effects of memory T cells. Conclusively, we show here that MCMV vectors induce not only long-term cellular immunity but also humoral responses that provide long-term immune protection against clinically relevant respiratory pathogens.
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26
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Herrera C, Veazey R, Lemke MM, Arnold K, Kim JH, Shattock RJ. Ex Vivo Evaluation of Mucosal Responses to Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX of Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:187. [PMID: 35214645 PMCID: PMC8879115 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) remain the most relevant challenge model for the evaluation of HIV vaccine candidates; however, discrepancies with clinical trial results have emphasized the need to further refine the NHP model. Furthermore, classical evaluation of vaccine candidates is based on endpoints measured systemically. We assessed the mucosal responses elicited upon vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX using ex vivo Rhesus macaque mucosal tissue explant models. Following booster immunization with ALVAC/AIDSVAX, anti-gp120 HIV-1CM244-specific IgG and IgA were detected in culture supernatant cervicovaginal and colorectal tissue explants, as well as systemically. Despite protection from ex vivo viral challenge, no neutralization was observed with tissue explant culture supernatants. Priming with ALVAC induced distinct cytokine profiles in cervical and rectal tissue. However, ALVAC/AIDSVAX boosts resulted in similar modulations in both mucosal tissues with a statistically significant decrease in cytokines linked to inflammatory responses and lymphocyte differentiation. With ALVAC/AIDSVAX boosts, significant correlations were observed between cytokine levels and specific IgA in cervical explants and specific IgG and IgA in rectal tissue. The cytokine secretome revealed differences between vaccination with ALVAC and ALVAC/AIDSVAX not previously observed in mucosal tissues and distinct from the systemic response, which could represent a biosignature of the vaccine combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK;
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, GA 70433, USA;
| | - Melissa M. Lemke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kelly Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA 20817, USA;
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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28
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King A. Vaccines beyond antibodies: Spurred by pandemic research, are T-cell vaccines moving closer to reality? EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e54073. [PMID: 34661336 PMCID: PMC8567223 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lessons learned from the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has encouraged research and vaccine development aimed at mustering strong T cell responses against the pathogen.
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29
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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30
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Astronomo RD, Lemos MP, Narpala SR, Czartoski J, Fleming LB, Seaton KE, Prabhakaran M, Huang Y, Lu Y, Westerberg K, Zhang L, Gross MK, Hural J, Tieu HV, Baden LR, Hammer S, Frank I, Ochsenbauer C, Grunenberg N, Ledgerwood JE, Mayer K, Tomaras G, McDermott AB, McElrath MJ. Rectal tissue and vaginal tissue from intravenous VRC01 recipients show protection against ex vivo HIV-1 challenge. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146975. [PMID: 34166231 DOI: 10.1172/jci146975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundVRC01, a potent, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody, inhibits simian-HIV infection in animal models. The HVTN 104 study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of VRC01 in humans. We extend the clinical evaluation to determine intravenously infused VRC01 distribution and protective function at mucosal sites of HIV-1 entry.MethodsHealthy, HIV-1-uninfected men (n = 7) and women (n = 5) receiving VRC01 every 2 months provided mucosal and serum samples once, 4-13 days after infusion. Eleven male and 8 female HIV-seronegative volunteers provided untreated control samples. VRC01 levels were measured in serum, secretions, and tissue, and HIV-1 inhibition was determined in tissue explants.ResultsMedian VRC01 levels were quantifiable in serum (96.2 μg/mL or 1.3 pg/ng protein), rectal tissue (0.11 pg/ng protein), rectal secretions (0.13 pg/ng protein), vaginal tissue (0.1 pg/ng protein), and cervical secretions (0.44 pg/ng protein) from all recipients. VRC01/IgG ratios in male serum correlated with those in paired rectal tissue (r = 0.893, P = 0.012) and rectal secretions (r = 0.9643, P = 0.003). Ex vivo HIV-1Bal26 challenge infected 4 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients versus 20 of 22 from controls (P = 0.005); HIV-1Du422.1 infected 20 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients and 12 of 12 from controls (P = 0.639). HIV-1Bal26 infected 0 of 14 vaginal explants of VRC01 recipients compared with 23 of 28 control explants (P = 0.003).ConclusionIntravenous VRC01 distributes into the female genital and male rectal mucosa and retains anti-HIV-1 functionality, inhibiting a highly neutralization-sensitive but not a highly resistant HIV-1 strain in mucosal tissue. These findings lend insight into VRC01 mucosal infiltration and provide perspective on in vivo protective efficacy.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary K Gross
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Hammer
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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31
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Méndez-Lagares G, Chin N, Chang WLW, Lee J, Rosás-Umbert M, Kieu HT, Merriam D, Lu W, Kim S, Adamson L, Brander C, Luciw PA, Barry PA, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Cytomegalovirus mediates expansion of IL-15-responsive innate-memory cells with SIV killing function. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148542. [PMID: 34153005 DOI: 10.1172/jci148542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual immune variability is driven predominantly by environmental factors, including exposure to chronic infectious agents such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). We investigated the effects of rhesus CMV (RhCMV) on composition and function of the immune system in young macaques. Within months of infection, RhCMV was associated with impressive changes in antigen presenting cells, T cells, and NK cells-and marked expansion of innate-memory CD8+ T cells. These cells express high levels of NKG2A/C and the IL-2 and IL-15 receptor beta chain, CD122. IL-15 was sufficient to drive differentiation of the cells in vitro and in vivo. Expanded NKG2A/C+CD122+CD8+ T cells in RhCMV-infected macaques, but not their NKG2-negative counterparts, were endowed with cytotoxicity against class I-deficient K562 targets and prompt IFN-γ production in response to stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18. Because RhCMV clone 68-1 forms the viral backbone of RhCMV-vectored SIV vaccines, we also investigated immune changes following administration of RhCMV 68-1-vectored SIV vaccines. These vaccines led to impressive expansion of NKG2A/C+CD8+ T cells with capacity to inhibit SIV replication ex vivo. Thus, CMV infection and CMV-vectored vaccination drive expansion of functional innate-like CD8 cells via host IL-15 production, suggesting that innate-memory expansion could be achieved by other vaccine platforms expressing IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Ning Chin
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - W L William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Graduate Group in Immunology, and.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Hung T Kieu
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - David Merriam
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Wenze Lu
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Luciw
- California National Primate Research Center.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Barrenäs F, Hansen SG, Law L, Driscoll C, Green RR, Smith E, Chang J, Golez I, Urion T, Peng X, Whitmore L, Newhouse D, Hughes CM, Morrow D, Randall KT, Selseth AN, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Randall BE, Ainslie E, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Bosche WJ, Axthelm MK, Fukazawa Y, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Fourati S, Sekaly RP, Lifson JD, Komorowski J, Kosmider E, Shao D, Song W, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Gale M. Interleukin-15 response signature predicts RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009278. [PMID: 34228762 PMCID: PMC8284654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with strain 68–1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing SIV proteins (RhCMV/SIV) results in a binary outcome: stringent control and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV in ~55% of vaccinated RMs with no protection in the remaining 45%. Although previous work indicates that unconventionally restricted, SIV-specific, effector-memory (EM)-biased CD8+ T cell responses are necessary for efficacy, the magnitude of these responses does not predict efficacy, and the basis of protection vs. non-protection in 68–1 RhCMV/SIV vector-vaccinated RMs has not been elucidated. Here, we report that 68–1 RhCMV/SIV vector administration strikingly alters the whole blood transcriptome of vaccinated RMs, with the sustained induction of specific immune-related pathways, including immune cell, toll-like receptor (TLR), inflammasome/cell death, and interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, significantly correlating with subsequent vaccine efficacy. Treatment of a separate RM cohort with IL-15 confirmed the central involvement of this cytokine in the protection signature, linking the major innate and adaptive immune gene expression networks that correlate with RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. This change-from-baseline IL-15 response signature was also demonstrated to significantly correlate with vaccine efficacy in an independent validation cohort of vaccinated and challenged RMs. The differential IL-15 gene set response to vaccination strongly correlated with the pre-vaccination activity of this pathway, with reduced baseline expression of IL-15 response genes significantly correlating with higher vaccine-induced induction of IL-15 signaling and subsequent vaccine protection, suggesting that a robust de novo vaccine-induced IL-15 signaling response is needed to program vaccine efficacy. Thus, the RhCMV/SIV vaccine imparts a coordinated and persistent induction of innate and adaptive immune pathways featuring IL-15, a known regulator of CD8+ T cell function, that support the ability of vaccine-elicited unconventionally restricted CD8+ T cells to mediate protection against SIV challenge. SIV insert-expressing vaccine vectors based on strain 68–1 RhCMV elicit robust, highly effector-memory-biased, unconventionally restricted T cell responses that are associated with an unprecedented level of SIV control after challenge (replication arrest leading to clearance) in slightly over half of vaccinated monkeys. Since efficacy among monkeys vaccinated with the effective 68–1 vaccine is not predicted by standard measures of immunogenicity, we used functional genomics analysis of RhCMV/SIV vaccinated monkeys with known challenge outcomes to identify immune correlates of protection. We found that vaccine efficacy significantly correlates with a vaccine-induced response to IL-15 that includes modulation of immune cell, inflammation, TLR signaling, and cell death programming response pathways. These data suggest that RhCMV/SIV efficacy results from a coordinated and sustained vaccine-mediated induction of innate and adaptive immune pathways featuring IL-15, a known regulator of CD8+ effector-memory T cell function, that cooperates with vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells to mediate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connor Driscoll
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Green
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Inah Golez
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taryn Urion
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Peng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leanne Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan E. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ewelina Kosmider
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Song
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MG)
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MG)
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33
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Recombinant Herpesvirus Vectors: Durable Immune Responses and Durable Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Acquisition. J Virol 2021; 95:e0033021. [PMID: 33910957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine that confers durable protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would provide a valuable tool to prevent new HIV/AIDS cases. As herpesviruses establish lifelong infections that remain largely subclinical, the use of persistent herpesvirus vectors to deliver HIV antigens may facilitate the induction of long-term anti-HIV immunity. We previously developed recombinant (r) forms of the gamma-herpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rRRV) expressing a replication-incompetent, near-full-length simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVnfl) genome. We recently showed that 8/16 rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with a rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl regimen were significantly protected against intrarectal (i.r.) challenge with SIVmac239. Here we investigated the longevity of this vaccine-mediated protection. Despite receiving no additional booster immunizations, the protected rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccinees maintained detectable cellular and humoral anti-SIV immune responses for more than 1.5 years after the rRRV boost. To assess if these responses were still protective, the rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccinees were subjected to a second round of marginal-dose i.r. SIVmac239 challenges, with eight SIV-naive RMs serving as concurrent controls. After three SIV exposures, 8/8 control animals became infected, compared to 3/8 vaccinees. This difference in SIV acquisition was statistically significant (P = 0.0035). The three vaccinated monkeys that became infected exhibited significantly lower viral loads than those in unvaccinated controls. Collectively, these data illustrate the ability of rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccination to provide long-term immunity against stringent mucosal challenges with SIVmac239. Future work is needed to identify the critical components of this vaccine-mediated protection and the extent to which it can tolerate sequence mismatches in the challenge virus. IMPORTANCE We report on the long-term follow-up of a group of rhesus macaques (RMs) that received an AIDS vaccine regimen and were subsequently protected against rectal acquisition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. The vaccination regimen employed included a live recombinant herpesvirus vector that establishes persistent infection in RMs. Consistent with the recurrent SIV antigen expression afforded by this herpesvirus vector, vaccinees maintained detectable SIV-specific immune responses for more than 1.5 years after the last vaccination. Importantly, these vaccinated RMs were significantly protected against a second round of rectal SIV exposures performed 1 year after the first SIV challenge phase. These results are relevant for HIV vaccine development because they show the potential of herpesvirus-based vectors to maintain functional antiretroviral immunity without the need for repeated boosting.
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34
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Velarde de la Cruz E, Wang L, Bose D, Gangadhara S, Wilson RL, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Oral Vaccination Approaches for Anti-SHIV Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702705. [PMID: 34234789 PMCID: PMC8256843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We modified a Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) vector to permit secretion of the antigens of interest with the goal of improving anti-HIV Env humoral responses in a SHIV mucosal immunization composed of DNA and recombinant OPVs. We evaluated stimulation of systemic and mucosal cell-mediated and humoral immunity in Rhesus macaques by two regimens, both involving a prime with a SHIVBG505 DNA construct producing non-infectious particles formulated in lipid nanoparticles, administered in the oral cavity, and two different viral vector boostings, administered in the oral cavity and intestinally. Group 1 was boosted with rMVA-SHIVBG505, expressing SIV Gag/Pol and HIVBG505 Env. Group 2 was boosted with a SHIVBG505-OPV vaccine including a non-secreting SIVmac239CA-p6-OPV, expressing Gag CA, NC and p6 proteins, and a HIVBG505C1-V2-OPV, secreting the C1-V2 fragment of HIV EnvBG505, recognized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PG16. A time course analysis of anti-SHIV Gag and Env CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in PBMC and in lymph node, rectal, and vaginal MNC was carried out. Both regimens stimulated significant cell-mediated responses in all compartments, with SHIVBG505-OPV immunization stimulating more significant levels of responses than rMVA- SHIVBG505. Boolean analysis of these responses revealed predominantly monofunctional responses with multifunctional responses also present in all tissues. Stimulation of antibody responses was disappointing in both groups with negative anti-SHIV IgG in plasma, and IgA in salivary, rectal and vaginal secretions being restricted to a few animals. After repeated rectal challenge with SHIVBG505, two Group 1 animals remained uninfected at challenge termination. No significant differences were observed in post-infection viral loads between groups. After the acute phase decline, CD4+ T cell percentages returned to normal levels in vaccinated as well as control animals. However, when compared to controls, vaccinate groups had more significant preservation of PBMC and rectal MNC Th17/Treg ratios, considered the strongest surrogate marker of progression to AIDS. We conclude that the vaccine platforms used in this study are insufficient to stimulate significant humoral immunity at the tested doses and schedule but sufficient to stimulate significant mucosal and systemic cell-mediated immunity, impacting the preservation of key Th17 CD4+ T cells in blood and rectal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Velarde de la Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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35
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Adenovirus-vectored vaccine containing multidimensionally conserved parts of the HIV proteome is immunogenic in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022496118. [PMID: 33514660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022496118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine that can protect against HIV infection does not exist. A major reason why a vaccine is not available is the high mutability of the virus, which enables it to evolve mutations that can evade human immune responses. This challenge is exacerbated by the ability of the virus to evolve compensatory mutations that can partially restore the fitness cost of immune-evading mutations. Based on the fitness landscapes of HIV proteins that account for the effects of coupled mutations, we designed a single long peptide immunogen comprising parts of the HIV proteome wherein mutations are likely to be deleterious regardless of the sequence of the rest of the viral protein. This immunogen was then stably expressed in adenovirus vectors that are currently in clinical development. Macaques immunized with these vaccine constructs exhibited T-cell responses that were comparable in magnitude to animals immunized with adenovirus vectors with whole HIV protein inserts. Moreover, the T-cell responses in immunized macaques strongly targeted regions contained in our immunogen. These results suggest that further studies aimed toward using our vaccine construct for HIV prophylaxis and cure are warranted.
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36
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Direct Evidence for Viral Antigen Presentation during Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060731. [PMID: 34200578 PMCID: PMC8229173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed an immunological phenomenon known as “memory inflation” (MI). After a peak of a primary CD8+ T-cell response, the pool of epitope-specific cells contracts in parallel to the resolution of productive infection and the establishment of a latent infection, referred to as “latency.” CMV latency is associated with an increase in the number of cells specific for certain viral epitopes over time. The inflationary subset was identified as effector-memory T cells (iTEM) characterized by the cell surface phenotype KLRG1+CD127−CD62L−. As we have shown recently, latent viral genomes are not transcriptionally silent. Rather, viral genes are sporadically desilenced in a stochastic fashion. The current hypothesis proposes MI to be driven by presented viral antigenic peptides encoded by the corresponding, stochastically expressed viral genes. Although this mechanism suggests itself, independent evidence for antigen presentation during viral latency is pending. Here we fill this gap by showing that T cell-receptor transgenic OT-I cells that are specific for peptide SIINFEKL proliferate upon adoptive cell transfer in C57BL/6 recipients latently infected with murine CMV encoding SIINFEKL (mCMV-SIINFEKL), but not in those latently infected with mCMV-SIINFEKA, in which antigenicity is lost by mutation L8A of the C-terminal amino acid residue.
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37
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Reeves DB, Rolland M, Dearlove BL, Li Y, Robb ML, Schiffer JT, Gilbert P, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Mayer BT. Timing HIV infection with a simple and accurate population viral dynamics model. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210314. [PMID: 34186015 PMCID: PMC8241492 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials for HIV prevention can require knowledge of infection times to subsequently determine protective drug levels. Yet, infection timing is difficult when study visits are sparse. Using population nonlinear mixed-effects (pNLME) statistical inference and viral loads from 46 RV217 study participants, we developed a relatively simple HIV primary infection model that achieved an excellent fit to all data. We also discovered that Aptima assay values from the study strongly correlated with viral loads, enabling imputation of very early viral loads for 28/46 participants. Estimated times between infecting exposures and first positives were generally longer than prior estimates (average of two weeks) and were robust to missing viral upslope data. On simulated data, we found that tighter sampling before diagnosis improved estimation more than tighter sampling after diagnosis. Sampling weekly before and monthly after diagnosis was a pragmatic design for good timing accuracy. Our pNLME timing approach is widely applicable to other infections with existing mathematical models. The present model could be used to simulate future HIV trials and may help estimate protective thresholds from the recently completed antibody-mediated prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bethany L. Dearlove
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yifan Li
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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38
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Walker BD. CMV, MHC-E, and the quest for an unconventional AIDS vaccine. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/59/eabi5830. [PMID: 33990380 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the evolutionary battle between virus and host, a genetic alteration in cytomegalovirus caused by an inversion-deletion event during tissue culture passage opens an unconventional path toward an HIV vaccine (see the related Research Articles by Malouli et al., Yang et al., and Verweij et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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39
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Long S, Berkemeier B. Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of viral nucleic acids with Raindance droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Methods 2021; 201:49-64. [PMID: 33957204 PMCID: PMC8563494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of viral nucleic acids is critically important for diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of infectious diseases such as those caused by SARS-CoV2, HIV-1, and other viruses. In HIV-1 infection cases, assessing the efficacy of treatment interventions that are superimposed on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has benefited tremendously from the development of sensitive HIV-1 DNA and RNA quantitation assays. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Rhesus macaques is similar in many key aspects to human HIV-1 infection and consequently this non-human primate (NHP) model has and continues to prove instrumental in evaluating HIV prevention, treatment and eradication approaches. Cell and tissue associated HIV-1 viral nucleic acids have been found to serve as useful predictors of disease outcome and indicators of treatment efficacy, highlighting the value of and the need for sensitive detection of viruses in cells/tissues from infected individuals or animal models. However, viral nucleic acid detection and quantitation in such sample sources can often be complicated by high nucleic acid input (that is required to detect ultralow level viruses in, for example, cure research) or inhibitors, leading to reduced detection sensitivity and under-quantification, and confounded result interpretation. Here, we present a step-by-step procedure to quantitatively recover cell/tissue associated viral DNA and RNA, using SIV-infected Rhesus macaque cells and tissues as model systems, and subsequently quantify the viral DNA and RNA with an ultrasensitive SIV droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay and reverse transcription ddPCR (RT-ddPCR) assay, respectively, on the Raindance ddPCR platform. The procedure can be readily adapted for a broad range of applications where highly sensitive nucleic acid detection and quantitation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Long
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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40
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Verweij MC, Hansen SG, Iyer R, John N, Malouli D, Morrow D, Scholz I, Womack J, Abdulhaqq S, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ford JC, Selseth AN, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Shao J, Sacha JB, Axthelm MK, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Früh K. Modulation of MHC-E transport by viral decoy ligands is required for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. Science 2021; 372:eabe9233. [PMID: 33766941 PMCID: PMC8354429 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens elicit CD8+ T cells recognizing epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and MHC-E but not MHC-Ia. These immune responses mediate replication arrest of SIV in 50 to 60% of monkeys. We show that the peptide VMAPRTLLL (VL9) embedded within the RhCMV protein Rh67 promotes intracellular MHC-E transport and recognition of RhCMV-infected fibroblasts by MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. Deletion or mutation of viral VL9 abrogated MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell priming, resulting in CD8+ T cell responses exclusively targeting MHC-II-restricted epitopes. These responses were comparable in magnitude and differentiation to responses elicited by 68-1 vectors but did not protect against SIV. Thus, Rh67-enabled direct priming of MHC-E-restricted T cells is crucial for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ravi Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nessy John
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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41
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Griessl M, Renzaho A, Freitag K, Seckert CK, Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Stochastic Episodes of Latent Cytomegalovirus Transcription Drive CD8 T-Cell "Memory Inflation" and Avoid Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668885. [PMID: 33968074 PMCID: PMC8100209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infection with murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) is controlled by CD8+ T cells and develops into a state of latent infection, referred to as latency, which is defined by lifelong maintenance of viral genomes but absence of infectious virus in latently infected cell types. Latency is associated with an increase in numbers of viral epitope-specific CD8+ T cells over time, a phenomenon known as "memory inflation" (MI). The "inflationary" subset of CD8+ T cells has been phenotyped as KLRG1+CD62L- effector-memory T cells (iTEM). It is agreed upon that proliferation of iTEM requires repeated episodes of antigen presentation, which implies that antigen-encoding viral genes must be transcribed during latency. Evidence for this has been provided previously for the genes encoding the MI-driving antigenic peptides IE1-YPHFMPTNL and m164-AGPPRYSRI of mCMV in the H-2d haplotype. There exist two competing hypotheses for explaining MI-driving viral transcription. The "reactivation hypothesis" proposes frequent events of productive virus reactivation from latency. Reactivation involves a coordinated gene expression cascade from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) and late phase (L) transcripts, eventually leading to assembly and release of infectious virus. In contrast, the "stochastic transcription hypothesis" proposes that viral genes become transiently de-silenced in latent viral genomes in a stochastic fashion, not following the canonical IE-E-L temporal cascade of reactivation. The reactivation hypothesis, however, is incompatible with the finding that productive virus reactivation is exceedingly rare in immunocompetent mice and observed only under conditions of compromised immunity. In addition, the reactivation hypothesis fails to explain why immune evasion genes, which are regularly expressed during reactivation in the same cells in which epitope-encoding genes are expressed, do not prevent antigen presentation and thus MI. Here we show that IE, E, and L genes are transcribed during latency, though stochastically, not following the IE-E-L temporal cascade. Importantly, transcripts that encode MI-driving antigenic peptides rarely coincide with those that encode immune evasion proteins. As immune evasion can operate only in cis, that is, in a cell that simultaneously expresses antigenic peptides, the stochastic transcription hypothesis explains why immune evasion is not operative in latently infected cells and, therefore, does not interfere with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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42
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A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Study of a Prime Boost Therapeutic Vaccination Strategy in HIV-1-Infected Individuals: VRI02 ANRS 149 LIGHT Phase II Trial. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02165-20. [PMID: 33568510 PMCID: PMC8104102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02165-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this placebo-controlled phase II randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic prime-boost vaccine strategy using a recombinant DNA vaccine (GTU-MultiHIV B clade) followed by a boost vaccination with a lipopeptide vaccine (HIV-LIPO-5) in HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy. We show here that this prime-boost strategy is well tolerated, consistently with previous studies in HIV-1-infected individuals and healthy volunteers who received each vaccine component individually. In this placebo-controlled phase II randomized clinical trial, 103 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients under cART (combined antiretroviral treatment) were randomized 2:1 to receive either 3 doses of DNA GTU-MultiHIV B (coding for Rev, Nef, Tat, Gag, and gp160) at week 0 (W0), W4, and W12, followed by 2 doses of LIPO-5 vaccine containing long peptides from Gag, Pol, and Nef at W20 and W24, or placebo. Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) was performed between W36 to W48. At W28, vaccinees experienced an increase in functional CD4+ T-cell responses (P < 0.001 for each cytokine compared to W0) measured, predominantly against Gag and Pol/Env, and an increase in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells producing interleukin 2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P = 0.001 and 0.013, respectively), predominantly against Pol/Env and Nef. However, analysis of T-cell subsets by mass cytometry in a subpopulation showed an increase in the W28/W0 ratio for memory CD8+ T cells coexpressing exhaustion and senescence markers such as PD-1/TIGIT (P = 0.004) and CD27/CD57 (P = 0.044) in vaccinees compared to the placebo group. During ATI, all patients experienced viral rebound, with the maximum observed HIV RNA level at W42 (median, 4.63 log10 copies [cp]/ml; interquartile range [IQR], 4.00 to 5.09), without any difference between arms. No patient resumed cART for CD4 cell count drop. Globally, the vaccine strategy was safe. However, a secondary HIV transmission during ATI was observed. These data show that the prime-boost combination of DNA and LIPO-5 vaccines elicited broad and polyfunctional T cells. The contrast between the quality of immune responses and the lack of potent viral control underscores the need for combined immunomodulatory strategies. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01492985.) IMPORTANCE In this placebo-controlled phase II randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic prime-boost vaccine strategy using a recombinant DNA vaccine (GTU-MultiHIV B clade) followed by a boost vaccination with a lipopeptide vaccine (HIV-LIPO-5) in HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy. We show here that this prime-boost strategy is well tolerated, consistently with previous studies in HIV-1-infected individuals and healthy volunteers who received each vaccine component individually. Compared to the placebo group, vaccinees elicited strong and polyfunctional HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. However, these immune responses presented some qualitative defects and were not able to control viremia following antiretroviral treatment interruption, as no difference in HIV viral rebound was observed in the vaccine and placebo groups. Several lessons were learned from these results, pointing out the urgent need to combine vaccine strategies with other immune-based interventions.
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43
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Long S. In pursuit of sensitivity: Lessons learned from viral nucleic acid detection and quantification on the raindance ddPCR platform. Methods 2021; 201:82-95. [PMID: 33839286 PMCID: PMC8501152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive PCR detection of viral nucleic acids plays a critical role in infectious disease research, diagnosis and monitoring. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 detection, recent reports indicate that digital PCR-based tests are significantly more sensitive than traditional qPCR tests. Numerous factors can influence digital PCR reaction sensitivity. In this review, using a model for human HIV infection and the Raindance ddPCR platform as an example, we describe technical aspects that contribute to sensitive viral signal detection in DNA and RNA from tissue samples, which often harbor viral reservoirs and serve as better predictors of disease outcome and indicators of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Long
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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44
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Yang H, Rei M, Brackenridge S, Brenna E, Sun H, Abdulhaqq S, Liu MKP, Ma W, Kurupati P, Xu X, Cerundolo V, Jenkins E, Davis SJ, Sacha JB, Früh K, Picker LJ, Borrow P, Gillespie GM, McMichael AJ. HLA-E-restricted, Gag-specific CD8 + T cells can suppress HIV-1 infection, offering vaccine opportunities. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg1703. [PMID: 33766848 PMCID: PMC8258078 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) normally presents an HLA class Ia signal peptide to the NKG2A/C-CD94 regulatory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells and T cell subsets. Rhesus macaques immunized with a cytomegalovirus-vectored simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine generated Mamu-E (HLA-E homolog)-restricted T cell responses that mediated post-challenge SIV replication arrest in >50% of animals. However, HIV-1-specific, HLA-E-restricted T cells have not been observed in HIV-1-infected individuals. Here, HLA-E-restricted, HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells were primed in vitro. These T cell clones and allogeneic CD8 + T cells transduced with their T cell receptors suppressed HIV-1 replication in CD4 + T cells in vitro. Vaccine induction of efficacious HLA-E-restricted HIV-1-specific T cells should therefore be possible.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Biomarkers
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/metabolism
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- HLA-E Antigens
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Yang
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Margarida Rei
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Elena Brenna
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Hong Sun
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, NDM, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K P Liu
- Centre For Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Centre For Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Prathiba Kurupati
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Xiaoning Xu
- Centre For Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Geraldine M Gillespie
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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45
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Malouli D, Hansen SG, Hancock MH, Hughes CM, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Ventura AB, Morrow D, Randall KT, Taher H, Uebelhoer LS, McArdle MR, Papen CR, Espinosa Trethewy R, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Greene JM, Axthelm MK, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Grey F, Nelson JA, Lifson JD, Streblow D, Sacha JB, Früh K, Picker LJ. Cytomegaloviral determinants of CD8 + T cell programming and RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg5413. [PMID: 33766849 PMCID: PMC8244349 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) insert-expressing, 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV/SIV) vectors elicit major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E)- and MHC-II-restricted, SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, but the basis of these unconventional responses and their contribution to demonstrated vaccine efficacy against SIV challenge in the rhesus monkeys (RMs) have not been characterized. We show that these unconventional responses resulted from a chance genetic rearrangement in 68-1 RhCMV that abrogated the function of eight distinct immunomodulatory gene products encoded in two RhCMV genomic regions (Rh157.5/Rh157.4 and Rh158-161), revealing three patterns of unconventional response inhibition. Differential repair of these genes with either RhCMV-derived or orthologous human CMV (HCMV)-derived sequences (UL128/UL130; UL146/UL147) leads to either of two distinct CD8+ T cell response types-MHC-Ia-restricted only or a mix of MHC-II- and MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. Response magnitude and functional differentiation are similar to RhCMV 68-1, but neither alternative response type mediated protection against SIV challenge. These findings implicate MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses as mediators of anti-SIV efficacy and indicate that translation of RhCMV/SIV vector efficacy to humans will likely require deletion of all genes that inhibit these responses from the HCMV/HIV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kurt T Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Luke S Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney R Papen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Renee Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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46
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Pedreño-Lopez N, Rosen BC, Flores WJ, Gorman MJ, Voigt TB, Ricciardi MJ, Crosno K, Weisgrau KL, Parks CL, Lifson JD, Alter G, Rakasz EG, Magnani DM, Martins MA, Watkins DI. Non-neutralizing Antibodies May Contribute to Suppression of SIVmac239 Viremia in Indian Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657424. [PMID: 33796119 PMCID: PMC8008062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral properties of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV are well-documented but no vaccine is currently able to elicit protective titers of these responses in primates. While current vaccine modalities can readily induce non-neutralizing antibodies against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV, the ability of these responses to restrict lentivirus transmission and replication remains controversial. Here, we investigated the antiviral properties of non-neutralizing antibodies in a group of Indian rhesus macaques (RMs) that were vaccinated with vif, rev, tat, nef, and env, as part of a previous study conducted by our group. These animals manifested rapid and durable control of viral replication to below detection limits shortly after SIVmac239 infection. Although these animals had no serological neutralizing activity against SIVmac239 prior to infection, their pre-challenge titers of Env-binding antibodies correlated with control of viral replication. To assess the contribution of anti-Env humoral immune responses to virologic control in two of these animals, we transiently depleted their circulating antibodies via extracorporeal plasma immunoadsorption and inhibition of IgG recycling through antibody-mediated blockade of the neonatal Fc receptor. These procedures reduced Ig serum concentrations by up to 80% and temporarily induced SIVmac239 replication in these animals. Next, we transferred purified total Ig from the rapid controllers into six vaccinated RMs one day before intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. Although recipients of the hyperimmune anti-SIV Ig fraction were not protected from infection, their peak and chronic phase viral loads were significantly lower than those in concurrent unvaccinated control animals. Together, our results suggest that non-neutralizing Abs may play a role in the suppression of SIVmac239 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brandon C Rosen
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Walter J Flores
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas B Voigt
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael J Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kim L Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher L Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mauricio A Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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47
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Immunologic Control of HIV-1: What Have We Learned and Can We Induce It? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:211-220. [PMID: 33709324 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A large amount of data now exists on the virus-specific immune response associated with spontaneous or induced immunologic control of lentiviruses. This review focuses on how the current understanding of HIV-specific immunity might be leveraged into induction of immunologic control and what further research is needed to accomplish this goal. RECENT FINDINGS During chronic infection, the function most robustly associated with immunologic control of HIV-1 is CD8+ T cell cytotoxic capacity. This function has proven difficult to restore in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells of chronically infected progressors in vitro and in vivo. However, progress has been made in inducing an effective CD8+ T cell response prior to lentiviral infection in the macaque model and during acute lentiviral infection in non-human primates. Further study will likely accelerate the ability to induce an effective CD8+ T cell response as part of prophylactic or therapeutic strategies.
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48
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Malherbe DC, Vang L, Mendy J, Barnette PT, Spencer DA, Reed J, Kareko BW, Sather DN, Pandey S, Wibmer CK, Robins H, Fuller DH, Park B, Lakhashe SK, Wilson JM, Axthelm MK, Ruprecht RM, Moore PL, Sacha JB, Hessell AJ, Alexander J, Haigwood NL. Modified Adenovirus Prime-Protein Boost Clade C HIV Vaccine Strategy Results in Reduced Viral DNA in Blood and Tissues Following Tier 2 SHIV Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 11:626464. [PMID: 33658998 PMCID: PMC7917243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.626464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing immunogens and improving delivery methods eliciting protective immunity is a paramount goal of HIV vaccine development. A comparative vaccine challenge study was performed in rhesus macaques using clade C HIV Envelope (Env) and SIV Gag antigens. One group was vaccinated using co-immunization with DNA Gag and Env expression plasmids cloned from a single timepoint and trimeric Env gp140 glycoprotein from one of these clones (DNA+Protein). The other group was a prime-boost regimen composed of two replicating simian (SAd7) adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing Gag and one Env clone from the same timepoint as the DNA+Protein group paired with the same Env gp140 trimer (SAd7+Protein). The env genes were isolated from a single pre-peak neutralization timepoint approximately 1 year post infection in CAP257, an individual with a high degree of neutralization breadth. Both DNA+Protein and SAd7+Protein vaccine strategies elicited significant Env-specific T cell responses, lesser Gag-specific responses, and moderate frequencies of Env-specific TFH cells. Both vaccine modalities readily elicited systemic and mucosal Env-specific IgG but not IgA. There was a higher frequency and magnitude of ADCC activity in the SAd7+Protein than the DNA+Protein arm. All macaques developed moderate Tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, while neutralization of Tier 1B or Tier 2 viruses was sporadic and found primarily in macaques in the SAd7+Protein group. Neither vaccine approach provided significant protection from viral acquisition against repeated titered mucosal challenges with a heterologous Tier 2 clade C SHIV. However, lymphoid and gut tissues collected at necropsy showed that animals in both vaccine groups each had significantly lower copies of viral DNA in individual tissues compared to levels in controls. In the SAd7+Protein-vaccinated macaques, total and peak PBMC viral DNA were significantly lower compared with controls. Taken together, this heterologous Tier 2 SHIV challenge study shows that combination vaccination with SAd7+Protein was superior to combination DNA+Protein in reducing viral seeding in tissues in the absence of protection from infection, thus emphasizing the priming role of replication-competent SAd7 vector. Despite the absence of correlates of protection, because antibody responses were significantly higher in this vaccine group, we hypothesize that vaccine-elicited antibodies contribute to limiting tissue viral seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Bettie W Kareko
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Constantinos K Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Harlan Robins
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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49
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Mu Z, Haynes BF, Cain DW. HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:134. [PMID: 33562203 PMCID: PMC7915550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
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50
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Abstract
HIV is a virus that remains a major health concern and results in an infection that has no cure even after over 30 years since its discovery. As such, HIV vaccine discovery continues to be an area of intensive research. In this review, we summarize the most recent HIV vaccine efficacy trials, clinical trials initiated within the last 3 years, and discuss prominent improvements that have been made in prophylactic HIV vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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