1
|
Tian K, Jing D, Lan J, Lv M, Wang T. Commensal microbiome and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity: Harmony and conflict with our closest neighbor. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1316. [PMID: 39023417 PMCID: PMC11256888 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal tract contains a wide range of microorganisms that have evolved alongside the immune system of the host. The intestinal mucosa maintains balance within the intestines by utilizing the mucosal immune system, which is controlled by the complex gut mucosal immune network. OBJECTIVE This review aims to comprehensively introduce current knowledge of the gut mucosal immune system, focusing on its interaction with commensal bacteria. RESULTS The gut mucosal immune network includes gut-associated lymphoid tissue, mucosal immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines. The connection between microbiota and the immune system occurs through the engagement of bacterial components with pattern recognition receptors found in the intestinal epithelium and antigen-presenting cells. This interaction leads to the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The interaction between the microbial community and the host is vital for maintaining the balance and health of the host's mucosal system. CONCLUSION The gut mucosal immune network maintains a delicate equilibrium between active immunity, which defends against infections and damaging non-self antigens, and immunological tolerance, which allows for the presence of commensal microbiota and dietary antigens. This balance is crucial for the maintenance of intestinal health and homeostasis. Disturbance of gut homeostasis leads to enduring or severe gastrointestinal ailments, such as colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Utilizing these factors can aid in the development of cutting-edge mucosal vaccines that have the ability to elicit strong protective immune responses at the primary sites of pathogen invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dehong Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Junzhe Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingming Lv
- Department of BreastWomen's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity, and Child Health Care HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, An H, Ding M, Liu Y, Wang S, Jin Q, Wu Q, Dong H, Guo Q, Tian X, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhu T, Li J, Shao Z, Briles DE, Veening JW, Zheng H, Zhang L, Zhang JR. Liver macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells execute vaccine-elicited capture of invasive bacteria. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade0054. [PMID: 38117903 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality of bacterial diseases, but mechanisms of vaccine-elicited pathogen clearance remain largely undefined. We report that vaccine-elicited immunity against invasive bacteria mainly operates in the liver. In contrast to the current paradigm that migrating phagocytes execute vaccine-elicited immunity against blood-borne pathogens, we found that invasive bacteria are captured and killed in the liver of vaccinated host via various immune mechanisms that depend on the protective potency of the vaccine. Vaccines with relatively lower degrees of protection only activated liver-resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs) by inducing pathogen-binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) or low amounts of IgG. IgG-coated pathogens were directly captured by KCs via multiple IgG receptors FcγRs, whereas IgM-opsonized bacteria were indirectly bound to KCs via complement receptors of immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) after complement C3 activation at the bacterial surface. Conversely, the more potent vaccines engaged both KCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by inducing higher titers of functional IgG antibodies. Endothelial cells (ECs) captured densely IgG-opsonized pathogens by the low-affinity IgG receptor FcγRIIB in a "zipper-like" manner and achieved bacterial killing predominantly in the extracellular milieu via an undefined mechanism. KC- and endothelial cell-based capture of antibody-opsonized bacteria also occurred in FcγR-humanized mice. These vaccine protection mechanisms in the liver not only provide a comprehensive explanation for vaccine-/antibody-boosted immunity against invasive bacteria but also may serve as in vivo functional readouts of vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haodi Dong
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qile Guo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianbin Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | - Tao Zhu
- Cansino Biologics, Tianjin 300301, China
| | | | - Zhujun Shao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102299, China
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klimko CP, Shoe JL, Rill NO, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Talyansky Y, Schmidt LK, Orne CE, Fetterer DP, Biryukov SS, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ, DeShazer D, Cote CK. Layered and integrated medical countermeasures against Burkholderia pseudomallei infections in C57BL/6 mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:965572. [PMID: 36060756 PMCID: PMC9432870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the gram-negative bacterium that causes melioidosis, is notoriously difficult to treat with antibiotics. A significant effort has focused on identifying protective vaccine strategies to prevent melioidosis. However, when used as individual medical countermeasures both antibiotic treatments (therapeutics or post-exposure prophylaxes) and experimental vaccine strategies remain partially protective. Here we demonstrate that when used in combination, current vaccine strategies (recombinant protein subunits AhpC and/or Hcp1 plus capsular polysaccharide conjugated to CRM197 or the live attenuated vaccine strain B. pseudomallei 668 ΔilvI) and co-trimoxazole regimens can result in near uniform protection in a mouse model of melioidosis due to apparent synergy associated with distinct medical countermeasures. Our results demonstrated significant improvement when examining several suboptimal antibiotic regimens (e.g., 7-day antibiotic course started early after infection or 21-day antibiotic course with delayed initiation). Importantly, this combinatorial strategy worked similarly when either protein subunit or live attenuated vaccines were evaluated. Layered and integrated medical countermeasures will provide novel treatment options for melioidosis as well as diseases caused by other pathogens that are refractory to individual strategies, particularly in the case of engineered, emerging, or re-emerging bacterial biothreat agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Nathaniel O. Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yuli Talyansky
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lindsey K. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Caitlyn E. Orne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sergei S. Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mary N. Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David DeShazer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vaccines, Microbiota and Immunonutrition: Food for Thought. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020294. [PMID: 35214752 PMCID: PMC8874781 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most effective health measures and have contributed to eradicating some diseases. Despite being very effective, response rates are low in some individuals. Different factors have been proposed to explain why some people are not as responsive as others, but what appears to be of critical importance is the presence of a healthy functioning immune system. In this respect, a key factor in modulating the immune system, both in its adaptive and innate components, is the microbiota. While microbiota can be modulated in different ways (i.e., antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics), an effective and somewhat obvious mechanism is via nutrition. The science of nutrients and their therapeutic application is called immunonutrition, and it is increasingly being considered in several conditions. Our review will focus on the importance of nutrition and microbiota modulation in promoting a healthy immune system while also discussing the overall impact on vaccination response.
Collapse
|
5
|
Swaminathan G, Citron M, Xiao J, Norton JE, Reens AL, Topçuoğlu BD, Maritz JM, Lee KJ, Freed DC, Weber TM, White CH, Kadam M, Spofford E, Bryant-Hall E, Salituro G, Kommineni S, Liang X, Danilchanka O, Fontenot JA, Woelk CH, Gutierrez DA, Hazuda DJ, Hannigan GD. Vaccine Hyporesponse Induced by Individual Antibiotic Treatment in Mice and Non-Human Primates Is Diminished upon Recovery of the Gut Microbiome. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111340. [PMID: 34835271 PMCID: PMC8619314 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates a connection between microbiome composition and suboptimal response to vaccines (vaccine hyporesponse). Harnessing the interaction between microbes and the immune system could provide novel therapeutic strategies for improving vaccine response. Currently we do not fully understand the mechanisms and dynamics by which the microbiome influences vaccine response. Using both mouse and non-human primate models, we report that short-term oral treatment with a single antibiotic (vancomycin) results in the disruption of the gut microbiome and this correlates with a decrease in systemic levels of antigen-specific IgG upon subsequent parenteral vaccination. We further show that recovery of microbial diversity before vaccination prevents antibiotic-induced vaccine hyporesponse, and that the antigen specific IgG response correlates with the recovery of microbiome diversity. RNA sequencing analysis of small intestine, spleen, whole blood, and secondary lymphoid organs from antibiotic treated mice revealed a dramatic impact on the immune system, and a muted inflammatory signature is correlated with loss of bacteria from Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae. These results suggest that microbially modulated immune pathways may be leveraged to promote vaccine response and will inform future vaccine design and development strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (G.D.H.)
| | - Michael Citron
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (M.C.); (J.X.); (D.C.F.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Jianying Xiao
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (M.C.); (J.X.); (D.C.F.); (T.M.W.)
| | - James E. Norton
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Abigail L. Reens
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Begüm D. Topçuoğlu
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Julia M. Maritz
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Keun-Joong Lee
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (K.-J.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Daniel C. Freed
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (M.C.); (J.X.); (D.C.F.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Teresa M. Weber
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (M.C.); (J.X.); (D.C.F.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Cory H. White
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Mahika Kadam
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Erin Spofford
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.S.); (E.B.-H.)
| | - Erin Bryant-Hall
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.S.); (E.B.-H.)
| | - Gino Salituro
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (K.-J.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Sushma Kommineni
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Jane A. Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA;
| | - Christopher H. Woelk
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Dario A. Gutierrez
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (M.C.); (J.X.); (D.C.F.); (T.M.W.)
| | - Geoffrey D. Hannigan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.E.N.J.); (A.L.R.); (B.D.T.); (J.M.M.); (C.H.W.); (M.K.); (S.K.); (X.L.); (O.D.); (C.H.W.); (D.A.G.); (D.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (G.D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chilimuri S, Mantri N, Shrestha E, Sun H, Gongati S, Zahid M, Kelly P. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Interference with Co-Administration of Tdap Vaccine. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e933003. [PMID: 34304240 PMCID: PMC8317582 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.933003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Delayed immune response Symptoms: None Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chilimuri
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikhitha Mantri
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elina Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Haozhe Sun
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sudharsan Gongati
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maleeha Zahid
- Department of Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paul Kelly
- BronxCare Center for Travel Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, Affiliated with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reens AL, Cabral DJ, Liang X, Norton JE, Therien AG, Hazuda DJ, Swaminathan G. Immunomodulation by the Commensal Microbiome During Immune-Targeted Interventions: Focus on Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643255. [PMID: 34054810 PMCID: PMC8155485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence in clinical and preclinical studies indicates that success of immunotherapies can be impacted by the state of the microbiome. Understanding the role of the microbiome during immune-targeted interventions could help us understand heterogeneity of treatment success, predict outcomes, and develop additional strategies to improve efficacy. In this review, we discuss key studies that reveal reciprocal interactions between the microbiome, the immune system, and the outcome of immune interventions. We focus on cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and vaccination as two crucial therapeutic areas with strong potential for immunomodulation by the microbiota. By juxtaposing studies across both therapeutic areas, we highlight three factors prominently involved in microbial immunomodulation: short-chain fatty acids, microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs), and inflammatory cytokines. Continued interrogation of these models and pathways may reveal critical mechanistic synergies between the microbiome and the immune system, resulting in novel approaches designed to influence the efficacy of immune-targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Reens
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Damien J. Cabral
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James E. Norton
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bosco N, Noti M. The aging gut microbiome and its impact on host immunity. Genes Immun 2021; 22:289-303. [PMID: 33875817 PMCID: PMC8054695 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a fundamental role in the maturation, function, and regulation of the host-immune system from birth to old age. In return, the immune system has co-evolved a mutualistic relationship with trillions of beneficial microbes residing our bodies while mounting efficient responses to fight invading pathogens. As we age, both the immune system and the gut microbiome undergo significant changes in composition and function that correlate with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced vaccination responses. Emerging studies suggest that targeting age-related dysbiosis can improve health- and lifespan, in part through reducing systemic low-grade inflammation and immunosenescence-two hallmarks of the aging process. However-a cause and effect relationship of age-related dysbiosis and associated functional declines in immune cell functioning have yet to be demonstrated in clinical settings. This review aims to (i) give an overview on hallmarks of the aging immune system and gut microbiome, (ii) discuss the impact of age-related changes in the gut commensal community structure (introduced as microb-aging) on host-immune fitness and health, and (iii) summarize prebiotic- and probiotic clinical intervention trials aiming to reinforce age-related declines in immune cell functioning through microbiome modulation or rejuvenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Noti
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Vers-Chez-les-Blancs, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Schal C, Pan X, Huang Y, Zhang F. Effects of Antibiotics on the Dynamic Balance of Bacteria and Fungi in the Gut of the German Cockroach. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2666-2678. [PMID: 32968762 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) harbored diverse microorganisms in the digestive tract, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. This diverse community maintains a relatively stable balance. Some bacteria have been confirmed to play crucial roles in the insect's physiology, biochemistry, and behavior. Antibiotics can effectively eliminate bacteria and disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, but the time-course of this process, the structure of the new microbial community, and the dynamics of re-assemblage of a bacterial community after antibiotic treatment have not been investigated. In the present study, antibiotic (levofloxacin and gentamicin) ingestion reduced bacterial diversity and abundance in the cockroach gut. Within 14 d of discontinuing antibiotic treatment, the number of culturable gut bacteria returned to its original level. However, the composition of the new bacterial community with greater abundance of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus and Dysgonomonas was significantly different from the original community. Network analysis showed that antibiotic treatment made the interaction between bacteria and fungi closer and stronger in the cockroach gut during the recovery of gut microorganisms. The study on the composition change, recovery rules, and interaction dynamics between gut bacteria and fungi after antibiotic treatment are helpful to explore gut microbes' colonization and interaction with insects, which contributes to the selection of stable core gut bacteria as biological carriers of paratransgenesis for controlling Blattella germanica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research and Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, 41 Jiefang Road, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of Early-Life Antibiotics Administration on the Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Lasota Vaccination and Weight Indices of Broiler Chicken. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The administration of antibiotics to day old chicks as a means of prevention or treatment of suspected hatchery or farm-borne infections is common, especially in developing countries. This practice could contribute to a poor immune response following Newcastle disease (ND)-LaSota vaccinations, in addition to the sluggish growth in broiler chickens. This study was aimed at determining: the antibody titre to ND-LaSota vaccine, live weight, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of broiler chicken exposed early to gentamicin and doxycycline. One hundred, day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 25). Group 1 served as a control, while groups 2 and 4 received gentamycin and doxycycline, respectively. The chicks in group 3 were treated with a combination of gentamicin and doxycycline (1 : 1). All drugs were administered via the drinking water from the 2nd to the 6th day of the chicks’ life. On day 18, the birds received ND-LaSota vaccine intraocularly. At weekly intervals, the post-vaccination antibody titre, live weight and weight gain were determined. The feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of the different groups was calculated at the end of the experiments. The results showed that the NDV antibody titre of the antibiotic-treated groups did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from that of the control. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the live weight, weight gain and FCE of the control birds when compared to the antibiotic-treated groups.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vaccination of koalas during antibiotic treatment for Chlamydia-induced cystitis induces an improved antibody response to Chlamydia pecorum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10152. [PMID: 32576914 PMCID: PMC7311432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia infection and disease are endemic in free-ranging koalas. Antibiotics remain the front line treatment for Chlamydia in koalas, despite their rates of treatment failure and adverse gut dysbiosis outcomes. A Chlamydia vaccine for koalas has shown promise for replacing antibiotic treatment in mild ocular Chlamydia disease. In more severe disease presentations that require antibiotic intervention, the effect of vaccinating during antibiotic use is not currently known. This study investigated whether a productive immune response could be induced by vaccinating koalas during antibiotic treatment for Chlamydia-induced cystitis. Plasma IgG antibody levels against the C. pecorum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) dropped during antibiotic treatment in both vaccinated and unvaccinated koalas. Post-treatment, IgG levels recovered. The IgG antibodies from naturally-infected, vaccinated koalas recognised a greater proportion of the MOMP protein compared to their naturally-infected, unvaccinated counterparts. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression revealed an up-regulation in genes related to neutrophil degranulation in vaccinated koalas during the first month post-vaccination. These findings show that vaccination of koalas while they are being treated with antibiotics for cystitis can result in the generation of a productive immune response, in the form of increased and expanded IgG production and host response through neutrophil degranulation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Phakhounthong K, Mukaka M, Dittrich S, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Day NPJ, White LJ, Newton PN, Blacksell SD. The temporal dynamics of humoral immunity to Rickettsia typhi infection in murine typhus patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:781.e9-781.e16. [PMID: 31678231 PMCID: PMC7284305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined individuals with Rickettsia typhi infection in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) to (a) investigate humoral immune dynamics; (b) determine the differences in reference diagnostic results and recommend appropriate cut-offs; (c) determine differences in immune response after different antibiotic treatments; and (d) determine appropriate diagnostic cut-off parameters for indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). METHODS Sequential serum samples from 90 non-pregnant, adults were collected at seven time-points (days 0, 7, 14, 28, 90, 180 and 365) as part of a clinical antibiotic treatment trial. Samples were tested using IFA to determine IgM and IgG antibody reciprocal end-point titres against R. typhi and PCR. RESULTS For all 90 individuals, reciprocal R. typhi IgM and IgG antibody titres ranged from <400 to ≥3200. The median half-life of R. typhi IgM was 126 days (interquartile range 36-204 days) and IgG was 177 days (interquartile range 134-355 days). Overall median patient titres for R. typhi IgM and IgG were significantly different (p < 0.0001) and at each temporal sample collection point (range p < 0.0001 to p 0.0411). Using Bayesian latent class model analysis, the optimal diagnostic cut-off reciprocal IFA titer on patient admission for IgM was 800 (78.6%, 95% CI 71.6%-85.2% sensitivity; 89.9%, 95% CI 62.5%-100% specificity), and for IFA IgG 1600 (77.3%; 95% CI 68.2%-87.6% sensitivity; 99%, 95% CI 95%-100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests suitable diagnostic cut-offs for local diagnostic laboratories and other endemic settings and highlights antibody persistence following acute infection. Further studies are required to validate and define cut-offs in other geographically diverse locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Phakhounthong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - S Dittrich
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - N P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - L J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - P N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - S D Blacksell
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vyas AK, Negi P, Patra S, Maras JS, Ramakrishna G, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Maternal Immunity Influences Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B to Newborns. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:795-811. [PMID: 31168514 PMCID: PMC6546022 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from the mother to the newborn often results in viral persistence. To understand mechanisms of maternofetal HBV transmission, we studied maternal immunity and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptome in mothers and newborns. We included 50 mothers and babies who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive: 22 HBV transmitting mothers (group [Gr.] I) and 28 HBV nontransmitting mothers (Gr. II) to newborns and 10 healthy mother-baby pairs (Gr. III). PBMCs were analyzed for HBV-specific dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, T follicular helper (TFh) cells, B cells, functional immune responses, and cytokine levels as well as transcriptome signatures to identify immune gene expression correlates for protective immunity. Group II mothers had lower HBsAg levels (3.82 × 103 versus 1.493 × 104; P < 0.0001) with greater HBV-specific responses of DCs, T cells, TFh cells, and B cells than Gr. I mothers. Frequencies of TFh cells were lower in Gr. I mothers, with reduced interleukin-21 (IL-21) levels, and these inversely correlated with HBV DNA levels. Cut-off levels of 9.5% and 8.93% from the receiver operating curve predicted the involvement of TFh cells and B cells in HBV transmission. Transcriptome signatures revealed that maternal gene imprints were reflected in the newborns. Genes related to DCs, TFh cells, and B cells were increased in Gr. II, and Gr. II newborns showed a boost in cellular and humoral responses after vaccination. Conclusion: In mothers infected with HBV, low serum IL-21 levels and decreased TFh-cell and plasma B-cell frequencies are associated with vertical transmission of HBV to newborns. These features are indicative of low protective maternal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Pooja Negi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sharda Patra
- Lady Harding Medical College and Smt. S. K. HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - Jaswinder Singh Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of HepatologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Adedokun SA, Olojede OC. Optimizing Gastrointestinal Integrity in Poultry: The Role of Nutrients and Feed Additives. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:348. [PMID: 30766877 PMCID: PMC6366008 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation of the immune system by stimulating or suppressing one or both arms, is an emerging concept driven by the understanding of the host defense system. In particular, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) functions not only as a site for digestion and absorption of nutrients but also acts as a metabolic and immunological organ. This serves as a barrier against abnormal presentation of luminal constituents, caused by dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier, to the mucosal immune system. Invasion by pathogens in the case of disease or stress or a massive influx of commensal bacteria overcomes the defensive mechanisms, resulting in the full activation of local dendritic cells and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines. A growing body of literature demonstrates the immune benefits of increasing the intake of specific nutrients. This strategy involves formulating diets that encompass the bioavailability and utilization of nutrients from various food sources and understanding the dynamics of the macro and micronutrients to support all physiological functions as well as maintaining the function of the immune cells. The nature and type of feed ingredients may also play some roles on the integrity of the GIT of birds. Because dietary intake or nutritional status as well as nutrient requirements may be altered as a result of disease or stress, this may eventually alter the gut microflora and intestinal mucosal integrity, resulting in a compromised barrier of the intestinal epithelium. The weakening of the intestinal integrity could result in an increase in bacterial adherence to the mucosa, bacterial translocation, susceptibility to opportunistic bacterial infection, and mis-appropriation of nutrients. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of dietary energy and nutrients as substrates that have the potential to influence GIT's health and integrity and their roles, directly or indirectly, in modulating bird's ability to be resilient or resist infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunday A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Opeyemi C Olojede
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Czyżewska-Dors E, Pejsak Z. Tulathromycin enhances humoral but not cellular immune response in pigs vaccinated against swine influenza. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:318-323. [PMID: 30585339 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a standard, single dose therapy with tulathromycin was investigated on the postvaccinal humoral and cellular immune response in pigs vaccinated against swine influenza. Forty-five pigs, divided into 3 groups, were used (control not vaccinated (C, n = 15), control vaccinated (CV, n = 15), and experimentally received tulathromycin (TUL, n = 15)). For vaccination of pigs, an inactivated, commercial vaccine was used. Pigs from TUL group received single dose of tulathromycin intramuscularly, at the recommended dose (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Pigs from TUL and CV groups were vaccinated at 8 and 10 weeks of age. The specific humoral and cellular immune response against swine influenza virus (SIV) was evaluated. The results of present study showed that humoral postvaccinal response after vaccination against SIV can be modulated by treatment with tulathromycin. In pigs from TUL group, the significantly higher titers of anti-SIV-specific antibodies were observed 4 and 6 weeks after booster dose of vaccine. Simultaneously, T-cell-mediated immune response against SIV was not affected by tulathromycin. Our recent study confirmed the importance of defining the modulatory activity of tulathromycin because of its influence on the immune response to vaccines. Since the antibodies against hemagglutinin are crucial for the protection against SIV, the present observations should prompt further studies on the practical significance of recent results in terms of clinical implications (postvaccinal protection) in the field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwit
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU -AU, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. The influence of the intestinal microbiome on vaccine responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:4433-4439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
18
|
Magwira CA, Taylor MB. Composition of gut microbiota and its influence on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:3427-3433. [PMID: 29752022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of oral rotavirus vaccines (ORVVs) has led to a reduction in number of hospitalisations and deaths due to rotavirus (RV) infection. However, the efficacy of the vaccines has been varied with low-income countries showing significantly lower efficacy as compared to high-income countries. The reasons for the disparity are not fully understood but are thought to be multi-factorial. In this review article, we discuss the concept that the disparity in the efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines between the higher and lower socio-economical countries could be due the nature of the bacteria that colonises and establishes in the gut early in life. We further discuss recent studies that has demonstrated significant correlations between the composition of the gut bacteria and the immunogenicity of oral vaccines, and their implications in the development of novel oral RV vaccines or redesigning the current ones for maximum impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliff A Magwira
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sim JR, Kang SS, Lee D, Yun CH, Han SH. Killed Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine Induces CCL20 Secretion by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells in the Presence of the Short-Chain Fatty Acid, Butyrate. Front Immunol 2018; 9:55. [PMID: 29434590 PMCID: PMC5796904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, modulate immune responses in the gut. However, the effect of SCFAs on mucosal vaccine-induced immune cell migration is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether SCFAs modulate chemokine expression induced by the killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol™, in human intestinal epithelial cells. Shanchol™ induced expression of CCL2, CCL5, CCL20, and CXCL10 at the mRNA level, but not at the protein level. Interestingly, CCL20 secretion was substantially increased by co-stimulation with Shanchol™ and butyrate, while neither acetate nor propionate showed such effect. Enhanced CCL20 secretion was associated with GPR109A activation, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. In addition, co-treatment with Shanchol™ and butyrate synergistically increased the secretion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Moreover, CCL20 secretion was decreased by inhibiting the extracellular ATP receptor P2X7. However, neither inflammasomes nor caspases were involved in CCL20 production. The culture supernatant of cells treated with Shanchol™ and butyrate augmented human immature dendritic cell migration. Collectively, these results suggest that butyrate enhances Shanchol™-induced CCL20 production in human intestinal epithelial cells via HDAC inhibition and ATP-P2X7 signaling by activating GPR109A. These effects potentially enhance the mucosal immune responses in the gut induced by this oral cholera vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ri Sim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Daesang Lee
- The 5th R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lynn DJ, Pulendran B. The potential of the microbiota to influence vaccine responses. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:225-231. [PMID: 28864446 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0617-216r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After clean water, vaccines are the primary public health intervention providing protection against serious infectious diseases. Antigen-specific antibody-mediated responses play a critical role in the protection conferred by vaccination; however these responses are highly variable among individuals. In addition, vaccine immunogenicity is frequently impaired in developing world populations, for reasons that are poorly understood. Although the factors that are associated with interindividual variation in vaccine responses are likely manifold, emerging evidence from mouse models and studies in human populations now suggests that the gut microbiome plays a key role in shaping systemic immune responses to both orally and parenterally administered vaccines. Herein, we review the evidence to date that the microbiota can influence vaccine responses and discuss the potential mechanisms through which these effects may be mediated. In addition, we highlight the gaps in this evidence and suggest future directions for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Lynn
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dorey L, Hobson S, Lees P. What is the true in vitro potency of oxytetracycline for the pig pneumonia pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:517-529. [PMID: 28101885 PMCID: PMC5600113 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline was determined for pig respiratory tract pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Indices of potency were determined for the following: (i) two matrices, broth and pig serum; (ii) five overlapping sets of twofold dilutions; and (iii) a high strength starting culture. For A. pleuropneumoniae, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was similar for the two matrices, but for P. multocida, differences were marked and significantly different. MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) serum: broth ratios for A. pleuropneumoniae were 0.83:1 and 1.22:1, respectively, and corresponding values for P. multocida were 22.0:1 and 7.34:1. For mutant prevention concentration (MPC) serum: broth ratios were 0.79:1 (A. pleuropneumoniae) and 20.9:1 (P. multocida). These ratios were corrected for serum protein binding to yield fraction unbound (fu) serum: broth MIC ratios of 0.24:1 (A. pleuropneumoniae) and 6.30:1 (P. multocida). Corresponding fu serum: broth ratios for MPC were almost identical, 0.23:1 and 6.08:1. These corrections for protein binding did not account for potency differences between serum and broth for either species; based on fu serum MICs, potency in serum was approximately fourfold greater than predicted for A. pleuropneumoniae and sixfold smaller than predicted for P. multocida. For both broth and serum and both bacterial species, MICs were also dependent on initial inoculum strength. The killing action of oxytetracycline had the characteristics of codependency for both A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida in both growth media. The in vitro potency of oxytetracycline in pig serum is likely to be closer to the in vivo plasma/serum concentration required for efficacy than potency estimated in broths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Dorey
- Department of Comparative Biological SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertsUK
| | - S. Hobson
- Norbrook Laboratories Ltd.NewryCo. DownUK
| | - P. Lees
- Department of Comparative Biological SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertsUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim YG. Microbiota Influences Vaccine and Mucosal Adjuvant Efficacy. Immune Netw 2017; 17:20-24. [PMID: 28261017 PMCID: PMC5334119 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A symbiotic relationship between humans and the microbiota is critical for the maintenance of our health, including development of the immune system, enhancement of the epithelial barrier, and acquisition of nutrients. Recent research has shown that the microbiota impacts immune cell development and differentiation. These findings suggest that the microbiota may also influence adjuvant and vaccine efficacy. Indeed, several factors such as malnutrition and poor sanitation, which affect gut microbiota composition, impair the efficacy of vaccines. Although there is little evidence that microbiota alters vaccine efficacy, further understanding of human immune system-microbiota interactions may lead to the effective development of adjuvants and vaccines for the treatment of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gi Kim
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xing Y, Liqi Z, Jian L, Qinghua Y, Qian Y. Doxycycline Induces Mitophagy and Suppresses Production of Interferon-β in IPEC-J2 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:21. [PMID: 28203548 PMCID: PMC5285722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated that the second-generation tetracycline derivative doxycycline (DOX) interrupts mitochondrial proteostasis and physiology, inhibits proliferation of many cell types, and induces apoptosis. However, the effects of DOX, which is widely used in porcine husbandry by feed, on the porcine intestinal epithelium are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that DOX damaged mitochondrial morphology and induced the co-localization of mitochondria with autophagosomes, suggesting that DOX induces mitophagy in IPEC-J2 cells. We also found evidence that DOX increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or mitochondrial-specific ROS in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, 50 μg/ml DOX significantly decreased production of interferon-β and facilitated replication of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in IPEC-J2 cells. These results demonstrated that DOX induced mitophagy and ROS production, which damaged the intestinal epithelium. As DOX is used extensively in pig husbandry, uncontrolled application poses a significant threat of viral infection, so stricter policies on its usage should be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Liqi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jian
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Qinghua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Activity of florfenicol for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida using standardised versus non-standardised methodology. Vet J 2016; 218:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Wierzchosławski K, Dors A, Pejsak Z. Effects of amoxicillin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, tiamulin and tulathromycin on pig humoral immune responses induced by erysipelas vaccination. Vet Rec 2016; 178:559. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Swine Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| | - K. Kwit
- Department of Swine Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| | | | - A. Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| | - Z. Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases; National Veterinary Research Institute; Pulawy Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Simon K, Verwoolde MB, Zhang J, Smidt H, de Vries Reilingh G, Kemp B, Lammers A. Long-term effects of early life microbiota disturbance on adaptive immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1543-1554. [PMID: 26976906 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to an interplay between intestinal microbiota and immune system, disruption of intestinal microbiota composition during immune development may have consequences for immune responses later in life. The present study investigated the effects of antibiotic treatment in the first weeks of life on the specific antibody response later in life in chickens. Layer chicks received an antibiotic cocktail consisting of vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and amphotericin-B by oral gavage every 12 h, and ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for the first week of life. After the first week of life, chicks received ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for two more weeks. Control birds received no antibiotic cocktail and plain drinking water. Fecal microbiota composition was determined during antibiotic treatment (d 8 and 22), two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment (d 36), and at the end of the experimental period at d 175 using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene targeted microarray, the Chicken Intestinal Tract Chip (ChickChip). During antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition differed strongly between treatment groups. Fecal microbiota of antibiotic treated birds consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, and in particular E.coli, whereas fecal microbiota of control birds consisted mainly of Firmicutes, such as lactobacilli and clostridia. Two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition of antibiotic treated birds had recovered and was similar to that of control birds. On d 105, 12 weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment, chicks of both treatment groups received an intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/human serum albumin (HuSA) challenge. Antibody titers against LPS and HuSA were measured 10 days after administration of the challenge. While T cell independent antibody titers (LPS) were not affected by antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treated birds showed lower T cell dependent antibody titers (HuSA) compared with control birds. In conclusion, intestinal microbial dysbiosis early in life may still have effects on the specific antibody response months after cessation of antibiotic treatment and despite an apparent recovery in microbiota composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Simon
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M B Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bartelt LA, Guerrant RL. Antibiotics help control rotavirus infections and enhance antirotaviral immunity: are you serious? J Infect Dis 2014; 210:167-70. [PMID: 24625806 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luther A Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Center for Global Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Center for Global Health, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Markowska-Daniel I, Pejsak Z. The effect of doxycycline treatment on the postvaccinal immune response in pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Gong J, Yin F, Hou Y, Yin Y. Review: Chinese herbs as alternatives to antibiotics in feed for swine and poultry production: Potential and challenges in application. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gong, J., Yin, F., Hou, Y. and Yin, Y. 2014. Chinese herbs as alternatives to antibiotics in feed for swine and poultry production: Potential and challenges in application. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 223–241. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of clinical practice, and its own theoretical framework focused on functions at the whole-body level. However, due to cultural differences, TCM has not been fully recognized in Western countries. With the recent development of the theory of whole-body systems biology and “-omics”, there is a new opportunity to study TCM and to close the gap between TCM and Western medicine, because of the similarity in the theoretical foundations between TCM and whole-body systems biology. The uniqueness of TCM theory and practice is the approach to maintain and restore the body balance as a whole with no or little unfavourable side effects. Recent studies have also shown that Chinese herbs used as feed additives can modulate nutritional metabolism, immune responses, and intestinal health of food-producing animals, demonstrating good potential as substitutes for dietary antibiotics. Nonetheless, some issues need to be addressed before Chinese herbs can reach their full application. This article has critically reviewed recent progresses in scientific research of Chinese herbs as feed additives and their potential to replace dietary antibiotics. Possible challenges in future application for swine and poultry production are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - F. Yin
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China 410125
| | - Y. Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430023
| | - Y. Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China 410125
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430023
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brentnall C, Cheng Z, McKellar Q, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of oxytetracycline administered alone and in combination with carprofen in calves. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:687-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Brentnall C, Cheng Z, McKellar QA, Lees P. Pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline administered alone and in combination with carprofen in calves. Vet Rec 2012; 171:273. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Brentnall
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawskhead Campus Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Z. Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawskhead Campus Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Q. A. McKellar
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; Hawskhead Campus Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - P. Lees
- Q. A. McKellar is also at University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brentnall C, Cheng Z, McKellar QA, Lees P. Influence of oxytetracycline on carprofen pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:320-8. [PMID: 22913421 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A tissue cage model of inflammation in calves was used to determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of individual carprofen enantiomers, following the administration of the racemate. RS(±) carprofen was administered subcutaneously both alone and in combination with intramuscularly administered oxytetracycline in a four-period crossover study. Oxytetracycline did not influence the pharmacokinetics of R(-) and S(+) carprofen enantiomers, except for a lower maximum concentration (Cmax ) of S(+) carprofen in serum after co-administration with oxytetracycline. S(+) enantiomer means for area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC0-96 h were 136.9 and 128.3 μg·h/mL and means for the terminal half-life (T(1/2) k10 ) were = 12.9 and 17.3 h for carprofen alone and in combination with oxytetracycline, respectively. S(+) carprofen AUC0-96 h in both carprofen treatments and T(1/2) k10 for carprofen alone were lower (P < 0.05) than R(-) carprofen values, indicating a small degree of enantioselectivity in the disposition of the enantiomers. Carprofen inhibition of serum thromboxane B2 ex vivo was small and significant only at a few sampling times, whereas in vivo exudate prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthesis inhibition was greater and achieved overall significance between 36 and 72 h (P < 0.05). Inhibition of PGE2 correlated with mean time to achieve maximum concentrations in exudate of 54 and 42 h for both carprofen treatments for R(-) and S(+) enantiomers, respectively. Carprofen reduction of zymosan-induced intradermal swelling was not statistically significant. These data provide a basis for the rational use of carprofen with oxytetracycline in calves and indicate that no alteration to carprofen dosage is required when the drugs are co-administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Brentnall
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Costa E, Uwiera RR, Kastelic JP, Selinger LB, Inglis GD. Non-therapeutic administration of a model antimicrobial growth promoter modulates intestinal immune responses. Gut Pathog 2011; 3:14. [PMID: 21943280 PMCID: PMC3195107 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of efficacious alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in livestock production is an urgent issue, but is hampered by a lack of knowledge regarding the mode of action of AGP. The belief that AGP modulate the intestinal microbiota has become prominent in the literature; however, there is a lack of experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. Using a chlortetracycline-murine-Citrobacter rodentium model, the ability of AGP to modulate the intestinal immune system in mammals was investigated. Results C. rodentium was transformed with the tetracycline resistance gene, tetO, and continuous oral administration of a non-therapeutic dose of chlortetracycline to mice did not affect densities of C. rodentium CFU in feces throughout the experiment or associated with mucosal surfaces in the colon (i.e. at peak and late infection). However, chlortetracycline regulated transcription levels of Th1 and Th17 inflammatory cytokines in a temporal manner in C. rodentium-inoculated mice, and ameliorated weight loss associated with infection. In mice inoculated with C. rodentium, those that received chlortetracycline had less pathologic changes in the distal colon than mice not administered CTC (i.e. relative to untreated mice). Furthermore, chlortetracycline administration at a non-therapeutic dose did not impart either prominent or consistent effects on the colonic microbiota. Conclusion Data support the hypothesis that AGP function by modulating the intestinal immune system in mammals. This finding may facilitate the development of biorationale-based and efficacious alternatives to AGP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Costa
- Zoonotic Bacteriology, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Taylor K. Clinical veterinarian’s perspective of non-human primate (NHP) use in drug safety studies. J Immunotoxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15476910903213539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
35
|
Buret AG. Immuno-modulation and anti-inflammatory benefits of antibiotics: the example of tilmicosin. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2010; 74:1-10. [PMID: 20357951 PMCID: PMC2801304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exaggerated immune responses, such as those implicated in severe inflammatory reactions, are costly to the metabolism. Inflammation and pro-inflammatory mediators negatively affect production in the food animal industry by reducing growth, feed intake, reproduction, milk production, and metabolic health. An ever-increasing number of findings have established that antibiotics, macrolides in particular, may generate anti-inflammatory effects, including the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the alteration of neutrophil function. The effects are time- and dose-dependent, and the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena remain incompletely understood. Recent studies, mostly using the veterinary macrolide tilmicosin, may have shed new light on the mode of action of some macrolides and their anti-inflammatory properties. Indeed, research findings demonstrate that this compound, amongst others, induces neutrophil apoptosis, which in turn provides anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies using tilmicosin model systems in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that this antibiotic has potent immunomodulatory effects that may explain why at least parts of its clinical benefits are independent of anti-microbial effects. More research is needed, using this antibiotic and others that may have similar properties, to clarify the biological mechanisms responsible for antibiotic-induced neutrophil apoptosis, and how this, in turn, may provide enhanced clinical benefits. Such studies may help establish a rational basis for the development of novel, efficacious, anti-microbial compounds that generate anti-inflammatory properties in addition to their antibacterial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André G Buret
- Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brisbin J, Gong J, Lusty C, Sabour P, Sanei B, Han Y, Shewen P, Sharif S. Influence of In-Feed Virginiamycin on the Systemic and Mucosal Antibody Response of Chickens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1995-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
37
|
Orlandi-Pradines E, Almeras L, Denis de Senneville L, Barbe S, Remoué F, Villard C, Cornelie S, Penhoat K, Pascual A, Bourgouin C, Fontenille D, Bonnet J, Corre-Catelin N, Reiter P, Pagés F, Laffite D, Boulanger D, Simondon F, Pradines B, Fusaï T, Rogier C. Antibody response against saliva antigens of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti in travellers in tropical Africa. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1454-62. [PMID: 17913537 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to vectors of infectious diseases has been associated with antibody responses against salivary antigens of arthropods among people living in endemic areas. This immune response has been proposed as a surrogate marker of exposure to vectors appropriate for evaluating the protective efficacy of antivectorial devices. The existence and potential use of such antibody responses in travellers transiently exposed to Plasmodium or arbovirus vectors in tropical areas has never been investigated. The IgM and IgG antibody responses of 88 French soldiers against the saliva of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti were evaluated before and after a 5-month journey in tropical Africa. Antibody responses against Anopheles and Aedes saliva increased significantly in 41% and 15% of the individuals, respectively, and appeared to be specific to the mosquito genus. A proteomic and immunoproteomic analysis of anopheles and Aedes saliva allowed for the identification of some antigens that were recognized by most of the exposed individuals. These results suggest that antibody responses to the saliva of mosquitoes could be considered as specific surrogate markers of exposure of travellers to mosquito vectors that transmit arthropod borne infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Orlandi-Pradines
- Unité de recherche en biologie et en épidémiologie parasitaires, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Parc le Pharo, BP 46, 13998 Marseille-Armées, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen X, Tsukayama DT, Kidder LS, Bourgeault CA, Schmidt AH, Lew WD. Characterization of a chronic infection in an internally-stabilized segmental defect in the rat femur. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:816-23. [PMID: 16022995 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize a new model of chronic osteomyelitis with clinically relevant features. A segmental defect of critical size was surgically created in the rat femur, stabilized with a polyacetyl plate and Kirschner wires, and contaminated with bacteria. The animals were allowed to recover while the contamination progressed to a chronic infection. At a later point in time, the defect was surgically débrided without removing the implant. Further treatments of interest, such as antibiotic therapy or application of an osteogenic agent, could be introduced at this time. To implement this model, an initial experiment was performed to determine the bacterial inoculum and time from contamination that would reliably result in an infected defect without causing excessive bone damage by the time débridement surgery was performed. The number of recovered bacteria, degree of radiographic bony lysis, and torsional stiffness of the defect fixation were measured in 192 rats as a function of 4 inocula of Staphylococcus aureus (10(3), 10(4), 10(5) or 10(6) CFUs) and 4 times from contamination (1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks). A 10(4) CFU inoculum over 2 weeks was found to consistently create an infection without severe lysis and loss of fixation stability. Based on these values, a second experiment was performed in 96 rats to characterize the débrided defect over time (2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after débridement), with and without 4 weeks of the antibiotic ceftriaxone, in terms of the same outcome variables. Infection was persistent in all animals in spite of débridement and antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic therapy did not reduce the degree of bony lysis. Compared with animals not given antibiotic, bacterial counts significantly decreased during the period of antibiotic therapy, but then rebounded to significantly higher levels at 12 weeks. This model allows us to perform further studies on differing regimens of antibiotic therapy and their relationship to surgical débridement, and on the efficacy of osteogenic agents in the presence of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqian Chen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Midwest Orthopaedic Research Foundation and Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th Street, MC860C, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biagini RE, Sammons DL, Smith JP, Page EH, Snawder JE, Striley CAF, MacKenzie BA. Determination of serum IgG antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in environmental sampling workers using a fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61:703-8. [PMID: 15258278 PMCID: PMC1740834 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2003.008565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate potential exposure to Bacillis anthracis (Ba) spores in sampling/decontamination workers in the aftermath of an anthrax terror attack. METHODS Fifty six serum samples were obtained from workers involved in environmental sampling for Ba spores at the American Media, Inc. (AMI) building in Boca Raton, FL after the anthrax attack there in October 2001. Nineteen sera were drawn from individuals both pre-entry and several weeks after entrance into the building. Nine sera each were drawn from unique individuals at the pre-entry and follow up blood draws. Thirteen donor control sera were also evaluated. Individuals were surveyed for Ba exposure by measurement of serum Ba anti-protective antigen (PA) specific IgG antibodies using a newly developed fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay (FCMIA). RESULTS Four sera gave positive anti-PA IgG results (defined as anti-PA IgG concentrations > or = the mean microg/ml anti-PA IgG from donor control sera (n = 13 plus 2 SD which were also inhibited > or = 85% when the serum was pre-adsorbed with PA). The positive sera were the pre-entry and follow up samples of two workers who had received their last dose of anthrax vaccine in 2000. CONCLUSION It appears that the sampling/decontamination workers of the present study either had insufficient exposure to Ba spores to cause the production of anti-PA IgG antibodies or they were exposed to anthrax spores without producing antibody. The FCMIA appears to be a fast, sensitive, accurate, and precise method for the measurement of anti-PA IgG antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Biagini
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Biological Monitoring Laboratory Section, CDC/NIOSH MS C-26, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Faucher JF, Binder R, Missinou MA, Matsiegui PB, Gruss H, Neubauer R, Lell B, Que JU, Miller GB, Kremsner PG. Efficacy of atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis in children and its effect on the immunogenicity of live oral typhoid and cholera vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1147-54. [PMID: 12410473 DOI: 10.1086/342908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to measure the impact of malaria prophylaxis with atovaquone/proguanil (A-P) on the immunogenicity of vaccines against typhoid fever and cholera, Salmonella serotype Typhi Ty21a and Vibrio cholerae CVD103-HgR, respectively. A total of 330 Gabonese schoolchildren were assigned to receive either A-P or placebo for 12 weeks. Vaccination occurred 3 weeks after the start of prophylaxis, and immunogenicity was assessed 4 weeks after vaccination. The protective efficacy of A-P against Plasmodium falciparum malaria was of 97% (95% confidence interval, 79%-100%). The 2 treatment groups did not differ significantly with regard to changes in antibody titers after vaccination (P=.96 for anti-S. Typhi IgG antibodies, P=.07 for anti-S. Typhi IgA antibodies, and P=.64 for vibriocidal antibodies). The A-P combination was highly effective for malaria prophylaxis, without interfering with the in vivo immunogenicity of CVD103-HgR and Ty21a vaccines, and it could therefore be simultaneously administered with these vaccines.
Collapse
|
41
|
Quinn CP, Semenova VA, Elie CM, Romero-Steiner S, Greene C, Li H, Stamey K, Steward-Clark E, Schmidt DS, Mothershed E, Pruckler J, Schwartz S, Benson RF, Helsel LO, Holder PF, Johnson SE, Kellum M, Messmer T, Thacker WL, Besser L, Plikaytis BD, Taylor TH, Freeman AE, Wallace KJ, Dull P, Sejvar J, Bruce E, Moreno R, Schuchat A, Lingappa JR, Martin SK, Walls J, Bronsdon M, Carlone GM, Bajani-Ari M, Ashford DA, Stephens DS, Perkins BA. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:1103-10. [PMID: 12396924 PMCID: PMC2730307 DOI: 10.3201/eid0810.020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioterrorism-associated human anthrax epidemic in the fall of 2001 highlighted the need for a sensitive, reproducible, and specific laboratory test for the confirmatory diagnosis of human anthrax. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed, optimized, and rapidly qualified an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) in human serum. The qualified ELISA had a minimum detection limit of 0.06 micro g/mL, a reliable lower limit of detection of 0.09 micro g/mL, and a lower limit of quantification in undiluted serum specimens of 3.0 micro g/mL anti-PA IgG. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 97.8%, and the diagnostic specificity was 97.6%. A competitive inhibition anti-PA IgG ELISA was also developed to enhance diagnostic specificity to 100%. The anti-PA ELISAs proved valuable for the confirmation of cases of cutaneous and inhalational anthrax and evaluation of patients in whom the diagnosis of anthrax was being considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Quinn
- Centers for Desease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kuzin II, Snyder JE, Ugine GD, Wu D, Lee S, Bushnell T, Insel RA, Young FM, Bottaro A. Tetracyclines inhibit activated B cell function. Int Immunol 2001; 13:921-31. [PMID: 11431422 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.7.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines have recently been shown to exert a number of pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, independent of their antibiotic properties. These include the ability to inhibit metalloproteinases (MP), a class of enzymes involved in crucial cellular functions such as the shedding of soluble mediators and their receptors from the cell surface, as well as interaction with, and remodeling of, the extracellular matrix. Here we report that doxycycline at therapeutic concentrations (1--5 microg/ml) significantly suppresses Ig secretion and class switching by in vitro activated murine B cells. Suppression of Ig secretion correlates with a decrease in levels of mRNA for the terminal B cell differentiation-associated genes Blimp-1 and mad-4, as well as to a reduction in expression of the plasma cell markers Syndecan-1 and J chain. Inhibition of class switching occurs at the recombination stage and is also induced by other MP inhibitors, including tetracycline analogs lacking antibiotic activity and the chemically unrelated hydroxamate KB8301. These novel, direct effects of MP inhibitors on B lymphocytes suggest an intrinsic role for MP in B cell activation and likely explain some of the observed in vivo immunomodulatory properties of tetracyclines. Moreover, these findings have significant implications for tetracycline therapy in Ig-mediated autoimmune or allergic diseases and raise questions about the use of doxycycline-inducible transgenic systems for the study of B cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Kuzin
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chow LW, Yuen KY, Woo PC, Wei WI. Clarithromycin attenuates mastectomy-induced acute inflammatory response. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:925-31. [PMID: 11063500 PMCID: PMC95987 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.6.925-931.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the observation that administration of clarithromycin led to an attenuation of the inflammatory response induced by surgical trauma in a guinea pig model, we investigated the potential beneficial effects of clarithromycin on the local and systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing mastectomy in an open-label prospective study. During a 16-month period, 54 patients who underwent mastectomy were randomly divided into two groups. In one group, the patients received oral clarithromycin at a dose of 500 mg twice a day, from the day before to 3 days after mastectomy. There was no significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic prophylaxis-related toxicities or postoperative infections between the patients who received clarithromycin and those who did not. Clarithromycin treatment was significantly associated with an attenuation of febrile response, tachycardia, tachypnea, and an increase in monocyte counts (P, <0.0001, <0.01, <0.05, and <0.01, respectively). Clarithromycin also reduced the intensity and duration of postoperative pain (P, <0.05 and <0.005, respectively) and increased the range of motion of the involved shoulder (P < 0.05 for abduction and flexion). We conclude that clarithromycin effectively modulates the acute inflammatory response associated with mastectomy and produces a better clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W Chow
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Woo PC, Tsoi HW, Leung HC, Wong LP, Wong SS, Chan E, Yuen KY. Enhancement by ampicillin of antibody responses induced by a protein antigen and a DNA vaccine carried by live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:596-9. [PMID: 10882658 PMCID: PMC95920 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.4.596-599.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/1999] [Accepted: 04/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated Salmonella species are effective carriers of microbial antigens and DNA vaccines. In a mouse model, the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and total antibody levels directed toward the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were significantly enhanced at day 21 after oral immunization with live-attenuated serovar Typhi (strain Ty21a) when ampicillin was concomitantly administered (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). The heat-killed Ty21a-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation indices for the ampicillin group at day 21 were significantly higher than those for the normal saline (NS) group (P < 0.005, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01) for all three doses of antigen (10(4), 10(5), and 10(6) heat-killed Ty21a per well, respectively). The 50% lethal doses for mice from the ampicillin and NS groups immunized with Ty21a with pBR322 after wild-type serovar Typhi challenge on day 24 were 3.4 x 10(7) and 5.0 x 10(6) CFU, respectively. The fecal bacterial counts for the ampicillin group at days 1, 3, and 5 were significantly lower than those for the NS group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively), and there was a trend toward recovery of Ty21a in a larger number of mice from the ampicillin group than from the NS group. Furthermore, the IgG2a levels directed toward tetanus toxoid were significantly enhanced at days 7 and 21 after oral immunization with Ty21a that carried the fragment c of tetanus toxoid when ampicillin was concomitantly administered (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively), and the IgM and total hepatitis B surface antibody levels were significantly enhanced at days 7 (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively) and 21 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) after oral immunization with Ty21a that carried the DNA vaccine that encodes hepatitis B surface antigen when ampicillin was concomitantly administered. The present observation may improve the efficacy of the protein antigens and DNA vaccines carried in live-attenuated bacteria, and further experiments should be carried out to determine the best antibiotics and dosage regimen to be used, as well as the best carrier system for individual protein antigens and DNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|