1
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Ralbovsky NM, Soukup RJ, Lomont JP, Lauro ML, Gulasarian A, Saha-Shah A, Winters MA, Richardson DD, Wang SC, Mangion I, Smith JP. In situ real time monitoring of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Analyst 2021; 147:378-386. [PMID: 34908043 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are commonly employed to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine and thereby increase the resulting immune response in a patient. The activity and effectiveness of emulsion-based adjuvants has been heavily studied throughout pharmaceuticals; however, there exists a lack in research which monitors the formation of a stable emulsion in real time. Process analytical technology (PAT) provides a solution to meet this need. PAT involves the collection of in situ data, thereby providing real time information about the monitored process as well as increasing understanding of that process. Here, three separate PAT tools - optical particle imaging, in situ particle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy - were used to monitor two key steps involved in the formation of a stable emulsion product, emulsification and homogenization, as well as perform a stability assessment. The obtained results provided new insights-particle size decreases during emulsification and homogenization, and molecular changes do not occur during either the emulsification or homogenization steps. Further, the stability assessment indicated that the coarse emulsion product obtained from the emulsification step is stable over the course of 24 hours when mixed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an analytical methodology for in situ, real time analysis of emulsification and homogenization processes for vaccine adjuvants. Using our proposed analytical methodology, an improved understanding of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants can now be achieved, ultimately impacting the ability to develop and deliver successful pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Randal J Soukup
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Mackenzie L Lauro
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Amanda Gulasarian
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anumita Saha-Shah
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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2
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Bonam SR, Rénia L, Tadepalli G, Bayry J, Kumar HMS. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1072. [PMID: 34696180 PMCID: PMC8541031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-a parasite vector-borne disease-is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ganesh Tadepalli
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India
| | - Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
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3
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Raghuwanshi AS, Kumar A, Raghuwanshi N, Singh SK, Singh AK, Tripathi U, Kaviraj S, Singh S. Development of a process for large scale production of PfRH5 in E. coli expression system. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:169-179. [PMID: 34364940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5) has recently shown great promise to be developed as a vaccine candidate to prevent blood-stage malaria. However, because of its molecular complexity, most previous efforts were focused on expressing PfRH5 in its native and soluble form. Here, we describe the E. coli expression of full-length PfRH5 as inclusion bodies (IBs), followed by its high cell density fermentation at 1, 5 and 30 L scale. Denatured full-length PfRH5 was purified using a two-step chromatography process before being refolded using design of experiments (DoE). Refolded PfRH5 was further purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), recovering high purity antigen with an overall yield of 102 mg/L from fermentation cell harvest. Purified PfRH5 was further characterized using orthogonal analytical methods, and a short-term stability study revealed -80 °C as an optimum storage temperature. Moreover, refolded, and purified PfRH5, when formulated with adjuvant Glucopyranosyl A lipid stable emulsion (GLA-SE), elicited high antibody titers in BALB/c mice, proving its potential to neutralize the blood-stage malarial parasite. Here, we establish an E. coli-based process platform for the large-scale cGMP production of full-length PfRH5, enabling global malaria vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh Raghuwanshi
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navdeep Raghuwanshi
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shravan Kumar Singh
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umanath Tripathi
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swarnendu Kaviraj
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Vaccine Formulation and Research Center, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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El Bissati K, Zhou Y, Paulillo SM, Raman SK, Karch CP, Reed S, Estes A, Estes A, Lykins J, Burkhard P, McLeod R. Engineering and characterization of a novel Self Assembling Protein for Toxoplasma peptide vaccine in HLA-A*11:01, HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*07:02 transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16984. [PMID: 33046728 PMCID: PMC7552409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fighting smart diseases requires smart vaccines. Novel ways to present protective immunogenic peptide epitopes to human immune systems are needed. Herein, we focus on Self Assembling Protein Nanoparticles (SAPNs) as scaffolds/platforms for vaccine delivery that produce strong immune responses against Toxoplasma gondii in HLA supermotif, transgenic mice. Herein, we present a useful platform to present peptides that elicit CD4+, CD8+ T and B cell immune responses in a core architecture, formed by flagellin, administered in combination with TLR4 ligand-emulsion (GLA-SE) adjuvant. We demonstrate protection of HLA-A*11:01, HLA-A*02:01, and HLA-B*07:02 mice against toxoplasmosis by (i) this novel chimeric polypeptide, containing epitopes that elicit CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T helper cells, and IgG2b antibodies, and (ii) adjuvant activation of innate immune TLR4 and TLR5 pathways. HLA-A*11:01, HLA-A*02:01, and HLA-B*07:02q11 transgenic mouse splenocytes with peptides demonstrated predicted genetic restrictions. This creates a new paradigm-shifting vaccine approach to prevent toxoplasmosis, extendable to other diseases.
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Grants
- R01 AI027530 NIAID NIH HHS
- R01 AI071319 NIAID NIH HHS
- U01 AI077887 NIAID NIH HHS
- U01 AI082180 NIAID NIH HHS
- Cornwell MannFamily Fdn;, Morel, Engel, Rooney–Alden, Pritzker, Langel, Drago, Mussilami,Quinn, Rodriguez, and Rosenthal families for their support of this work. This work was also funded by the National Institutes of Health, Grant numbers R01 AI027530, R01 AI071319, U01 AI077887, and U01 AI082180 from NIH NIAID DMID (to RM) and Toxoplasmosis Research Institute. The research was also supported by the Knights Templar Eye Foundation and the Institute of translational Medicine at University of Chicago (to KE)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sara M Paulillo
- Alpha-O Peptides AG, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Senthil K Raman
- Alpha-O Peptides AG, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Christopher P Karch
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Ashley Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Amber Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Joseph Lykins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Peter Burkhard
- Alpha-O Peptides AG, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125, Riehen, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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6
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Cookenham T, Lanzer KG, Gage E, Lorenzo EC, Carter D, Coler RN, Baldwin SL, Haynes L, Reiley WW, Blackman MA. Vaccination of aged mice with adjuvanted recombinant influenza nucleoprotein enhances protective immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:5256-5267. [PMID: 32540272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elderly individuals are highly susceptible to influenza virus (IAV) infection and respond poorly to influenza vaccines. Although the generally accepted correlate of protection following influenza vaccination is neutralizing antibody titers, cytotoxic T cell activity has been found to be a better correlate in the elderly. This suggests that vaccines designed to protect against influenza in the elderly should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. The co-induction of T cell immunity is additionally advantageous, as virus-specific T cells are frequently cross-reactive against different strains of IAV. Here, we tested the capacity of a synthetic TLR-4 adjuvant, SLA-SE (second-generation lipid adjuvant formulated in a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion) to elicit T cell immunity to a recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP), in both young and aged mice. IAV challenge of vaccinated mice resulted in a modest increase in the numbers of NP-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the spleen, but did not increase numbers of memory phenotype CD8 T cells generated following viral clearance (compared to control vaccinated mice). Cytotoxic activity of CD8, but not CD4 T cells was increased. In addition, SLA-SE adjuvanted vaccination specifically enhanced the production of NP-specific IgG2c antibodies in both young and aged mice. Although NP-specific antibodies are not neutralizing, they can cooperate with CD8 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to enhance protective immunity. Importantly, SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP-vaccination of aged mice resulted in significantly enhanced viral clearance. In addition, vaccination of aged mice resulted in enhanced survival after lethal challenge compared to control vaccination, that approached statistical significance. These data demonstrate the potential of SLA-SE adjuvanted rNP vaccines to (i) generate both cellular and humoral immunity to relatively conserved IAV proteins and (ii) elicit protective immunity to IAV in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica C Lorenzo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laura Haynes
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, USA
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7
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Richard K, Perkins DJ, Harberts EM, Song Y, Gopalakrishnan A, Shirey KA, Lai W, Vlk A, Mahurkar A, Nallar S, Hawkins LD, Ernst RK, Vogel SN. Dissociation of TRIF bias and adjuvanticity. Vaccine 2020; 38:4298-4308. [PMID: 32389496 PMCID: PMC7302928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of "pattern recognition receptors," bind microbial and host-derived molecules, leading to intracellular signaling and proinflammatory gene expression. TLR4 is unique in that ligand-mediated activation requires the co-receptor myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) to initiate two signaling cascades: the MyD88-dependent pathway is initiated at the cell membrane, and elicits rapid MAP kinase and NF-κB activation, while the TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathway is initiated from TLR4-containing endosomes and results in IRF3 activation. Previous studies associated inflammation with the MyD88 pathway and adjuvanticity with the TRIF pathway. Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent TLR4 agonist, and structurally related molecules signal through TLR4 to differing extents. Herein, we compared monophosphoryl lipid A (sMPL) and E6020, two synthetic, non-toxic LPS lipid A analogs used as vaccine adjuvants, for their capacities to activate TLR4-mediated innate immune responses and to enhance antibody production. In mouse macrophages, high dose sMPL activates MyD88-dependent signaling equivalently to E6020, while E6020 exhibits significantly more activation of the TRIF pathway (a "TRIF bias") than sMPL. Eritoran, a TLR4/MD2 antagonist, competitively inhibited sMPL more strongly than E6020. Despite these differences, sMPL and E6020 adjuvants enhanced antibody responses to comparable extents, with balanced immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes in two immunization models. These data indicate that a TRIF bias is not necessarily predictive of superior adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erin M Harberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry (UMSOD), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yang Song
- Genome Informatics Core, Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), UMSOM, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexandra Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anup Mahurkar
- Genome Informatics Core, Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), UMSOM, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry (UMSOD), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, United States.
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8
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Sanina N. Vaccine Adjuvants Derived from Marine Organisms. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E340. [PMID: 31382606 PMCID: PMC6723903 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants help to enhance the immunogenicity of weak antigens. The adjuvant effect of certain substances was noted long ago (the 40s of the last century), and since then a large number of adjuvants belonging to different groups of chemicals have been studied. This review presents research data on the nonspecific action of substances originated from marine organisms, their derivatives and complexes, united by the name 'adjuvants'. There are covered the mechanisms of their action, safety, as well as the practical use of adjuvants derived from marine hydrobionts in medical immunology and veterinary medicine to create modern vaccines that should be non-toxic and efficient. The present review is intended to briefly describe some important achievements in the use of marine resources to solve this important problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sanina
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern, Federal University, Sukhanov Str., 8, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
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9
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Glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant enhances immune response to Ebola virus-like particle vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:3902-3910. [PMID: 31174937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of adjuvants that promote lasting antigen-specific immunity and augment vaccine efficacy are integral to the development of new protein-based vaccines. The Ebola virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) and matrix protein (VP40) was used in this study to evaluate the ability of TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a stable emulsion (SE) to enhance immunogenicity and promote durable protection against mouse-adapted Ebola virus (ma-EBOV). Antibody responses and Ebola-specific T cell responses were evaluated post vaccination. Survival analysis after lethal ma-EBOV challenge was performed 4 weeks and 22 weeks following final vaccination. GLA-SE enhanced EBOV-specific immunity and resulted in long-term protection against challenge with ma-EBOV infection in a mouse model. Specifically, GLA-SE elicited Th1-skewed antibodies and promoted the generation of EBOV GP-specific polyfunctional T cells. These results provide further support for the utility of TLR4 activating GLA-SE-adjuvanted vaccines.
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10
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Shanks GD. Was the First Malaria Vaccine Tested in 1898? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:287-289. [PMID: 31115306 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Early trials of killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine indicated a paradoxical, positive effect on malaria infections. British soldiers in India in 1898 reported > 90% decrease in malaria recurrences after receiving an investigational typhoid vaccine despite no intention or expectation to observe such an outcome. In the 1940s, multiple doses of intravenous typhoid vaccine appeared to control parasitemia and limit reinfection in three syphilis patients purposefully infected with Plasmodium vivax. Several modern vaccines (against human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, and malaria) use a detoxified lipid A derived from Salmonella as an immune adjuvant. Early typhoid vaccines could have plausibly functioned as an innate immune stimulus, leading to some protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dennis Shanks
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Combining Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL), CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), and QS-21 Adjuvants Induces Strong and Persistent Functional Antibodies and T Cell Responses against Cell-Traversal Protein for Ookinetes and Sporozoites (CelTOS) of Plasmodium falciparum in BALB/c Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00911-18. [PMID: 30936155 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00911-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) is an advanced vaccine candidate that has a crucial role in the traversal of the malaria parasite in both mosquito and mammalian hosts. As recombinant purified proteins are normally poor immunogens, they require to be admixed with an adjuvant(s); therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of different vaccine adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), CpG, and Quillaja saponaria Molina fraction 21 (QS-21), alone or in combination (MCQ [MPL/CpG/QS-21]), to enhance the immunogenicity of Escherichia coli-expressed PfCelTOS in BALB/c mice. This goal was achieved by the assessment of anti-PfCelTOS IgG antibodies (level, titer, IgG isotype profile, avidity, and persistence) and extracellular Th1 cytokines using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on postimmunized BALB/c mouse sera and PfCelTOS-stimulated splenocytes, respectively. Also, an assessment of the transmission-reducing activity (TRA) of anti-PfCelTOS obtained from different vaccine groups was carried out in female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by using a standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). In comparison to PfCelTOS alone, administration of PfCelTOS with three distinct potent Th1 adjuvants in vaccine mouse groups showed enhancement and improvement of PfCelTOS immunogenicity that generated more bias toward a Th1 response with significantly enhanced titers and avidity of the anti-PfCelTOS responses that could impair ookinete development in A. stephensi However, immunization of mice with PfCelTOS with MCQ mixture adjuvants resulted in the highest levels of induction of antibody titers, avidity, and inhibitory antibodies in oocyst development (88%/26.7% reductions in intensity/prevalence) in A. stephensi It could be suggested that adjuvant combinations with different mechanisms stimulate better functional antibody responses than adjuvants individually against challenging diseases such as malaria.
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12
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, A Mehrizi A, D Djadid N, Raz AA, J Sani J, Abbasi R, Ghorbanzadeh Z. Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) formulated with potent TLR adjuvants induces high-affinity antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi. Malar J 2019; 18:146. [PMID: 31014347 PMCID: PMC6480871 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum parasite is the most deadly species of human malaria, and the development of an effective vaccine that prevents P. falciparum infection and transmission is a key target for malarial elimination and eradication programmes. P. falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) is an advanced vaccine candidate. A comparative study was performed to characterize the immune responses in BALB/c mouse immunized with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant PfCelTOS (rPfCelTOS) in toll-like receptor (TLR)-based adjuvants, CpG and Poly I:C alone or in combination (CpG + Poly I:C), followed by the assessment of transmission-reducing activity (TRA) of anti-rPfCelTOS antibodies obtained from different vaccine groups in Anopheles stephensi. Methods The aim of the current work was achieved by head-to-head comparison of the vaccine groups using conventional and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence test (IFAT), and standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). Results Comparing to rPfCelTOS alone, administration of rPfCelTOS with two distinct TLR-based adjuvants in vaccine mouse groups showed a significant increase in responses (antibody level, IgG subclass analysis, avidity, and Th1 cytokines) and was able to induce reasonable transmission-reducing activity. Also, comparable functional activity of anti-rPfCelTOS antibodies was found in group that received antigen in either CpG or Poly I:C (69.9%/20% and 73.5%/24.4%, respectively, reductions in intensity/prevalence). However, the vaccine group receiving rPfCelTOS in combination with CpG + Poly I:C showed a significant induction in antibody titers and inhibitory antibodies in oocysts development (78.3%/19.6% reductions in intensity/prevalence) in An. stephensi. Conclusions A key finding in this investigation is that rPfCelTOS administered alone in BALB/c mouse is poorly immunogenic, with relatively low IgG level, avidity, inhibitory antibodies, and mixed Th1/Th2 responses. However, immunological characteristic (IgG level, cytophilic IgG2a and IgG2b, avidity, and Th1 cytokines) and TRA of anti-rPfCelTOS significantly enhanced in the presence of co-administration of TLR-based adjuvants, confirming that targeting TLRs would be an effective means for the enhancement of inducing TRA against rPfCelTOS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2773-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas-Ali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar J Sani
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Abbasi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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Savoji MA, Haghighat S, Mirzaee M, Golkaran B, Mirzaee R, Esfandiari B, Mahdavi M. Formulation of HBs antigen in Montanide ISA266 shows superiority to commercial HBsAg vaccine in the induction of humoral immune responses. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:292-300. [PMID: 31749917 PMCID: PMC6820835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the present study, a new formulation of HBsAg vaccine was developed and compared with a commercial peer. BACKGROUND Vaccination of hepatitis B infection has been an unavoidable affair since the 1980s, though it has numerous limitations such as inefficacy in the induction of cellular immune responses. To address these limitations, research on novel formulations is necessary to develop a superior formulation with the potency of induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. METHODS HBsAg was formulated in oil-in-water adjuvant Montanide ISA-266 (5 µg/dose) using homogenizer. Balb/C mice were then immunized three times at days 0, 14, and 28 with HBsAg/Montanide ISA-266 or HBsAg/alum with proper control groups. Two weeks after the last immunization, immunological parameters including IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, total IgG and IgG1/IgG2a isotypes were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the formulation of HBsAg with Montanide ISA-266 enhanced humoral immune responses versus the commercial vaccine and control groups. No significant difference in terms of Th1 pattern was found between HBsAg/Montanide ISA-266 and the commercial vaccine. CONCLUSION Formulation of HBsAg with an oil-based adjuvant may be useful for the induction of a more potent humoral immune response compared to the commercially available HBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Savoji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Mirzaee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Golkaran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rayhaneh Mirzaee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Esfandiari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Immunotherapy Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Kaur A, Kannan D, Mehta SK, Singh S, Salunke DB. Synthetic Toll-like receptor agonists for the development of powerful malaria vaccines: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:837-847. [PMID: 30280939 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1530217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, there is no efficient vaccine available against clinical malaria. However, continuous efforts have been committed to develop powerful antimalarial vaccine by discovery of novel antigens with in-depth understanding of its nature, immunogenicity, and presentation (delivery adjuvants). Moreover, another important part of vaccine development includes discovery of better immunostimulatory formulation components (immunostimulants). A protective vaccine against malaria requires antigen-specific B and T helper cell responses as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. A long-lasting B and T memory cell production is also required for effective malaria vaccine. Since activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) promotes both innate inflammatory responses as well as the induction of adaptive immunity, several initiatives have been mounted during the last few years for the use of TLR agonists as malaria vaccine adjuvants. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes reports related to the use and development of TLR agonists as malaria vaccine adjuvants and describes various strategies involved for the selection of specific antigens and TLR agonists. EXPERT OPINION TLR agonists are promising adjuvants for the development of effective malaria vaccine, allowing for both innate inflammatory responses as well as the induction of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Deepika Kannan
- b Department of Life Science , Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Shailja Singh
- b Department of Life Science , Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India.,c Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University , Delhi , India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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Kantipakala R, Bonam SR, Vemireddy S, Miryala S, Halmuthur M. SK. Squalane-based emulsion vaccine delivery system: composition with murabutide activate Th1 response. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 24:269-275. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1469150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kantipakala
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, NPC Division, CSIR — Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, NPC Division, CSIR — Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sravanthi Vemireddy
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, NPC Division, CSIR — Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreekanth Miryala
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, NPC Division, CSIR — Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sampath Kumar Halmuthur M.
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, NPC Division, CSIR — Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR − Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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Magiri R, Lai K, Chaffey A, Zhou Y, Pyo HM, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Mutwiri G. Intradermal immunization with inactivated swine influenza virus and adjuvant polydi(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene (PCEP) induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity and reduced lung viral titres in pigs. Vaccine 2018; 36:1606-1613. [PMID: 29454517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza virus is endemic worldwide and it is responsible for significant economic losses to the swine industry. A vaccine that stimulates a rapid and long-lasting protective immune response to prevent this infection is highly sought. Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene (PCEP) has demonstrated adjuvant activity when formulated as part of multiple vaccines in mice and pigs. In this study we examined the magnitude and type of immune response induced in pigs vaccinated via the intramuscular or intradermal routes with inactivated swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 vaccine formulated with PCEP. Intradermal administration of PCEP-adjuvanted inactivated SIV vaccine stimulated significant anti-SIV antibody titres, increased neutralizing antibodies, and significantly reduced lung virus load with limited reduction of gross lung lesions after challenge with virulent H1N1 relative to control animals. These results indicate that PCEP may be effective as a vaccine adjuvant against swine influenza viruses in pigs and should be considered a potential candidate adjuvant for future swine intradermal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyssa Chaffey
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hyun-Mi Pyo
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA, Djadid ND. Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of gene encoding cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) vaccine candidate antigen in global Plasmodium falciparum populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:113-125. [PMID: 29391203 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) has been reported as one of the most attractive malaria vaccine candidate antigens. To design a broadly effective malaria vaccine based on this antigen, it is crucial to have adequate information on genetic diversity in global PfCelTOS. Therefore, the extent of sequence diversity at the full-length of the pfceltos was assessed among both natural P. falciparum isolates collected from Iran (n = 93) and from available global pfceltos sequence data retrieved from PlasmoDB database (n = 159). Also, recombination, natural selection, the degree of genetic differentiation as well as the predicted immunodominant regions in PfCelTOS were analyzed. In total, 40 SNPs (including 1 synonymous and 39 non-synonymous) were detected in 34 positions, as compared to 3D7 sequence, which led to 66 distinct haplotypes with different frequencies. Among those haplotypes, 34 (51.5%, excluded from further analysis) were singleton haplotype and mostly detected among Senegalese parasite isolates. PfCelt-1 was found as predominant haplotype (32.6% total frequency) that was only detected in Iranian P. falciparum isolates. Nucleotide diversity was low in French Guiana (0.00236 ± 0.00203) and Iranian (0.00259 ± 0.00048) P. falciparum isolates in comparison with African populations. Evidence for positive selection by host immunity and intragenic recombination were detected that are two key factors responsible for gene evolution and genetic diversity of pfceltos gene. The results of Fst analysis and haplotype network revealed that PfCelTOS antigen displayed evident genetic structure between geographical parasite populations. In conclusion, the present analysis demonstrates that there is a limited antigenic diversity and geographic variation in global PfCelTOS, and this finding may be associated with the critical function of this antigen in cell traversal of the parasite in sporozoite and ookinete. Besides, most of the predicted B- and T-cell epitopes were located in the conserved region of the gene, but most of the amino acid replacements were located at the C-terminal region of PfCelTOS. The obtained results in this investigation could provide knowledge for better design of PfCelTOS-based malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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Shamriz S, Ofoghi H. Engineering the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to express the recombinant PfCelTOS-Il2 antigen-adjuvant fusion protein. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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El Bissati K, Zhou Y, Paulillo SM, Raman SK, Karch CP, Roberts CW, Lanar DE, Reed S, Fox C, Carter D, Alexander J, Sette A, Sidney J, Lorenzi H, Begeman IJ, Burkhard P, McLeod R. Protein nanovaccine confers robust immunity against Toxoplasma. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:24. [PMID: 29263879 PMCID: PMC5627305 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and produced a self-assembling protein nanoparticle. This self-assembling protein nanoparticle contains five CD8+ HLA-A03-11 supertypes-restricted epitopes from antigens expressed during Toxoplasma gondii's lifecycle, the universal CD4+ T cell epitope PADRE, and flagellin as a scaffold and TLR5 agonist. These CD8+ T cell epitopes were separated by N/KAAA spacers and optimized for proteasomal cleavage. Self-assembling protein nanoparticle adjuvanted with TLR4 ligand-emulsion GLA-SE were evaluated for their efficacy in inducing IFN-γ responses and protection of HLA-A*1101 transgenic mice against T. gondii. Immunization, using self-assembling protein nanoparticle-GLA-SE, activated CD8+ T cells to produce IFN-γ. Self-assembling protein nanoparticle-GLA-SE also protected HLA-A*1101 transgenic mice against subsequent challenge with Type II parasites. Hence, combining CD8+ T cell-eliciting peptides and PADRE into a multi-epitope protein that forms a nanoparticle, administered with GLA-SE, leads to efficient presentation by major histocompatibility complex Class I and II molecules. Furthermore, these results suggest that activation of TLR4 and TLR5 could be useful for development of vaccines that elicit T cells to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Departments of OVS, The University of Chicago, 5841S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Departments of OVS, The University of Chicago, 5841S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | | | | | - Christopher P. Karch
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE UK
| | - David E. Lanar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E #400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Chris Fox
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E #400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E #400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Jeff Alexander
- PaxVax, 3985-A Sorrento Valley Blvd, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Hernan Lorenzi
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Ian J. Begeman
- Departments of OVS, The University of Chicago, 5841S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Peter Burkhard
- Alpha-O Peptides AG, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125 Riehen, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Rima McLeod
- Departments of OVS, The University of Chicago, 5841S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), The University of Chicago, 5841S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Onkoba N, Mumo RM, Ochanda H, Omwandho C, Ozwara HS, Egwang TG. Safety, immunogenicity, and cross-species protection of a plasmid DNA encoding Plasmodium falciparum SERA5 polypeptide, microbial epitopes and chemokine genes in mice and olive baboons. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:321-332. [PMID: 28808204 PMCID: PMC5548993 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of biomolecular epitopes to malarial antigens should be explored in the development of strain-transcending malarial vaccines. The present study sought to determine safety, immunogenicity and cross-species efficacy ofPlasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 polypeptide co-expressed with epitopes of Bacille-Calmette Guerin (BCG), tetanus toxoid (TT) and a chemokine gene. Olive baboons and BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into vaccine and control groups. The vaccine group animals were primed and boosted twice with pIRES plasmids encoding the SERA5+ BCG+ TT alone, or with either CCL5 or CCL20 and the control group with pIRES plasmid vector backbone. Mice and baboons were challenged withP. berghei ANKA and P. knowlesi H strain parasites, respectively. Safety was determined by observing for injection sites reactogenicities, hematology and clinical chemistry. Parasitaemia and survivorship profiles were used to determine cross-species efficacy, and T cell phenotypes, Th1-, Th2-type, T-regulatory immune responses and antibody responses were assessed to determine vaccine immunogenicity. The pSeBCGTT plasmid DNA vaccines were safe and induced Th1-, Th2-type, and T-regulatory responses vaccinated animals showed enhanced CD4+ (P<0.01), CD 8+ T cells (P<0.001) activation and IgG anti-SE36 antibodies responses (P<0.001) at week 4 and 8 post vaccination compared to the control group. Vaccinated mice had a 31.45-68.69% cumulative parasite load reduction and 60% suppression in baboons (P<0.05) and enhanced survivorship (P<0.001) with no clinical signs of malaria compared to the control group. The results showed that the vaccines were safe, immunogenic and conferred partial cross-species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamongo Onkoba
- . Department of Tropical & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi P. O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- . School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P. O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
| | - Ruth M. Mumo
- . Department of Tropical & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi P. O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- . Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P. O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
| | - Horace Ochanda
- . School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P. O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
| | - Charles Omwandho
- . Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P. O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
- . Kirinyaga University College, Kerugoya P. O. Box 143-10300, Kenya
| | - Hastings S. Ozwara
- . Department of Tropical & Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi P. O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
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Mehrizi AA, Torabi F, Zakeri S, Djadid ND. Limited genetic diversity in the global Plasmodium vivax Cell traversal protein of Ookinetes and Sporozoites (CelTOS) sequences; implications for PvCelTOS-based vaccine development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:239-247. [PMID: 28600217 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell traversal protein of Ookinetes and Sporozoites (CelTOS) is a new malaria vaccine candidate antigen. Since one of the main challenges in malaria vaccine development is the extensive antigenic diversity of this parasite, local and global gene diversity analysis is of particular importance. Therefore, in this study, the genetic diversity of pvceltos gene was investigated among Iranian P. vivax isolates (n=46) and compared with available worldwide pvceltos sequences. One synonymous (C109A) and three amino acid replacements (V118L, K178T, and G179R) were observed in Iranian pvceltos sequences in compare with Sal-1 sequence leading to five haplotypes including PvCelt-A (GSVKGL, 13%), PvCelt-B (GSLKGL, 50%), PvCelt-C (GSLTGL, 17.4%), PvCelt-D (GSVTGL, 13%) and PvCelt-E (GSLTRL, 6.5%). However, amino acid replacements were observed in six positions (G10S, S40N, V118L/M, K178T, G179R/D and L181R) in PvCelTOS antigen of global isolates leading to 11 distinct haplotypes. PvCelt-A and PvCelt-B haplotypes were the most common haplotypes in the world. The overall nucleotide diversity for Iranian isolates was 0.00169, while, the level of nucleotide diversity was ranged from 0.00252 for Thailand to 0.00022 for Peru populations in the world. The analysis of SNPs in relation with the predicted immunodominant regions revealed that only K178T and G179R SNPs are located in putative B-cell epitopes. All replacements were located in CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell epitopes. However, the majority of epitopes are located in conserved regions. Knowing whether these changes may alter the affinity of the epitopes for antibodies and/or MHC molecules remains to be investigated in experimental studies. In conclusion, the present study showed a very limited genetic diversity in pvceltos gene among the global clinical isolates that can be regarded as a potential candidate antigen to apply for vivax-based malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Torabi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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Desbien AL, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Reed SJ, Bailor HR, Liang H, Carter D, Duthie MS, Fox CB, Reed SG, Orr MT. IL-18 and Subcapsular Lymph Node Macrophages are Essential for Enhanced B Cell Responses with TLR4 Agonist Adjuvants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4351-4359. [PMID: 27794001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Designing modern vaccine adjuvants depends on understanding the cellular and molecular events that connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The synthetic TLR4 agonist glycopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a squalene-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE) augments both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccine Ags. This adjuvant is currently included in several vaccines undergoing clinical evaluation including those for tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and influenza. Delineation of the mechanisms of adjuvant activity will enable more informative evaluation of clinical trials. Early after injection, GLA-SE induces substantially more Ag-specific B cells, higher serum Ab titers, and greater numbers of T follicular helper (TFH) and Th1 cells than alum, the SE alone, or GLA without SE. GLA-SE augments Ag-specific B cell differentiation into germinal center and memory precursor B cells as well as preplasmablasts that rapidly secrete Abs. CD169+ SIGNR1+ subcapsular medullary macrophages are the primary cells to take up GLA-SE after immunization and are critical for the innate immune responses, including rapid IL-18 production, induced by GLA-SE. Depletion of subcapsular macrophages (SCMф) or abrogation of IL-18 signaling dramatically impairs the Ag-specific B cell and Ab responses augmented by GLA-SE. Depletion of SCMф also drastically reduces the Th1 but not the TFH response. Thus the GLA-SE adjuvant operates through interaction with IL-18-producing SCMф for the rapid induction of B cell expansion and differentiation, Ab secretion, and Th1 responses, whereas augmentation of TFH numbers by GLA-SE is independent of SCMф.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven J Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | | | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
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23
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Johnson RF, Kurup D, Hagen KR, Fisher C, Keshwara R, Papaneri A, Perry DL, Cooper K, Jahrling PB, Wang JT, Ter Meulen J, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. An Inactivated Rabies Virus-Based Ebola Vaccine, FILORAB1, Adjuvanted With Glucopyranosyl Lipid A in Stable Emulsion Confers Complete Protection in Nonhuman Primate Challenge Models. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S342-S354. [PMID: 27456709 PMCID: PMC5050469 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus (EBOV) disease outbreak was the largest filovirus outbreak to date. Over 28 000 suspected, probable, or confirmed cases have been reported, with a 53% case-fatality rate. The magnitude and international impact of this EBOV outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for a safe and efficient EBOV vaccine. To this end, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of FILORAB1, a recombinant, bivalent, inactivated rabies virus-based EBOV vaccine, in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Our results demonstrate that the use of the synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable emulsion (GLA-SE) as an adjuvant increased the efficacy of FILORAB1 to 100% protection against lethal EBOV challenge, with no to mild clinical signs of disease. Furthermore, all vaccinated subjects developed protective anti-rabies virus antibody titers. Taken together, these results support further development of FILORAB1/GLA-SE as an effective preexposure EBOV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Katie R Hagen
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christine Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Rohan Keshwara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | | | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | - Jan Ter Meulen
- Immune Design, South San Francisco, California Immune Design, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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24
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Makinen SR, Zhu Q, Davis HL, Weeratna RD. CpG-mediated augmentation of CD8+ T-cell responses in mice is attenuated by a water-in-oil emulsion (Montanide ISA-51) but enhanced by an oil-in-water emulsion (IDRI SE). Int Immunol 2016; 28:453-61. [PMID: 27055469 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are a key component in enhancing immunogenicity of vaccines and play a vital role in facilitating the induction of the correct type of immunity required for each vaccine to be optimally efficacious. Several different adjuvants are found in licensed vaccines, and many others are in pre-clinical or clinical testing. Agonists for TLRs are potent activators of the innate immune system and some, such as CpG (TLR9 agonist), are particularly good for promoting cellular immunity because of the induction of Th1 cytokines. Emulsions that have both delivery and adjuvant properties are classified as water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) formulations. The W/O emulsion Montanide ISA-51, often combined with CpG, has been widely tested in cancer vaccine clinical trials. Squalene-based O/W emulsions are in licensed influenza vaccines, and T-cell responses have been assessed pre-clinically. No clinical study has compared the two types of emulsions, and the continued use of W/O with CpG in cancer vaccines may be because the lack of single adjuvant controls has masked the interference issue. These findings may have important implications for the development of vaccines where T-cell immunity is considered essential, such as those for cancer and chronic infections. Using particulate (hepatitis B surface antigen) and soluble protein (ovalbumin) antigen, we show in mice that a W/O emulsion (ISA-51) abrogates CpG-mediated augmentation of CD8(+) T-cell responses, whereas a squalene-based O/W emulsion significantly enhanced them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Makinen
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, 340 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 200, Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3A2, Canada
| | - Qin Zhu
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, 340 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 200, Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3A2, Canada
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, 340 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 200, Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3A2, Canada
| | - Risini D Weeratna
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, 340 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 200, Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3A2, Canada
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25
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Protection and Long-Lived Immunity Induced by the ID93/GLA-SE Vaccine Candidate against a Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolate. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:137-47. [PMID: 26656121 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00458-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 represents a virulent clinical strain from the W-Beijing family, which has been tested in small animal models in order to study its virulence and its induction of host immune responses following infection. This isolate causes death and extensive lung pathology in infected C57BL/6 mice, whereas lab-adapted strains, such as M. tuberculosis H37Rv, do not. The use of this clinically relevant isolate of M. tuberculosis increases the possibilities of assessing the long-lived efficacy of tuberculosis vaccines in a relatively inexpensive small animal model. This model will also allow for the use of knockout mouse strains to critically examine key immunological factors responsible for long-lived, vaccine-induced immunity in addition to vaccine-mediated prevention of pulmonary immunopathology. In this study, we show that the ID93/glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA)-stable emulsion (SE) tuberculosis vaccine candidate, currently in human clinical trials, is able to elicit protection against M. tuberculosis HN878 by reducing the bacterial burden in the lung and spleen and by preventing the extensive lung pathology induced by this pathogen in C57BL/6 mice.
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26
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Draper SJ, Angov E, Horii T, Miller LH, Srinivasan P, Theisen M, Biswas S. Recent advances in recombinant protein-based malaria vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:7433-43. [PMID: 26458807 PMCID: PMC4687528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based vaccines remain the cornerstone approach for B cell and antibody induction against leading target malaria antigens. Advances in antigen selection, immunogen design and epitope-focusing are advancing the field. New heterologous expression platforms are enabling cGMP production of next-generation protein vaccines. Next-generation antigens, protein-based immunogens and virus-like particle (VLP) delivery platforms are in clinical development. Protein-based vaccines will form part of a highly effective multi-component/multi-stage/multi-antigen subunit formulation against malaria.
Plasmodium parasites are the causative agent of human malaria, and the development of a highly effective vaccine against infection, disease and transmission remains a key priority. It is widely established that multiple stages of the parasite's complex lifecycle within the human host and mosquito vector are susceptible to vaccine-induced antibodies. The mainstay approach to antibody induction by subunit vaccination has been the delivery of protein antigen formulated in adjuvant. Extensive efforts have been made in this endeavor with respect to malaria vaccine development, especially with regard to target antigen discovery, protein expression platforms, adjuvant testing, and development of soluble and virus-like particle (VLP) delivery platforms. The breadth of approaches to protein-based vaccines is continuing to expand as innovative new concepts in next-generation subunit design are explored, with the prospects for the development of a highly effective multi-component/multi-stage/multi-antigen formulation seeming ever more likely. This review will focus on recent progress in protein vaccine design, development and/or clinical testing for a number of leading malaria antigens from the sporozoite-, merozoite- and sexual-stages of the parasite's lifecycle–including PfCelTOS, PfMSP1, PfAMA1, PfRH5, PfSERA5, PfGLURP, PfMSP3, Pfs48/45 and Pfs25. Future prospects and challenges for the development, production, human delivery and assessment of protein-based malaria vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Evelina Angov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U. S. Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 561-873, Japan
| | - Louis H Miller
- Malaria Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Prakash Srinivasan
- Malaria Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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27
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Wu Y, Narum DL, Fleury S, Jennings G, Yadava A. Particle-based platforms for malaria vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:7518-24. [PMID: 26458803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant subunit vaccines in general are poor immunogens likely due to the small size of peptides and proteins, combined with the lack or reduced presentation of repetitive motifs and missing complementary signal(s) for optimal triggering of the immune response. Therefore, recombinant subunit vaccines require enhancement by vaccine delivery vehicles in order to attain adequate protective immunity. Particle-based delivery platforms, including particulate antigens and particulate adjuvants, are promising delivery vehicles for modifying the way in which immunogens are presented to both the innate and adaptive immune systems. These particle delivery platforms can also co-deliver non-specific immunostimodulators as additional adjuvants. This paper reviews efforts and advances of the Particle-based delivery platforms in development of vaccines against malaria, a disease that claims over 600,000 lives per year, most of them are children under 5 years of age in sub-Sahara Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wu
- Laboratory Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sylvain Fleury
- Mymetics Corp., 4 Route de la Corniche, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gary Jennings
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Wagistrasse 25, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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28
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Sravanthi V, Preethi Pallavi M, Bonam SR, Sathyabama S, Sampath Kumar HM. Oleic acid nanoemulsion for nasal vaccination: Impact on adjuvanticity based immune response. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Haensler J, Probeck P, Su J, Piras F, Dalençon F, Cotte JF, Chambon V, Iqbal SM, Hawkins L, Burdin N. Design and preclinical characterization of a novel vaccine adjuvant formulation consisting of a synthetic TLR4 agonist in a thermoreversible squalene emulsion. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:99-111. [PMID: 25794609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development, analytical characterization, stability and preclinical efficacy of AF04, a combination adjuvant comprising the synthetic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, E6020, formulated in AF03, a thermoreversible squalene emulsion. By using AF04 with the recombinant major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct-MOMP) and with the recombinant surface glycoprotein gB from human cytomegalovirus (CMV-gB) as model antigens, we show that AF03 and E6020 can synergize to augment specific antibody and Th-1 cellular immune responses in mice. In terms of formulation, we observe that the method used to incorporate E6020 into AF03 affects its partition between the oil and water phases of the emulsion which in turn has a significant impact on the tolerability (IV pyrogenicity test in rabbits) of this novel adjuvant combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin Su
- Sanofi Pasteur R&D, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Anum D, Kusi KA, Ganeshan H, Hollingdale MR, Ofori MF, Koram KA, Gyan BA, Adu-Amankwah S, Badji E, Huang J, Belmonte M, Banania GJ, Kwofie TB, Villasante E, Dodoo D, Sedegah M. Measuring naturally acquired ex vivo IFN-γ responses to Plasmodium falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) in Ghanaian adults. Malar J 2015; 14:20. [PMID: 25604473 PMCID: PMC4308902 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-014-0539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A malaria vaccine that targets the sporozoite/liver stage parasites could potentially prevent blood stage infection and the associated clinical symptoms. Identification of sporozoite/liver stage antigens is, therefore, crucial for the development of effective vaccines. Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) is a highly conserved antigen involved in sporozoite motility and hepatocyte invasion and has been shown to induce significant IFN-γ production in PBMCs from radiation-attenuated sporozoite-immunized malaria-naïve individuals. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether such CelTOS-specific recall responses are also induced in individuals with natural exposure to Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS Ex vivo IFN-γ responses to 15mer overlapping peptide pools covering the entire sequence of CelTOS and five other candidate antigens, CSP, AMA1, MSP1, TRAP and LSA1, were characterized using PBMCs from 35 malaria exposed adults. Responses to four CelTOS peptide pools (CelTp1, CelTp2, CelTp3 and CelTp4), a pool containing peptides from the entire CelTOS antigen (CelTTp), and pools comprised of overlapping peptides from each of the other five malaria antigens were assessed by ex vivo ELISpot assay. A positive IFN-γ response for stimulants was defined by two criteria; a stimulation index of two or greater relative to the unstimulated control, and a difference of 10 or greater in spot forming cells between stimulant and the unstimulated control. RESULTS Of the 35 volunteers tested, five had positive IFN-γ recall responses against the four different CelTOS pools while four volunteers made responses against the CelTTp pool; six volunteers were, therefore, positive with CelTOS. By contrast, six volunteers responded to AMA1, seven to LSA1, 15 to MSP1 and two volunteers responded against CSP and TRAP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest natural malaria transmission induces CelTOS-specific ex vivo IFN-γ in Ghanaian adults and that the frequency of these responses was similar to those of other previously characterized malaria antigens. These findings support the further evaluation of CelTOS as a pre-erythrocytic candidate antigen for inclusion in a potential multi-antigen vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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31
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Manzano-Szalai K, Thell K, Willensdorfer A, Weghofer M, Pfanzagl B, Singer J, Ritter M, Stremnitzer C, Flaschberger I, Michaelis U, Jensen-Jarolim E. Adeno-associated virus-like particles as new carriers for B-cell vaccines: testing immunogenicity and safety in BALB/c mice. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:438-48. [PMID: 25247267 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are established vectors for gene therapy of different human diseases. AAVs are assembled of 60 capsomers, which can be genetically modified, allowing high-density display of short peptide sequences at their surface. The aim of our study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an adeno-associated virus-like particle (AAVLP)-displayed B-cell peptide epitope taking ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen or allergen from egg, respectively. An OVA-derived B-cell epitope was expressed as fusion protein with the AAV-2 capsid protein of VP3 (AAVLP-OVA) and for control, with the nonrelated peptide TP18 (AAVLP-TP18). Cellular internalization studies revealed an impaired uptake of AAVLP-OVA by mouse BMDC, macrophages, and human HeLa cells. Nevertheless, BALB/c mice immunized subcutaneously with AAVLP-OVA formed similarly high titers of OVA-specific IgG1 compared to mice immunized with the native OVA. The extent of the immune response was independent whether aluminum hydroxide or water in oil emulsion was used as adjuvant. Furthermore, in mice immunized with native OVA, high OVA-specific IgE levels were observed, which permitted OVA-specific mast-cell degranulation in a β-hexosaminidase release assay, whereas immunizations with AAVLP-OVA rendered background IgE levels only. Accordingly, OVA-immunized mice, but not AAVLP-OVA immunized mice, displayed an anaphylactic reaction with a significant drop of body temperature upon intravenous OVA challenge. From this mouse model, we conclude that AAVLPs that display B-cell epitope peptides on their surface are suitable vaccine candidates, especially in the field of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Manzano-Szalai
- 1 Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Noe AR, Espinosa D, Li X, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Funakoshi R, Giardina S, Jin H, Retallack DM, Haverstock R, Allen JR, Vedvick TS, Fox CB, Reed SG, Ayala R, Roberts B, Winram SB, Sacci J, Tsuji M, Zavala F, Gutierrez GM. A full-length Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite protein expressed by Pseudomonas fluorescens platform as a malaria vaccine candidate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107764. [PMID: 25247295 PMCID: PMC4172688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum is a major surface protein, which forms a dense coat on the sporozoite's surface. Preclinical research on CSP and clinical evaluation of a CSP fragment-based RTS, S/AS01 vaccine have demonstrated a modest degree of protection against P. falciparum, mediated in part by humoral immunity and in part by cell-mediated immunity. Given the partial protective efficacy of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine in a recent Phase 3 trial, further improvement of CSP-based vaccines is crucial. In this report, we describe the preclinical development of a full-length, recombinant CSP (rCSP)-based vaccine candidate against P. falciparum malaria suitable for current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production. Utilizing a novel high-throughput Pseudomonas fluorescens expression platform, we demonstrated greater efficacy of full-length rCSP as compared to N-terminally truncated versions, rapidly down-selected a promising lead vaccine candidate, and developed a high-yield purification process to express immunologically active, intact antigen for clinical trial material production. The rCSP, when formulated with various adjuvants, induced antigen-specific antibody responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), as well as CD4+ T-cell responses as determined by ELISpot. The adjuvanted rCSP vaccine conferred protection in mice when challenged with transgenic P. berghei sporozoites containing the P. falciparum repeat region of CSP. Furthermore, heterologous prime/boost regimens with adjuvanted rCSP and an adenovirus type 35-vectored CSP (Ad35CS) showed modest improvements in eliciting CSP-specific T-cell responses and anti-malarial protection, depending on the order of vaccine delivery. Collectively, these data support the importance of further clinical development of adjuvanted rCSP, either as a stand-alone product or as one of the components in a heterologous prime/boost strategy, ultimately acting as an effective vaccine candidate for the mitigation of P. falciparum-induced malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Noe
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego Espinosa
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiangming Li
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordana G. A. Coelho-dos-Reis
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryota Funakoshi
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve Giardina
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongfan Jin
- Pfenex Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan Haverstock
- Pfenex Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas S. Vedvick
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramses Ayala
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Roberts
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - John Sacci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Jorge S, de Oliveira NR, Marchioro SB, Fisch A, Gomes CK, Hartleben CP, Conceição FR, Dellagostin OA. The Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae recombinant heat shock protein P42 induces an immune response in pigs under field conditions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gupta PK, Mukherjee P, Dhawan S, Pandey AK, Mazumdar S, Gaur D, Jain SK, Chauhan VS. Production and preclinical evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-119 and MSP-311 chimeric protein, PfMSP-Fu24. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:886-97. [PMID: 24789797 PMCID: PMC4054244 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00179-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Plasmodium falciparum chimeric protein, PfMSP-Fu24, was constructed by genetically coupling immunodominant, conserved regions of two merozoite surface proteins, the 19-kDa region C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP-119) and an 11-kDa conserved region of merozoite surface protein 3 (PfMSP-311), to augment the immunogenicity potential of these blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates. Here we describe an improved, efficient, and scalable process to produce high-quality PfMSP-Fu24. The chimeric protein was produced in Escherichia coli SHuffle T7 Express lysY cells that express disulfide isomerase DsbC. A two-step purification process comprising metal affinity followed by cation exchange chromatography was developed, and we were able to obtain PfMSP-Fu24 with purity above 99% and with a considerable yield of 23 mg/liter. Immunogenicity of PfMSP-Fu24 formulated with several adjuvants, including Adjuplex, Alhydrogel, Adjuphos, Alhydrogel plus glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, aqueous (GLA-AF), Adjuphos+GLA-AF, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), and Freund's adjuvant, was evaluated. PfMSP-Fu24 formulated with GLA-SE and Freund's adjuvant in mice and with Alhydrogel and Freund's adjuvant in rabbits produced high titers of PfMSP-119 and PfMSP-311-specific functional antibodies. Some of the adjuvant formulations induced inhibitory antibody responses and inhibited in vitro growth of P. falciparum parasites in the presence as well as in the absence of human monocytes. These results suggest that PfMSP-Fu24 can form a constituent of a multistage malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K Gupta
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Paushali Mukherjee
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Dhawan
- TB Laboratories (PATH), Central TB Division, MoHFW (GoI) Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K Pandey
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - S K Jain
- Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Glucopyranosyl lipid A adjuvant significantly enhances HIV specific T and B cell responses elicited by a DNA-MVA-protein vaccine regimen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84707. [PMID: 24465426 PMCID: PMC3900398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a unique vaccine antigen matched and single HIV Clade C approach we have assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA-poxvirus-protein strategy in mice and rabbits, administering MVA and protein immunizations either sequentially or simultaneously and in the presence of a novel TLR4 adjuvant, GLA-AF. Mice were vaccinated with combinations of HIV env/gag-pol-nef plasmid DNA followed by MVA-C (HIV env/gag-pol-nef) with HIV CN54gp140 protein (+/−GLA-AF adjuvant) and either co-administered in different muscles of the same animal with MVA-C or given sequentially at 3-week intervals. The DNA prime established a population of B cells that were able to mount a statistically significant anamnestic response to the boost vaccines. The greatest antigen-specific antibody response was observed in animals that received all vaccine components. Moreover, a high proportion of the total mucosal IgG (20 – 50%) present in the vaginal vault of these vaccinated animals was vaccine antigen-specific. The potent elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses to this vaccine modality was also confirmed in rabbits. Importantly, co-administration of MVA-C with the GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein significantly augmented the antigen-specific T cell responses to the Gag antigen, a transgene product expressed by the MVA-C vector in a separate quadriceps muscle. We have demonstrated that co-administration of MVA and GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein was equally effective in the generation of humoral responses as a sequential vaccination modality thus shortening and simplifying the immunization schedule. In addition, a significant further benefit of the condensed vaccination regime was that T cell responses to proteins expressed by the MVA-C were potently enhanced, an effect that was likely due to enhanced immunostimulation in the presence of systemic GLA-AF.
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36
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Development of a high density hemagglutinin protein microarray to determine the breadth of influenza antibody responses. Biotechniques 2014; 54:345-8. [PMID: 23750544 DOI: 10.2144/000114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an influenza hemagglutinin protein microarray to assess humoral recognition of diverse influenza strains induced by vaccination and infection. Each array consists of controls and 127 hemagglutinin antigens from 60 viruses, spotted in replicates to generate a single array of 1296 spots. Six arrays are configured on a single slide, which in the following analysis was probed simultaneously with 2 isotype-specific fluorescent secondary antibodies yielding over 15,000 data points per slide. Here we report the use of this system to evaluate mouse, ferret, and human sera. The array allows simultaneous examination of the magnitude of antibody responses, the isotype of such antibodies, and the breadth of influenza strain recognition. We are advancing this technology as a platform for rapid, simple, high-throughput assessment of homologous and heterologous antibody responses to influenza disease and vaccination.
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Fung HWM, Mikasa TJT, Vergara J, Sivananthan SJ, Guderian JA, Duthie MS, Vedvick TS, Fox CB. Optimizing manufacturing and composition of a TLR4 nanosuspension: physicochemical stability and vaccine adjuvant activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:43. [PMID: 24359024 PMCID: PMC3881025 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanosuspensions are an important class of delivery system for vaccine adjuvants and drugs. Previously, we developed a nanosuspension consisting of the synthetic TLR4 ligand glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). This nanosuspension is a clinical vaccine adjuvant known as GLA-AF. We examined the effects of DPPC supplier, buffer composition, and manufacturing process on GLA-AF physicochemical and biological activity characteristics. Results DPPC from different suppliers had minimal influence on physicochemical and biological effects. In general, buffered compositions resulted in less particle size stability compared to unbuffered GLA-AF. Microfluidization resulted in rapid particle size reduction after only a few passes, and 20,000 or 30,000 psi processing pressures were more effective at reducing particle size and recovering the active component than 10,000 psi. Sonicated and microfluidized batches maintained good particle size and chemical stability over 6 months, without significantly altering in vitro or in vivo bioactivity of GLA-AF when combined with a recombinant malaria vaccine antigen. Conclusions Microfluidization, compared to water bath sonication, may be an effective manufacturing process to improve the scalability and reproducibility of GLA-AF as it advances further in the clinical development pathway. Various sources of DPPC are suitable to manufacture GLA-AF, but buffered compositions of GLA-AF do not appear to offer stability advantages over the unbuffered composition.
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Rosenthal JA, Chen L, Baker JL, Putnam D, DeLisa MP. Pathogen-like particles: biomimetic vaccine carriers engineered at the nanoscale. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 28:51-8. [PMID: 24832075 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are an essential component of vaccine design, helping to generate immunity to pathogen antigens in the absence of infection. Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have created a new class of particulate bionanotechnology that uses biomimicry to better integrate adjuvant and antigen. These pathogen-like particles, or PLPs, can come from a variety of sources, ranging from fully synthetic platforms to biologically derived, self-assembling systems. By employing molecularly engineered targeting and stimulation of key immune cells, recent studies utilizing PLPs as vaccine delivery platforms have shown great promise against high-impact, unsolved vaccine targets ranging from bacterial and viral pathogens to cancer and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Rosenthal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Linxiao Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jenny L Baker
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Fox CB, Moutaftsi M, Vergara J, Desbien AL, Nana GI, Vedvick TS, Coler RN, Reed SG. TLR4 ligand formulation causes distinct effects on antigen-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 2013; 31:5848-55. [PMID: 24120675 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of TLR ligands and other immunomodulators has a critical effect on their vaccine adjuvant activity. In this work, the synthetic TLR4 ligand GLA was formulated with three distinct vaccine delivery system platforms (aqueous suspension, liposome, or oil-in-water emulsion). The effect of the different formulations on the adaptive immune response to protein subunit vaccines was evaluated in the context of a recombinant malaria antigen, Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (PbCSP). Antibody responses in vaccinated mice were similar for the different formulations of GLA. However, cell-mediated responses differed significantly depending on the adjuvant system; in particular, the emulsion formulation of the TLR4 ligand induced significantly enhanced cellular IFN-γ and TNF-α responses compared to the other formulations. The effects of differences in adjuvant formulation composition and physical characteristics on biological activity are discussed. These results illustrate the importance of formulation of immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g. TLR ligands) on the resulting immune responses to adjuvanted vaccines and may play a critical role for combating diseases where T cell immunity is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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40
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Misquith A, Fung HWM, Dowling QM, Guderian JA, Vedvick TS, Fox CB. In vitro evaluation of TLR4 agonist activity: formulation effects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 113:312-9. [PMID: 24121074 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective in vitro evaluation of vaccine adjuvants would allow higher throughput screening compared to in vivo studies. However, vaccine adjuvants comprise a wide range of structures and formulations ranging from soluble TLR agonists to complex lipid-based formulations. The effects of formulation parameters on in vitro bioactivity assays and the correlations with in vivo adjuvant activity is not well understood. In the present work, we employ the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and a human macrophage cellular cytokine production assay to demonstrate the differences in in vitro bioactivity of four distinct formulations of the synthetic TLR4 agonist GLA: an aqueous nanosuspension (GLA-AF), an oil-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE), a liposome (GLA-LS), and an alum-adsorbed formulation (GLA-Alum). Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the localization of GLA on in vitro potency. By comparing to previous published reports on the in vivo bioactivity of these GLA-containing formulations, we conclude that the most potent activators of the in vitro systems may not be the most potent in vivo adjuvant formulations. Furthermore, we discuss the formulation considerations which should be taken into account when interpreting data from in vitro adjuvant activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Misquith
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - H W Millie Fung
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Quinton M Dowling
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas S Vedvick
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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41
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Orr MT, Fox CB, Baldwin SL, Sivananthan SJ, Lucas E, Lin S, Phan T, Moon JJ, Vedvick TS, Reed SG, Coler RN. Adjuvant formulation structure and composition are critical for the development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis. J Control Release 2013; 172:190-200. [PMID: 23933525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One third of the world is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with eight million new cases of active tuberculosis (TB) each year. Development of a new vaccine to augment or replace the only approved TB vaccine, BCG, is needed to control this disease. Mtb infection is primarily controlled by TH1 cells through the production of IFN-γ and TNF which activate infected macrophages to kill the bacterium. Here we examine an array of adjuvant formulations containing the TLR4 agonist GLA to identify candidate adjuvants to pair with ID93, a lead TB vaccine antigen, to elicit protective TH1 responses. We evaluate a variety of adjuvant formulations including alum, liposomes, and oil-in-water emulsions to determine how changes in formulation composition alter adjuvant activity. We find that alum and an aqueous nanosuspension of GLA synergize to enhance generation of ID93-specific TH1 responses, whereas neither on their own are effective adjuvants for generation of ID93-specific TH1 responses. For GLA containing oil-in-water emulsions, the selection of the oil component is critical for adjuvant activity, whereas a variety of lipid components may be used in liposomal formulations of GLA. The composition of the liposome formulation of ID93/GLA does alter the magnitude of the TH1 response. These results demonstrate that there are multiple solutions for an effective formulation of a novel TB vaccine candidate that enhances both TH1 generation and protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elyse Lucas
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA
| | - Tony Phan
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle 98104, USA.
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42
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Vaccine adjuvant formulations: a pharmaceutical perspective. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:130-45. [PMID: 23850011 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formulation science is an unappreciated and often overlooked aspect in the field of vaccinology. In this review we highlight key attributes necessary to generate well characterized adjuvant formulations. The relationship between the adjuvant and the antigen impacts the immune responses generated by these complex biopharmaceutical formulations. We will use 5 well established vaccine adjuvant platforms; alum, emulsions, liposomes, PLG, and particulate systems such as ISCOMS in addition to immune stimulatory molecules such as MPL to illustrate that a vaccine formulation is more than a simple mixture of component A and component B. This review identifies the challenges and opportunities of these adjuvant platforms. As antigen and adjuvant formulations increase in complexity having a well characterized robust formulation will be critical to ensuring robust and reproducible results throughout preclinical and clinical studies.
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43
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Lin YS, Chou WL, Yang CH, Huang KS, Wang EC, Chen CY, Lin YH, Huang HM. A real-time impedance-sensing chip for the detection of emulsion phase separation. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1743-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sheng Lin
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Master Program of Cosmetic Science; Hungkuang University; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Chou
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering; Hungkuang University; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Eng-Chi Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung; Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Chen
- Department of Applied Cosmetology and Master Program of Cosmetic Science; Hungkuang University; Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Instrument Technology Research Center; National Applied Research Laboratories; Hsinchu; Taiwan
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei; Taiwan
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