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Linh NV, Dien LT, Sangpo P, Senapin S, Thapinta A, Panphut W, St-Hilaire S, Rodkhum C, Dong HT. Pre-treatment of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with ozone nanobubbles improve efficacy of heat-killed Streptococcus agalactiae immersion vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:229-237. [PMID: 35288305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubble technology has shown appealing technical benefits and potential applications in aquaculture. We recently found that treatment with ozone nanobubbles (NB-O3) activated expression of several immune-related genes leading to effective response to subsequent exposure to fish pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether pre-treatment of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with NB-O3 can enhance specific immune responses and improve efficacy of immersion vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae. Spleen and head kidney of fish in the vaccinated groups showed a substantial upregulation in expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgD, IgT) compared with the unvaccinated control groups. The mRNA transcript of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes was greatest (approx. 2.8-3.3 folds) on day 7 post-vaccination, whereas the relative expression of immunoglobulin genes was greatest (approx. 3.2-4.1 folds) on day 21 post-immunization. Both systemic and mucosal IgM antibodies were elicited in vaccinated groups. As the result, the cumulative survival rate of the vaccinated groups was found to be higher than that of the unvaccinated groups, with a relative percent survival (RPS) ranging from 52.9 to 70.5%. However, fish in the vaccinated groups that received pre-treatment with NB-O3, bacterial antigen uptakes, expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6,IgM, IgD, and IgT, as well as the specific-IgM antibody levels and percent survival, were all slightly or significantly higher than that of the vaccinated group without pre-treatment with NB-O3. Taken together, our findings suggest that utilizing pre-treatment with NB-O3 may improve the immune response and efficacy of immersion vaccination in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Vu Linh
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Le Thanh Dien
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 71415, Viet Nam
| | - Pattiya Sangpo
- Fish Health Platform, Centex of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Centex of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anat Thapinta
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Wattana Panphut
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand; Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as delivery carriers for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114085. [PMID: 34933064 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of microorganisms in human health and disease, with evidence showing that new types of biotherapy using engineered bacterial therapeutics, including bacterial derivatives, can address specific mechanisms of disease. The complex interactions between microorganisms and metabolic/immunologic pathways underlie many diseases with unmet medical needs, suggesting that targeting these interactions may improve patient treatment. Using tools from synthetic biology and chemical engineering, non-pathogenic bacteria or bacterial products can be programmed and designed to sense and respond to environmental signals to deliver therapeutic effectors. This review describes current progress in biotherapy using live bacteria and their derivatives to achieve therapeutic benefits against various diseases.
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Chan WY, Entwisle C, Ercoli G, Ramos-Sevillano E, McIlgorm A, Cecchini P, Bailey C, Lam O, Whiting G, Green N, Goldblatt D, Wheeler JX, Brown JS. Corrected and Republished from: "A Novel, Multiple-Antigen Pneumococcal Vaccine Protects against Lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae Challenge". Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0084618a. [PMID: 35076289 PMCID: PMC9199499 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00846-18a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae uses vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides from selected serotypes and has led to nonvaccine serotype replacement disease. We have investigated an alternative serotype-independent approach, using multiple-antigen vaccines (MAV) prepared from S. pneumoniae TIGR4 lysates enriched for surface proteins by a chromatography step after culture under conditions that induce expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp; thought to be immune adjuvants). Proteomics and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that, compared to standard bacterial lysates, MAV was enriched with Hsps and contained several recognized protective protein antigens, including pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pneumolysin (Ply). Vaccination of rodents with MAV induced robust antibody responses to multiple serotypes, including nonpneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes. Homologous and heterologous strains of S. pneumoniae were opsonized after incubation in sera from vaccinated rodents. In mouse models, active vaccination with MAV significantly protected against pneumonia, while passive transfer of rabbit serum from MAV-vaccinated rabbits significantly protected against sepsis caused by both homologous and heterologous S. pneumoniae strains. Direct comparison of MAV preparations made with or without the heat shock step showed no clear differences in protein antigen content and antigenicity, suggesting that the chromatography step rather than Hsp induction improved MAV antigenicity. Overall, these data suggest that the MAV approach may provide serotype-independent protection against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win-Yan Chan
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giuseppe Ercoli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Ramos-Sevillano
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McIlgorm
- ImmunoBiology Ltd., Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oliver Lam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Whiting
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Green
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Goldblatt
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun X. Wheeler
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Ko E, Jeong S, Jwa MY, Kim AR, Ha YE, Kim SK, Jeong S, Ahn KB, Seo HS, Yun CH, Han SH. Immune Responses to Irradiated Pneumococcal Whole Cell Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040405. [PMID: 33921842 PMCID: PMC8073785 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) can cause respiratory and systemic diseases. Recently, γ-irradiation-inactivated, non-encapsulated, intranasal S. pneumoniae (r-SP) vaccine has been introduced as a novel serotype-independent and cost-effective vaccine. However, the immunogenic mechanism of r-SP is poorly understood. Here, we comparatively investigated the protective immunity and immunogenicity of r-SP to the heat-(h-SP) or formalin-inactivated vaccine (f-SP) without adjuvants. Mice were intranasally immunized with each vaccine three times and then challenged with a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 strain and then subsequently evaluated for their immune responses. Immunization with r-SP elicited modestly higher protection against S. pneumoniae than h-SP or f-SP. Immunization with r-SP enhanced pneumococcal-specific IgA in the nasal wash and IgG in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunization with r-SP enhanced S. pneumoniae-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b in the serum. r-SP more potently induced the maturation of dendritic cells in the cervical lymph nodes than h-SP or f-SP. Interestingly, populations of follicular helper T cells and IL-4-producing cells were potently increased in cervical lymph nodes of r-SP-immunized mice. Collectively, r-SP could be an effective intranasal, inactivated whole-cell vaccine in that it elicits S. pneumoniae-specific antibody production and follicular helper T cell activation leading to protective immune responses against S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbyeol Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Soyoung Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Min Yong Jwa
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ye-Eun Ha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (K.B.A.); (H.S.S.)
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (K.B.A.); (H.S.S.)
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology and DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (E.K.); (S.J.); (M.Y.J.); (AR.K.); (Y.-E.H.); (S.K.K.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2310
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A Novel, Multiple-Antigen Pneumococcal Vaccine Protects against Lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae Challenge. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00846-18. [PMID: 30530620 PMCID: PMC6386546 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00846-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae uses vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides from selected serotypes and has led to nonvaccine serotype replacement disease. We have investigated an alternative serotype-independent approach, using multiple-antigen vaccines (MAV) prepared from S. pneumoniae TIGR4 lysates enriched for surface proteins by a chromatography step after culture under conditions that induce expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp; thought to be immune adjuvants). Current vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae uses vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides from selected serotypes and has led to nonvaccine serotype replacement disease. We have investigated an alternative serotype-independent approach, using multiple-antigen vaccines (MAV) prepared from S. pneumoniae TIGR4 lysates enriched for surface proteins by a chromatography step after culture under conditions that induce expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp; thought to be immune adjuvants). Proteomics and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that, compared to standard bacterial lysates, MAV was enriched with Hsps and contained several recognized protective protein antigens, including pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pneumolysin (Ply). Vaccination of rodents with MAV induced robust antibody responses to multiple serotypes, including nonpneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes. Homologous and heterologous strains of S. pneumoniae were opsonized after incubation in sera from vaccinated rodents. In mouse models, active vaccination with MAV significantly protected against pneumonia, while passive transfer of rabbit serum from MAV-vaccinated rabbits significantly protected against sepsis caused by both homologous and heterologous S. pneumoniae strains. Direct comparison of MAV preparations made with or without the heat shock step showed no clear differences in protein antigen content and antigenicity, suggesting that the chromatography step rather than Hsp induction improved MAV antigenicity. Overall, these data suggest that the MAV approach may provide serotype-independent protection against S. pneumoniae.
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Kim SJ, Seon SH, Luong TT, Ghosh P, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Immunization with attenuated non-transformable pneumococcal pep27 and comD mutant provides serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 2018; 37:90-98. [PMID: 30467061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a well-known pathogenic bacterium with a high mortality rate. Currently, a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and protein-conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are available on the market. However, both of these vaccines have limitations; specifically, PPV23 produces weak antibody responses in children younger than 2 years and PCVs only partially protect against secondary infection. Previously, we showed serotype-nonspecific protection by Δpep27 vaccine, but the reversion of Δpep27 to the wild type serotype during immunization cannot be excluded. To ensure the safety of the Δpep27 vaccine, comD, an important protein that activates competence, was inactivated, and the transformability of the double mutant (Δpep27ΔcomD) was determined. The transformation ability of this double mutant was successfully abolished. Δpep27ΔcomD immunization significantly increased the survival time after heterologous challenge(s), and diminished colonization levels independent of serotype, including a non-typeable strain (NCC1). Moreover, the double mutant was found to be highly safe in both normal and immunocompromised mice. In conclusion, this pneumococcal Δpep27ΔcomD vaccine appears to be a highly feasible and safe vaccine to prevent various types of pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung Han Seon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Mohammadzadeh M, Pourakbari B, Mahmoudi S, Keshtkar A, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Mamishi S. Efficacy of whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:122-129. [PMID: 29908308 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases through the use of vaccine serotypes, infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major public health hazard. Serotype-independent vaccines that are economically viable species of common protein antigens such as whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) are needed. Considering the ongoing debate about the effectiveness of WCVs, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis was carried out to determine the efficacy of WCVs against colonization in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was undertaken of published studies on the protection (colonized/uncolonized) of whole cell pneumococcal vaccine in mice. The search terms used were "whole cell vaccine" and "Streptococcus pneumoniae" in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus engines. Data was extracted from original publications and a meta-analysis was performed on studies divided into sub-groups by the number of inoculations, type of sample, type of adjuvant, time of sampling, design of study and quality of study. RESULTS Ten eligible articles published from 2000 to 2016 were included in this review. The meta-analysis was performed on eight out of 10 studies and demonstrated that the estimated pooled risk ratios (RRs) for comparison of colonization between the vaccinated and unvaccinated mice for outcomes 1 and 2 were 0.18 and 0.24, respectively. Lower RRs were observed in sub-groups that were inoculated with vaccines three times, those using cholera toxin (CT) adjuvants and those obtained as tracheal specimens from the mice. CONCLUSIONS The best protocol for use of a WCV is its application with CT adjuvant administered intranasally in three inoculations at doses of 10⁸ CFU. Further studies performed under similar conditions to obtain accurate results on the effectiveness of this vaccine are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohammadzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Keshtkar
- Department of Health Sciences Education Development, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Korean Red Ginseng enhances pneumococcal Δ pep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:218-225. [PMID: 30962736 PMCID: PMC6437420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, more than 90 serotypes of which exist, is recognized as an etiologic agent of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27) has been shown to confer comprehensive, long-term protection against even nontypeable strains. However, Δpep27 is effective as a vaccine only after at least three rounds of immunization. Therefore, treatments capable of enhancing the efficiency of Δpep27 immunization should be identified without delay. Panax ginseng Mayer has already been shown to have pharmacological and antioxidant effects. Here, the ability of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) to enhance the efficacy of Δpep27 immunization was investigated. Methods Mice were treated with KRG and immunized with Δpep27 before infection with the pathogenic S. pneumoniae strain D39. Total reactive oxygen species production was measured using lung homogenates, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and antiapoptotic protein expression was determined by immunoblotting. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also tested after KRG treatment. Results Compared with the other treatments, KRG significantly increased survival rate after lethal challenge and resulted in faster bacterial clearance via increased phagocytosis. Moreover, KRG enhanced Δpep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, reducing extracellular signal–regulated kinase apoptosis signaling and inflammation. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that KRG reduces the time required for immunization with the Δpep27 vaccine by enhancing its efficacy.
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Kim GL, Seon SH, Rhee DK. Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:885-893. [PMID: 28735461 PMCID: PMC7090487 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lung, responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacterium with over 90 serotypes, is the most common causative agent. Moreover, comorbid factors including heart failure, renal disease, and pulmonary disease could increase the risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. Since the advent of the pneumococcal vaccine in the 1980s, the incidence of pneumonia has decreased significantly. However, current vaccines confer only limited protection against serotypes included in the vaccine. Thus, to overcome this limitation, new types of pneumococcal vaccines have been sought and under clinical trials. In this review, we discuss pneumonia and summarize the various types of pneumococcal vaccines in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Seung-Han Seon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea.
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Kim GL, Choi SY, Seon SH, Lee S, Park SS, Song JY, Briles DE, Rhee DK. Pneumococcal pep27 mutant immunization stimulates cytokine secretion and confers long-term immunity with a wide range of protection, including against non-typeable strains. Vaccine 2016; 34:6481-6492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Aprianto R, Slager J, Holsappel S, Veening JW. Time-resolved dual RNA-seq reveals extensive rewiring of lung epithelial and pneumococcal transcriptomes during early infection. Genome Biol 2016; 17:198. [PMID: 27678244 PMCID: PMC5039909 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is the main etiological agent of pneumonia. Pneumococcal infection is initiated by bacterial adherence to lung epithelial cells. The exact transcriptional changes occurring in both host and microbe during infection are unknown. Here, we developed a time-resolved infection model of human lung alveolar epithelial cells by S. pneumoniae and assess the resulting transcriptome changes in both organisms simultaneously by using dual RNA-seq. Results Functional analysis of the time-resolved dual RNA-seq data identifies several features of pneumococcal infection. For instance, we show that the glutathione-dependent reactive oxygen detoxification pathway in epithelial cells is activated by reactive oxygen species produced by S. pneumoniae. Addition of the antioxidant resveratrol during infection abates this response. At the same time, pneumococci activate the competence regulon during co-incubation with lung epithelial cells. By comparing transcriptional changes between wild-type encapsulated and mutant unencapsulated pneumococci, we demonstrate that adherent pneumococci, but not free-floating bacteria, repress innate immune responses in epithelial cells including expression of the chemokine IL-8 and the production of antimicrobial peptides. We also show that pneumococci activate several sugar transporters in response to adherence to epithelial cells and demonstrate that this activation depends on host-derived mucins. Conclusions We provide a dual-transcriptomics overview of early pneumococcal infection in a time-resolved manner, providing new insights into host-microbe interactions. To allow easy access to the data by the community, a web-based platform was developed (http://dualrnaseq.molgenrug.nl). Further database exploration may expand our understanding of epithelial–pneumococcal interaction, leading to novel antimicrobial strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1054-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieza Aprianto
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Slager
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siger Holsappel
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infections elicited by intranasal immunization with ethanol-killed pneumococcal strain, SPY1. J Microbiol 2014; 52:315-23. [PMID: 24682994 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are licensed vaccines that protect against pneumococcal infections worldwide. However, the incidence of pneumococcal diseases remains high in low-income countries. Whole-cell vaccines with high safety and strong immunogenicity may be a favorable choice. We previously obtained a capsule-deficient Streptococcus pneumoniae mutant named SPY1 derived from strain D39. As an attenuated live pneumococcal vaccine, intranasal immunization with SPY1 elicits broad serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infection. In this study, for safety consideration, we inactivated SPY1 with 70% ethanol and intranasally immunized BALB/c mice with killed SPY1 plus cholera toxin adjuvant for four times. Results showed that intranasal immunization with inactivated SPY1 induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Intranasal immunization with inactivated SPY1 plus cholera toxin adjuvant elicited effective serotype-independent protection against the colonization of pneumococcal strains 19F and 4 as well as lethal infection of pneumococcal serotypes 2, 3, 14, and 6B. The protection rates provided by inactivated SPY1 against lethal pneumococcal infection were comparable to those of currently used polysaccharide vaccines. In addition, vaccine-specific B-cell and T-cell immune responses mediated the protection elicited by SPY1. In conclusion, the 70% ethanol-inactivated pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine SPY1 is a potentially safe and less complex vaccine strategy that offers broad protection against S. pneumoniae.
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13
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Choi SY, Tran TDH, Briles DE, Rhee DK. Inactivated pep27 mutant as an effective mucosal vaccine against a secondary lethal pneumococcal challenge in mice. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 2:58-65. [PMID: 23596592 PMCID: PMC3623503 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A pep27 mutant may be able to elicit mucosal immunity against pneumococcal diseases, and could be employed as an inexpensive attenuated vaccine. However, this particular mutant contains an erythromycin-resistance marker. The purpose of the current study is to develop a markerless pep27 mutant and assess whether this inactivated mutant is able to induce mucosal immunity. Materials and Methods Mice were vaccinated intranasally with the inactivated markerless pep27 mutant every 2 weeks for a total of three times, after which time serum samples were analyzed for antibody titers. The mice were then challenged with a lethal D39 strain and their survival time was measured. The cross-reactivity of the antisera against pep27 was also compared to other mutant serotypes. Results Intranasal immunization of mice with the inactivated markerless pep27 mutant provides effective protection and rapidly cleared bacterial colonization in vivo. Moreover, antisera raised against the pep27 mutant may cross-react with several other serotype strains. Conclusion Intranasal immunization with the inactivated pep27 mutant may be able to provide mucosal immunity, and could represent an efficient mucosal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Choi
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Pharmacy, Suwon, Korea
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14
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Zaman M, Abdel-Aal ABM, Fujita Y, Ziora ZM, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Structure–Activity Relationship for the Development of a Self-Adjuvanting Mucosally Active Lipopeptide Vaccine against Streptococcus pyogenes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8515-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301074n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Abu-Baker M. Abdel-Aal
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yoshio Fujita
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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15
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Cross-protective immunity against heterologous Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1944-5; author reply 1946. [PMID: 22499794 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06397-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Wright AKA, Ferreira DM, Gritzfeld JF, Wright AD, Armitage K, Jambo KC, Bate E, El Batrawy S, Collins A, Gordon SB. Human nasal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae is immunising in the absence of carriage. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002622. [PMID: 22496648 PMCID: PMC3320601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious challenge of the human nasal mucosa elicits immune responses that determine the fate of the host-bacterial interaction; leading either to clearance, colonisation and/or disease. Persistent antigenic exposure from pneumococcal colonisation can induce both humoral and cellular defences that are protective against carriage and disease. We challenged healthy adults intra-nasally with live 23F or 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae in two sequential cohorts and collected nasal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood before and 6 weeks after challenge. We hypothesised that both cohorts would successfully become colonised but this did not occur except for one volunteer. The effect of bacterial challenge without colonisation in healthy adults has not been previously assessed. We measured the antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in challenged but not colonised volunteers by ELISA and Flow Cytometry. Antigen-specific responses were seen in each compartment both before and after bacterial challenge for both cohorts. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA levels were significantly elevated in nasal wash 6 weeks after challenge compared to baseline. Immunoglobulin responses to pneumococci were directed towards various protein targets but not capsular polysaccharide. 23F but not 6B challenge elevated IgG anti-PspA in BAL. Serum immunoglobulins did not increase in response to challenge. In neither challenge cohort was there any alteration in the frequencies of TNF, IL-17 or IFNγ producing CD4 T cells before or after challenge in BAL or blood. We show that simple, low dose mucosal exposure with pneumococci may immunise mucosal surfaces by augmenting anti-protein immunoglobulin responses; but not capsular or cellular responses. We hypothesise that mucosal exposure alone may not replicate the systemic immunising effect of experimental or natural carriage in humans. Exposure to respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a frequent event that can result in immediate clearance, nasal colonisation or disease for the host. Human and mouse studies have shown that natural colonisation is an immunising event. Colonisation is prevalent in children but rare in human adults (<10%), suggesting that despite high pneumococcal exposure adult mucosal defences are sufficient to prevent colonisation. We exposed healthy adults to pneumococci in the nose in order to achieve colonisation and mimic a natural colonisation event. In most volunteers, however, we were not able to obtain colonisation using this protocol. In exposed but not colonised volunteers we measured antibody and cellular responses in nose, lung and blood samples. The mucosal defences elicited during acute pneumococcal exposure are poorly described but these data will shed light on the mechanisms that prevent colonisation in healthy adults and inform future vaccine design. Live bacterial exposure increases specific antibody and innate responses at mucosal surfaces such as the nose and lung. Systemic responses were not increased. These data suggest that acute bacterial exposure per se augments mucosal but not systemic defences. Natural or experimental colonisation may be required for systemic immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. A. Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna F. Gritzfeld
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angela D. Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Armitage
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Emily Bate
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sherouk El Batrawy
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Collins
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B. Gordon
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Cui Y, Zhang X, Gong Y, Niu S, Yin N, Yao R, Xu W, Li D, Wang H, He Y, Cao J, Yin Y. Immunization with DnaJ (hsp40) could elicit protection against nasopharyngeal colonization and invasive infection caused by different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2011; 29:1736-44. [PMID: 21238570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing mortality, morbidity and economic costs have been paid to pneumococcal diseases every year. Currently, vaccination is the most promising strategy to reduce the occurrence of pneumococcal infection. In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of immunization with recombinant DnaJ (hsp40) protein against infections of different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrated that mucosal immunization with DnaJ antigen could induce both systemic and mucosal antibodies for DnaJ and stimulate the release of high levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A. Moreover, this mucosal vaccination could reduce nasal or lung colonization of pneumococcus and elicit protection against different serotypes of invasive pneumococcal infections. As well, we found that intraperitoneal immunization with DnaJ could also protect against invasive infections caused by different serotypes of pneumococcus, and passive immunization with antibodies specific for DnaJ confirmed that this protection was antibody-mediated. Our results therefore support the potential of DnaJ as a conserved pneumococcal protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cui
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
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18
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Immunological responses induced by asd and wzy/asd mutant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in BALB/c mice. J Microbiol 2010; 48:486-95. [PMID: 20799091 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated bacteria have long been developed as vaccine candidates but can have some disadvantages, such as the potential for damage to immune organs due to insufficient clearance. To minimize these disadvantages, we generated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mutants SHJ2104 (asd::cm) and HTSaYA (wzy::km, asd::cm). The wzy gene codes for the O-antigen polymerase, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, and asd codes for aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which participates in cell wall formation. The strains synthesized LPS with a short-chain length, and showed lower cytotoxicity and reduced intracellular proliferation in animal cells compared to wild-type bacteria. After oral infection, the mutants were cleared in immune tissues, including the Peyer's patch, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen, within 5 days. The LD50 of the mutants in Balb/c mice was estimated to be 10(6) higher than wild-type bacteria when administered either via an oral or i.p. route, indicating that the two strains are highly attenuated. To compare the immune response to and protective effects of the mutants against wild-type bacterial infection, we inoculated the mutants into mice via an oral (1x10(10)CFU) or i.p. (1x10(7) CFU) route once or twice at a two week interval. All immune responses, such as serum IgG and secretory IgA levels, cytokine production, and delayed hypersensitivity, were highly induced by two rounds of immunization. HTSaYA and SHJ2104 induced similar immune responses, and mice immunized with HTSaYA or SHJ2104 via an i.p. route were protected against wild-type Salmonella infection even at 100-fold of the LD(50) (5x10(6) CFU). Taken together, these data indicate that HTSaYA and SHJ2104 could be developed as live attenuated Salmonella vaccine candidates.
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19
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Cortes-Perez NG, Lefèvre F, Corthier G, Adel-Patient K, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG. Influence of the route of immunization and the nature of the bacterial vector on immunogenicity of mucosal vaccines based on lactic acid bacteria. Vaccine 2007; 25:6581-8. [PMID: 17675182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity plays a major role in the prevention of infectious diseases. Genetically engineered lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been tested in the last 10 years as safe mucosal delivery vectors. We previously showed that intranasal co-administration of recombinant lactococci displaying human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7 antigen at its surface (LL-E7) and secreting biologically active interleukine-12 (LL-IL-12) has therapeutic effects on HPV-16-induced tumors in mice. In this work, to optimize the immunization protocol, a comparison between intragastric and intranasal routes of administration was performed and two different LAB strains (Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum) were tested as delivery vector. E7-specific systemic and mucosal responses as well as potent anti-tumor effects were higher after intranasal immunization with LL-E7 and LL-IL-12 strains than intragastric administration. Comparisons of the immune responses induced by intranasal administration of either LL-E7 or Lb. plantarum anchoring E7 antigen (LP-E7) revealed highest systemic responses with recombinant Lactobacillus. Furthermore, although only a modest mucosal immune response was observed with LP-E7, this strain was able to induce a significant regression of HPV-induced tumors in contrast to LL-E7. Taken together, our results demonstrate the advantage of intranasal over intragastric route of immunization to induce an antigen-specific immune response and suggest that intrinsic immunomodulatory properties of Lb. plantarum play an important role in the immunogenicity of the expressed antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima G Cortes-Perez
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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20
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Kunisawa J, Kurashima Y, Gohda M, Higuchi M, Ishikawa I, Miura F, Ogahara I, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates peritoneal B-cell trafficking for subsequent intestinal IgA production. Blood 2007; 109:3749-56. [PMID: 17234743 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of lymphocyte emigration from organized lymphoid tissues such as the peripheral lymph nodes and thymus, but its immunologic role in unorganized and diffused tissues remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the trafficking of peritoneal B cells is principally regulated by S1P. All peritoneal B cells including B1a, B1b, and B2 B cells express comparable levels of the type 1 S1P receptor. Thus, treatment with FTY720, an S1P receptor modulator, caused the rapid disappearance of peritoneal B cells by inhibiting both their emigration from parathymic lymph nodes and their recirculation from the blood into the peritoneal cavity without affecting their progenitor populations. These changes did not affect natural plasma antibody production or phosphorylcholine (PC)–specific antibody production in serum after peritoneal immunization with heat-killed Streptococcal pneumoniae (R36A). However, FTY720 dramatically reduced peritoneal B cell-derived natural intestinal secretory IgA production without affecting the expression of J-chain and polyimmunoglobulin receptors. Additionally, FTY720 impaired the generation of PC-specific fecal IgA responses after oral immunization with R36A. These findings point to a pivotal role for S1P in connecting peritoneal B cells with intestinal B-cell immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Female
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, SCID
- Peritoneal Cavity
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/agonists
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/immunology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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21
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Na HS, Kim HJ, Lee HC, Hong Y, Rhee JH, Choy HE. Immune response induced by Salmonella typhimurium defective in ppGpp synthesis. Vaccine 2005; 24:2027-34. [PMID: 16356600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infection by Salmonella typhimurium requires coordinated expression of virulence genes found primarily in Salmonella Pathogenecity Islands (SPIs). We have previously reported that the intracellular signal that induces these virulence genes is a stringent signal molecule, ppGpp [Song et al. J Biol Chem 2003;279:34183]. In this study, we found that relA and spoT double mutant Salmonella (DeltappGpp strain), which is defective in ppGpp synthesis, was virtually avirulent in BALB/c mice. Subsequently, the live vaccine potential of the avirulent DeltappGpp Salmonella strain was determined. A single immunization with live DeltappGpp Salmonella efficiently protected mice from challenge with wild-type Salmonella at a dose 10(6)-fold above the LD50 30 days after immunization. Various assays revealed that immunization of mice with the DeltappGpp strain elicited both systemic and mucosal antibody responses, in addition to cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sam Na
- Genome Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Research Institute of Vibrio Infection, South Korea
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22
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Myint A, Jones TO, Nyunt HH. Safety, efficacy and cross-protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Vet Rec 2005; 156:41-5. [PMID: 15675522 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The safety, efficacy and cross-protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida serotype B:3,4 were tested in young cattle and buffaloes in Myanmar, where more than 1.5 million animals had been inoculated with this vaccine between 1989 and 1999. A recommended dose of 2 x 10(7) viable organisms was used for the efficacy test. The administration of 100 times the recommended dose to 50 cattle and 39 buffalo calves was innocuous. Seven months after they were vaccinated, three of three buffaloes were protected and 12 months after they were vaccinated, three of four buffaloes were protected against a subcutaneous challenge with serotype B:2 which killed three of three unvaccinated buffaloes. Twelve months after they were vaccinated, eight of eight cattle survived a serotype B:2 challenge, which killed four of four unvaccinated controls. The vaccinated cattle had developed serum antibodies detectable by the passive mouse protection test. Indirect haemagglutination tests on sera taken from cattle 10 days and five weeks after they were vaccinated showed high titres of antibodies. The serum of vaccinated cattle cross-protected passively immunised mice against infection with P. multocida serotypes E:2, F:3,4 and A:3,4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Myint
- Biologics Production Division, Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Insein, Yangon 11011, Myanmar
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23
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Morello CS, Ye M, Hung S, Kelley LA, Spector DH. Systemic priming-boosting immunization with a trivalent plasmid DNA and inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vaccine provides long-term protection against viral replication following systemic or mucosal MCMV challenge. J Virol 2005; 79:159-75. [PMID: 15596812 PMCID: PMC538742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.159-175.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vaccination of BALB/c mice with a pool of 13 plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) expressing murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genes followed by formalin-inactivated MCMV (FI-MCMV) resulted in complete protection against viral replication in the spleen and salivary glands following sublethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge. Here, we found that following intranasal (i.n.) challenge, titers of virus in the lungs of the immunized mice were reduced approximately 1,000-fold relative to those for mock-immunized controls. We next sought to extend these results and to determine whether similar protection levels could be achieved by priming with a pool of three pDNAs containing three key plasmids (IE1, M84, and gB). We found that the three-pDNA priming elicited IE1- and M84-p65-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and, following FI-MCMV boost, high levels of virion-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and virus-neutralizing antibodies. When mice were i.n. challenged 4 months after the last boost, titers of virus in the lungs of immunized mice were reduced 1,000- to 2,000-fold from those for controls during the peak of viral replication. Additionally, titers of virus were either at or below the detection limits for the salivary glands, liver, and spleen of the majority of the immunized mice. Following sublethal i.p. challenge, virus was undetectable in all of the above target organs of the immunized mice. Virion-specific IgA in the lungs was consistently detected by day 6 post-i.n. challenge for the immunized mice and by day 14 for controls. These results demonstrate the immunity and high levels of protection of the priming-boosting vaccination against both systemic and mucosal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Morello
- Section of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0366, USA
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24
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Malley R, Morse SC, Leite LCC, Areas APM, Ho PL, Kubrusly FS, Almeida IC, Anderson P. Multiserotype protection of mice against pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx and middle ear by killed nonencapsulated cells given intranasally with a nontoxic adjuvant. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4290-2. [PMID: 15213177 PMCID: PMC427453 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.4290-4292.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F produced colonization of the middle ear and NP. Intranasal vaccination with ethanol-killed nonencapsulated cells with adjuvant protected both sites. Of four nontoxic adjuvants tested, the cholera toxin B subunit was most effective and least nonspecifically protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Rial A, Lens D, Betancor L, Benkiel H, Silva JS, Chabalgoity JA. Intranasal immunization with a colloid-formulated bacterial extract induces an acute inflammatory response in the lungs and elicits specific immune responses. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2679-88. [PMID: 15102776 PMCID: PMC387843 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2679-2688.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific stimulation of lung defenses by repeated oral administration of immunomodulators, such as bacterial extracts, has shown potential for the prevention of respiratory tract infections. Here, we show that intranasal (i.n.) immunization with a bacterial extract formulated as a colloid induces an acute inflammatory response in the lungs characterized by increased production of CCL and CXCL chemokines and a major influx of dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils, with a higher proportion of DCs showing an activated phenotype (high CD80/CD86 expression). Cytokine levels measured in bronchoalveolar-lavage samples showed a small increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and similar levels of the other cytokines measured (interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-12, and gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) in immunized mice compared with control mice. However, the recall response of primed animals after antigenic challenge induced increased expression of IL-12 and IFN-gamma mRNAs in lung homogenates. Overall, all these effects were not due to the lipopolysaccharide content in the bacterial extract. Furthermore, we found that three i.n. doses administered 2 to 3 weeks apart were enough to elicit long-lasting specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA antibody responses. Assessment of IgG subclasses showed a balanced pattern of IgG1-IgG2a responses. The serum total IgE concentrations were also elevated in immunized mice 2 weeks after the third dose, but they significantly decreased soon afterwards. Our results suggest that simple formulations of bacterial extracts administered i.n. are highly immunogenic, eliciting local and systemic immune responses, and may serve as the basis for cost-effective immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rial
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
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26
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Bakke H, Setek TN, Huynh PN, Haugen IL, Høiby EA, Holst J, Aaberge IS, Haneberg B. Immunisation schedules for non-replicating nasal vaccines can be made simple by allowing time for development of immunological memory. Vaccine 2004; 22:2278-84. [PMID: 15149787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice immunised intranasally with multiple doses of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from group B meningococci developed antibody responses that depended on the interval between doses. High levels of antibodies in saliva and extracts of faeces were induced within 4 weeks after an OMV vaccine had been given at weekly intervals, whereas the antibody responses in these samples were negligible when given four times at 1-day or 1-h intervals, or as one large dose. Only modest responses were obtained in serum after 4 weeks, however, whether the vaccine had been given repeatedly at any schedule, including the 1-week interval, or as one dose. On the other hand, two large doses given 8 weeks apart induced booster antibody responses in both serum and secretions that matched the responses from a second series of the four smaller doses. Intranasal immunisations may thus stimulate immunological memory more rapidly in secretions than in serum. In order to secure adequate systemic responses by a minimum of doses, nasal vaccines should therefore be given at intervals longer than 4 weeks, in harmony with the intervals recommended for injectable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Bakke
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Baumann U, Mansouri E, von Specht BU. Recombinant OprF-OprI as a vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Vaccine 2004; 22:840-7. [PMID: 15040936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on recombinant outer membranes has been developed. After intramuscularly injecting into patients with severe burns, antibodies against P. aeruginosa were induced. Vaccination was well tolerated. Intranasal application of the vaccine into volunteers, induced specific s-IgA antibodies. We conclude that the newly developed vaccine may be suitable for protection of the main risk groups of P. aeruginosa infections. In particular, for the protection of burn patients and patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Baumann
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Abteilung Pädiatrische Pneumonologie und Neonatalogie, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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28
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Haugan A, Thi Dao PX, Glende N, Bakke H, Haugen IL, Janakova L, Berstad AKH, Holst J, Haneberg B. Bordetella pertussis can act as adjuvant as well as inhibitor of immune responses to non-replicating nasal vaccines. Vaccine 2003; 22:7-14. [PMID: 14604565 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mice immunised intranasally with an inactivated whole-virus influenza (INV) vaccine, or ovalbumin (OVA), formalin-inactivated Bordetella pertussis (Bp) augmented antibody responses to the same degree as did cholera toxin (CT) when simply being mixed with INV or OVA. In order to study possible non-carrier effects of mucosal adjuvants, mice were given Bp or CT intranasally 1 day before or 1 day after the INV vaccines. At high antigen doses, both Bp and CT had an adjuvant effect on antibodies in serum also when given 1 day after the vaccine. However, Bp and CT inhibited such antibody responses in serum and saliva when given 1 day ahead of the vaccine. This inhibitory effect was most marked at low antigen doses, i.e. when the adjuvant effect was less obvious. In that event, Bp also inhibited responses in serum and saliva when given 1 day after the INV vaccine. The inhibition of these responses may thus depend on Bp and CT themselves being strongly immunogenic, and competing with INV for the functional capacity of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Haugan
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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29
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Smith DJ, Lam A, Barnes LA, King WF, Peacock Z, Wise DL, Trantolo DJ, Taubman MA. Remote glucosyltransferase-microparticle vaccine delivery induces protective immunity in the oral cavity. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 18:240-8. [PMID: 12823800 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intranasally administered dental caries vaccines show significant promise for human application. Alternate mucosal routes may be required, however, to induce caries-protective salivary IgA antibody in children with respiratory diseases. Since rectal mucosa contains inductive lymphoid tissue, we hypothesized that the rectal route could be used to induce salivary immunity to mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase (GTF), resulting in protective immunity to experimental dental caries. We first explored the ability of glucosyltransferase, incorporated into polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP), and administered rectally together with mucosal adjuvant, to induce a salivary IgA antibody response. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (6/group) were immunized rectally on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 with a) GTF-MP alone, b) GTF-MP with cholera toxin, c) GTF-MP with detoxified mutant Escherichia coli toxin (dLT), or d) sham immunized with PLGA and cholera toxin. An additional group was immunized intranasally with GTF-MP alone. Saliva and nasal washes of all intranasally immunized rats contained IgA antibody to glucosyltransferase on day 28. Salivary IgA antibody was also detected in 7/12 rats rectally immunized with GTF-MP and cholera toxin or dLT, although responses were lower than those obtained by intranasal immunization. Most fecal extracts from rectally delivered GTF-MP plus cholera toxin or dLT rats contained IgA antibody to GTF-MP. Low levels of fecal IgA antibody were detected in 3/6 intranasally immunized rats and 2/6 rats rectally immunized with GTF-MP alone. We then examined the extent to which salivary IgA antibody induced by the rectal route could be protective. At 25, 31 and 38 days of age, two groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (13/group) were rectally immunized with GTF-MP and cholera toxin or with empty microparticles and cholera toxin (sham group). A third group was intranasally immunized with GTF-MP alone. After demonstrating salivary IgA responses to GTF in most GTF-immunized rats, all animals were infected with streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus sobrinus and placed on diet 2000. After 79 days of infection, total caries on molar surfaces were lower in both rectally (7.9 +/- 1.0) and intranasally (7.1 +/- 0.9; P < 0.0.03) immunized groups compared with the sham-immunized group (11.9 +/- 1.6). Smooth surface caries were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both rectally and intranasally immunized groups. These results support the interconnectedness of the mucosal immune system and indicate that rectal immunization with GTF-MP, together with adjuvant, or intranasal immunization with GTF-MP alone, can induce protective levels of salivary antibody in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Jakobsen H, Jonsdottir I. Mucosal vaccination against encapsulated respiratory bacteria--new potentials for conjugate vaccines? Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:119-28. [PMID: 12869132 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide (PS)-encapsulated bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus) and group B streptococcus (GBS), cause a major proportion of disease in early childhood. Native PS vaccines are immunogenic and provide protection against disease in healthy adults but do not induce immunological memory. PSs are T-cell-independent antigens and do not elicit antibodies in infants and young children, but by conjugating PS to proteins they become T-cell dependent and immunogenic at an early age. Despite excellent efficacy of PS-protein conjugate vaccines against invasive disease, protection against mucosal infections such as pneumococcal otitis media has been less efficacious. Circulating PS-specific antibodies may protect against infections at mucosal sites, but mucosal immunoglobulin A antibodies may also contribute significantly to protection against mucosal infections. Mucosal immunization of experimental animals with conjugate vaccines against Hib, pneumococcus, meningococcus and GBS induces systemic and mucosal immune responses, which provide protection against carriage, otitis media and invasive disease in a variety of challenge models, providing new means for protection against encapsulated bacteria. In addition, mucosal immunization of neonatal mice with a pneumococcal conjugate and the nontoxic adjuvant LT-K63 has been superior to parenteral immunization in eliciting protective antibodies and PS-specific memory, and thus circumventing the limitations of antibody responses to PS that are responsible for enhanced susceptibility of neonates and infants to infections caused by encapsulated bacteria. Through T-cell dependent enhanced immunogenicity of PS-protein conjugate vaccines, mucosal immunization could be an attractive approach for early life immunization against encapsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jakobsen
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali-University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Schulze K, Guzmán CA. Identification of the domains of the fibronectin-binding protein I of Streptococcus pyogenes responsible for adjuvanticity. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 37:173-7. [PMID: 12832122 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration of antigens coupled to full-length fibronectin-binding protein I (SfbI) of Streptococcus pyogenes results in the elicitation of improved humoral and cellular immune responses, at both systemic and mucosal levels. We want to evaluate if SfbI also exhibits adjuvant properties when co-administered with the antigen, as well as identify the minimal domain responsible for its adjuvanticity. To achieve this aim, mice were immunized by the intranasal route with the model antigen beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) co-administered with recombinant proteins spanning different portions of the SfbI protein. The obtained results demonstrated that the adjuvant properties of SfbI were maintained intact when admixed to the model antigen. Similar kinetics and absolute titers of beta-gal-specific IgG antibodies as well as a dominant IgG(1) isotype response pattern were observed using SfbI derivatives spanning either the aromatic and proline-rich (H10) or the fibronectin-binding (H12) domains, respectively. The use of all tested derivatives also stimulated the elicitation of efficient beta-gal-specific IgA responses in lung lavages (23-25% of the total IgA). The obtained results suggest that different sub-domains of the SfbI protein can be used as adjuvants for the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Vaccine Research Group, Division of Microbiology, GBF-German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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32
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Göcke K, Baumann U, Hagemann H, Gabelsberger J, Hahn H, Freihorst J, von Specht BU. Mucosal vaccination with a recombinant OprF-I vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in healthy volunteers: comparison of a systemic vs. a mucosal booster schedule. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 37:167-71. [PMID: 12832121 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared the immunogenicity of two vaccination schedules with either a systemic or a mucosal booster, both following a mucosal primary vaccination with a recombinant outer membrane fusion protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OprF-I) in 12 healthy volunteers. The systemic booster induced higher levels of OprF-I-specific serum antibodies of IgG isotype, with a mean+/-S.E.M. of 32.6+/-7.8x10(7) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units (EU) as compared to the nasal booster with 14.6+/-2.1x10(7) EU (P=0.05). Specific serum IgA antibodies and antibodies in saliva did not differ between the two vaccination groups. We conclude that a combined mucosal/systemic vaccination with the OprF-I vaccine may offer an enhanced systemic immunogenicity. Further studies on the long-term immunogenicity and induction of antibodies on the respiratory airway surface are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Göcke
- Paediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Hanover Medical School, 30623, Hanover, Germany
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33
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Smith DJ. Dental caries vaccines: prospects and concerns. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 13:335-49. [PMID: 12191960 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries remains one of the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Cariogenic micro-organisms enter the dental biofilm early in life and can subsequently emerge, under favorable environmental conditions, to cause disease. In oral fluids, adaptive host defenses aroused by these infections are expressed in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. This review will focus on methods by which mucosal host defenses can be induced by immunization to interfere with dental caries caused by mutans streptococci. The natural history of mutans streptococcal colonization is described in the context of the ontogeny of mucosal immunity to these and other indigenous oral streptococci. Molecular targets for dental caries vaccines are explored for their effectiveness in intact protein and subunit (synthetic peptide, recombinant and conjugate) vaccines in pre-clinical studies. Recent progress in the development of mucosal adjuvants and viable and non-viable delivery systems for dental caries vaccines is described. Finally, the results of clinical trials are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the prospects and concerns of human application of the principles presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Janakova L, Bakke H, Haugen IL, Berstad AKH, Høiby EA, Aaberge IS, Haneberg B. Influence of intravenous anesthesia on mucosal and systemic antibody responses to nasal vaccines. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5479-84. [PMID: 12228273 PMCID: PMC128324 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.10.5479-5484.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of antigens may stimulate the immune system by way of the upper as well as the lower airways. We have shown that at least 1,000 times more live pneumococci were recovered from pulmonary tissue after being presented as drops of a liquid suspension onto the nares of anesthetized mice compared to the number of bacteria recovered from animals that were not anesthetized in the course of the challenge. Mice that were similarly immunized intranasally by inhalation of three different nonreplicating particulate vaccine formulations, i.e., a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine, a formalin-inactivated whole-virus influenza (INV) vaccine, and the INV vaccine with OMVs as a mucosal adjuvant, during general intravenous anesthesia developed concentrations of vaccine-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that were four to nine times higher than in mice that were fully awake during immunizations. The concentrations of IgA antibodies in serum were also higher in anesthetized than in nonanesthetized mice and correlated positively with the corresponding levels of serum IgG antibodies in the anesthetized but not in the nonanesthetized mice. In saliva and feces, however, the concentrations of IgA antibodies were equally high whether or not the animals were dormant during immunizations. The results indicate that intrapulmonary antigen presentation, as a part of an intranasal immunization strategy, is of importance for systemic but not for mucosal antibody responses. A major portion of IgA antibodies in serum may thus be derived from nonmucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libuse Janakova
- Division for Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo. Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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35
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Mizuki M, Nakane A, Sekikawa K, Tagawa YI, Iwakura Y. Comparison of host resistance to primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infections in mice by intranasal and intravenous routes. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4805-11. [PMID: 12183523 PMCID: PMC128264 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.9.4805-4811.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no studies on the susceptibility and host immune responses to an intranasal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, we compared the susceptibilities and cytokine responses between intranasal and intravenous infections with L. monocytogenes in mice. Moreover, we compared efficiency of acquisition of host resistance to L. monocytogenes infection between intranasally and intravenously immunized mice because an intranasal immunization of vaccines is reportedly available for induction of adaptive immunity against various infectious pathogens. The susceptibility to an intranasal infection with L. monocytogenes was markedly lower than that to the intravenous infection. The bacterial growth in the lungs, spleens, and livers was substantially similar between intranasally and intravenously infected mice. Titers of endogenous gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the spleens, livers, and lungs were parallel to bacterial numbers in each organ of mice during intranasal infection and intravenous infection. IFN-gamma-deficient mice and TNF-alpha-deficient mice were highly susceptible to intranasal infection as well as intravenous infection. Susceptibilities to intranasal and intravenous L. monocytogenes infection were the same in these cytokine-deficient mice. These results suggest that both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha play critical roles in host resistance to intranasal L. monocytogenes infection as well as the intravenous infection. Acquisition of host resistance to intravenous and intranasal L. monocytogenes infection was induced in intranasally immunized mice as well as intravenously immunized mice, suggesting that intranasal immunization is effective for prevention of a systemic infection with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Mizuki
- Department of Bacteriology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Nasal vaccines consisting of nonliving particulate formulations can induce immune responses of importance for protection against infection. The most promising results have been obtained with vaccines against influenza, pertussis and group B meningococcal disease. So far, however, the results do not challenge the standing of corresponding injectable vaccines, although results of experiments in animals do indicate that effective nonliving nasal vaccines may soon be developed. This will depend on refined immunization schedules to benefit from immunological memory and on formulations to make the vaccines more accessible to the immune system by way of mucosal adjuvants or immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Haneberg
- Division for Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo.
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37
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Hou Y, Hu WG, Hirano T, Gu XX. A new intra-NALT route elicits mucosal and systemic immunity against Moraxella catarrhalis in a mouse challenge model. Vaccine 2002; 20:2375-81. [PMID: 12009294 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucosally administered antigens are often poorly immunogenic due to the difficulty of transporting antigens through the mucosal epithelium. We investigated a new route of intranasal-associated lymphoid tissue (intra-NALT) administration of antigens to circumvent the antigen transportation barrier. A comparative study was carried out on mice administered with killed whole cells of Moraxella catarrhalis strain 25238 plus cholera toxin (CT) by intra-NALT injection and nasal inoculation. Both routes induced significant elevations of several isotype antibodies against strain 25238 in saliva, lung lavage, and serum as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most of these antibodies were paralleled by the numbers of their corresponding antibody forming cells in mucosal or systemic lymphoid tissues. However, intra-NALT injection elicited higher levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG in saliva, IgA and IgG in lung lavage, and IgG and IgM in sera than nasal inoculation (P<or=0.05). In addition, both routes generated significant reductions of bacteria in lungs following an aerosol challenge with strain 25238 in a mouse model of pulmonary clearance. Once again, intra-NALT route showed better bacterial clearance in mouse lungs than nasal inoculation (P<0.01). These results demonstrate that intra-NALT administration of antigens is a convenient and effective route for mucosal immunization that elicits improved mucosal and systemic immunity. This new route can be used as a model to study mucosal antigens or vaccine candidates for antigen activation and interaction with the NALT that is one of major inductive sites for common mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Hou
- National Institute for Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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38
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Southam DS, Dolovich M, O'Byrne PM, Inman MD. Distribution of intranasal instillations in mice: effects of volume, time, body position, and anesthesia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L833-9. [PMID: 11880310 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00173.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal instillation techniques are used to deliver various substances to the upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT) in mice. Here, we quantify the relative distribution achieved with intranasal delivery of a nonabsorbable tracer, (99m)Tc-labeled sulfide-colloid. Relative distribution was determined by killing mice after instillation and quantifying the radioactivity in dissected tissues using gamma scintigraphy. A significant effect of delivery volume on relative distribution was observed when animals were killed 5 min after instillation delivered under gas anesthesia. With a delivery volume of 5 microl, no radiation was detected in the LRT; this increased to a maximum of 55.7 +/- 2.5% distribution to the LRT when 50 microl were delivered. The majority of radiation not detected in the LRT was found in the URT. Over the course of the following 1 h, radiation in the LRT remained constant, while that in the URT decreased and appeared in the gastrointestinal tract. Instillation of 25 microl into anesthetized mice resulted in 30.1 +/- 6.9% distribution to the LRT, while only 5.3 +/- 1.5% (P < 0.05) of the same volume was detected in the LRT of awake mice. Varying the body position of mice did not affect relative distribution. When using intranasal instillation, the relative distribution between the URT and LRT and the gastrointestinal tract is heavily influenced by delivery volume and level of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Southam
- Asthma Research Group and Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue E, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
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39
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Haneberg B, Herland Berstad AK, Holst J. Bacteria-derived particles as adjuvants for non-replicating nasal vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51:143-7. [PMID: 11516785 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In attempts to mimic natural infections, vaccines consisting of microbial particles may be delivered directly to mucosal surfaces. In this way, the mucosal as well as the systemic immune systems can be activated. Even non-living particles of bacterial origin have been shown to elicit strong immune responses when administered intranasally. However, some particles such as formalin-inactivated influenza virus may need a mucosal adjuvant to be effective. The bacteria-derived particles seem to possess such an adjuvant activity when mixed with and given intranasally with the less immunogenic killed virus. Possibly, the bacterial particles facilitate uptake of the virus through the mucosal membranes, although an additional influence on the immune response to the virus might be mediated in the lymphoid tissue below the mucosal surface. Bacteria-derived particles in nasal vaccines may thus serve as an alternative adjuvant to derivatives of cholera toxin or the heat-labile toxin from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haneberg
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
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40
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Abstract
The nasal route for vaccination offers some important opportunities, especially for the prophylaxis of respiratory diseases. Vaccination via the respiratory tract is reviewed and the deposition and clearance of antigens in the deep lung and nose are described and contrasted. Lymphoid structures in the respiratory tract differ according to species; the rat and mouse have a well developed nose-associated lymphoid tissue, while in man, the structure known as Waldeyer's ring (that includes the tonsils), is important as an induction site. The immune response following intranasal administration can provide protection at the administration site and at various effector sites as part of the common mucosal immune system. A number of formulation considerations are important when designing novel systems for nasal administration as are physiological factors such as mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Davis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Science Road, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
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41
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Bakke H, Lie K, Haugen IL, Korsvold GE, Høiby EA, Naess LM, Holst J, Aaberge IS, Oftung F, Haneberg B. Meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine given intranasally can induce immunological memory and booster responses without evidence of tolerance. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5010-5. [PMID: 11447180 PMCID: PMC98594 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.5010-5015.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the ability of outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B to induce vaccine-specific antibody and spleen cell proliferative responses in mice after being administered intranasally (i.n.) and/or subcutaneously (s.c.). A series of four weekly i.n. doses (25 microg) without adjuvant or a single s.c. dose (2.5 microg) with aluminum hydroxide was followed 2 months later by secondary i.n. or s.c. immunizations. After i.n. priming, both immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses in serum, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgA antibodies in saliva and extracts of feces were significantly boosted by later i.n. immunizations. The IgG antibody responses in serum were also significantly augmented by secondary s.c. immunization after i.n. as well as s.c. priming. Sera from mice immunized i.n. reached the same level of bactericidal activity as after s.c. immunizations. The s.c. immunizations alone, however, had no effect on mucosal IgA antibody responses, but could prime for booster antibody responses in secretions to later i.n. immunizations. The i.n. immunizations also led to marked OMV-specific spleen cell proliferation in vitro. Both serum antibody responses and spleen cell proliferation were higher after i.n. priming and later s.c. immunizations than after s.c. immunizations alone. There was thus no evidence that i.n. priming had induced immunological tolerance within the B- or T-cell system. Our results indicate that a nonproliferating meningococcal OMV vaccine given i.n. can induce immunological memory and that it may be favorably combined with similar vaccines for injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bakke
- Department of Vaccinology, National Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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42
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Malley R, Lipsitch M, Stack A, Saladino R, Fleisher G, Pelton S, Thompson C, Briles D, Anderson P. Intranasal immunization with killed unencapsulated whole cells prevents colonization and invasive disease by capsulated pneumococci. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4870-3. [PMID: 11447162 PMCID: PMC98576 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.4870-4873.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A whole-cell killed unencapsulated pneumococcal vaccine given by the intranasal route with cholera toxin as an adjuvant was tested in two animal models. This vaccination was highly effective in preventing nasopharyngeal colonization with an encapsulated serotype 6B strain in mice and also conferred protection against illness and death in rats inoculated intrathoracically with a highly encapsulated serotype 3 strain. When the serotype 3 challenge strain was incubated in the sera of immunized rats, it was no longer virulent in an infant-rat sepsis model, indicating that the intranasal immunization elicited protective systemic antibodies. These studies suggest that killed whole-cell unencapsulated pneumococci given intranasally with an adjuvant may provide multitypic protection against capsulated pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malley
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard University of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Müller G, Köhler H, Diller R, Erler W. Antibody reactions after aerogenous or subcutaneous immunization of pigs with Pasteurella multocida antigens. Vaccine 2000; 19:751-7. [PMID: 11115696 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Depending upon the antigens used and the initial titres, subcutaneous immunization of weaner pigs by means of a temperature-sensitive mutant of live Pasteurella multocida (serovar A), resulted in a significant rise of the level of specific IgG antibody already present in blood serum, but not in lung lavage fluid, and a specific stimulation of lung clearance as compared to non-immunized controls. Aerogenous immunization of a total of 108 animals in 18 experiments did not influence serum antibody titres but produced a significant rise in lung antibodies and P. multocida clearance as compared to an identical number of controls. In all 12 immunization experiments using the live mutant, increased specific IgA antibodies and in seven out of 10 experiments, elevated IgG antibodies were measured. Only aerogenous immunization was found to be capable of reducing the severity of pneumonia induced by intrabronchial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Division 4, Bacterial Epizootics and Zoonoses Control, Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Gram-positive pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Of the gram-positive pathogens that cause pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common. The diagnosis of gram-positive pneumonia remains less than satisfactory, and newer diagnostic techniques such as antibody- and polymerase chain reaction-based antigen detection have yet to prove themselves. Drug resistance among gram-positive organisms is now endemic throughout the world and remains a serious therapeutic problem despite the availability of new antimicrobials. Efforts to control the spread of resistant strains include, in the case of S. aureus, stringent isolation policies and topical treatment to reduce carriage and, for S. pneumoniae, increased use of available vaccines and the develop- ment of more immunogenic vaccines.
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