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Patel K, Stapleton GS, Trevejo RT, Tellier WT, Higa J, Adams JK, Hernandez SM, Sanchez S, Nemeth NM, Debess EE, Rogers KH, Mete A, Watson KD, Foss L, Low MSF, Gollarza L, Nichols M. Human Salmonellosis Outbreak Linked to Salmonella Typhimurium Epidemic in Wild Songbirds, United States, 2020-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2298-2306. [PMID: 37877570 PMCID: PMC10617330 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection causes epidemic death in wild songbirds, with potential to spread to humans. In February 2021, public health officials in Oregon and Washington, USA, isolated a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from humans and a wild songbird. Investigation by public health partners ultimately identified 30 illnesses in 12 states linked to an epidemic of Salmonella Typhimurium in songbirds. We report a multistate outbreak of human salmonellosis associated with songbirds, resulting from direct handling of sick and dead birds or indirect contact with contaminated birdfeeders. Companion animals might have contributed to the spread of Salmonella between songbirds and patients; the outbreak strain was detected in 1 ill dog, and a cat became ill after contact with a wild bird. This outbreak highlights a One Health issue where actions like regular cleaning of birdfeeders might reduce the health risk to wildlife, companion animals, and humans.
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Saidenberg ABS, Stegger M, Semmler T, Rocha VGP, Cunha MPV, Souza VAF, Cristina Menão M, Milanelo L, Petri BSS, Knöbl T. Salmonella Newport outbreak in Brazilian parrots: confiscated birds from the illegal pet trade as possible zoonotic sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:702-707. [PMID: 34169662 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella has long been linked to zoonotic risks, including exotic pets. Parrots are popular pets, and we here describe a salmonellosis outbreak involving Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) confiscated from the illegal pet trade in Brazil. High mortality was observed during the rehabilitation for which the causative agent was identified by cultures, and VITEK®2 GN identification card as Salmonella enterica. Genome sequencing of two isolates revealed serovar Newport ST45. The isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and genomic analyses detected characteristic Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) and virulence factors. A phylogenetic analysis with other 275 S. Newport ST45 from different international sources showed clustering with poultry and vegetables isolates and closely related clades of intermingled animal, human, food/environmental isolates from different countries (Tables S1 and S2). The virulent profiles and phylogenetic connection to multiple sources bring the attention to the non-host specificity of these strains highlighting the zoonotic potential in the illegal wildlife trade for companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B S Saidenberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Bacteria, Parasite and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasite and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Victória G P Rocha
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos P V Cunha
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A F Souza
- Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, R. Ministro Nelson Hungria, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Menão
- Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, R. Ministro Nelson Hungria, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Milanelo
- Centro de Recuperação de Animais Selvagens do Parque Ecológico do Tietê, R. Guira Acangatara 70, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno S S Petri
- Centro de Recuperação de Animais Selvagens do Parque Ecológico do Tietê, R. Guira Acangatara 70, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Hubálek Z. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with gulls and terns (Laridae). JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail:
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Jenkins M, Ahmed S, Barnes AN. A systematic review of waterborne and water-related disease in animal populations of Florida from 1999-2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255025. [PMID: 34324547 PMCID: PMC8321142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Florida's waters are a reservoir for a host of pathogens and toxins. Many of these microorganisms cause water-related diseases in people that are reportable to the Florida Department of Health. Our objective in this review was to ascertain which water-related pathogens and toxins of public health importance have been found in animal populations in Florida over the last twenty years. METHODS Nineteen databases were searched, including PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection, using keywords and search terms for the waterborne diseases, water-related vector-borne diseases, and water-based toxins reportable to the Florida Department of Health. For inclusion, peer-reviewed journal articles were to be written in English, published between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2019, and contain primary research findings documenting at least one of the water-related pathogens or toxins of interest in an animal population within Florida during this same time frame. RESULTS Of over eight thousand initial search results, 65 studies were included for final analysis. The most common animal types implicated in the diseases of interest included marine mammals, fish and shellfish, wild birds, and livestock. Toxins or pathogens most often associated with these animals included toxin-producer Karenia brevis, vibriosis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonellosis. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Findings from this review elucidate the water-related disease-causing pathogens and toxins which have been reported within animal populations in recent Florida history. As most of these diseases are zoonotic, our results suggest a One Health approach is necessary to support and maintain healthy water systems throughout the state of Florida for the protection of both human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Jenkins
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amber N. Barnes
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
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Oluwadare M, Lee MD, Grim CJ, Lipp EK, Cheng Y, Maurer JJ. The Role of the Salmonella spvB IncF Plasmid and Its Resident Entry Exclusion Gene traS on Plasmid Exclusion. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:949. [PMID: 32499773 PMCID: PMC7242723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica cause significant illnesses worldwide. There has been a marked increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones and β-lactams/cephalosporins, antibiotics commonly used to treat salmonellosis. However, S. enterica serovars vary in their resistance to these and other antibiotics. The systemic virulence of some Salmonella serovars is due to a low copy number, IncF plasmid (65–100 kb) that contains the ADP-ribosylating toxin, SpvB. This virulence plasmid is present in only nine Salmonella serovars. It is possible that the spvB-virulence plasmid excludes other plasmids and may explain why antibiotic resistance is slow to develop in certain Salmonella serovars such as S. Enteritidis. The distribution of plasmid entry exclusion genes traS/traT and traY/excA are variable in Salmonella IncF and IncI plasmids, respectively and may account for differences in emergent antimicrobial resistance for some Salmonella serovars. The goal of this study is to determine the contribution of the Salmonella spvB-virulence plasmid in F-plasmid exclusion. From conjugation experiments, S. Typhimurium exhibited lower conjugation frequency with incFI and incFII plasmids when the spvB-virulence plasmid is present. Furthermore, introduction of cloned incFI traS into a “plasmidless” S. Typhimurium LT2 strain and Escherichia coli DH5α excluded incFI plasmid. However, deletion of the virulence plasmid traS did not affect plasmid exclusion significantly compared to a spvB control deletion. In addition, differences in F plasmid conjugation in natural Salmonella isolates did not correlate with IncF or SpvB-virulence plasmid genotype. There appear to be other plasmid or chromosomal genes at play in plasmid exclusion that may be responsible for the slow development of antibiotic resistance in certain serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mopelola Oluwadare
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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6
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Kayode A, Okunrounmu P, Olagbende A, Adedokun O, Hassan AW, Atilola G. High prevalence of multiple drug resistant enteric bacteria: Evidence from a teaching hospital in Southwest Nigeria. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:651-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Awad A, Gwida M, Khalifa E, Sadat A. Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:440-445. [PMID: 32367947 PMCID: PMC7183463 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.440-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, inv A , sop B , and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. CONCLUSION The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mayada Gwida
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Sadat
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
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8
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Smith OM, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:652-679. [PMID: 32003106 PMCID: PMC7317827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta‐analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta‐analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under‐studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under‐studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environment in bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
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9
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Beleza AJF, Maciel WC, Lopes EDS, Albuquerque ÁHD, Carreira AS, Nogueira CHG, Bandeira JDM, Vasconcelos RH, Teixeira RSDC. Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000462019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.
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10
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Lee D, Tertuliano M, Harris C, Vellidis G, Levy K, Coolong T. Salmonella Survival in Soil and Transfer onto Produce via Splash Events. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2023-2037. [PMID: 31692392 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nearly one-half of foodborne illnesses in the United States can be attributed to fresh produce consumption. The preharvest stage of production presents a critical opportunity to prevent produce contamination in the field from contaminating postharvest operations and exposing consumers to foodborne pathogens. One produce-contamination route that is not often explored is the transfer of pathogens in the soil to edible portions of crops via splash water. We report here on the results from multiple field and microcosm experiments examining the potential for Salmonella contamination of produce crops via splash water, and the effect of soil moisture content on Salmonella survival in soil and concentration in splash water. In field and microcosm experiments, we detected Salmonella for up to 8 to 10 days after inoculation in soil and on produce. Salmonella and suspended solids were detected in splash water at heights of up to 80 cm from the soil surface. Soil-moisture conditions before the splash event influenced the detection of Salmonella on crops after the splash events-Salmonella concentrations on produce after rainfall were significantly higher in wet plots than in dry plots (geometric mean difference = 0.43 CFU/g; P = 0.03). Similarly, concentrations of Salmonella in splash water in wet plots trended higher than concentrations from dry plots (geometric mean difference = 0.67 CFU/100 mL; P = 0.04). These results indicate that splash transfer of Salmonella from soil onto crops can occur and that antecedent soil-moisture content may mediate the efficiency of microbial transfer. Splash transfer of Salmonella may, therefore, pose a hazard to produce safety. The potential for the risk of splash should be further explored in agricultural regions in which Salmonella and other pathogens are present in soil. These results will help inform the assessment of produce safety risk and the development of management practices for the mitigation of produce contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | | | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Timothy Coolong
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, Georgia 31793, USA
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11
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The effects of climate change on avian migratory patterns and the dispersal of commercial poultry diseases in Canada - Part II. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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V T Nair D, Kollanoor-Johny A. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on Salmonella multiplication, motility, and association with avian epithelial cells1. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1376-1386. [PMID: 27738122 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a probiotic bacterium, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, on Salmonella multiplication, motility, and association to and invasion of avian epithelial cells in vitro. Two subspecies of P. freudenreichii (P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii and P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii) were tested against 3 Salmonella serotypes in poultry, namely, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Heidelberg, using co-culture-, motility, multiplication, cell association, and invasion assays. Both strains of P. freudenreichii were effective in reducing or inhibiting multiplication of all 3 Salmonella serotypes in co-culture and turkey cecal contents (P ≤ 0.05). P. freudenreichii significantly reduced Salmonella motility (P ≤ 0.05). Cell culture studies revealed that P. freudenreichii associated with the avian epithelial cells effectively and reduced S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, and S. Typhimurium cell association in the range of 1.0 to 1.6 log10 CFU/mL, and invasion in the range of 1.3 to 1.5 log10 CFU/mL (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Our current in vitro results indicate the potential of P. freudenreichii against Salmonella in poultry. Follow-up in vivo studies are underway to evaluate this possibility.
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Muyyarikkandy MS, Amalaradjou MA. Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei Attenuate Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium Colonization and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2381. [PMID: 29120368 PMCID: PMC5713350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), and Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks associated with the consumption of poultry meat and eggs. Salmonella colonization in chicken is characterized by initial attachment to the cecal epithelial cells (CEC) followed by dissemination to the liver, spleen, and oviduct. Since cecal colonization is critical to Salmonella transmission along the food chain continuum, reducing this intestinal association could potentially decrease poultry meat and egg contamination. Hence, this study investigated the efficacy of Lactobacillus delbreuckii sub species bulgaricus (NRRL B548; LD), Lactobacillus paracasei (DUP-13076; LP), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NRRL B442; LR) in reducing SE, ST, and SH colonization in CEC and survival in chicken macrophages. Additionally, their effect on expression of Salmonella virulence genes essential for cecal colonization and survival in macrophages was evaluated. All three probiotics significantly reduced Salmonella adhesion and invasion in CEC and survival in chicken macrophages (p < 0.05). Further, the probiotic treatment led to a significant reduction in Salmonella virulence gene expression (p < 0.05). Results of the study indicate that LD, LP, and LR could potentially be used to control SE, ST, and SH colonization in chicken. However, these observations warrant further in vivo validation.
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Moré E, Ayats T, Ryan PG, Naicker PR, Keddy KH, Gaglio D, Witteveen M, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Seabirds (Laridae) as a source of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistance in South Africa. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4164-4176. [PMID: 28752962 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic thermophilic Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne human gastroenteritis worldwide. There is little information about reservoirs of these zoonotic agents in Africa. Thus, chicks of kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus, n = 129) and greater crested terns (Thalasseus bergii, n = 100) were studied at five colonies on the Western Cape coast (South Africa) during summer 2013/2014. Campylobacter spp. occurrence was 14.0% (CI95% : 9.9-19.3), with C. jejuni the most frequently isolated species, whilst that of Salmonella was 27.5% (CI95% : 21.9-33.9) overall, with a higher prevalence in gulls (43.0%, CI95% : 34.8-52.4) than terns (7.0%, CI95% : 3.1-14.4). Among the 16 different S. enterica serovars found, Anatum, Enteritidis and Hadar were the most frequent. The same or highly similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotype was found in some Salmonella isolates from seabirds and humans presenting with salmonellosis in Cape Town hospitals. Both Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance to several agents, including critically important antimicrobials (quinolones, tetracyclines and β-lactams) and multidrug resistance in Salmonella serovars from kelp gulls. Our results highlight the importance of seabirds as reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella resistant strains and their role in the maintenance and transmission of these bacteria in the environment, with implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Moré
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Preneshni R Naicker
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Enteric Diseases (CED), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Davide Gaglio
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Minke Witteveen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Liljebjelke KA, Hofacre CL, White DG, Ayers S, Lee MD, Maurer JJ. Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypes in Salmonella Isolated from Commercial Poultry Farms. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:96. [PMID: 28691011 PMCID: PMC5482141 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and the dissemination of drug-resistant Salmonellae through the food chain has important implications for treatment failure of salmonellosis. We investigated the ecology of Salmonella in integrated broiler production in order to understand the flow of antibiotic susceptible and resistant strains within this system. Data were analyzed from a retrospective study focused on antimicrobial resistant Salmonella recovered from commercial broiler chicken farms conducted during the initial years of the US FDA's foray into retail meat surveillance by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Sixty-three percentage of Salmonella were pan-susceptible to a panel of 19 antimicrobials used by the NARMS program. Twenty-five antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were observed in Salmonella isolated from two broiler chicken farms. However, Salmonella displaying resistance to streptomycin, alone, and in combination with other antibiotics was the most prevalent (36.3%) antimicrobial resistance phenotype observed. Resistance to streptomycin and sulfadimethoxine appeared to be linked to the transposon, Tn21. Combinations of resistance against streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim, and tetracycline were observed for a variety of Salmonella enterica serovars and genetic types as defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. There were within and between farm differences in the antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella and some of these differences were linked to specific serovars. However, farm differences were not linked to antibiotic usage. Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of the endemic Salmonella serovars on these farms suggests that preventing vertical transmission of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella would reduce carcass contamination with antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and subsequently human risk exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Liljebjelke
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Charles L. Hofacre
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David G. White
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Sherry Ayers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Margie D. Lee
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J. Maurer
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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Genomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Wild Passerines in England and Wales. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6728-6735. [PMID: 27613688 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01660-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passerine salmonellosis is a well-recognized disease of birds in the order Passeriformes, which includes common songbirds such as finches and sparrows, caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Previous research has suggested that some subtypes of S Typhimurium-definitive phage types (DTs) 40, 56 variant, and 160-are host adapted to passerines and that these birds may represent a reservoir of infection for humans and other animals. Here, we have used the whole-genome sequences of 11 isolates from British passerines, five isolates of similar DTs from humans and a domestic cat, and previously published S Typhimurium genomes that include similar DTs from other hosts to investigate the phylogenetic relatedness of passerine salmonellae to other S Typhimurium isolates and investigate possible genetic features of the distinct disease pathogenesis of S Typhimurium in passerines. Our results demonstrate that the 11 passerine isolates and 13 other isolates, including those from nonpasserine hosts, were genetically closely related, with a median pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference of 130 SNPs. These 24 isolates did not carry antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants or the S Typhimurium virulence plasmid. Although our study does not provide evidence of Salmonella transmission from passerines to other hosts, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that wild birds represent a potential reservoir of these Salmonella subtypes, and thus, sensible personal hygiene precautions should be taken when feeding or handling garden birds. IMPORTANCE Passerine salmonellosis, caused by certain definitive phage types (DTs) of Salmonella Typhimurium, has been documented as a cause of wild passerine mortality since the 1950s in many countries, often in the vicinity of garden bird feeding stations. To gain better insight into its epidemiology and host-pathogen interactions, we sequenced the genomes of a collection of 11 isolates from wild passerine salmonellosis in England and Wales. Phylogenetic analysis showed these passerine isolates to be closely related to each other and to form a clade that is distinct from other strains of S Typhimurium, which included a multidrug-resistant isolate from invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease that shares the same phage type as several of the passerine isolates. Closely related to wild passerine isolates and within the same clade were four S Typhimurium isolates from humans as well as isolates from horses, poultry, cattle, an unspecified wild bird, and a domestic cat and dog with similar DTs and/or multilocus sequence types. This suggests the potential for cross-species transmission, and the genome sequences provide a valuable resource to investigate passerine salmonellosis further.
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Ahmed HA, El-Hofy FI, Shafik SM, Abdelrahman MA, Elsaid GA. Characterization of Virulence-Associated Genes, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, and Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Chicken Meat and Humans in Egypt. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:281-8. [PMID: 26977940 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are leading causes of illness especially in developing countries. The current study aimed to characterize virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance in 30 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates of chicken and human origin at Mansoura, Egypt. The results showed that invA, avrA, mgtC, stn, and bcfC genes were identified in all the examined isolates, while 96.7% and 6.7% were positive for sopB and pef genes, respectively. The highest resistance frequencies of the isolates were to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.3%, each), followed by streptomycin (56.7%), tetracycline and ampicillin (53.3%, each), and gentamicin (30%). However, only 2.7% of the isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone each. Different resistance-associated genes, including blaTEM, aadB, aadC, aadA1, aadA2, floR, tetA(A), tetA(B), and sul1, were identified in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates with the respective frequencies of 53.3%, 6.7%, 23.3%, 46.7%, 63.3%, 73.3%, 60%, 20%, and 96.7%. None of the isolates was positive for blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCMY genes. The results showed that the intI1 gene was detected in 24 (80%) of the examined Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Class 1 integrons were found in 19 (79.2%) isolates that were intI1 positive. Seven integron profiles (namely: P-I to P-VII) were identified with P-V (gene cassette dfrA15, aadA2), the most prevalent profile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the unusual gene cassette array dfrA12-OrfF-aadA27 from Salmonella Typhimurium isolates in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- 1 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fatma I El-Hofy
- 2 Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University , Benha, Egypt
| | - Saleh M Shafik
- 3 Department of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Gamilat A Elsaid
- 3 Department of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura, Egypt
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Maurer JJ, Martin G, Hernandez S, Cheng Y, Gerner-Smidt P, Hise KB, Tobin D’Angelo M, Cole D, Sanchez S, Madden M, Valeika S, Presotto A, Lipp EK. Diversity and Persistence of Salmonella enterica Strains in Rural Landscapes in the Southeastern United States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128937. [PMID: 26131552 PMCID: PMC4489491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis cases in the in the United States show distinct geographical trends, with the southeast reporting among the highest rates of illness. In the state of Georgia, USA, non-outbreak associated salmonellosis is especially high in the southern low-lying coastal plain. Here we examined the distribution of Salmonella enterica in environmental waters and associated wildlife in two distinct watersheds, one in the Atlantic Coastal Plain (a high case rate rural area) physiographic province and one in the Piedmont (a lower case rate rural area). Salmonella were isolated from the two regions and compared for serovar and strain diversity, as well as distribution, between the two study areas, using both a retrospective and prospective design. Thirty-seven unique serovars and 204 unique strain types were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella serovars Braenderup, Give, Hartford, and Muenchen were dominant in both watersheds. Two serovars, specifically S. Muenchen and S. Rubislaw, were consistently isolated from both systems, including water and small mammals. Conversely, 24 serovars tended to be site-specific (64.8%, n = 37). Compared to the other Salmonella serovars isolated from these sites, S. Muenchen and S. Rubislaw exhibited significant genetic diversity. Among a subset of PFGE patterns, approximately half of the environmental strain types matched entries in the USA PulseNet database of human cases. Ninety percent of S. Muenchen strains from the Little River basin (the high case rate area) matched PFGE entries in PulseNet compared to 33.33% of S. Muenchen strains from the North Oconee River region (the lower case rate area). Underlying the diversity and turnover of Salmonella strains observed for these two watersheds is the persistence of specific Salmonella serovars and strain types that may be adapted to these watersheds and landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Maurer
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gordon Martin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sonia Hernandez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Gerner-Smidt
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelley B. Hise
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Dana Cole
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marguerite Madden
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Steven Valeika
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arthritis in an Egret (Egretta intermedia) Caused bySalmonellaTyphimurium and Its Potential Risk to Poultry Health. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:534-7. [DOI: 10.7589/2014-08-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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rpoS-Regulated core genes involved in the competitive fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky in the intestines of chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:502-14. [PMID: 25362062 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03219-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky has become the most frequently isolated serovar from poultry in the United States over the past decade. Despite its prevalence in poultry, it causes few human illnesses in the United States. The dominance of S. Kentucky in poultry does not appear to be due to single introduction of a clonal strain, and its reduced virulence appears to correlate with the absence of virulence genes grvA, sseI, sopE, and sodC1. S. Kentucky's prevalence in poultry is possibly attributable to its metabolic adaptation to the chicken cecum. While there were no difference in the growth rate of S. Kentucky and S. Typhimurium grown microaerophilically in cecal contents, S. Kentucky persisted longer when chickens were coinfected with S. Typhimurium. The in vivo advantage that S. Kentucky has over S. Typhimurium appears to be due to differential regulation of core Salmonella genes via the stationary-phase sigma factor rpoS. Microarray analysis of Salmonella grown in cecal contents in vitro identified several metabolic genes and motility and adherence genes that are differentially activated in S. Kentucky. The contributions of four of these operons (mgl, prp, nar, and csg) to Salmonella colonization in chickens were assessed. Deletion of mgl and csg reduced S. Kentucky persistence in competition studies in chickens infected with wild-type or mutant strains. Subtle mutations affecting differential regulation of core Salmonella genes appear to be important in Salmonella's adaptation to its animal host and especially for S. Kentucky's emergence as the dominant serovar in poultry.
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Rocha-e-Silva R, Cardoso W, Teixeira R, Albuquerque Á, Horn R, Lopes E, Gomes Filho V, Almeida C, Santos I, Machado D, Lima S, Carneiro I. Isolation of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O:4,5:i) and Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium from free-living domestic pigeons (Columba livia). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the isolation of Salmonellaenterica in organs of free-living domestic pigeons. In the clinic examination, the presence of feces in the peri-cloacal and abdominal regions were observed, as well as symptoms such as cachexy, incoordination and opisthotonos. Before any therapeutic protocol was applied the bird died and a necropsy was then performed for the removal of spleen, liver, kidney and intestine for bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity test. Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica (O:4,5:i-) and Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium were isolated from the liver and intestine and the sensitivity test demonstrated that these strains are sensitive to several antibiotics.
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Mass mortality of Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) from Salmonella Typhimurium dt40 in Japan, winter 2008-09. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:484-95. [PMID: 24779465 DOI: 10.7589/2012-12-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of salmonellosis in wild passerines caused mass mortality of Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in Hokkaido, Japan, 2005-06; however, the etiology was poorly understood. In winter 2008-09, sparrow mortality again occurred in Hokkaido, and 202 deaths in 100 incidents at 94 sites were reported. We conducted a comprehensive investigation to evaluate the cause and impact on sparrow populations. We collected 26 carcasses at 13 sites, including a zoological park. In addition, Salmonella screening of zoo animals was conducted as a biosecurity measure. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from multiple organs in all examined sparrows; they were diagnosed with septicemic salmonellosis. Eleven sites (85%) were related to wild bird feeding and six of eight sparrow fecal samples, including from the zoo, were S. Typhimurium-positive. No infection was detected in zoo animals. Isolates belonged to three phage types: DT40 (88%), DT110 (8%), and DT120 (4%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were the same in all isolates, regardless of phage type. Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic-resistance profiles of DT40 were similar in all isolates, indicating a single origin. The mortality was likely associated with that in 2005-06 because the isolates had the same profiles. Tissue levels of sodium, calcium, and magnesium (the main components of chemical deicer suspected to be the major cause of poisoning deaths in 2005-06 mortality) were not higher in the affected sparrows. We conclude that an emerging epidemic infection with S. Typhimurium DT40 related to bird feeding was the cause of sparrow mortality in 2008-09 and suggest that this causative strain is host-adapted to sparrows in Japan. The mortality might have had some impact on the local population, but its influence was limited.
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D'Auria G, Schneider MV, Moya A. Live genomics for pathogen monitoring in public health. Pathogens 2014; 3:93-108. [PMID: 25437609 PMCID: PMC4235738 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome analysis based on next generation sequencing (NGS) now represents an affordable framework in public health systems. Robust analytical pipelines of genomic data provides in short laps of time (hours) information about taxonomy, comparative genomics (pan-genome) and single polymorphisms profiles. Pathogenic organisms of interest can be tracked at the genomic level, allowing monitoring at one-time several variables including: epidemiology, pathogenicity, resistance to antibiotics, virulence, persistence factors, mobile elements and adaptation features. Such information can be obtained not only at large spectra, but also at the "local" level, such as in the event of a recurrent or emergency outbreak. This paper reviews the state of the art in infection diagnostics in the context of modern NGS methodologies. We describe how actuation protocols in a public health environment will benefit from a "streaming approach" (pipeline). Such pipeline would NGS data quality assessment, data mining for comparative analysis, searching differential genetic features, such as virulence, resistance persistence factors and mutation profiles (SNPs and InDels) and formatted "comprehensible" results. Such analytical protocols will enable a quick response to the needs of locally circumscribed outbreaks, providing information on the causes of resistance and genetic tracking elements for rapid detection, and monitoring actuations for present and future occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Auria
- Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública), Avenida de Cataluña 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Andrés Moya
- Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública), Avenida de Cataluña 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
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Intestinal microbiota and species diversity of Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. in migrating shorebirds in Delaware Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1838-47. [PMID: 24413599 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03793-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, we examined the bacterial diversity and the presence of opportunistic bacterial pathogens (i.e., Campylobacter and Helicobacter) in red knot (Calidris canutus; n = 40), ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres; n = 35), and semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla; n = 22) fecal samples collected during a migratory stopover in Delaware Bay. Additionally, we studied the occurrence of Campylobacter spp., enterococci, and waterfowl fecal source markers using quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. Of 3,889 16S rRNA clone sequences analyzed, the bacterial community was mostly composed of Bacilli (63.5%), Fusobacteria (12.7%), Epsilonproteobacteria (6.5%), and Clostridia (5.8%). When epsilonproteobacterium-specific 23S rRNA gene clone libraries (i.e., 1,414 sequences) were analyzed, the sequences were identified as Campylobacter (82.3%) or Helicobacter (17.7%) spp. Specifically, 38.4%, 10.1%, and 26.0% of clone sequences were identified as C. lari (>99% sequence identity) in ruddy turnstone, red knot, and semipalmated sandpiper clone libraries, respectively. Other pathogenic species of Campylobacter, such as C. jejuni and C. coli, were not detected in excreta of any of the three bird species. Most Helicobacter-like sequences identified were closely related to H. pametensis (>99% sequence identity) and H. anseris (92% sequence identity). qPCR results showed that the occurrence and abundance of Campylobacter spp. was relatively high compared to those of fecal indicator bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp., E. faecalis, and Catellicoccus marimammalium. Overall, the results provide insights into the complexity of the shorebird gut microbial community and suggest that these migratory birds are important reservoirs of pathogenic Campylobacter species.
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in European wild boar (Sus scrofa); Latium Region – Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Andrés S, Vico JP, Garrido V, Grilló MJ, Samper S, Gavín P, Herrera-León S, Mainar-Jaime RC. Epidemiology of Subclinical Salmonellosis in Wild Birds from an Area of High Prevalence of Pig Salmonellosis: Phenotypic and Genetic Profiles ofSalmonellaIsolates. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:355-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Epidemiology of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain associated with a songbird outbreak. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7290-8. [PMID: 22885752 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01408-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is responsible for the majority of salmonellosis cases worldwide. This Salmonella serovar is also responsible for die-offs in songbird populations. In 2009, there was an S. Typhimurium epizootic reported in pine siskins in the eastern United States. At the time, there was also a human outbreak with this serovar that was associated with contaminated peanuts. As peanuts are also used in wild-bird food, it was hypothesized that the pine siskin epizootic was related to this human outbreak. A comparison of songbird and human S. Typhimurium pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns revealed that the epizootic was attributed not to the peanut-associated strain but, rather, to a songbird strain first characterized from an American goldfinch in 1998. This same S. Typhimurium strain (PFGE type A3) was also identified in the PulseNet USA database, accounting for 137 of 77,941 total S. Typhimurium PFGE entries. A second molecular typing method, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), confirmed that the same strain was responsible for the pine siskin epizootic in the eastern United States but was distinct from a genetically related strain isolated from pine siskins in Minnesota. The pine siskin A3 strain was first encountered in May 2008 in an American goldfinch and later in a northern cardinal at the start of the pine siskin epizootic. MLVA also confirmed the clonal nature of S. Typhimurium in songbirds and established that the pine siskin epizootic strain was unique to the finch family. For 2009, the distribution of PFGE type A3 in passerines and humans mirrored the highest population density of pine siskins for the East Coast.
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Kollanoor-Johny A, Mattson T, Baskaran S, Amalaradjou M, Hoagland T, Darre M, Khan M, Schreiber D, Donoghue A, Donoghue D, Venkitanarayanan K. Caprylic acid reduces Salmonella Enteritidis populations in various segments of digestive tract and internal organs of 3- and 6-week-old broiler chickens, therapeutically ,. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1686-94. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Paulsen P, Smulders F, Hilbert F. Salmonella in meat from hunted game: A Central European perspective. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in 20-day-old broiler chickens by the plant-derived compounds trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2981-7. [PMID: 22327574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07643-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacies of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) and eugenol (EG) for reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens were investigated. In three experiments for each compound, 1-day-old chicks (n = 75/experiment) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (n = 15/treatment group): negative control (-ve S. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), compound control (-ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% [vol/wt] TC or 1% [vol/wt] EG), positive control (+ve S. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), low-dose treatment (+ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.5% TC, or 0.75% EG), and high-dose treatment (+ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% TC, or 1% EG). On day 0, birds were tested for the presence of any inherent Salmonella (n = 5/experiment). On day 8, birds were inoculated with ∼8.0 log(10) CFU S. Enteritidis, and cecal colonization by S. Enteritidis was ascertained (n = 10 chicks/experiment) after 24 h (day 9). Six birds from each treatment group were euthanized on days 7 and 10 after inoculation, and cecal S. Enteritidis numbers were determined. TC at 0.5 or 0.75% and EG at 0.75 or 1% consistently reduced (P < 0.05) S. Enteritidis in the cecum (≥3 log(10) CFU/g) after 10 days of infection in all experiments. Feed intake and body weight were not different for TC treatments (P > 0.05); however, EG supplementation led to significantly lower (P < 0.05) body weights. Follow-up in vitro experiments revealed that the subinhibitory concentrations (SICs, the concentrations that did not inhibit Salmonella growth) of TC and EG reduced the motility and invasive abilities of S. Enteritidis and downregulated expression of the motility genes flhC and motA and invasion genes hilA, hilD, and invF. The results suggest that supplementation with TC and EG through feed can reduce S. Enteritidis colonization in chickens.
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Hoelzer K, Moreno Switt AI, Wiedmann M. Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Vet Res 2011; 42:34. [PMID: 21324103 PMCID: PMC3052180 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents an important human and animal pathogen world-wide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Clinically affected animals may exhibit a higher prevalence of shedding than apparently healthy animals, but both can shed Salmonella over long periods of time. In addition, environmental contamination and indirect transmission through contaminated food and water may complicate control efforts. The public health risk varies by animal species, age group, husbandry practice and health status, and certain human subpopulations are at a heightened risk of infection due to biological or behavioral risk factors. Some serotypes such as Salmonella Dublin are adapted to individual host species, while others, for instance Salmonella Typhimurium, readily infect a broad range of host species, but the potential implications for human health are currently unclear. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientifically based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved, and high-risk behaviors are common. Here we describe the epidemiology and serotype distribution of Salmonella in a variety of host species. In addition, we review our current understanding of the public health risks associated with different types of contacts between humans and animals in public, professional or private settings, and, where appropriate, discuss potential risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- Department of Food Science, 410 Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Andrade RD, Gemelli T, Dall Onder L, Cristina K, Brito TD, Barboza A, Brito BD. MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS PARA OS PATÓGENOS ALIMENTARES: CAMPYLOBACTER SP., SALMONELLA SP. E LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v77p7412010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Os métodos moleculares de detecção rápida e eficaz de lotes de aves infectados por bactérias como Salmonella sp. Campylobacter sp. e Listeria monocytogenes são importantes para reduzir a frequência da transmissão destes patógenos entre os lotes de aves e aos consumidores de produtos de origem animal. Recentemente, as técnicas de biologia molecular, em especial a reação em cadeia polimerase, que permite a amplificação específica de segmentos de DNA, têm possibilitado novos rumos na identificação de bactérias supracitadas, reduzindo o tempo de cultivo e ampliando a confiabilidade das provas diagnósticas. A utilização da biologia molecular por laboratórios de diagnóstico humano e animal, assim como em programas de controle de qualidade de alimentos e produtos de origem animal, já é realidade e tende a se expandir rapidamente. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma breve revisão dos testes diagnósticos convencionais e moleculares para identificar Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Concluindo, o diagnóstico molecular é um campo em avanço científico e tecnológico, no qual novas técnicas moleculares estão em desenvolvimento para o diagnóstico de bactérias em alimentos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.B. de Andrade
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - T. Gemelli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | | | - K. Cristina
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - T. de Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - A.A.L. Barboza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
| | - B.G. de Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária “Desidério Finamor”, Brasil
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Soyer Y, Alcaine SD, Schoonmaker-Bopp DJ, Root TP, Warnick LD, McDonough PL, Dumas NB, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis diversity of human and bovine clinical Salmonella isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:707-17. [PMID: 20180633 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characterization of 335 temporally and spatially matched clinical, bovine, and human Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates revealed 167 XbaI PFGE patterns. These isolates were previously classified into 51 serotypes and 73 sequence types, as determined by multilocus sequence typing. Discriminatory power of PFGE (Simpson's index, D = 0.991) was considerably higher than that of multilocus sequence typing (D = 0.920) or serotyping (D = 0.913). Although 128 PFGE types each only represented a single isolate, 8 PFGE types represented >4 isolates, including (i) three serotype Enteritidis and Heidelberg patterns that were only identified among human isolates, (ii) two PFGE patterns (each representing serotypes Bardo and Newport) that were significantly more common among bovine isolates as compared with human isolates; (iii) two PFGE types that each includes two serotypes (4,5,12:i:- and Typhimurium; Thompson and 1,7:-:1,5); and (iv) one PFGE type that includes eight Typhimurium isolates from humans and cattle. Characterization of isolates collected over multiple farm visits indicated that given specific PFGE types persisted over time on 11 farms. On an additional seven farms, isolates with a given sequence type represented multiple PFGE type, which typically only differed by <3 bands, suggesting PFGE type diversification during strain persistence. Sixteen PFGE types were isolated from 2 or more farms, including two widely distributed serotype Newport-associated PFGE types each found on 10 farms. In six instances two or three human isolates collected in the same county in the same or consecutive months represented the same subtypes, suggesting small human case clusters. PFGE-based characterization and surveillance of human and animal isolates can provide improved understanding of Salmonella diversity and epidemiology, including identification of possible host-associated and common, widely distributed PFGE types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Quantitative real-time PCR assays for sensitive detection of Canada goose-specific fecal pollution in water sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4886-9. [PMID: 20511425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00110-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are prevalent in North America and may contribute to fecal pollution of water systems where they congregate. This work provides two novel real-time PCR assays (CGOF1-Bac and CGOF2-Bac) allowing for the specific and sensitive detection of Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene markers present within Canada goose feces.
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Chuanchuen R, Ajariyakhajorn K, Koowatananukul C, Wannaprasat W, Khemtong S, Samngamnim S. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from dairy cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:63-9. [PMID: 19821743 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty Salmonella enterica isolates from clinically healthy dairy cows were assayed for antibiotic susceptibilities, the presence of class 1 integrons, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes, and conjugal transfer of antimicrobial resistance determinants. One hundred nine (68%) of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, and 14 isolates (9%) were multiresistant. The most prevalent resistance observed was to streptomycin (64%). Class 1 integrons were detected in only two Salmonella isolates (serovar Singapore and Derby), and both integrons harbored the same cassette content aadA2. The Derby class 1 integrons were associated with Salmonella genomic island 1-A. Most commonly found resistance genes were strA and strB (9.2%). None of class 1 integrons were horizontally transferred, and the resistance genes were successfully transferred from six (5.5%) Salmonella strains. One hundred fifty-nine isolates (98.8%) were positive to the invasion gene invA, whereas the virulence plasmid-associated genes spvC and pefA were found in only two (1.3%) and one (0.6%) Salmonella isolates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Skov MN, Madsen JJ, Rahbek C, Lodal J, Jespersen JB, Jørgensen JC, Dietz HH, Chriél M, Baggesen DL. Transmission of Salmonella between wildlife and meat-production animals in Denmark. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 105:1558-68. [PMID: 19146492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the transmission of Salmonella spp. between production animals (pigs and cattle) and wildlife on production animal farms in Denmark. METHODS AND RESULTS In the winter and summer of 2001 and 2002, 3622 samples were collected from Salmonella-infected and noninfected herds of pigs and cattle and surrounding wildlife. Salmonella was detected in wildlife on farms carrying Salmonella-positive production animals and only during the periods when Salmonella was detected in the production animals. The presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in wild birds significantly correlated to their migration pattern and food preference. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella was transmitted from infected herds of production animals (cattle and pigs) to wildlife that lived amongst or in close proximity to them. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella in animal food products is associated with the occurrence of Salmonella in primary animal production. Strategies to control the introduction and spread of infection should include wildlife management, as the nearby wildlife may act as reservoirs for Salmonella spp. and/or may be passive carriers of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Skov
- National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Madadgar O, Salehi TZ, Ghafari MM, Tamai IA, Madani SA, Yahyareyat R. Study of an unusual paratyphoid epornitic in canaries (Serinus canaria). Avian Pathol 2009; 38:437-41. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903349170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Benskin CMH, Wilson K, Jones K, Hartley IR. Bacterial pathogens in wild birds: a review of the frequency and effects of infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:349-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Microbial diversity and host-specific sequences of Canada goose feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5919-26. [PMID: 19633110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00462-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to assess the impact of goose fecal contamination are needed as the result of the increasing number of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) near North American inland waters. However, there is little information on goose fecal microbial communities, and such data are important for the development of host-specific source-tracking methods. To address this issue, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries for Canada goose fecal samples from Ontario, Canada, and Ohio were analyzed. Analyses of fecal clones from Ontario (447) and Ohio (302) showed that goose fecal communities are dominated by the classes "Clostridia" (represented by 33.7% of clones) and "Bacilli" (38.1% of clones) and the phylum "Bacteroidetes" (10.1% of clones). Sequences not previously found in other avian fecal communities were used to develop host-specific assays. Fecal DNA extracts from sewage plants (10 samples) and different species of birds (11 samples) and mammals (18 samples) were used to test for host specificity. Of all the assays tested, one assay showed specificity for Canada goose fecal DNA. The PCR assay was positive for Canada goose fecal DNA extracts collected from three locations in North America (Ohio, Oregon, and Ontario, Canada). Additionally, of 48 DNA extracts from Lake Ontario waters presumed to be impacted by waterfowl feces, 19 tested positive by the assay, although 10 were positive only after a nested PCR approach was used. Due to the level of host specificity and the presence of signals in environmental waters, the assay is proposed as a part of the toolbox to detect Canada goose contamination in waterfowl-contaminated waters.
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Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:559-66. [PMID: 19047381 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01821-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals not normally exposed to antimicrobial agents can acquire antimicrobial agent-resistant bacteria through contact with humans and domestic animals and through the environment. In this study we assessed the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in generic Escherichia coli isolates from wild small mammals (mice, voles, and shrews) and the effect of their habitat (farm or natural area) on antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, we compared the types and frequency of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolates from swine on the same farms from which wild small mammals were collected. Animals residing in the vicinity of farms were five times more likely to carry E. coli isolates with tetracycline resistance determinants than animals living in natural areas; resistance to tetracycline was also the most frequently observed resistance in isolates recovered from swine (83%). Our results suggest that E. coli isolates from wild small mammals living on farms have higher rates of resistance and are more frequently multiresistant than E. coli isolates from environments, such as natural areas, that are less impacted by human and agricultural activities. No Salmonella isolates were recovered from any of the wild small mammal feces. This study suggests that close proximity to food animal agriculture increases the likelihood that E. coli isolates from wild animals are resistant to some antimicrobials, possibly due to exposure to resistant E. coli isolates from livestock, to the resistance genes of these isolates, or to antimicrobials through contact with animal feed.
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Hong Y, Liu T, Lee MD, Hofacre CL, Maier M, White DG, Ayers S, Wang L, Berghaus R, Maurer JJ. Rapid screening of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg and Typhimurium using a serologically-correlative allelotyping PCR targeting the O and H antigen alleles. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:178. [PMID: 18845003 PMCID: PMC2577679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time consuming process that requires implementing a battery of O and H antisera to detect 2,541 different Salmonella enterica serovars. For these reasons, we developed a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing scheme to screen for the prevalent S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. RESULTS By analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the genes for O-antigen biosynthesis including wba operon and the central variable regions of the H1 and H2 flagellin genes in Salmonella, designated PCR primers for four multiplex PCR reactions were used to detect and differentiate Salmonella serogroups A/D1, B, C1, C2, or E1; H1 antigen types i, g, m, r or z10; and H2 antigen complexes, I: 1,2; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7 or II: e,n,x; e,n,z15. Through the detection of these antigen gene allele combinations, we were able to distinguish among S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. The assays were useful in identifying Salmonella with O and H antigen gene alleles representing 43 distinct serovars. While the H2 multiplex could discriminate between unrelated H2 antigens, the PCR could not discern differences within the antigen complexes, 1,2; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7 or e,n,x; e,n,z15, requiring a final confirmatory PCR test in the final serovar reporting of S. enterica. CONCLUSION Multiplex PCR assays for detecting specific O and H antigen gene alleles can be a rapid and cost-effective alternative approach to classical serotyping for presumptive identification of S. enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tongrui Liu
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- USDA ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station road, Athens, GA 30605. T. Liu- Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Charles L Hofacre
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Marie Maier
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- USDA ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station road, Athens, GA 30605. T. Liu- Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David G White
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Sherry Ayers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Statistics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John J Maurer
- Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
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Murphy BP, Buckley JF, O’Connor EM, Gilroy D, Fanning S. Comparison of Salmonella species recovered from Irish liquid milk production holdings with temporal clinical veterinary isolates. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 211:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allgayer MC, Lima-Rosa CAV, Weimer TA, Rodenbusch CR, Pereira RA, Streck AF, Oliveira SD, Canal CW. Molecular diagnosis of Salmonella
species in captive psittacine birds. Vet Rec 2008; 162:816-9. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.25.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Allgayer
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil; Avenida Farroupilha 8001 Canoas CEP 92425-900 RS Brazil
| | | | - T. A. Weimer
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil; Avenida Farroupilha 8001 Canoas CEP 92425-900 RS Brazil
| | - C. R. Rodenbusch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - R. A. Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A. F. Streck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - S. D. Oliveira
- Pontificia Universidade Católica; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - C. W. Canal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Sareyyüpoğlu B, Ok AÇ, Cantekin Z, Yardımcı H, Akan M, Akçay A. Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Salmonella spp. in Fecal Samples of Pet Birds. Avian Dis 2008; 52:163-7. [DOI: 10.1637/8052-070507-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zamperini K, Soni V, Waltman D, Sanchez S, Theriault EC, Bray J, Maurer JJ. Molecular characterization reveals Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from poultry is a variant Typhimurium serovar. Avian Dis 2008; 51:958-64. [PMID: 18251408 DOI: 10.1637/7944-021507-regr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although Salmonella remains one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses in the United States, the Salmonella enterica serovars and genetic types associated with most infections appear to fluctuate over time. Recently, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported an increase in cases of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-. Similarly, this unusual Salmonella serovar has been isolated from cattle and poultry in the state of Georgia. We examined the genetic relatedness of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, isolated from several different poultry companies and dairy farms in Georgia, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Several Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates had PFGE patterns identical or similar to PFGE patterns of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from numerous animal sources. We identified distinct PFGE patterns for Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and matching Salmonella Typhimurium PFGE patterns, identifying four "distinct" strains. We focused a more specific analysis on the poultry Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and found that of these Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, 32% lacked the entire phase 2 antigen gene, fljB; 61% contained partial deletion(s); and 4% had partial deletion(s) in fljB and an adjacent gene hin, 5' to fljB. Thirteen percent contained smaller deletions or point mutations not identified by our DNA probes. The Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were positive for several genes present in the Salmonella Typhimurium, including lpfE (100%), sseI(96%), and spvC (93%). Genetic analysis indicates independent, spontaneous mutations in fljB in at least four distinct Salmonella Typhimurium strains of animal origin circulating in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Zamperini
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Foley SL, Zhao S, Walker RD. Comparison of molecular typing methods for the differentiation of Salmonella foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007; 4:253-76. [PMID: 17883310 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella are among the leading causes of foodborne disease of bacterial etiology. These bacteria are also widely disseminated throughout the animal kingdom. The ability to identify the food source from which a human pathogen originated would be of great value in reducing the incidence of foodborne disease and the extent of disease outbreaks due to Salmonella. To date, efforts to identify the origin of these pathogens have centered on phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella isolates. This review focuses molecular or genotypic techniques that are currently being used for typing, and examines their strengths and weaknesses for determining the source of Salmonella foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Foley
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA.
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Dolejska M, Cizek A, Literak I. High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from Black-headed Gulls in the Czech Republic. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:11-9. [PMID: 17584448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To carry out an assessment of the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobials in Escherichia coli that has been isolated from young Black-headed Gulls in three nesting colonies. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 257 isolates were tested for sensitivity to eight antibacterial substances by disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used for detecting specific genes of antibacterial resistance and class 1 integrons in resistant E. coli isolates. A total 75 (29.9%) of 257 isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. The dominant type of resistance was to tetracycline, detected in 49 (19.1%) isolates. Resistance to ampicillin was detected in 30 (11.7%), cephalothin in 11 (4.3%), streptomycin in 24 (9.3%), sulphonamides in 20 (7.8%) and chloramphenicol in 5 (1.9%) isolates. Nine isolates carrying integrons were detected. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that young Black-headed Gulls are an important host reservoir of resistant E. coli strains, probably reflecting the presence of such strains in their sources of food and/or water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although Black-headed Gulls do not naturally come into contact with antibiotics, these birds can be infected with resistant E. coli and potentially serve as their reservoirs, vectors and bioindicators in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolejska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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49
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Summers AO. Genetic linkage and horizontal gene transfer, the roots of the antibiotic multi-resistance problem. Anim Biotechnol 2007; 17:125-35. [PMID: 17127524 DOI: 10.1080/10495390600957217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria carrying resistance genes for many antibiotics are moving beyond the clinic into the community, infecting otherwise healthy people with untreatable and frequently fatal infections. This state of affairs makes it increasingly important that we understand the sources of this problem in terms of bacterial biology and ecology and also that we find some new targets for drugs that will help control this growing epidemic. This brief and eclectic review takes the perspective that we have too long thought about the problem in terms of treatment with or resistance to a single antibiotic at a time, assuming that dissemination of the resistance gene was affected by simple vertical inheritance. In reality antibiotic resistance genes are readily transferred horizontally, even to and from distantly related bacteria. The common agents of bacterial gene transfer are described and also one of the processes whereby nonantibiotic chemicals, specifically toxic metals, in the environment can select for and enrich bacteria with antibiotic multiresistance. Lastly, some speculation is offered on broadening our perspective on this problem to include drugs directed at compromising the ability of the mobile elements themselves to replicate, transfer, and recombine, that is, the three "infrastructure" processes central to the movement of genes among bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O Summers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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