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Zhang K, Yang XM, Sun H, Cheng ZS, Peng J, Dong M, Chen F, Shen H, Zhang P, Li JF, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Huang J, Chan JFW, Yuan S, Luo YS, Shen XC. Modulating apoptosis as a novel therapeutic strategy against Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection: insights from Rotenone. Antiviral Res 2024:106007. [PMID: 39299548 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in vulnerable populations such as neonates, infants, young children, and the elderly. Among infants, RSV is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, contributing to a notable proportion of child mortality under the age of 5. In this study, we focused on investigating the pathogenicity of a lethal RSV strain, GZ08-18, as a model for understanding mechanisms of hypervirulent RSV. Our findings indicate that the heightened pathogenicity of GZ08-18 stems from compromised activation of intrinsic apoptosis, as evidenced by aberration of mitochondrial membrane depolarization in host cells. We thus hypothesized that enhancing intrinsic apoptosis could potentially attenuate the virulence of RSV strains and explored the effects of Rotenone, a natural compound known to stimulate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, on inhibiting RSV infection. Our results demonstrate that Rotenone treatment significantly improved mouse survival rates and mitigated lung pathology following GZ08-18 infection. These findings suggest that modulating the suppressed apoptosis induced by RSV infection represents a promising avenue for antiviral intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Yang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhong-Shan Cheng
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Jianqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Minjun Dong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Huyan Shen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Jin-Fu Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbio and Infectious Disease Prevention & Control, Virology Institute, Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jiandong Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Yu-Si Luo
- Department of Emergency ICU, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Department of Emergency, Liupanshui Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Liupanshui 553000, China.
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
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McCarty TC, Vaisman II. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design Using Structure-Based Machine-Learning Models. Viruses 2024; 16:821. [PMID: 38932114 PMCID: PMC11209532 DOI: 10.3390/v16060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
When designing live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidates, attenuating mutations can be developed through biologic selection or reverse-genetic manipulation and may include point mutations, codon and gene deletions, and genome rearrangements. Attenuation typically involves the reduction in virus replication, due to direct effects on viral structural and replicative machinery or viral factors that antagonize host defense or cause disease. However, attenuation must balance reduced replication and immunogenic antigen expression. In the present study, we explored a new approach in order to discover attenuating mutations. Specifically, we used protein structure modeling and computational methods to identify amino acid substitutions in the RSV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) predicted to cause various levels of structural perturbation. Twelve different mutations predicted to alter the NS1 protein structure were introduced into infectious virus and analyzed in cell culture for effects on viral mRNA and protein expression, interferon and cytokine expression, and caspase activation. We found the use of structure-based machine learning to predict amino acid substitutions that reduce the thermodynamic stability of NS1 resulted in various levels of loss of NS1 function, exemplified by effects including reduced multi-cycle viral replication in cells competent for type I interferon, reduced expression of viral mRNAs and proteins, and increased interferon and apoptosis responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. McCarty
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Iosif I. Vaisman
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Sun BW, Zhang PP, Wang ZH, Yao X, He ML, Bai RT, Che H, Lin J, Xie T, Hui Z, Ye XY, Wang LW. Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Molecules 2024; 29:598. [PMID: 38338343 PMCID: PMC10856762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV-related illnesses impose a substantial economic burden worldwide annually. The molecular structure, function, and in vivo interaction mechanisms of RSV have received more comprehensive attention in recent times, and significant progress has been made in developing inhibitors targeting various stages of the RSV replication cycle. These include fusion inhibitors, RSV polymerase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors, as well as FDA-approved RSV prophylactic drugs palivizumab and nirsevimab. The research community is hopeful that these developments might provide easier access to knowledge and might spark new ideas for research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zong-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Meng-Lan He
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui-Ting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Che
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Drug Discovery, Hangzhou Haolu Pharma Co., Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Gong X, Luo E, Fan L, Zhang W, Yang Y, Du Y, Yang X, Xing S. Clinical research on RSV prevention in children and pregnant women: progress and perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1329426. [PMID: 38327765 PMCID: PMC10847284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant causative agent of bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and children. The identification and structural analysis of the surface fusion glycoprotein of RSV represents a pivotal advancement in the development of RSV prevention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of RSV monoclonal antibody (mAb) and vaccine clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, emphasizing on the classification, name, target, phase, clinical outcomes, and safety data of RSV vaccination in newborns, infants and children. We also discuss the characteristics of the types of RSV vaccines for maternal immunity and summarize the current clinical research progress of RSV vaccination in pregnant women and their protective efficacy in infants. This review will provide new ideas for the development of RSV prevention for children in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Gong
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Erdan Luo
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Fan
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Medical Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua Du
- Obstetrical Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Xing
- Good Clinical Practice Department, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Zou G, Cao S, Gao Z, Yie J, Wu JZ. Current state and challenges in respiratory syncytial virus drug discovery and development. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105791. [PMID: 38160942 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children and elderly people worldwide. Recent significant progress in our understanding of the structure and function of RSV proteins has led to the discovery of several clinical candidates targeting RSV fusion and replication. These include both the development of novel small molecule interventions and the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of RSV drug discovery, with a focus on the characteristics of the candidates that reached the clinical stage of development. We also discuss the lessons learned from failed and discontinued clinical developments and highlight the challenges that remain for development of RSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zou
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Sushan Cao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junming Yie
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jim Zhen Wu
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Merritt TN, Pei J, Leung DW. Pathogenicity and virulence of human respiratory syncytial virus: Multifunctional nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Virulence 2023:2283897. [PMID: 37964591 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under the age of two as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised worldwide. Despite its discovery over 60 years ago and the global impact on human health, limited specific and effective prophylactic or therapeutic options have been available for hRSV infections. Part of the lack of treatment options is attributed to the legacy of vaccine failure in the 1960s using a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV), which led to enhancement of disease post exposure to hRSV infection and hampered subsequent development of vaccine candidates. Recent FDA approval of a vaccine for older adults and impending approval for a maternal vaccine are major advancements but leaves children between 6 months and 5 years of age unprotected. Part of this limitation can be attributed to a lack of complete understanding of the factors that contribute to hRSV pathogenesis. The nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 are multifunctional virulence factors that are unique to hRSV and that play critical roles during hRSV infection, including antagonizing interferon (IFN) signalling to modulate host responses to hRSV infection. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the nonstructural proteins mediate their IFN inhibitory functions have not been completely defined. Current progress on the characterization of NS1 and NS2 during infection provides deeper insight into their roles. Furthermore, reverse genetics systems for hRSV provide a viable strategy to generate attenuated viruses by introduction of select mutations while maintaining immunogenicity required to elicit a long-term protective response. Here we will review the current state of knowledge of the nonstructural proteins, their contributions to RSV pathogenesis, and their potential as targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy N Merritt
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingjing Pei
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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8
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Zhao C, Wang W, Bai Y, Amonkar G, Mou H, Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Fang Y, Que J, Fearns R, Ai X, Lerou PH. Age-related STAT3 signaling regulates severity of respiratory syncytial viral infection in human bronchial epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558606. [PMID: 37781574 PMCID: PMC10541147 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease especially in infants; however, mechanisms of age-associated disease severity remain elusive. Here, employing human bronchial epithelium models generated from tracheal aspirate-derived basal stem cells of neonates and adults, we investigated whether age regulates RSV-epithelium interaction to determine disease severity. We show that following RSV infection, only neonatal epithelium model exhibited cytopathy and mucus hyperplasia, and neonatal epithelium had more robust viral spread and inflammatory responses than adult epithelium. Mechanistically, RSV-infected neonatal ciliated cells displayed age-related impairment of STAT3 activation, rendering susceptibility to apoptosis, which facilitated viral spread. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 infection of ciliated cells had no effect on STAT3 activation and was not affected by age. Taken together, our findings identify an age-related and RSV-specific interaction with neonatal bronchial epithelium that critically contributes to severity of infection, and STAT3 activation offers a potential strategy to battle severe RSV disease in infants.
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Grabowski F, Kochańczyk M, Korwek Z, Czerkies M, Prus W, Lipniacki T. Antagonism between viral infection and innate immunity at the single-cell level. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011597. [PMID: 37669278 PMCID: PMC10503725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When infected with a virus, cells may secrete interferons (IFNs) that prompt nearby cells to prepare for upcoming infection. Reciprocally, viral proteins often interfere with IFN synthesis and IFN-induced signaling. We modeled the crosstalk between the propagating virus and the innate immune response using an agent-based stochastic approach. By analyzing immunofluorescence microscopy images we observed that the mutual antagonism between the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and infected A549 cells leads to dichotomous responses at the single-cell level and complex spatial patterns of cell signaling states. Our analysis indicates that RSV blocks innate responses at three levels: by inhibition of IRF3 activation, inhibition of IFN synthesis, and inhibition of STAT1/2 activation. In turn, proteins coded by IFN-stimulated (STAT1/2-activated) genes inhibit the synthesis of viral RNA and viral proteins. The striking consequence of these inhibitions is a lack of coincidence of viral proteins and IFN expression within single cells. The model enables investigation of the impact of immunostimulatory defective viral particles and signaling network perturbations that could potentially facilitate containment or clearance of the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Grabowski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kochańczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Korwek
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Czerkies
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Prus
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lipniacki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Luo Y, Ling X, Luo B, Jia G, Su D, Dong H, Su Z. Cryo-EM structure of the nucleocapsid-like assembly of respiratory syncytial virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:323. [PMID: 37607909 PMCID: PMC10444854 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a nonsegmented, negative strand RNA virus that has caused severe lower respiratory tract infections of high mortality rates in infants and the elderly, yet no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. The RSV genome encodes the nucleoprotein (N) that forms helical assembly to encapsulate and protect the RNA genome from degradation, and to serve as a template for transcription and replication. Previous crystal structure revealed a decameric ring architecture of N in complex with the cellular RNA (N-RNA) of 70 nucleotides (70-nt), whereas cryo-ET reconstruction revealed a low-resolution left-handed filament, in which the crystal monomer structure was docked with the helical symmetry applied to simulate a nucleocapsid-like assembly of RSV. However, the molecular details of RSV nucleocapsid assembly remain unknown, which continue to limit our complete understanding of the critical interactions involved in the nucleocapsid and antiviral development that may target this essential process during the viral life cycle. Here we resolve the near-atomic cryo-EM structure of RSV N-RNA that represents roughly one turn of the helical assembly that unveils critical interaction interfaces of RSV nucleocapsid and may facilitate development of RSV antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Yongbo Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Xiaobin Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Bingnan Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Guowen Jia
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Dan Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Haohao Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China
| | - Zhaoming Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Medical Center of Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China.
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11
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Risso-Ballester J, Rameix-Welti MA. Spatial resolution of virus replication: RSV and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:1-43. [PMID: 37524479 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals worldwide representing a severe burden for health systems. The urgent development of vaccines or specific antivirals against RSV is impaired by the lack of knowledge regarding its replication mechanisms. RSV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus belonging to the Mononegavirales order (MNV) which includes other viruses pathogenic to humans as Rabies (RabV), Ebola (EBOV), or measles (MeV) viruses. Transcription and replication of viral genomes occur within cytoplasmatic virus-induced spherical inclusions, commonly referred as inclusion bodies (IBs). Recently IBs were shown to exhibit properties of membrane-less organelles (MLO) arising by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Compartmentalization of viral RNA synthesis steps in viral-induced MLO is indeed a common feature of MNV. Strikingly these key compartments still remain mysterious. Most of our current knowledge on IBs relies on the use of fluorescence microscopy. The ability to fluorescently label IBs in cells has been key to uncover their dynamics and nature. The generation of recombinant viruses expressing a fluorescently-labeled viral protein and the immunolabeling or the expression of viral fusion proteins known to be recruited in IBs are some of the tools used to visualize IBs in infected cells. In this chapter, microscope techniques and the most relevant studies that have shed light on RSV IBs fundamental aspects, including biogenesis, organization and dynamics are being discussed and brought to light with the investigations carried out on other MNV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, DMU15, Paris, France.
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12
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Yan Y, Wang D, Li Y, Wu Z, Liu H, Shi Y, Lu X, Liu D. Prevalence, variation, and transmission patterns of human respiratory syncytial virus from pediatric patients in Hubei, China during 2020-2021. Virol Sin 2023; 38:363-372. [PMID: 37146717 PMCID: PMC10311268 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a severe threat to children and a main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, the intra-host evolution and inter-regional diffusion of RSV are little known. In this study, we performed a systematic surveillance in hospitalized children in Hubei during 2020-2021, in which 106 RSV-positive samples were detected both clinically and by metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). RSV-A and RSV-B groups co-circulated during surveillance with RSV-B being predominant. About 46 high-quality genomes were used for further analyses. A total of 163 intra-host nucleotide variation (iSNV) sites distributed in 34 samples were detected, and glycoprotein (G) gene was the most enriched gene for iSNVs, with non-synonymous substitutions more than synonymous substitutions. Evolutionary dynamic analysis showed that the evolutionary rates of G and NS2 genes were higher, and the population size of RSV groups changed over time. We also found evidences of inter-regional diffusion from Europe and Oceania to Hubei for RSV-A and RSV-B, respectively. This study highlighted the intra-host and inter-host evolution of RSV, and provided some evidences for understanding the evolution of RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children' Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yue Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children' Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China; Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, 430071, China; Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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13
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Of particular interest for this topic are the signaling cascades that regulate cell survival and death, two opposite cell programs whose control is hijacked by viral infections. The AKT and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways, which maintain cell homeostasis by regulating these two programs, have been shown to be deregulated during SARS-CoVs infection as well as in the development of cancer, one of the most important comorbidities in relation to COVID-19. Recent evidence revealed two way crosstalk mechanisms between the AKT and the UPR pathways, suggesting that they might constitute a unified homeostatic control system. Here, we review the role of the AKT and UPR pathways and their interaction in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as in tumor onset and progression. Feedback regulation between AKT and UPR pathways emerges as a master control mechanism of cell decision making in terms of survival or death and therefore represents a key potential target for developing treatments for both viral infection and cancer. In particular, drug repositioning, the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes, could significantly reduce time and costs compared to de novo drug discovery.
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14
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Prediction of the Active Components and Mechanism of Forsythia suspensa Leaf against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5643345. [PMID: 35911158 PMCID: PMC9328944 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5643345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Forsythia suspensa leaf (FSL) has been used as a health tea in China for centuries. Previous experiments have proved that FSL extract has a good effect on the antirespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro, but its exact mechanism is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to determine the active components and targets of FSL and further explore its anti-RSV mechanism. Methods UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS was used to analyze the main chemical components of FSL. The compound disease target network, PPI, GO, and KEGG were used to obtain key targets and potential ways. Then, the molecular docking was verified by Schrödinger Maestro software. Next, the cell model of RSV infection was established, and the inhibitory effect of each drug on RSV was detected. Finally, western blotting was used to detect the effect of the active components of FSL on the expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related protein. Results UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis showed that there were 67 main chemical constituents in FSL, while network pharmacological analysis showed that there were 169 anti-RSV targets of the active components in FSL, involving 177 signal pathways, among which PI3K/AKT signal pathway played an important role in the anti-RSV process of FSL. The results of molecular docking showed that cryptochlorogenic acid, phillyrin, phillygenin, rutin, and rosmarinic acid had higher binding activities to TP53, STAT3, MAPK1, AKT1, and MAPK3, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that phillyrin and rosmarinic acid could effectively improve the survival rate of RSV-infected cells, increase the expression level of PI3K, and decrease the expression level of AKT. Conclusion The active ingredients of FSL, phillyrin, and rosmarinic acid can play an anti-RSV role by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provides reliable theoretical and experimental support for the anti-RSV treatment of FSL.
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15
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Simpson J, Spann KM, Phipps S. MLKL Regulates Rapid Cell Death-independent HMGB1 Release in RSV Infected Airway Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:890389. [PMID: 35712662 PMCID: PMC9194532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.890389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis is a significant contributor to infant morbidity and mortality. Previously, we identified that necroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death mediated by receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL), occurs in RSV-infected human airway epithelial cells (hAECs), mediating the release of the alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Here, we show that RSV infection of hAECs induces the biphasic release of HMGB1 at 6 (“early”) and 24 (“late”) hours post infection (hpi). The early phase of HMGB1 release at 6 hpi is cell death-independent, however, this release is nonetheless attenuated by inhibition of MLKL (primarily associated with necroptosis). The early release of HMGB1 promotes the late phase of HMGB1 release via the activation of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) and occurs with cell death. Treatment of hAECS with exogenous HMGB1 combined with a pan-caspase inhibitor induces hAEC necroptosis, and is attenuated by the RAGE antagonist, FPS-ZM1. Together, these findings demonstrate that RSV infection of hAECs leads to the early release of HMGB1, followed by a paracrine feed-forward amplification loop that further increases HMGB1 levels and promotes cell death. As the inhibition of MLKL or targeting of HMGB1/RAGE pathway attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory HMGB1 and decreases viral load, this suggests that the pharmacological targeting of these pathways may be of benefit for the treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Spann
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Simon Phipps,
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16
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Van Royen T, Rossey I, Sedeyn K, Schepens B, Saelens X. How RSV Proteins Join Forces to Overcome the Host Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020419. [PMID: 35216012 PMCID: PMC8874859 DOI: 10.3390/v14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. Although several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can sense RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), infection with RSV is typically associated with low to undetectable levels of type I interferons (IFNs). Multiple RSV proteins can hinder the host’s innate immune response. The main players are NS1 and NS2 which suppress type I IFN production and signalling in multiple ways. The recruitment of innate immune cells and the production of several cytokines are reduced by RSV G. Next, RSV N can sequester immunostimulatory proteins to inclusion bodies (IBs). N might also facilitate the assembly of a multiprotein complex that is responsible for the negative regulation of innate immune pathways. Furthermore, RSV M modulates the host’s innate immune response. The nuclear accumulation of RSV M has been linked to an impaired host gene transcription, in particular for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. In addition, RSV M might also directly target mitochondrial proteins which results in a reduced mitochondrion-mediated innate immune recognition of RSV. Lastly, RSV SH might prolong the viral replication in infected cells and influence cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Van Royen
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iebe Rossey
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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17
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Role of ARP2/3 Complex-Driven Actin Polymerization in RSV Infection. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010026. [PMID: 35055974 PMCID: PMC8781601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral agent causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under five years old worldwide. The RSV infection cycle starts with macropinocytosis-based entry into the host airway epithelial cell membrane, followed by virus transcription, replication, assembly, budding, and spread. It is not surprising that the host actin cytoskeleton contributes to different stages of the RSV replication cycle. RSV modulates actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex-driven actin polymerization for a robust filopodia induction on the infected lung epithelial A549 cells, which contributes to the virus’s budding, and cell-to-cell spread. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of RSV-induced cytoskeletal modulation and its role in lung pathobiology may identify novel intervention strategies. This review will focus on the role of the ARP2/3 complex in RSV’s pathogenesis and possible therapeutic targets to the ARP2/3 complex for RSV.
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18
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Gong Y, Chen J, Cui Y, Li S. miR-2 contributes to WSSV infection by targeting Caspase 2 in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104217. [PMID: 34358576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Caspase 2 is widely studied for its function in the regulation of apoptosis in mammals. Despite the fundamental role of apoptosis during the anti-viral immune response, the relationship between Caspase 2 and virus infection has not been extensively explored in invertebrates. Also, whether or not miRNAs involve this process remains unclear. To address this issue, the miRNA-mediated regulation of Caspase 2 in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) (Sp-Caspase 2) was characterized in this study. Sp-Caspase 2 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 969 bp encoding 322 deduced amino acids and possesses a conserved CASc domain. The results suggested that Sp-Caspase 2 could suppress white spot syndrome virus infection via apoptosis induction. The further data showed that Sp-Caspase 2 was directly targeted by miR-2 in mud crab. Silencing or overexpression of miR-2 could affect apoptosis and WSSV replication through the regulation of Sp-Caspase 2 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrated the crucial role of the miR-2-Caspase 2 pathway in the innate immunity of mud crabs and revealed a novel mechanism in the anti-viral immune response in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Bitko V, Barik S. Role of metapneumoviral glycoproteins in the evasion of the host cell innate immune response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105096. [PMID: 34601094 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), an unsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, is the second most detected respiratory pathogen and one of the leading causes of respiratory illness in infants and immunodeficient individuals. HMPV infection of permissive cells in culture triggers a transient IFN response, which is efficiently suppressed later in infection. We report that two structural glycoproteins of the virus - namely G (Glycoprotein) and SH (Small Hydrophobic) - suppress the type I interferon (IFN) response in cell culture. This is manifested by inhibition of diverse steps of IFN induction and response, such as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor-3 and -7 (IRF3, IRF7), major transcription factors of the IFN gene. Furthermore, HMPV suppresses the cellular response to IFN by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), required for the induction of IFN-stimulated genes that act as antivirals. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed an important role of critical cysteine (Cys) residues in the Cys-rich carboxy terminal region of the SH protein in IFN suppression, whereas for G, the ectodomain plays a role. These results shed light on the mechanism of IFN suppression by HMPV, and may also offer avenues for new antiviral approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Bitko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America.
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20
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Fan P, Liu Z, Zheng M, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao D. Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 breaks immune tolerance in mice by downregulating Tregs through TSLP-OX40/OX40L-mTOR axis. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:20-30. [PMID: 34332182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life is associated strongly with the subsequent development and exacerbation of asthma, however, the mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we identified that RSV nonstructural protein (NS) 1 plays a critical role. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of NS1 induced significant airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction in mice. In the pNS1 group, there were markedly elevated proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells, while Th1 and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly declined compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased but levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 declined in pNS1 group. Besides, NS1 caused a significant rise of serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and OX40L levels, and a neutralizing mAb anti-OX40L was capable of promoting RSV clearance and attenuating the airway allergic inflammation caused by pNS1. Otherwise, OX40L-blocking counteracts the inhibitory effect of pNS1 on Tregs in the spleen. RSV NS1 caused elevated levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-S6K1, which were partially attenuated by anti-OX40L. Moreover, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1 significantly relieved the inhibition of Foxp3 expression and Tregs differentiation. Together, the data indicate that RSV NS1 protein breaks immune tolerance and induces airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. In this process, NS1-stimulated TSLP and OX40L play a major role by inhibiting the induction of Tregs, which is at least partially mediated by modulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yueshi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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21
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Barik S. Systematizing the genomic order and relatedness in the open reading frames (ORFs) of the coronaviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104858. [PMID: 33848683 PMCID: PMC8053407 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the ongoing deadly CoVID-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease-2019), represent a highly complex and diverse class of RNA viruses with large genomes, complex gene repertoire, and intricate transcriptional and translational mechanisms. The 3′-terminal one-third of the genome encodes four structural proteins, namely spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid, interspersed with genes for accessory proteins that are largely nonstructural and called ‘open reading frame’ (ORF) proteins with alphanumerical designations, but not in a consistent or sequential order. Here, I report a comparative study of these ORF proteins, mainly encoded in two gene clusters, i.e. between the Spike and the Envelope genes, and between the Membrane and the Nucleocapsid genes. For brevity and focus, a greater emphasis was placed on the first cluster, collectively designated as the ‘orf3 region’ for ease of referral. Overall, an apparently diverse set of ORFs, such as ORF3a, ORF3b, ORF3c, ORF3d, ORF4 and ORF5, but not necessarily numbered in that order on all CoV genomes, were analyzed along with other ORFs. Unexpectedly, the gene order or naming of the ORFs were never fully conserved even within the members of one Genus. These studies also unraveled hitherto unrecognized orf genes in alternative translational frames, encoding potentially novel polypeptides as well as some that are highly similar to known ORFs. Finally, several options of an inclusive and systematic numbering are proposed not only for the orf3 region but also for the other orf genes in the viral genome in an effort to regularize the apparently confusing names and orders. Regardless of the ultimate acceptability of one system over the others, this treatise is hoped to initiate an informed discourse in this area.
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22
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Pei J, Wagner ND, Zou AJ, Chatterjee S, Borek D, Cole AR, Kim PJ, Basler CF, Otwinowski Z, Gross ML, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Structural basis for IFN antagonism by human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020587118. [PMID: 33649232 PMCID: PMC7958447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020587118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) inhibits host interferon (IFN) responses stimulated by RSV infection by targeting early steps in the IFN-signaling pathway. But the molecular mechanisms related to how NS2 regulates these processes remain incompletely understood. To address this gap, here we solved the X-ray crystal structure of NS2. This structure revealed a unique fold that is distinct from other known viral IFN antagonists, including RSV NS1. We also show that NS2 directly interacts with an inactive conformation of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5. NS2 binding prevents RLR ubiquitination, a process critical for prolonged activation of downstream signaling. Structural analysis, including by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry, revealed that the N terminus of NS2 is essential for binding to the RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains. N-terminal mutations significantly diminish RIG-I interactions and result in increased IFNβ messenger RNA levels. Collectively, our studies uncover a previously unappreciated regulatory mechanism by which NS2 further modulates host responses and define an approach for targeting host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela J Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Srirupa Chatterjee
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aidan R Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Preston J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Zbyszek Otwinowski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daisy W Leung
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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23
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Lipp M, Empey KM, Petrovsky N. Strategies for active and passive pediatric RSV immunization. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:2515135520981516. [PMID: 33623860 PMCID: PMC7879001 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520981516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide, with the most severe disease occurring in very young infants. Despite half a century of research there still are no licensed RSV vaccines. Difficulties in RSV vaccine development stem from a number of factors, including: (a) a very short time frame between birth and first RSV exposure; (b) interfering effects of maternal antibodies; and (c) differentially regulated immune responses in infants causing a marked T helper 2 (Th2) immune bias. This review seeks to provide an age-specific understanding of RSV immunity critical to the development of a successful pediatric RSV vaccine. Historical and future approaches to the prevention of infant RSV are reviewed, including passive protection using monoclonal antibodies or maternal immunization strategies versus active infant immunization using pre-fusion forms of RSV F protein antigens formulated with novel adjuvants such as Advax that avoid excess Th2 immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia and Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia
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24
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Markoutsa E, McGill AR, Singer A, Jadhav H, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. A multifunctional nanoparticle as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach targeting respiratory syncytial virus. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102325. [PMID: 33186695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been a major health concern globally for decades, yet no effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. The key viral proteins responsible for RSV pathology include the fusion protein (F), the immunomodulatory non-structural-protein 1 (NS1) and the phosphoprotein (P) involved in viral replication. Herein, we developed a novel shell-core multifunctional nanosystem with dual payload: a plasmid construct encoding for shRNAs against NS1 and P, and an anti-fusion peptide (HR2D). Anti-ICAM1 antibody conjugated on the nanoparticle (NP) surface is used to target RSV infected cells. Our data show the potential of this nanosystem as a prophylactic and/or a therapeutic regimen against RSV infection. Furthermore, therapy of RSV infected mice with this nanosystem, in addition to reducing viral load, modulated expression of Th2 and allergy-associated cytokines such as IL4, IL-13 and IL-17 indicating a direct role of this nanosystem in the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Markoutsa
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R McGill
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Singer
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heta Jadhav
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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25
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Niyomdecha N, Suptawiwat O, Boonarkart C, Thitithanyanont A, Auewarakul P. Repurposing of antiparasitic niclosamide to inhibit respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication. Virus Res 2021; 295:198277. [PMID: 33476693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an important health problem, there are only supportive care treatments for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Thus, discovery of specific therapeutic drugs for RSV is still needed. Recently, an antiparasitic drug niclosamide has shown a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Here, our in vitro model was used to study the antiviral effect of niclosamide on RSV and its related mechanism. Niclosamide inhibited RSV with time and dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with submicromolar concentration of niclosamide for 6 h presented the highest anti-RSV activity of 94 % (50 % effective concentration; EC50 of 0.022 μM). Niclosamide efficiently blocked infection of laboratory strains and clinical isolates of both RSV-A and RSV-B in a bronchial epithelial cell line. Although a disruption of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway by niclosamide was previously hypothesized as a mechanism against pH-independent viruses like RSV, using a chemical mTORC1 inhibitor, temsirolimus, and a chemical mTORC1 agonist, MHY1485 (MHY), we show here that the mechanism of RSV inhibition by niclosamide was mTORC1 independent. Indeed, our data indicated that niclosamide hindered RSV infection via proapoptotic activity by a reduction of AKT prosurvival protein, activation of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase), and an early apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattamon Niyomdecha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ornpreya Suptawiwat
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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26
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Efstathiou C, Abidi SH, Harker J, Stevenson NJ. Revisiting respiratory syncytial virus's interaction with host immunity, towards novel therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5045-5058. [PMID: 32556372 PMCID: PMC7298439 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every year there are > 33 million cases of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-related respiratory infection in children under the age of five, making RSV the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants. RSV is a global infection, but 99% of related mortality is in low/middle-income countries. Unbelievably, 62 years after its identification, there remains no effective treatment nor vaccine for this deadly virus, leaving infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients at high risk. The success of all pathogens depends on their ability to evade and modulate the host immune response. RSV has a complex and intricate relationship with our immune systems, but a clearer understanding of these interactions is essential in the development of effective medicines. Therefore, in a bid to update and focus our research community's understanding of RSV's interaction with immune defences, this review aims to discuss how our current knowledgebase could be used to combat this global viral threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Efstathiou
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S H Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - N J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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27
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Elawar F, Oraby AK, Kieser Q, Jensen LD, Culp T, West FG, Marchant DJ. Pharmacological targets and emerging treatments for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107712. [PMID: 33121940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants is the leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations and second to malaria in causing infant deaths worldwide. RSV also causes substantial morbidity in immunocompromised and elderly populations. The only available therapeutic is a prophylactic drug called Palivizumab that is a humanized monoclonal antibody, given to high-risk infants. However, this intervention is expensive and has a limited impact on annual hospitalization rates caused by RSV. No vaccine is available, nor are efficacious antivirals to treat an active infection, and there is still no consensus on how infants with bronchiolitis should be treated during hospital admission. In this comprehensive review, we briefly outline the function of the RSV proteins and their suitability as therapeutic targets. We then discuss the most promising drug candidates, their inhibitory mechanisms, and whether they are in the process of clinical trials. We also briefly discuss the reasons for some of the failures in RSV therapeutics and vaccines. In summary, we provide insight into current antiviral development and the considerations toward producing licensed antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Elawar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ahmed K Oraby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science &Technology, Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Quinten Kieser
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lionel D Jensen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tyce Culp
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David J Marchant
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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28
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Simpson J, Loh Z, Ullah MA, Lynch JP, Werder RB, Collinson N, Zhang V, Dondelinger Y, Bertrand MJM, Everard ML, Blyth CC, Hartel G, Van Oosterhout AJ, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Upham JW, Spann KM, Phipps S. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Promotes Necroptosis and HMGB1 Release by Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1358-1371. [PMID: 32105156 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201906-1149oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis causes significant infant mortality. Bronchiolitis is characterized by airway epithelial cell (AEC) death; however, the mode of death remains unknown.Objectives: To determine whether necroptosis contributes to RSV bronchiolitis pathogenesis via HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) release.Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children presenting to the hospital with acute respiratory infection. Primary human AECs and neonatal mice were inoculated with RSV and murine Pneumovirus, respectively. Necroptosis was determined via viability assays and immunohistochemistry for RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase-1), MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase) protein, and caspase-3. Necroptosis was blocked using pharmacological inhibitors and RIPK1 kinase-dead knockin mice.Measurements and Main Results: HMGB1 levels were elevated in nasopharyngeal samples of children with acute RSV infection. RSV-induced epithelial cell death was associated with increased phosphorylated RIPK1 and phosphorylated MLKL but not active caspase-3 expression. Inhibition of RIPK1 or MLKL attenuated RSV-induced HMGB1 translocation and release, and lowered viral load. MLKL inhibition increased active caspase-3 expression in a caspase-8/9-dependent manner. In susceptible mice, Pneumovirus infection upregulated RIPK1 and MLKL expression in the airway epithelium at 8 to 10 days after infection, coinciding with AEC sloughing, HMGB1 release, and neutrophilic inflammation. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1 or MLKL attenuated these pathologies, lowered viral load, and prevented type 2 inflammation and airway remodeling. Necroptosis inhibition in early life ameliorated asthma progression induced by viral or allergen challenge in later life.Conclusions: Pneumovirus infection induces AEC necroptosis. Inhibition of necroptosis may be a viable strategy to limit the severity of viral bronchiolitis and break its nexus with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhixuan Loh
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Ashik Ullah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P Lynch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon B Werder
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Vivian Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yves Dondelinger
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christopher C Blyth
- School of Medicine and.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gunter Hartel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | | | | | | | - John W Upham
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Kirsten M Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
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29
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Blanco J, Cameirao C, López MC, Muñoz-Barroso I. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt pathway in negative-stranded RNA virus infection: a minireview. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2165-2176. [PMID: 32740830 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is a crucial signalling cascade that regulates transcription, protein translation, cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, and metabolism. During viral infection, viruses exploit a variety of cellular pathways, including the well-known PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Conversely, cells rely on this pathway to stimulate an antiviral response. The PI3K/Akt pathway is manipulated by a number of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses and retroviruses. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about the role of the PI3K-Akt pathway in infection with members of five different families of negative-sense ssRNA viruses. This pathway is hijacked for viral entry, regulation of endocytosis, suppression of premature apoptosis, viral protein expression, and replication. Although less common, the PI3K/Akt pathway can be downregulated as an immunomodulatory strategy or as a mechanism for inducing autophagy. Moreover, the cell activates this pathway as an antiviral strategy for interferon and cytokine production, among other strategies. Here, we present new data concerning the role of this pathway in infection with the paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Our data seem to indicate that NDV uses the PI3K/Akt pathway to delay cell death and increase cell survival as a means of improving its replication. The interference of negative-sense ssRNA viruses with this essential pathway might have implications for the development of antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Cameirao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - María Carmen López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Muñoz-Barroso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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30
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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31
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Harker JA, Snelgrove RJ. A Not-So-Good Way to Die? Respiratory Syncytial Virus-induced Necroptotic Cell Death Promotes Inflammation and Type 2-mediated Pathology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1321-1323. [PMID: 32182121 PMCID: PMC7258638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0533ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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32
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Thornhill EM, Verhoeven D. Respiratory Syncytial Virus's Non-structural Proteins: Masters of Interference. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:225. [PMID: 32509597 PMCID: PMC7248305 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a highly prevalent virus that affects the majority of the population. The virus can cause severe disease in vulnerable populations leading to high hospitalization rates from bronchiolitis or secondary bacterial infections leading to pneumonia. Two early and non-structural proteins (Ns1 and Ns2), strongly over-ride the antiviral innate system but also diminish the adaptive response as well. This review will cover interactions of Ns1 and Ns2 with the host antiviral response with a focus on alterations to signaling pathways, cytokine gene expression, and effects of the Ns proteins on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Verhoeven
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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33
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Martín-Vicente M, González-Sanz R, Cuesta I, Monzón S, Resino S, Martínez I. Downregulation of A20 Expression Increases the Immune Response and Apoptosis and Reduces Virus Production in Cells Infected by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010100. [PMID: 32102364 PMCID: PMC7157707 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults. Regulation of the immune response against HRSV is crucial to limiting virus replication and immunopathology. The A20/TNFAIP3 protein is a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors 3/7 (IRF3/7), which are key transcription factors involved in the inflammatory/antiviral response of epithelial cells to virus infection. Here, we investigated the impact of A20 downregulation or knockout on HRSV growth and the induction of the immune response in those cells. Cellular infections in which the expression of A20 was silenced by siRNAs or eliminated by gene knockout showed increased inflammatory/antiviral response and reduced virus production. Similar results were obtained when the expression of A20-interacting proteins, such as TAX1BP1 and ABIN1, was silenced. Additionally, downregulation of A20, TAX1BP1, and ABIN1 increased cell apoptosis in HRSV-infected cells. These results show that the downregulation of A20 expression might contribute in the control of HRSV infections by potentiating the early innate immune response and increasing apoptosis in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rubén González-Sanz
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (I.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (I.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (R.G.-S.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-8223272; Fax: +34-91-5097919
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Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007984. [PMID: 31622448 PMCID: PMC6797084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants worldwide. As a first line of defense against respiratory infections, innate immune responses, including the production of type I and III interferons (IFNs), play an important role. Upon infection with RSV, multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount innate immune responses. Retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) have been identified as important innate receptors to mount type I IFNs during RSV infection. However, type I IFN levels remain surprisingly low during RSV infection despite strong viral replication. The poor induction of type I IFNs can be attributed to the cooperative activity of 2 unique, nonstructural (NS) proteins of RSV, i.e., NS1 and NS2. These viral proteins have been shown to suppress both the production and signaling of type I and III IFNs by counteracting a plethora of key host innate signaling proteins. Moreover, increasing numbers of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are being identified as targets of the NS proteins in recent years, highlighting an underexplored protein family in the identification of NS target proteins. To understand the diverse effector functions of NS1 and NS2, Goswami and colleagues proposed the hypothesis of the NS degradasome (NSD) complex, a multiprotein complex made up of, at least, NS1 and NS2. Furthermore, the crystal structure of NS1 was resolved recently and, remarkably, identified NS1 as a structural paralogue of the RSV matrix protein. Unfortunately, no structural data on NS2 have been published so far. In this review, we briefly describe the PRRs that mount innate immune responses upon RSV infection and provide an overview of the various effector functions of NS1 and NS2. Furthermore, we discuss the ubiquitination effector functions of NS1 and NS2, which are in line with the hypothesis that the NSD shares features with the canonical 26S proteasome.
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Aljabr W, Armstrong S, Rickett NY, Pollakis G, Touzelet O, Cloutman-Green E, Matthews DA, Hiscox JA. High Resolution Analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100926. [PMID: 31658630 PMCID: PMC6832471 DOI: 10.3390/v11100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of pediatric infection and also causes disease in the elderly and those with underlying respiratory problems. There is no vaccine for HRSV and anti-viral therapeutics are not broadly applicable. To investigate the effect of HRSV biology in children, nasopharyngeal aspirates were taken from children with different viral loads and a combined high throughput RNAseq and label free quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize the nucleic acid and proteins in these samples. HRSV proteins were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates from infected children, and their abundance correlated with viral load (Ct value), confirming HRSV infection. Analysis of the HRSV genome indicated that the children were infected with sub-group A virus and that minor variants in nucleotide frequency occurred in discrete clusters along the HRSV genome, and within a patient clustered distinctly within the glycoprotein gene. Data from the samples were binned into four groups; no-HRSV infection (control), high viral load (Ct < 20), medium viral load (Ct = 20-25), and low viral load (Ct > 25). Cellular proteins associated with the anti-viral response (e.g., ISG15) were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates and their abundance was correlated with viral load. These combined approaches have not been used before to study HRSV biology in vivo and can be readily applied to the study the variation of virus host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Aljabr
- King Fahad Medical City, Research Center, 59046 Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Natasha Y Rickett
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | | | - David A Matthews
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development. Immunity 2019; 51:429-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Beugeling M, De Zee J, Woerdenbag HJ, Frijlink HW, Wilschut JC, Hinrichs WLJ. Respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccines based on the viral envelope glycoproteins intended for pregnant women and the elderly. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:935-950. [PMID: 31446807 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes high morbidity and mortality rates among infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide. Unfortunately, a safe and effective vaccine is still unavailable. In 1966, a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine failed and resulted in the death of two young children. This failure shifted research toward the development of subunit-based vaccines for pregnant women (to passively vaccinate infants) and the elderly. Among these subunit-based vaccines, the viral envelope glycoproteins show great potential as antigens. Areas covered: In this review, progress in the development of safe and effective subunit RSV vaccines based on the viral envelope glycoproteins and intended for pregnant women and the elderly, are reviewed and discussed. Studies published in the period 2012-2018 were included. Expert opinion: Researchers are close to bringing safe and effective subunit-based RSV vaccines to the market using the viral envelope glycoproteins as antigens. However, it remains a major challenge to elicit protective immunity, with a formulation that has sufficient (storage) stability. These issues may be overcome by using the RSV fusion protein in its pre-fusion conformation, and by formulating this protein as a dry powder. It may further be convenient to administer this powder via the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Beugeling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jildou De Zee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Herman J Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Baturcam E, Vollmer S, Schlüter H, Maciewicz RA, Kurian N, Vaarala O, Ludwig S, Cunoosamy DM. MEK inhibition drives anti-viral defence in RV but not RSV challenged human airway epithelial cells through AKT/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:78. [PMID: 31319869 PMCID: PMC6639958 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway epithelium is a major target tissue in respiratory infections, and its antiviral response is mainly orchestrated by the interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3), which subsequently induces type I (β) and III (λ) interferon (IFN) signalling. Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) pathway contributes to epithelial defence, but its role in the regulation of IFN response in human primary airway epithelial cells (AECs) is not fully understood. Here, we studied the impact of a small-molecule inhibitor (MEKi) on the IFN response following challenge with two major respiratory viruses rhinovirus (RV2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSVA2) and a TLR3 agonist, poly(I:C). METHODS The impact of MEKi on viral load and IFN response was evaluated in primary AECs with or without a neutralising antibody against IFN-β. Quantification of viral load was determined by live virus assay and absolute quantification using qRT-PCR. Secretion of cytokines was determined by AlphaLISA/ELISA and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was examined by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. A poly(I:C) model was also used to further understand the molecular mechanism by which MEK controls IFN response. AlphaLISA, siRNA-interference, immunoblotting, and confocal microscopy was used to investigate the effect of MEKi on IRF3 activation and signalling. The impact of MEKi on ERK and AKT signalling was evaluated by immunoblotting and AlphaLISA. RESULTS Here, we report that pharmacological inhibition of MEK pathway augments IRF3-driven type I and III IFN response in primary human AECs. MEKi induced activation of PI3K-AKT pathway, which was associated with phosphorylation/inactivation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 and activation of the protein synthesis regulator p70 S6 kinase, two critical translational effectors. Elevated IFN-β response due to MEKi was also attributed to decreased STAT3 activation, which consequently dampened expression of the transcriptional repressor of IFNB1 gene, PRDI-BF1. Augmented IFN response translated into inhibition of rhinovirus 2 replication in primary AECs but not respiratory syncytial virus A2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unveil MEK as a key molecular mechanism by which rhinovirus dampens the epithelial cell's antiviral response. Our study provides a better understanding of the role of signalling pathways in shaping the antiviral response and suggests the use of MEK inhibitors in anti-viral therapy against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Baturcam
- Early Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Vollmer
- Early Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Schlüter
- Early Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Early Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nisha Kurian
- Precision Medicine, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Early Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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40
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A Contemporary View of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Biology and Strain-Specific Differences. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020067. [PMID: 31117229 PMCID: PMC6631838 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a human respiratory pathogen which remains a leading viral cause of hospitalizations and mortality among infants in their first year of life. Here, we review the biology of RSV, the primary laboratory isolates or strains which have been used to best characterize the virus since its discovery in 1956, and discuss the implications for genetic and functional variations between the established laboratory strains and the recently identified clinical isolates.
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41
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. Although the virus was isolated in 1955, an effective RSV vaccine has not been developed, and the only licensed intervention is passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants with a humanized monoclonal antibody. During the past 5 years, however, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the RSV glycoproteins and their interactions with host cell factors that mediate entry. This period has coincided with renewed interest in developing effective interventions, including the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies and small molecules and the design of novel vaccine candidates. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings that have begun to elucidate RSV entry mechanisms, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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42
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Hijano DR, Vu LD, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA, Polack FP, Cormier SA. Role of Type I Interferon (IFN) in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immune Response and Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 30972063 PMCID: PMC6443902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children <2 years of age. Increased morbidity and mortality have been reported in high-risk patients, such as premature infants, patients with cardiac disease, and severely immune compromised patients. Severe disease is associated with the virulence of the virus as well as host factors specifically including the innate immune response. The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in the response to RSV infection is important in regulating the rate of virus clearance and in directing the character of the immune response, which is normally associated with protection and less severe disease. Two RSV non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, as well as the envelope G glycoprotein are known to suppress type I IFN production and a robust type I IFN response to RSV does not occur in human infants or neonatal mouse models of RSV infection. Additionally, presence of type I IFNs are associated with mild symptoms in infants and administration of IFN-α prior to infection of neonatal mice with RSV reduces immunopathology. This evidence has driven RSV prophylaxis and therapeutic efforts to consider strategies for enhancing type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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43
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The Morphology and Assembly of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Revealed by Cryo-Electron Tomography. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080446. [PMID: 30127286 PMCID: PMC6116276 DOI: 10.3390/v10080446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. With repeat infections throughout life, it can also cause substantial disease in the elderly and in adults with compromised cardiac, pulmonary and immune systems. RSV is a pleomorphic enveloped RNA virus in the Pneumoviridae family. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of purified RSV particles has been elucidated, revealing three distinct morphological categories: spherical, asymmetric, and filamentous. However, the native 3D structure of RSV particles associated with or released from infected cells has yet to be investigated. In this study, we have established an optimized system for studying RSV structure by imaging RSV-infected cells on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Our results demonstrate that RSV is filamentous across several virus strains and cell lines by cryo-ET, cryo-immuno EM, and thin section TEM techniques. The viral filament length varies from 0.5 to 12 μm and the average filament diameter is approximately 130 nm. Taking advantage of the whole cell tomography technique, we have resolved various stages of RSV assembly. Collectively, our results can facilitate the understanding of viral morphogenesis in RSV and other pleomorphic enveloped viruses.
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44
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Human respiratory syncytial virus: pathogenesis, immune responses, and current vaccine approaches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1817-1827. [PMID: 29876771 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus continues to pose a serious threat to the pediatric populations worldwide. With a genomic makeup of 15,200 nucleotides, the virus encodes for 11 proteins serving as envelope spikes, inner envelope proteins, and non-structural and ribonucleocapsid complexes. The fusion (F) and attachment (G) surface glycoproteins are the key targets for neutralizing antibodies. The highly variable G with altered glycosylations and the conformational alternations of F create challenges for vaccine development. The metastable F protein is responsible for RSV-host cell fusion and thus infectivity. Novel antigenic sites were identified on this form following its stabilization and solving its crystal structure. Importantly, site ø displays neutralizing activity exceeding those of post-F-specific and shared antigenic sites, such as site II which is the target for Palivizumab therapeutic antibody. Induction of high neutralizing antibody responses by pre-F immunization in animal models promoted it as a major vaccine candidate. Since RSV infection is more serious at age extremities and in individuals with undermining health conditions, vaccines are being developed to target these populations. Infants below three months of age have a suppressive immune system, making vaccines' immunogenicity weak. Therefore, a suggested strategy to protect newborns from RSV infection would be through passive immunity of maternal antibodies. Hence, pregnant women at their third trimester have been selected as an ideal target for vaccination with RSV pre-F vaccine. This review summarizes the different modes of RSV pathogenesis and host's immune response to the infection, and illustrates on the latest updates of vaccine development and vaccination approaches.
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45
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Kalinowski A, Galen BT, Ueki IF, Sun Y, Mulenos A, Osafo-Addo A, Clark B, Joerns J, Liu W, Nadel JA, Cruz CSD, Koff JL. Respiratory syncytial virus activates epidermal growth factor receptor to suppress interferon regulatory factor 1-dependent interferon-lambda and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:958-967. [PMID: 29411775 PMCID: PMC6431552 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) persists as a significant human pathogen that continues to contribute to morbidity and mortality. In children, RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections, and in adults RSV causes pneumonia and contributes to exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. RSV induces airway epithelial inflammation by activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor. Recently, EGFR inhibition was shown to decrease RSV infection, but the mechanism(s) for this effect are not known. Interferon (IFN) signaling is critical for innate antiviral responses, and recent experiments have implicated IFN-λ (lambda), a type III IFN, as the most significant IFN for mucosal antiviral immune responses to RSV infection. However, a role for RSV-induced EGFR activation to suppress airway epithelial antiviral immunity has not been explored. Here, we show that RSV-induced EGFR activation suppresses IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1-induced IFN-λ production and increased viral infection, and we implicate RSV F protein to mediate this effect. EGFR inhibition, during viral infection, augmented IRF1, IFN-λ, and decreased RSV titers. These results suggest a mechanism for EGFR inhibition to suppress RSV by activation of endogenous epithelial antiviral defenses, which may be a potential target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kalinowski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Benjamin T. Galen
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Iris F. Ueki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy &
Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Ying Sun
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Arielle Mulenos
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Awo Osafo-Addo
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Brian Clark
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - John Joerns
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
| | - Jay A. Nadel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy &
Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale
University
| | - Jonathan L. Koff
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine,
Yale University
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46
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Li M, Li J, Zeng R, Yang J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Song X, Yao Z, Ma C, Li W, Wang K, Wei L. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication Is Promoted by Autophagy-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis. J Virol 2018; 92:e02193-17. [PMID: 29386287 PMCID: PMC5874425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in children worldwide. Virus-host interactions affect the progression and prognosis of the infection. Autophagy plays important roles in virus-host interactions. Respiratory epithelial cells serve as the front line of host defense during RSV infection, However, it is still unclear how they interact with RSV. In this study, we found that RSV induced autophagy that favored RSV replication and exacerbated lung pathology in vivo Mechanistically, RSV induced complete autophagy flux through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK-MTOR) signaling pathway in HEp-2 cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the functions of autophagy in RSV replication and found that RSV replication was increased in HEp-2 cells treated with rapamycin but decreased remarkably in cells treated with 3-methylademine (3-MA) or wortmannin. Knockdown key molecules in the autophagy pathway with short hairpinp RNA (shRNA) against autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7), or BECN1/Beclin 1 or treatment with ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and AMPK inhibitor (compound C) suppressed RSV replication. 3-MA or shATG5/BECN1 significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis at 48 hours postinfection (hpi). Blocking apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK partially restored virus replication at 48 hpi. Those results provide strong evidence that autophagy may function as a proviral mechanism in a cell-intrinsic manner during RSV infection.IMPORTANCE An understanding of the mechanisms that respiratory syncytial virus utilizes to interact with respiratory epithelial cells is critical to the development of novel antiviral strategies. In this study, we found that RSV induces autophagy through a ROS-AMPK signaling axis, which in turn promotes viral infection. Autophagy favors RSV replication through blocking cell apoptosis at 48 hpi. Mechanistically, RSV induces mitophagy, which maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and therefore decreases cytochrome c release and apoptosis induction. This study provides a novel insight into this virus-host interaction, which may help to exploit new antiviral treatments targeting autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Shanghai 455 Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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47
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Machado D, Pizzorno A, Hoffmann J, Traversier A, Endtz H, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Paranhos-Baccala G, Terrier O. Role of p53/NF-κB functional balance in respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammation response. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:489-500. [PMID: 29504924 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the p53 pathway has only been reported in a limited number of studies, yet the underlying abrogation mechanisms of p53 activity during the time course of infection, possibly involving viral proteins, remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RSV infection impairs global p53 transcriptional activity, notably via its proteasome-dependent degradation at late stages of infection. We also demonstrate that NS1 and NS2 contribute to the abrogation of p53 activity, and used different experimental strategies (e.g. siRNA, small molecules) to underline the antiviral contribution of p53 in the context of RSV infection. Notably, our study highlights a strong RSV-induced disequilibrium of the p53/NF-κB functional balance, which appears to contribute to the up-regulation of the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Machado
- Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hubert Endtz
- Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gláucia Paranhos-Baccala
- Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents, Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Present address: Center of Excellence for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Medical Diagnostic Discovery Department (MD3) bioMérieux, Brazil
| | - Olivier Terrier
- Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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48
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Pangesti KNA, Abd El Ghany M, Walsh MG, Kesson AM, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28. [PMID: 29377415 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections in young children. The virus is characterised by distinct seasonality that is dependent upon the latitude and its ability to cause reinfection. Respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates a complex molecular epidemiology pattern as multiple strains and/or genotypes cocirculate during a single epidemic. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between RSV genetic diversity, reinfection, and clinical features. Here, we review the evidence behind this relationship together with the impact that the advancement of whole genome sequencing will have upon our understanding and the need for reconsidering the classification of RSV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Walsh
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison M Kesson
- Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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49
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Ribaudo M, Barik S. The nonstructural proteins of Pneumoviruses are remarkably distinct in substrate diversity and specificity. Virol J 2017; 14:215. [PMID: 29110727 PMCID: PMC5674761 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN) inhibits viruses by inducing several hundred cellular genes, aptly named ‘interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes’ (ISGs). The only two RNA viruses of the Pneumovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family, namely Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM), each encode two nonstructural (NS) proteins that share no sequence similarity but yet suppress IFN. Since suppression of IFN underlies the ability of these viruses to replicate in the host cells, the mechanism of such suppression has become an important area of research. This Short Report is an important extension of our previous efforts in defining this mechanism. Results We show that, like their PVM counterparts, the RSV NS proteins also target multiple members of the ISG family. While significantly extending the substrate repertoire of the RSV NS proteins, these results, unexpectedly, also reveal that the target preferences of the NS proteins of the two viruses are entirely different. This is surprising since the two Pneumoviruses are phylogenetically close with similar genome organization and gene function, and the NS proteins of both also serve as suppressors of host IFN response. Conclusion The finding that the NS proteins of the two highly similar viruses suppress entirely different members of the ISG family raises intriguing questions of pneumoviral NS evolution and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ribaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA. .,3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL, 36619, USA.
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50
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Canedo-Marroquín G, Acevedo-Acevedo O, Rey-Jurado E, Saavedra JM, Lay MK, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of Host Immunity by Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Virulence Factors: A Synergic Inhibition of Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:367. [PMID: 28861397 PMCID: PMC5561764 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and high rates of hospitalizations in children and in the elderly worldwide. Symptoms of hRSV infection include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The lung pathology observed during hRSV infection is due in part to an exacerbated host immune response, characterized by immune cell infiltration to the lungs. HRSV is an enveloped virus, a member of the Pneumoviridae family, with a non-segmented genome and negative polarity-single RNA that contains 10 genes encoding for 11 proteins. These include the Fusion protein (F), the Glycoprotein (G), and the Small Hydrophobic (SH) protein, which are located on the virus surface. In addition, the Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P) large polymerase protein (L) part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex, the M2-1 protein as a transcription elongation factor, the M2-2 protein as a regulator of viral transcription and (M) protein all of which locate inside the virion. Apart from the structural proteins, the hRSV genome encodes for the non-structural 1 and 2 proteins (NS1 and NS2). HRSV has developed different strategies to evade the host immunity by means of the function of some of these proteins that work as virulence factors to improve the infection in the lung tissue. Also, hRSV NS-1 and NS-2 proteins have been shown to inhibit the activation of the type I interferon response. Furthermore, the hRSV nucleoprotein has been shown to inhibit the immunological synapsis between the dendritic cells and T cells during infection, resulting in an inefficient T cell activation. Here, we discuss the hRSV virulence factors and the host immunological features raised during infection with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Orlando Acevedo-Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de AntofagastaAntofagasta, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapySantiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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