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Dehhaghi M, Heydari M, Panahi HKS, Lewin SR, Heng B, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y. [PMID: 38802702 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders that can be acute, lasting days to weeks or months and possibly longer. The latter is known as long-COVID or more recently post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). During acute COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, known as the cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. The levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines are known to activate the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) leading to the production of several neurotoxic and immunosuppressive metabolites. There is already data showing elevation in KP metabolites both acutely and in PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it is likely that KP involvement is significant in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis especially neurologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mostafa Heydari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor University, Bogor, Indonesia
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2
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Xu L, Lin L, Xie N, Chen W, Nong W, Li R. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367734. [PMID: 38680494 PMCID: PMC11045974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by various ligands, including pollutants, microorganisms, and metabolic substances. It is expressed extensively in pulmonary and intestinal epithelial cells, where it contributes to barrier defense. The expression of AhR is pivotal in regulating the inflammatory response to microorganisms. However, dysregulated AhR expression can result in endocrine disorders, leading to immunotoxicity and potentially promoting the development of carcinoma. This review focuses on the crucial role of the AhR in facilitating and limiting the proliferation of pathogens, specifically in relation to the host cell type and the species of etiological agents involved in microbial pathogen infections. The activation of AhR is enhanced through the IDO1-AhR-IDO1 positive feedback loop, which is manipulated by viruses. AhR primarily promotes the infection of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AhR also plays a significant role in regulating various types of T-cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in the context of pulmonary infections. The AhR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses within the respiratory and intestinal barriers when they are invaded by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Additionally, we propose that targeting the agonist and antagonist of AhR signaling pathways could serve as a promising therapeutic approach for combating pathogen infections, especially in light of the growing prevalence of drug resistance to multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Luping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weihua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases and Affiliated Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases, University of South China, Changsha, China
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3
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Healey AM, Fenner KN, O'Dell CT, Lawrence BP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation alters immune cell populations in the lung and bone marrow during coronavirus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L313-L329. [PMID: 38290163 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are one of the major causes of illness and death worldwide. Symptoms associated with respiratory infections can range from mild to severe, and there is limited understanding of why there is large variation in severity. Environmental exposures are a potential causative factor. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing molecule expressed in all immune cells. Although there is considerable evidence that AHR signaling influences immune responses to other immune challenges, including respiratory pathogens, less is known about the impact of AHR signaling on immune responses during coronavirus (CoV) infection. In this study, we report that AHR activation significantly altered immune cells in the lungs and bone marrow of mice infected with a mouse CoV. AHR activation transiently reduced the frequency of multiple cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system, including monocytes, interstitial macrophages, and dendritic cells in the lung. In the bone marrow, AHR activation altered myelopoiesis, as evidenced by a reduction in granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells and an increased frequency of myeloid-biased progenitor cells. Moreover, AHR activation significantly affected multiple stages of the megakaryocyte lineage. Overall, these findings indicate that AHR activation modulates multiple aspects of the immune response to a CoV infection. Given the significant burden of respiratory viruses on human health, understanding how environmental exposures shape immune responses to infection advances our knowledge of factors that contribute to variability in disease severity and provides insight into novel approaches to prevent or treat disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study reveals a multifaceted role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in the immune response to coronavirus (CoV) infection. Sustained AHR activation during in vivo mouse CoV infection altered the frequency of mature immune cells in the lung and modulated emergency hematopoiesis, specifically myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, in bone marrow. This provides new insight into immunoregulation by the AHR and extends our understanding of how environmental exposures can impact host responses to respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Healey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Kristina N Fenner
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Colleen T O'Dell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
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4
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Yousefi M, Lee WS, Chan WOY, He W, Mah MG, Yong CL, Deerain JM, Wang L, Arcinas C, Yan B, Tan D, Sia WR, Gamage AM, Yang J, Hsu ACY, Li S, Linster M, Yang X, Ghosh S, Anderson DE, Smith GJD, Tan CW, Wang LF, Ooi YS. Betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 infections in IGROV-1 cell line require aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2256416. [PMID: 37672505 PMCID: PMC10512916 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2256416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel betacoronaviruses has posed significant financial and human health burdens, necessitating the development of appropriate tools to combat future outbreaks. In this study, we have characterized a human cell line, IGROV-1, as a robust tool to detect, propagate, and titrate betacoronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43. IGROV-1 cells can be used for serological assays, antiviral drug testing, and isolating SARS-CoV-2 variants from patient samples. Using time-course transcriptomics, we confirmed that IGROV-1 cells exhibit a robust innate immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, recapitulating the response previously observed in primary human nasal epithelial cells. We performed genome-wide CRISPR knockout genetic screens in IGROV-1 cells and identified Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a critical host dependency factor for both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43. Using DiMNF, a small molecule inhibitor of AHR, we observed that the drug selectively inhibits HCoV-OC43 infection but not SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptomic analysis in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells revealed that DiMNF blocks HCoV-OC43 infection via basal activation of innate immune responses. Our findings highlight the potential of IGROV-1 cells as a valuable diagnostic and research tool to combat betacoronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Yousefi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Suet Lee
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wharton O. Y. Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei He
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus G. Mah
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cythia Lingli Yong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua M. Deerain
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lijin Wang
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camille Arcinas
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biaoguo Yan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dewei Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akshamal M. Gamage
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shang Li
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E. Anderson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translation Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Zhai X, Yang Y, Wang N, Li X, Jiang Z, Su S. Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059123. [PMID: 37768084 PMCID: PMC10617542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00591-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses threaten public health continuously, and Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that can potentially infect humans. Approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against alphaviruses are few available, but several host antiviral factors have been reported. Here, we used GETV as a model of alphaviruses to screen for additional host factors. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible poly(ADP ribose) polymerase was identified to inhibit GETV replication by inducing ubiquitination of the glycoprotein E2, causing its degradation by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH8 (MARCH8). Using GETV as a model virus, focusing on the relationship between viral structural proteins and host factors to screen antiviral host factors provides new insights for antiviral studies on alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqing Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Cerracchio C, Amoroso MG, Piccolo M, Ferraro MG, Nocera FP, De Martino L, Serra F, Irace C, Tenore GC, Novellino E, Santamaria R, Fiorito F. Antiviral activity of Taurisolo® during bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 infection. Virus Res 2023; 336:199217. [PMID: 37666327 PMCID: PMC10504091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV-1), the pathogen causing Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and predisposing to polymicrobial infections in cattle, provokes farm economic losses and trading restrictions in the world. However, nontoxic antiviral agents for BoAHV-1 infection are still unavailable, but plant extracts, such as flavonoid derivatives possess activity against BoAHV-1. Taurisolo®, a nutraceutical produced by Aglianico grape pomace, has recently shown promising antiviral activity. Herein, the potential activity of Taurisolo® during BoAHV-1 infection in Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was tested. Taurisolo® enhanced cell viability and reduced morphological death signs in BoAHV-1-infected cells. Moreover, Taurisolo® influenced the expression of bICP0, the key regulatory protein of BoAHV-1, and it strongly diminished virus yield. These effects were associated with an up-regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor involved in microbial metabolism and immune response. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Taurisolo® may represent a potential antiviral agent against BoAHV-1 infection. Noteworthy, AhR could be involved in the observed effects and become a new target in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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7
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Badawy AB. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: a neglected therapeutic target of COVID-19 pathophysiology and immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230595. [PMID: 37486805 PMCID: PMC10407158 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exerts profound changes in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism that may underpin its pathophysiology. The KP is the main source of the vital cellular effector NAD+ and intermediate metabolites that modulate immune and neuronal functions. Trp metabolism is the top pathway influenced by COVID-19. Sixteen studies established virus-induced activation of the KP mediated mainly by induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in most affected tissues and of IDO2 in lung by the increased release of proinflammatory cytokines but could additionally involve increased flux of plasma free Trp and induction of Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by cortisol. The major Kyn metabolite targeted by COVID-19 is kynurenic acid (KA), the Kyn metabolite with the greatest affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is also activated by COVID-19. AhR activation initiates two important series of events: a vicious circle involving IDO1 induction, KA accumulation and further AhR activation, and activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) leading to NAD+ depletion and cell death. The virus further deprives the host of NAD+ by inhibiting its main biosynthetic pathway from quinolinic acid, while simultaneously acquiring NAD+ by promoting its synthesis from nicotinamide in the salvage pathway. Additionally, the protective effects of sirtuin 1 are minimised by the PARP activation. KP dysfunction may also underpin the mood and neurological disorders acutely and during 'long COVID'. More studies of potential effects of vaccination therapy on the KP are required and exploration of therapeutic strategies involving modulation of the KP changes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Abu-Bakr Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K
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8
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Cerracchio C, Salvatore MM, Del Sorbo L, Serra F, Amoroso MG, DellaGreca M, Nicoletti R, Andolfi A, Fiorito F. In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activities of Funicone-like Compounds Vermistatin and Penisimplicissin against Canine Coronavirus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1319. [PMID: 37627739 PMCID: PMC10451237 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that 3-O-methylfunicone (OMF), a fungal secondary metabolite from Talaromyces pinophilus belonging to the class of funicone-like compounds, has antiviral activity against canine coronaviruses (CCoV), which causes enteritis in dogs. Herein, we selected two additional funicone-like compounds named vermistatin (VER) and penisimplicissin (PS) and investigated their inhibitory activity towards CCoV infection. Thus, both compounds have been tested for their cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against CCoV in A72 cells, a fibrosarcoma cell line suitable for investigating CCoV. Our findings showed an increase in cell viability, with an improvement of morphological features in CCoV-infected cells at the non-toxic doses of 1 μM for VER and 0.5 μM for PS. In addition, we observed that these compounds caused a strong inhibition in the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which is activated during CCoV infection. Our results also showed the alkalinization of lysosomes in the presence of VER or PS, which may be involved in the observed antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Luca Del Sorbo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.S.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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9
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Chong ZX, Yong CY, Ong AHK, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Deciphering the roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in regulating carcinogenesis. Toxicology 2023; 495:153596. [PMID: 37480978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent receptor that belongs to the superfamily of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. The activation of the canonical AHR signaling pathway is known to induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, facilitating the detoxification metabolism in the human body. Additionally, AHR could interact with various signaling pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), nuclear factor ekappa B (NF-κβ), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. Over the past 30 years, several studies have reported that various chemical, physical, or biological agents, such as tobacco, hydrocarbon compounds, industrial and agricultural chemical wastes, drugs, UV, viruses, and other toxins, could affect AHR expression or activity, promoting cancer development. Thus, it is valuable to overview how these factors regulate AHR-mediated carcinogenesis. Current findings have reported that many compounds could act as AHR ligands to drive the expressions of AHR-target genes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MMPs, and AXL, and other targets that exert a pro-proliferation or anti-apoptotic effect, like XIAP. Furthermore, some other physical and chemical agents, such as UV and 3-methylcholanthrene, could promote AHR signaling activities, increasing the signaling activities of a few oncogenic pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathways. Understanding how various factors regulate AHR-mediated carcinogenesis processes helps clinicians and scientists plan personalized therapeutic strategies to improve anti-cancer treatment efficacy. As many studies that have reported the roles of AHR in regulating carcinogenesis are preclinical or observational clinical studies that did not explore the detailed mechanisms of how different chemical, physical, or biological agents promote AHR-mediated carcinogenesis processes, future studies should focus on conducting large-scale and functional studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of how AHR interacts with different factors in regulating carcinogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Han Kiat Ong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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10
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Guo L, Appelman B, Mooij-Kalverda K, Houtkooper RH, van Weeghel M, Vaz FM, Dijkhuis A, Dekker T, Smids BS, Duitman JW, Bugiani M, Brinkman P, Sikkens JJ, Lavell HAA, Wüst RCI, van Vugt M, Lutter R. Prolonged indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 activity and associated cellular stress in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104729. [PMID: 37506544 PMCID: PMC10406961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) encompass fatigue, post-exertional malaise and cognitive problems. The abundant expression of the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) in fatal/severe COVID-19, led us to determine, in an exploratory observational study, whether IDO2 is expressed and active in PASC, and may correlate with pathophysiology. METHODS Plasma or serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from well-characterized PASC patients and SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without PASC. We assessed tryptophan and its degradation products by UPLC-MS/MS. IDO2 activity, its potential consequences, and the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in IDO2 expression were determined in PBMC from another PASC cohort by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IDO2, IDO1, AHR, kynurenine metabolites, autophagy, and apoptosis. These PBMC were also analyzed by metabolomics and for mitochondrial functioning by respirometry. IHC was also performed on autopsy brain material from two PASC patients. FINDINGS IDO2 is expressed and active in PBMC from PASC patients, as well as in brain tissue, long after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is paralleled by autophagy, and in blood cells by reduced mitochondrial functioning, reduced intracellular levels of amino acids and Krebs cycle-related compounds. IDO2 expression and activity is triggered by SARS-CoV-2-infection, but the severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology appears related to the generated specific kynurenine metabolites. Ex vivo, IDO2 expression and autophagy can be halted by an AHR antagonist. INTERPRETATION SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers long-lasting IDO2 expression, which can be halted by an AHR antagonist. The specific kynurenine catabolites may relate to SARS-CoV-2-induced symptoms and pathology. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Guo
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Mooij-Kalverda
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dijkhuis
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamara Dekker
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara S Smids
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Duitman
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H A Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Shi J, Du T, Wang J, Tang C, Lei M, Yu W, Yang Y, Ma Y, Huang P, Chen H, Wang X, Sun J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Luo F, Huang Q, Li B, Lu S, Hu Y, Peng X. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a proviral host factor and a candidate pan-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic target. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0211. [PMID: 37256962 PMCID: PMC10413656 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a series of SARS-CoV-2 variants has necessitated the search for broad-spectrum antiviral targets. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) senses tryptophan metabolites and is an immune regulator. However, the role of AhR in SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether AhR can be used as the target of antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants are yet unclear. Here, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 activates AhR signaling and facilitates viral replication by interfering with IFN-I-driven antiviral immunity and up-regulating ACE2 receptor expression. The pharmacological AhR blockade or AhR knockout reduces SARS-CoV-2 and its variants' replication in vitro. Drug targeting of AhR with AhR antagonists markedly reduced SARS-CoV-2 and its variants' replication in vivo and ameliorated lung inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Overall, AhR was a SARS-CoV-2 proviral host factor and a candidate host-directed broad-spectrum target for antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including Delta and Omicron, and potentially other variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Shi
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tingfu Du
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyue Lei
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixuan Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Luo
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
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12
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Yılmaz B, Çakmak Genç G, Karakaş Çelik S, Pişkin N, Horuz E, Dursun A. The 3'UTR region of the DNA repair gene PARP-1 May increase the severity of COVID-19 by altering the binding of antiviral miRNAs. Virology 2023; 583:29-35. [PMID: 37087842 PMCID: PMC10110933 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 may cause the release of systemic inflammatory cytokines resulting in severe inflammation. PARP-1 has been identified as a nuclear enzyme that is activated by DNA strand breaks. It has been suggested that PARP-1 has a role in the cytokine storm shown as a cause of mortality in COVID-19, and its inhibition may adversely affect the replication of SARS -CoV-2. We aimed to investigate the relationship between PARP-1 gene polymorphisms and the clinical severity of COVID-19. rs8679 TT genotype was found to increase with the COVID-19 disease severity. The 3'UTR polymorphism rs8679 may cause PARP-1 activity as a result of viral replication increase by changing the binding site of antiviral or anti-inflammatory miRNAs. PARP-1 may affect the severity of COVID-19 by cytokine release and maybe a possible treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Güneş Çakmak Genç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakaş Çelik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Nihal Pişkin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Emre Horuz
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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13
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Feuz MB, Meyer-Ficca ML, Meyer RG. Beyond Pellagra-Research Models and Strategies Addressing the Enduring Clinical Relevance of NAD Deficiency in Aging and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:500. [PMID: 36766842 PMCID: PMC9913999 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into the functions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has intensified in recent years due to the insight that abnormally low levels of NAD are involved in many human pathologies including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, reproductive dysfunction, cancer, and aging. Consequently, the development and validation of novel NAD-boosting strategies has been of central interest, along with the development of models that accurately represent the complexity of human NAD dynamics and deficiency levels. In this review, we discuss pioneering research and show how modern researchers have long since moved past believing that pellagra is the overt and most dramatic clinical presentation of NAD deficiency. The current research is centered on common human health conditions associated with moderate, but clinically relevant, NAD deficiency. In vitro and in vivo research models that have been developed specifically to study NAD deficiency are reviewed here, along with emerging strategies to increase the intracellular NAD concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B. Feuz
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Mirella L. Meyer-Ficca
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Ralph G. Meyer
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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14
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Regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone protein ERp29 in anti-murine β-coronavirus host cell response. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102836. [PMID: 36572185 PMCID: PMC9788854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) involving astrocytes is important for proper CNS homeostasis. As determined in our previous studies, trafficking of the predominant astrocyte GJ protein, Connexin43 (Cx43), is disrupted in response to infection with a neurotropic murine β-coronavirus (MHV-A59). However, how host factors are involved in Cx43 trafficking and the infection response is not clear. Here, we show that Cx43 retention due to MHV-A59 infection was associated with increased ER stress and reduced expression of chaperone protein ERp29. Treatment of MHV-A59-infected astrocytes with the chemical chaperone 4-sodium phenylbutyrate increased ERp29 expression, rescued Cx43 transport to the cell surface, increased GJIC, and reduced ER stress. We obtained similar results using an astrocytoma cell line (delayed brain tumor) upon MHV-A59 infection. Critically, delayed brain tumor cells transfected to express exogenous ERp29 were less susceptible to MHV-A59 infection and showed increased Cx43-mediated GJIC. Treatment with Cx43 mimetic peptides inhibited GJIC and increased viral susceptibility, demonstrating a role for intercellular communication in reducing MHV-A59 infectivity. Taken together, these results support a therapeutically targetable ERp29-dependent mechanism where β-coronavirus infectivity is modulated by reducing ER stress and rescuing Cx43 trafficking and function.
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15
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Quantification of PARP7 Protein Levels and PARP7 Inhibitor Target Engagement in Cells Using a Split Nanoluciferase System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2609:387-395. [PMID: 36515849 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2891-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PARP7 is an enzyme that catalyzes mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation), is a critical regulator of type I interferon signaling, and has emerged as an immune-oncology drug candidate. PARP7 is a labile protein that is regulated in a proteasome-dependent manner. Indeed, endogenous PARP7 levels are undetectable by western blot in most cells. Intriguingly, treatment of cells with orthosteric small molecule inhibitors of PARP7 can increase endogenous PARP7 protein to detectable levels. This characteristic of PARP7 inhibitors could potentially be exploited to assess target engagement-and thus cellular efficacy-of PARP7 inhibitors; however, no method exists to quantitatively monitor endogenous PARP7 levels in a high-throughput manner. In this protocol, we describe an assay using a split Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) system for quantifying endogenous PARP7 protein levels and PARP7 inhibitor target engagement in cells in a 96-well plate format. We show that this assay can be used to quantify PARP7 protein levels under various cellular treatments and can assess cellular PARP7 inhibitor target engagement. We envision this split NanoLuc PARP7 assay can be used not only for evaluating the cellular efficacy of PARP7 inhibitors in a high-throughput manner but also for uncovering the mechanisms regulating PARP7 protein levels in cells.
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16
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Cerracchio C, Iovane V, Salvatore MM, Amoroso MG, Dakroub H, DellaGreca M, Nicoletti R, Andolfi A, Fiorito F. Effectiveness of the Fungal Metabolite 3- O-Methylfunicone towards Canine Coronavirus in a Canine Fibrosarcoma Cell Line (A72). Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1594. [PMID: 36421238 PMCID: PMC9687078 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV), an alphacoronavirus, may cause self-limiting enteric disease in dogs, especially in puppies. The noteworthy plasticity of coronaviruses (CoVs) occurs through mutation and recombination processes, which sometimes generate new dangerous variants. The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the isolation of a novel canine-feline recombinant alphacoronavirus from humans emphasizes the cross-species transmission ability of CoVs. In this context, exploring antiviral compounds is essential to find new tools for fighting against CoVs infections. Fungi produce secondary metabolites, which are often developed as antibiotics, fungicides, hormones, and plant growth regulators. Previous examinations of benzo-γ-pyrone 3-O-methylfunicone (OMF), obtained from Talaromyces pinophilus, showed that it reduces the infectivity of hepatitis C virus and bovine herpesvirus 1. Based on this evidence, this study evaluated the antiviral ability of OMF against CCoV infection in a canine fibrosarcoma (A72) cell line. During CCoV infection, a non-toxic dose of OMF markedly increased features of cell viability. Moreover, OMF induced a significant reduction in virus yield in the presence of an intense downregulation of the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP). These findings occurred in the presence of a marked reduction in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression. Taken together, preliminary findings suggest that OMF inhibiting AhR shows promising activity against CCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Hiba Dakroub
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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17
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Cerracchio C, Serra F, Amoroso MG, Fiorito F. Canine Coronavirus Activates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor during In Vitro Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112437. [PMID: 36366535 PMCID: PMC9692492 DOI: 10.3390/v14112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that interacts with substrates, including microbial metabolites. Recent advances reveal that AhR is involved in the host response to coronaviruses (CoVs) infection. Particularly, AhR antagonists decrease the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via AhR up-regulation, resulting in suppression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mammalian cells. Herein, we report that AhR is expressed in canine fibrosarcoma (A72) cells, where it is considerably activated by infection with genotype II of canine coronavirus (CCoV-II). The pharmacological inhibition of AhR, by CH223191, suppressed cell death signs and increased cell viability. Furthermore, the AhR antagonist induced a meaningful decline in virus yield, accompanied by the inhibition of the expression of viral nuclear protein (NP). Fascinatingly, during CCoV infection, a novel co-expression of NP and AhR expression was found. Taken together, our preliminary findings show that infection with CCoV activates AhR, and pharmacologic AhR inhibition reduces CCoV replication, identifying AhR as a possible candidate target for CCoV antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerracchio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Serra
- Department of Animal Health, Unit of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Unit of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); Tel.: +39-0812536180
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Li P, Lei Y, Qi J, Liu W, Yao K. Functional roles of ADP-ribosylation writers, readers and erasers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941356. [PMID: 36035988 PMCID: PMC9404506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between its writers, readers and erasers. As an intricate and versatile PTM, ADP-ribosylation plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss the major players involved in the ADP-ribosylation cycle, which may facilitate the investigation of the ADP-ribosylation function and contribute to the understanding and treatment of ADP-ribosylation associated disease.
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Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061332. [PMID: 35740354 PMCID: PMC9220124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular relevance of an activated tryptophan/kynurenine pathway as described in this review. Recent histological studies have documented that, in COVID-19 patients, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymes are differentially expressed in the pulmonary blood vessels, i.e., IDO1 prevails in early/mild pneumonia and in lung tissues from patients suffering from long COVID-19, whereas IDO2 is predominant in severe/fatal cases. We hypothesize that IDO1 is necessary for a correct control of the vascular tone of pulmonary vessels, and its deficiency in COVID-19 might be related to the syndrome’s evolution toward vascular dysfunction. The complexity of this scenario is discussed in light of possible therapeutic manipulations of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
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Lüscher B, Verheirstraeten M, Krieg S, Korn P. Intracellular mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases at the host-virus interphase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:288. [PMID: 35536484 PMCID: PMC9087173 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system, the primary defense mechanism of higher organisms against pathogens including viruses, senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In response to PAMPs, interferons (IFNs) are produced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infection. In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced. Their products disseminate the antiviral response. Among the ISGs conserved in many species are those encoding mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mono-ARTs). This prompts the question whether, and if so how, mono-ADP-ribosylation affects viral propagation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. Support for mono-ADP-ribosylation in virus–host interaction stems from the findings that some viruses encode mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases, which antagonize cellular mono-ARTs. We summarize and discuss the evidence linking mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes relevant to catalyze this reversible modification with the innate immune response as part of the arms race between host and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maud Verheirstraeten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krieg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Korn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Huang SC, Pak TK, Graber CP, Searby CC, Liu G, Marcy J, Yaszemski AK, Bedell K, Bui E, Perlman S, Zhang Q, Wang K, Sheffield VC, Carter CS. An open source and convenient method for the wide-spread testing of COVID-19 using deep throat sputum samples. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13277. [PMID: 35573180 PMCID: PMC9104087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The rise of novel, more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants has made clear the need to rapidly deploy large-scale testing for COVID-19 to protect public health. However, testing remains limited due to shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), naso- and oropharyngeal swabs, and healthcare workers. Simple test methods are needed to enhance COVID-19 screening. Here, we describe a simple, and inexpensive spit-test for COVID-19 screening called Patient Self-Collection of Sample-CoV2 (PSCS-CoV2). Objective To evaluate an affordable and convenient test for COVID-19. Methods The collection method relies on deep throat sputum (DTS) self-collected by the subject without the use of swabs, and was hence termed the Self-Collection of Sample for SARS-CoV-2 (abbreviated PSCS-CoV2). We used a phenol-chloroform extraction method for the viral RNA. We then tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with primers against at least two coding regions of the viral nucleocapsid protein (N1 and N2 or E) of SARS-CoV-2. We evaluted the sensitivity and specificity of our protocol. In addition we assess the limit of detection, and efficacy of our Viral Inactivating Solution. We also evaluated our protocol, and pooling strategy from volunteers on a local college campus. Results We show that the PSCS-CoV2 method accurately identified 42 confirmed COVID-19 positives, which were confirmed through the nasopharyngeal swabbing method of an FDA approved testing facility. For samples negative for COVID-19, we show that the cycle threshold for N1, N2, and RP are similar between the PSCS-CoV2 and nasopharynx swab collection method (n = 30). We found a sensitivity of 100% (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 92-100) and specifity of 100% (95% CI, 89-100) for our PSCS-CoV2 method. We determined our protocol has a limit of detection of 1/10,000 for DTS from a COVID-19 patient. In addition, we show field data of the PSCS-CoV2 method on a college campus. Ten of the twelve volunteers (N1 < 30) that we tested as positive were subsequently tested positive by an independent laboratory. Finally, we show proof of concept of a pooling strategy to test for COVID-19, and recommend pool sizes of four if the positivity rate is less than 15%. Conclusion and Relevance We developed a DTS-based protocol for COVID-19 testing with high sensitivity and specificity. This protocol can be used by non-debilitated adults without the assistance of another adult, or by non-debilitated children with the assistance of a parent or guardian. We also discuss pooling strategies based on estimated positivity rates to help conserve resources, time, and increase throughput. The PSCS-CoV2 method can be a key component of community-wide efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C. Huang
- Medical Scientist Training Program / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Thomas K. Pak
- Medical Scientist Training Program / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Cameron P. Graber
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Searby
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Guanghao Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Marcy
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Alexandra K. Yaszemski
- Department of Neurology / Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kurt Bedell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Emily Bui
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America,Department of Microbiology and Immunology / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics / University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Calvin S. Carter
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics/ Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic / Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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22
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Guarnieri T. Hypothesis: Emerging Roles for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Orchestrating CoV-2-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040648. [PMID: 35203299 PMCID: PMC8869960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent of Coronavirus-Induced Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a multi-organ syndrome which primarily targets the respiratory system. In this review, considering the large amount of data pointing out the role of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the inflammatory response and in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, we describe some mechanisms that strongly suggest its involvement in the management of COVID-19′s inflammatory framework. It regulates both the expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its stabilizing partner, the Broad neutral Amino acid Transporter 1 (B0AT1). It induces Indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO-1), the enzyme which, starting from Tryptophan (Trp), produces Kynurenine (Kyn, Beta-Anthraniloyl-L-Alanine). The accumulation of Kyn and the depletion of Trp arrest T cell growth and induce apoptosis, setting up an immune-tolerant condition, whereas AhR and interferon type I (IFN-I) build a mutual inhibitory loop that also involves NF-kB and limits the innate response. AhR/Kyn binding boosts the production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus reinforcing the inflammatory state and counteracting the IDO-dependent immune tolerance in the later stage of COVID-19. Taken together, these data depict a framework where sufficient clues suggest the possible participation of AhR in the management of COVID-19 inflammation, thus indicating an additional therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Guarnieri
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB–Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Reduced Colonic Mucosal Injury in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-Dioxin Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase (TIPARP/PARP7)-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020920. [PMID: 35055106 PMCID: PMC8779828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) are important regulators of the immune system, including TCDD-inducible poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (TIPARP), also known as poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 7 (PARP7). PARP7 negatively regulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, both of which have been implicated in intestinal homeostasis and immunity. Since the loss of PARP7 expression increases AHR and IFN-I signaling, we used a murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model to investigate the effect of PARP7 loss on DSS-induced intestinal inflammation. DSS-exposed Parp7−/− mice had less body weight loss, lower disease index scores, and reduced expression of several inflammation genes, including interleukin IL-6, C-x-c motif chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1), and lipocalin-2, when compared with wild-type mice. However, no significant difference was observed between genotypes in the colonic expression of the AHR target gene cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1a1). Moreover, no significant differences in microbial composition were observed between the genotypes. Our findings demonstrate that the absence of PARP7 protein results in an impaired immune response to colonic inflammation and suggests that PARP7 may participate in the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammation site, which may be due to its role in IFN-I signaling rather than AHR signaling.
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24
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Wu T, Hu J, Wang X, Luo X, Wang H, Ning Q. High-fat-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver potentiates vulnerability to and the severity of viral hepatitis in a C3H/HeN mouse model. Biofactors 2022; 48:216-227. [PMID: 34921696 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the concomitance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and viral hepatitis is soaring, there is not much knowledge about the impact of NAFLD on viral hepatitis. Here, we aimed to investigate how NAFLD influences the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Wild-type C3H/HeN mice with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet were infected with murine hepatitis virus 3 (MHV-3) and sacrificed at Days 4, 8, 12, and 16 post infection. Although there was no difference in the survival rate between mice with and without NAFLD, individuals with steatosis suffered more severe and prolonged liver injury demonstrated by transaminases and histology examination. The intrahepatic viral load was higher in NAFLD group during early infection, although it declined ultimately. On the contrary, the serum antiviral antibody titer remained in a lower level in mice with NAFLD throughout the investigation. In NAFLD group, the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and interleukin 17A) and the frequencies of antiviral immune cells (NKG2D+ NK cells and CD69+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) were profoundly increased. Parallelly, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10) and inhibitory checkpoint expression (NKG2A on NK cells and programmed cell death-1 on CTLs) were also significantly elevated to maintain homeostasis. However, the upregulation of interleukin 22, a protective cytokine was deficient in NAFLD group post MHV-3 infection. Conclusively, hepatic lipid metabolic abnormalities disturb antiviral immunity and increase the vulnerability to and severity of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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25
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NAD+-consuming enzymes in immune defense against viral infection. Biochem J 2021; 478:4071-4092. [PMID: 34871367 PMCID: PMC8718269 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that in spite of the scientific progress in the past century, there is a lack of general antiviral strategies. In analogy to broad-spectrum antibiotics as antibacterial agents, developing broad spectrum antiviral agents would buy us time for the development of vaccines and treatments for future viral infections. In addition to targeting viral factors, a possible strategy is to understand host immune defense mechanisms and develop methods to boost the antiviral immune response. Here we summarize the role of NAD+-consuming enzymes in the immune defense against viral infections, with the hope that a better understanding of this process could help to develop better antiviral therapeutics targeting these enzymes. These NAD+-consuming enzymes include PARPs, sirtuins, CD38, and SARM1. Among these, the antiviral function of PARPs is particularly important and will be a focus of this review. Interestingly, NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes are also implicated in immune responses. In addition, many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 contain a macrodomain-containing protein (NSP3 in SARS-CoV-2), which serves to counteract the antiviral function of host PARPs. Therefore, NAD+ and NAD+-consuming enzymes play crucial roles in immune responses against viral infections and detailed mechanistic understandings in the future will likely facilitate the development of general antiviral strategies.
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26
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Vyavahare S, Kumar S, Cantu N, Kolhe R, Bollag WB, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hill WD, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Fulzele S. Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in COVID-19-Dependent Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Minireview. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2911578. [PMID: 34621138 PMCID: PMC8492288 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2911578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and lungs. Several studies have reported that the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is altered in COVID-19 patients. The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway plays a vital role in regulating inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and musculoskeletal system biology. In this minireview, we surmise the effects of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 patients and how this pathway might impact muscle and bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Cantu
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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27
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78495111110.1152/physrev.00046.2020" />
Abstract
This medical review addresses the hypothesis that CD38/NADase is at the center of a functional axis (i.e., intracellular Ca2+ mobilization/IFNγ response/reactive oxygen species burst) driven by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, as already verified in respiratory syncytial virus pathology and CD38 activity in other cellular settings. Key features of the hypothesis are that 1) the substrates of CD38 (e.g., NAD+ and NADP+) are depleted by viral-induced metabolic changes; 2) the products of the enzymatic activity of CD38 [e.g., cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR)/ADPR/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate] and related enzymes [e.g., poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, Sirtuins, and ADP-ribosyl hydrolase] are involved in the anti‐viral and proinflammatory response that favors the onset of lung immunopathology (e.g., cytokine storm and organ fibrosis); and 3) the pathological changes induced by this kinetic mechanism may be reduced by distinct modulators of the CD38/NAD+ axis (e.g., CD38 blockers, NAD+ suppliers, among others). This view is supported by arrays of associative basic and applied research data that are herein discussed and integrated with conclusions reported by others in the field of inflammatory, immune, tumor, and viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L. Horenstein
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo C. Faini
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
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28
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Dash S, Dash C, Pandhare J. Therapeutic Significance of microRNA-Mediated Regulation of PARP-1 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34698261 PMCID: PMC8544662 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) has devastated global healthcare and economies. Despite the stabilization of infectivity rates in some developed nations, several countries are still under the grip of the pathogenic viral mutants that are causing a significant increase in infections and hospitalization. Given this urgency, targeting of key host factors regulating SARS-CoV-2 life cycle is postulated as a novel strategy to counter the virus and its associated pathological outcomes. In this regard, Poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is being increasingly recognized as a possible target. PARP-1 is well studied in human diseases such as cancer, central nervous system (CNS) disorders and pathology of RNA viruses. Emerging evidence indicates that regulation of PARP-1 by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs is integral to cell survival, redox balance, DNA damage response, energy homeostasis, and several other cellular processes. In this short perspective, we summarize the recent findings on the microRNA/PARP-1 axis and its therapeutic potential for COVID-19 pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Dash
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.D.); (J.P.)
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.D.); (J.P.)
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.D.); (J.P.)
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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29
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Tan A, Doig CL. NAD + Degrading Enzymes, Evidence for Roles During Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697359. [PMID: 34485381 PMCID: PMC8415550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contribute to metabolic dysfunction, increase susceptibility to disease, and occur as a result of pathogenic infection. The enzymatic cleavage of NAD+ transfers ADP-ribose (ADPr) to substrate proteins generating mono-ADP-ribose (MAR), poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (OAADPr). These important post-translational modifications have roles in both immune response activation and the advancement of infection. In particular, emergent data show viral infection stimulates activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) mediated NAD+ depletion and stimulates hydrolysis of existing ADP-ribosylation modifications. These studies are important for us to better understand the value of NAD+ maintenance upon the biology of infection. This review focuses specifically upon the NAD+ utilising enzymes, discusses existing knowledge surrounding their roles in infection, their NAD+ depletion capability and their influence within pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Tan
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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30
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Hutin D, Long AS, Sugamori K, Shao P, Singh SK, Rasmussen M, Olafsen NE, Pettersen S, Grimaldi G, Grant DM, Matthews J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)-Inducible Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase (TIPARP/PARP7) Catalytic Mutant Mice (TiparpH532A) Exhibit Increased Sensitivity to TCDD-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Lethality. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:154-169. [PMID: 34129049 PMCID: PMC8404992 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase (TIPARP/PARP7), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) target gene and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, acts as part of a negative feedback loop to repress AHR signaling. This process is prevented by a single H532A mutation in TIPARP that destroys its catalytic activity. We hypothesized that the loss of TIPARP catalytic activity would increase sensitivity to TCDD-induced toxicity in vivo. To test this, we created a catalytically deficient mouse line (TiparpH532A) by introducing a single H532A mutation in TIPARP. Treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts or hepatocytes isolated from TiparpH532A mice confirmed the increased TCDD-induced expression of the AHR target genes Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1, and Tiparp. TiparpH532A mice given a single injection of 10 µg/kg TCDD, a nonlethal dose in Tiparp+/+ mice, did not survive beyond day 10. All Tiparp+/+ mice survived the 30-day treatment. TCDD-treated TiparpH532A mice displayed increased expression of AHR target genes, increased steatohepatitis and hepatotoxicity. Hepatic RNA-sequencing revealed 7-fold more differentially expressed genes in TiparpH532A mice than in Tiparp+/+ mice (4542 vs 647 genes) 6 days after TCDD treatment. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Taken together, these data further support TIPARP as a critical negative regulator of AHR activity and show that loss of its catalytic activity is sufficient to increase sensitivity to TCDD-induced steatohepatitis and lethality. Since TIPARP inhibition has recently emerged as a potential anticancer therapy, the impact on AHR signaling, TCDD and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity will need to be carefully considered under conditions of therapeutic TIPARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hutin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marit Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ninni Elise Olafsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Pettersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Giulia Grimaldi
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis M Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Hoch NC. Host ADP-ribosylation and the SARS-CoV-2 macrodomain. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1711-1721. [PMID: 34351418 PMCID: PMC8421052 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted intense research efforts into elucidating mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and to propose antiviral interventions. The interferon (IFN) response is the main antiviral component of human innate immunity and is actively suppressed by several non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, allowing viral replication within human cells. Differences in IFN signalling efficiency and timing have emerged as central determinants of the variability of COVID-19 disease severity between patients, highlighting the need for an improved understanding of host-pathogen interactions that affect the IFN response. ADP-ribosylation is an underexplored post-translational modification catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases collectively termed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Several human PARPs are induced by the IFN response and participate in antiviral defences by regulating IFN signalling itself, modulating host processes such as translation and protein trafficking, as well as directly modifying and inhibiting viral target proteins. SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses encode a macrodomain that hydrolyzes ADP-ribose modifications, thus counteracting antiviral PARP activity. This mini-review provides a brief overview of the known targets of IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation and the functions of viral macrodomains, highlighting several open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C. Hoch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Giovannoni F, Li Z, Remes-Lenicov F, Dávola ME, Elizalde M, Paletta A, Ashkar AA, Mossman KL, Dugour AV, Figueroa JM, Barquero AA, Ceballos A, Garcia CC, Quintana FJ. AHR signaling is induced by infection with coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5148. [PMID: 34446714 PMCID: PMC8390748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection in humans is usually associated to respiratory tract illnesses, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening respiratory failure. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was recently identified as a host factor for Zika and dengue viruses; AHR antagonists boost antiviral immunity, decrease viral titers and ameliorate Zika-induced pathology in vivo. Here we report that AHR is activated by infection with different coronaviruses, potentially impacting antiviral immunity and lung epithelial cells. Indeed, the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq from lung tissue detected increased expression of AHR and AHR transcriptional targets, suggesting AHR signaling activation in SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells from COVID-19 patients. Moreover, we detected an association between AHR expression and viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Finally, we found that the pharmacological inhibition of AHR suppressed the replication in vitro of one of the causative agents of the common cold, HCoV-229E, and the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that AHR activation is a common strategy used by coronaviruses to evade antiviral immunity and promote viral replication, which may also contribute to lung pathology. Future studies should further evaluate the potential of AHR as a target for host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Remes-Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Dávola
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mercedes Elizalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea V Dugour
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Barquero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C Garcia
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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33
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Chemical genetic methodologies for identifying protein substrates of PARPs. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:390-402. [PMID: 34366182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerases (PARPs) are a family of 17 enzymes that regulate a diverse range of cellular processes in mammalian cells. PARPs catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to target molecules, most prominently amino acids on protein substrates, in a process known as ADP-ribosylation. Identifying the direct protein substrates of individual PARP family members is an essential first step for elucidating the mechanism by which PARPs regulate a particular pathway in cells. Two distinct chemical genetic (CG) strategies have been developed for identifying the direct protein substrates of individual PARP family members. In this review, we discuss the design principles behind these two strategies and how target identification has provided novel insight into the cellular function of individual PARPs and PARP-mediated ADP-ribosylation.
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34
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Zhu H, Tang YD, Zhan G, Su C, Zheng C. The Critical Role of PARPs in Regulating Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712556. [PMID: 34367175 PMCID: PMC8341640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of proteins responsible for transferring ADP-ribose groups to target proteins to initiate the ADP-ribosylation, a highly conserved and fundamental post-translational modification in all organisms. PARPs play important roles in various cellular functions, including regulating chromatin structure, transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. Several studies have recently converged on the widespread involvement of PARPs and ADP-Ribosylation reaction in mammalian innate immunity. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging roles of PARPs family and ADP-ribosylation in regulating the host's innate immune responses involved in cancers, pathogenic infections, and inflammations, which will help discover and design new molecular targets for cancers, pathogenic infections, and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhu
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guoqing Zhan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chenhe Su
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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35
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Ramos E, López-Muñoz F, Gil-Martín E, Egea J, Álvarez-Merz I, Painuli S, Semwal P, Martins N, Hernández-Guijo JM, Romero A. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1152. [PMID: 34356384 PMCID: PMC8301107 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections constitute a tectonic convulsion in the normophysiology of the hosts. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is not an exception, and therefore the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, like any other invading microbe, enacts a generalized immune response once the virus contacts the body. Melatonin is a systemic dealer that does not overlook any homeostasis disturbance, which consequently brings into play its cooperative triad, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulant backbone, to stop the infective cycle of SARS-CoV-2 or any other endogenous or exogenous threat. In COVID-19, the corporal propagation of SARS-CoV-2 involves an exacerbated oxidative activity and therefore the overproduction of great amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The endorsement of melatonin as a possible protective agent against the current pandemic is indirectly supported by its widely demonstrated beneficial role in preclinical and clinical studies of other respiratory diseases. In addition, focusing the therapeutic action on strengthening the host protection responses in critical phases of the infective cycle makes it likely that multi-tasking melatonin will provide multi-protection, maintaining its efficacy against the virus variants that are already emerging and will emerge as long as SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate among us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, C/Castillo de Alarcón 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), Avda. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Nutrition, Food & Plant Science Group NF1, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Javier Egea
- Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Álvarez-Merz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.Á.-M.); (J.M.H.-G.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
- Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Jesús M. Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.Á.-M.); (J.M.H.-G.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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36
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Cai Y, Kim DJ, Takahashi T, Broadhurst DI, Yan H, Ma S, Rattray NJW, Casanovas-Massana A, Israelow B, Klein J, Lucas C, Mao T, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Oh JE, Silva J, Wong P, Ko AI, Khan SA, Iwasaki A, Johnson CH. Kynurenic acid may underlie sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/690/eabf8483. [PMID: 34230210 PMCID: PMC8432948 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf8483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Males and females have different immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with male sex being a risk factor for mortality, particularly among older individuals. Cai et al. performed metabolomics analysis of serum from COVID-19 patients and uninfected health care workers and identified 17 metabolites that were associated with the disease. However, in male COVID-19 patients only, the amount of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KA) correlated with age, inflammation, and disease outcome. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was reduced in patients who deteriorated. Together, these findings indicate that KA is associated with sex-specific differences in immune responses to COVID-19, suggesting that it might be targeted in male patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has poorer clinical outcomes in males than in females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences. Because immune responses are, in part, regulated by metabolites, we examined the serum metabolomes of COVID-19 patients. In male patients, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA–to–kynurenine (K) ratio (KA:K) positively correlated with age and with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and negatively correlated with T cell responses. Males that clinically deteriorated had a higher KA:K than those that stabilized. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was lower in patients that clinically deteriorated and correlated with immune responses. Analysis of data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project revealed that the expression of the gene encoding the enzyme that produces KA, kynurenine aminotransferase, correlated with cytokine abundance and activation of immune responses in older males. This study reveals that KA has a sex-specific link to immune responses and clinical outcomes in COVID-19, suggesting a positive feedback between metabolites and immune responses in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David I Broadhurst
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics and Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sajid A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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37
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Puccetti M, Costantini C, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S. Tackling Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 through Molecular Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:494. [PMID: 33916409 PMCID: PMC8065592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of clinical studies worldwide are investigating the repurposing of antiviral, immune-modulatory, and anti-inflammatory agents to face the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nevertheless, few effective therapies exist to prevent or treat COVID-19, which demands increased drug discovery and repurposing efforts. In fact, many currently tested drugs show unknown efficacy and unpredictable drug interactions, such that interventions are needed to guarantee access to effective and safe medicines. Anti-inflammatory therapy has proven to be effective in preventing further injury in COVID-19 patients, but the benefit comes at a cost, as targeting inflammatory pathways can imply an increased risk of infection. Thus, optimization of the risk/benefit ratio is required in the anti-inflammatory strategy against COVID-19, which accounts for drug formulations and delivery towards regionalization and personalization of treatment approaches. In this perspective, we discuss how better knowledge of endogenous immunomodulatory pathways may optimize the clinical use of novel and repurposed drugs against COVID-19 in inpatient, outpatient, and home settings through innovative drug discovery, appropriate drug delivery systems and dedicated molecular pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
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38
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Watzky M, de Dieuleveult M, Letessier A, Saint-Ruf C, Miotto B. Assessing the consequences of environmental exposures on the expression of the human receptor and proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110317. [PMID: 33069705 PMCID: PMC7560643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of environmental condition on the infection by the novel pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus remains uncertain. In here, exploiting a large panel of publicly available genome-wide data, we investigated whether the human receptor ACE2 and human proteases TMPRSS2, FURIN and CATHEPSINs (B, L and V), which are involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, are transcriptionally regulated by environmental cues. We report that more than 50 chemicals modulate the expression of ACE2 or human proteases important for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. We further demonstrate that transcription factor AhR, which is commonly activated by pollutants, binds to the promoter of TMPRSS2 and enhancers and/or promoters of Cathepsin B, L and V encoding genes. Our exploratory study documents an influence of environmental exposures on the expression of genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. These results could be conceptually and medically relevant to our understanding of the COVID-19 disease, and should be further explored in laboratory and epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Watzky
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Maud de Dieuleveult
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Anne Letessier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Claude Saint-Ruf
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France.
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39
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Abstract
This medical review addresses the hypothesis that CD38/NADase is at the center of a functional axis (i.e., intracellular Ca2+ mobilization/IFNγ response/reactive oxygen species burst) driven by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, as already verified in respiratory syncytial virus pathology and CD38 activity in other cellular settings. Key features of the hypothesis are that 1) the substrates of CD38 (e.g., NAD+ and NADP+) are depleted by viral-induced metabolic changes; 2) the products of the enzymatic activity of CD38 [e.g., cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR)/ADPR/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate] and related enzymes [e.g., poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, Sirtuins, and ADP-ribosyl hydrolase] are involved in the anti‐viral and proinflammatory response that favors the onset of lung immunopathology (e.g., cytokine storm and organ fibrosis); and 3) the pathological changes induced by this kinetic mechanism may be reduced by distinct modulators of the CD38/NAD+ axis (e.g., CD38 blockers, NAD+ suppliers, among others). This view is supported by arrays of associative basic and applied research data that are herein discussed and integrated with conclusions reported by others in the field of inflammatory, immune, tumor, and viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Horenstein
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo C Faini
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and Centro Ricerca Medicina, Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, Turin, Italy
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40
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Malgras M, Garcia M, Jousselin C, Bodet C, Lévêque N. The Antiviral Activities of Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040582. [PMID: 33808354 PMCID: PMC8066025 DOI: 10.3390/v13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerases (PARPs) are responsible for ADP-ribosylation, a reversible post-translational modification involved in many cellular processes including DNA damage repair, chromatin remodeling, regulation of translation and cell death. In addition to these physiological functions, recent studies have highlighted the role of PARPs in host defenses against viruses, either by direct antiviral activity, targeting certain steps of virus replication cycle, or indirect antiviral activity, via modulation of the innate immune response. This review focuses on the antiviral activity of PARPs, as well as strategies developed by viruses to escape their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Malgras
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: nicolas.lévê; Tel.: +33-(0)5-49-44-38-17
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41
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Torti MF, Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ, García CC. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as a Modulator of Anti-viral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624293. [PMID: 33746961 PMCID: PMC7973006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which interacts with a wide range of organic molecules of endogenous and exogenous origin, including environmental pollutants, tryptophan metabolites, and microbial metabolites. The activation of AHR by these agonists drives its translocation into the nucleus where it controls the expression of a large number of target genes that include the AHR repressor (AHRR), detoxifying monooxygenases (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1), and cytokines. Recent advances reveal that AHR signaling modulates aspects of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune response to diverse microorganisms. This review will focus on the increasing evidence supporting a role for AHR as a modulator of the host response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Torti
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Danilovich ME, Alberto MR, Juárez Tomás MS. Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1668-1682. [PMID: 33484616 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-organisms have showed the ability to produce biologically active compounds associated with neurotransmission in higher organisms. In particular, serotonin- and melatonin-producing microbes are valuable sources for the development of eco-friendly bioproducts. Serotonin and melatonin are indoleamines that have received special attention due to their positive effects on human health. These biomolecules exert a critical role in several physiological or pathological processes, including some mental and neurological disorders. This article includes a review of the microbial production of serotonin and melatonin, their functions in micro-organisms and their potential uses as therapeutic and/or preventive agents to improve human health. A description of the quantification methods employed to detect indoleamines and the evidence found concerning their microbial production at laboratory and industrial scale-for application in biotechnological products-is also provided. The microbial ability to synthesize beneficial indoleamines should be further studied and harnessed, to allow the development of sustainable bioprocesses to produce foods and pharmaceuticals for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Danilovich
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M R Alberto
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M S Juárez Tomás
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
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43
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Rodriguez KM, Buch-Larsen SC, Kirby IT, Siordia IR, Hutin D, Rasmussen M, Grant DM, David LL, Matthews J, Nielsen ML, Cohen MS. Chemical genetics and proteome-wide site mapping reveal cysteine MARylation by PARP-7 on immune-relevant protein targets. eLife 2021; 10:60480. [PMID: 33475084 PMCID: PMC7880690 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 7 (PARP-7) has emerged as a critically important member of a large enzyme family that catalyzes ADP-ribosylation in mammalian cells. PARP-7 is a critical regulator of the innate immune response. What remains unclear is the mechanism by which PARP-7 regulates this process, namely because the protein targets of PARP-7 mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) are largely unknown. Here, we combine chemical genetics, proximity labeling, and proteome-wide amino acid ADP-ribosylation site profiling for identifying the direct targets and sites of PARP-7-mediated MARylation in a cellular context. We found that the inactive PARP family member, PARP-13-a critical regulator of the antiviral innate immune response-is a major target of PARP-7. PARP-13 is preferentially MARylated on cysteine residues in its RNA binding zinc finger domain. Proteome-wide ADP-ribosylation analysis reveals cysteine as a major MARylation acceptor of PARP-7. This study provides insight into PARP-7 targeting and MARylation site preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Sara C Buch-Larsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilsa T Kirby
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Ivan Rodriguez Siordia
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - David Hutin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marit Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis M Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Proteomics program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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44
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Mo C, Xie S, Liu B, Zhong W, Zeng T, Huang S, Lai Y, Deng G, Zhou C, Yan W, Chen Y, Huang S, Gao L, Lv Z. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 limits hepatic inflammatory cells recruitment and promotes bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:16. [PMID: 33414436 PMCID: PMC7791029 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a course of chronic liver dysfunction, can develop into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammatory insult owing to pathogenic factors plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) can affect the infiltration of immune cells in many pathology processes of diseases, but its role in liver fibrosis has not been elucidated completely. Here, the markedly elevated protein IDO1 in livers was identified, and dendritic cells (DCs) immune-phenotypes were significantly altered after BDL challenge. A distinct hepatic population of CD11c+DCs was decreased and presented an immature immune-phenotype, reflected by lower expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, MHCII). Frequencies of CD11c+CD80+, CD11c+CD86+, CD11c+MHCII+, and CD11c+CD40+ cells in splenic leukocytes were reduced significantly. Notably, IDO1 overexpression inhibited hepatic, splenic CD11c+DCs maturation, mature DCs-mediated T-cell proliferation and worsened liver fibrosis, whereas above pathological phenomena were reversed in IDO1-/- mice. Our data demonstrate that IDO1 affects the process of immune cells recruitment via inhibiting DCs maturation and subsequent T cells proliferation, resulting in the promotion of hepatic fibrosis. Thus, amelioration of immune responses in hepatic and splenic microenvironment by targeting IDO1 might be essential for the therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, 510220, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichao Zhong
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1, Fuhua Road, Futian District, 518033, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuying Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. The effect of environmental pollution on immune evasion checkpoints of SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103520. [PMID: 33132153 PMCID: PMC7580701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many diverse strategies allow and facilitate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to evade antiviral innate immune mechanisms. Although the type I interferon (IFN) system has a critical role in restricting the dissemination of viral infection, suppression of IFN receptor signals by SARS-CoV-2 constitutes a checkpoint that plays an important role in the immune escape of the virus. Environmental pollution not only facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection but also increases infection-associated fatality risk, which arises due to Systemic Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation Syndrome. The intracellular accumulation of endogenous kynurenic acid due to overexpression of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by AhR activation induces AhR-interleukin-6 (IL-6)-signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. The AhR-IDO1-Kynurenine pathway is an important checkpoint, which leads to fatal consequences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune evasion in the context of Treg/Th17 imbalance and cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Heer CD, Sanderson DJ, Voth LS, Alhammad YMO, Schmidt MS, Trammell SAJ, Perlman S, Cohen MS, Fehr AR, Brenner C. Coronavirus infection and PARP expression dysregulate the NAD metabolome: An actionable component of innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17986-17996. [PMID: 33051211 PMCID: PMC7834058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily members covalently link either a single ADP-ribose (ADPR) or a chain of ADPR units to proteins using NAD as the source of ADPR. Although the well-known poly(ADP-ribosylating) (PARylating) PARPs primarily function in the DNA damage response, many noncanonical mono(ADP-ribosylating) (MARylating) PARPs are associated with cellular antiviral responses. We recently demonstrated robust up-regulation of several PARPs following infection with murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a model coronavirus. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection strikingly up-regulates MARylating PARPs and induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes for salvage NAD synthesis from nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), while down-regulating other NAD biosynthetic pathways. We show that overexpression of PARP10 is sufficient to depress cellular NAD and that the activities of the transcriptionally induced enzymes PARP7, PARP10, PARP12 and PARP14 are limited by cellular NAD and can be enhanced by pharmacological activation of NAD synthesis. We further demonstrate that infection with MHV induces a severe attack on host cell NAD+ and NADP+ Finally, we show that NAMPT activation, NAM, and NR dramatically decrease the replication of an MHV that is sensitive to PARP activity. These data suggest that the antiviral activities of noncanonical PARP isozyme activities are limited by the availability of NAD and that nutritional and pharmacological interventions to enhance NAD levels may boost innate immunity to coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin D Heer
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel J Sanderson
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lynden S Voth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Yousef M O Alhammad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Murray IA, Perdew GH. How Ah Receptor Ligand Specificity Became Important in Understanding Its Physiological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249614. [PMID: 33348604 PMCID: PMC7766308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is being recognized as a sensor for endogenous and pseudo-endogenous metabolites, and in particular microbiota and host generated tryptophan metabolites. One proposed explanation for this is the role of the AHR in innate immune signaling within barrier tissues in response to the presence of microorganisms. A number of cytokine/chemokine genes exhibit a combinatorial increase in transcription upon toll-like receptors and AHR activation, supporting this concept. The AHR also plays a role in the enhanced differentiation of intestinal and dermal epithelium leading to improved barrier function. Importantly, from an evolutionary perspective many of these tryptophan metabolites exhibit greater activation potential for the human AHR when compared to the rodent AHR. These observations underscore the importance of the AHR in barrier tissues and may lead to pharmacologic therapeutic intervention.
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48
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Berthelot JM, Lioté F, Maugars Y, Sibilia J. Lymphocyte Changes in Severe COVID-19: Delayed Over-Activation of STING? Front Immunol 2020; 11:607069. [PMID: 33335532 PMCID: PMC7736628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbial DNA or self-DNA, the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) of the host catalyzes the production of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP. cGAMP is the main activator of STING, stimulator of interferon genes, leading to interferon synthesis through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway. STING is also a hub for activation of NF-κB and autophagy. The present review details the striking similarities between T and B cell responses in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and both animal or human models of STING gain of function (SAVI syndromes: STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy). Those similarities may be further clues for a delayed activation of STING in severe COVID-19 patients, due to DNA damages following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) infection and unusual role of STING in SARS-CoV-2 control. In early stages, Th2 differentiation are noticed in both severe COVID-19 and SAVI syndromes; then, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells functional exhaustion/senescent patterns due to TCR hyper-responsiveness are observed. T cell delayed over-responses can contribute to pneumonitis and delayed cytokine secretion with over-production of IL-6. Last, STING over-activation induces progressive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia in SAVI syndromes, which parallels what is observed in severe COVID-19. ACE2, the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is rarely expressed in immune cells, and it has not been yet proven that some human lymphocytes could be infected by SARS-CoV-2 through CD147 or CD26. However, STING, expressed in humans T cells, might be triggered following excessive transfer of cGAMP from infected antigen presenting cells into activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells lymphocytes. Indeed, those lymphocytes highly express the cGAMP importer SLC19A1. Whereas STING is not expressed in human B cells, B cells counts are much less affected, either in COVID-19 or SAVI syndromes. The recognition of delayed STING over-activation in severe COVID-19 patients could prompt to target STING with specific small molecules inhibitors already designed and/or aspirin, which inhibits cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Rheumatology Department & Inserm UMR 1132 (centre Viggo Petersen), Hôpital Lariboisière, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yves Maugars
- Rheumatology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Service de rhumatologie, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, RESO: Centre de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes Systemiques Rares Est Sud-Ouest, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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49
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Szabo C, Martins V, Liaudet L. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition in Acute Lung Injury. A Reemerging Concept. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:571-590. [PMID: 32640172 PMCID: PMC7605157 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0188tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1, the major isoform of a family of ADP-ribosylating enzymes, has been implicated in the regulation of various biological processes including DNA repair, gene transcription, and cell death. The concept that PARP1 becomes activated in acute lung injury (ALI) and that pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of this enzyme can provide therapeutic benefits emerged over 20 years ago. The current article provides an overview of the cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenetic roles of PARP1 in ALI and provides an overview of the preclinical data supporting the efficacy of PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibitors. In recent years, several ultrapotent PARP inhibitors have been approved for clinical use (for the therapy of various oncological diseases): these newly-approved PARP inhibitors were recently reported to show efficacy in animal models of ALI. These observations offer the possibility of therapeutic repurposing of these inhibitors for patients with ALI. The current article lays out a potential roadmap for such repurposing efforts. In addition, the article also overviews the scientific basis of potentially applying PARP inhibitors for the experimental therapy of viral ALI, such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Medical Center, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Food policy, nutrition and nutraceuticals in the prevention and management of COVID-19: Advice for healthcare professionals. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:186-199. [PMID: 33519086 PMCID: PMC7834257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) represents an ongoing major global health crisis with a potentially unprecedented death toll and socio-economic impact in the modern era. Measures taken to reduce the rate of transmission are too unprecedented, but are deemed necessary. The extensive strain on public health services has meant that individual agency is increasingly called for. To support this, there is a need to review policy and procedure governing the food and commerce industries in particular. Additionally, it is necessary to convey a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of relevant diet and lifestyle factors to both healthcare practitioners and the general public. SCOPE AND APPROACH To our knowledge, a review of possible additional measures for healthcare proffesionals, which includes the possible nutritional management COVID-19 pandemic does not yet exist.Key Findings and Conclusions: This review identifies i) changing trends in consumer awareness and purchasing patterns in response to COVID-19, and their potential future implications for the food and food-commerce industry ii) problematic elements of policy relevant to the outbreak of COVID-19, including the handling of wild-life and food-commerce, ii) newly emergent technologies in food science which represent viable and cost-effective means to reduce the risk of transmission of coronavirus, such as anti-microbial packaging, iii) important nutritional considerations with regard to coronavirus disease prevention and management, including nutrition in early infancy, and the role of select micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), phytochemicals and probiotics in conferring protection against both viral infection and pathogenicity.
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