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Tataje-Lavanda L, Málaga E, Verastegui M, Mayta Huatuco E, Icochea E, Fernández-Díaz M, Zimic M. Identification and evaluation in-vitro of conserved peptides with high affinity to MHC-I as potential protective epitopes for Newcastle disease virus vaccines. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:196. [PMID: 37805566 PMCID: PMC10559636 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease (ND) is a major threat to the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses. The current ND vaccines, usually based on active or attenuated strains, are only partially effective and can cause adverse effects post-vaccination. Therefore, the development of safer and more efficient vaccines is necessary. Epitopes represent the antigenic portion of the pathogen and their identification and use for immunization could lead to safer and more effective vaccines. However, the prediction of protective epitopes for a pathogen is a major challenge, especially taking into account the immune system of the target species. RESULTS In this study, we utilized an artificial intelligence algorithm to predict ND virus (NDV) peptides that exhibit high affinity to the chicken MHC-I complex. We selected the peptides that are conserved across different NDV genotypes and absent in the chicken proteome. From the filtered peptides, we synthesized the five peptides with the highest affinities for the L, HN, and F proteins of NDV. We evaluated these peptides in-vitro for their ability to elicit cell-mediated immunity, which was measured by the lymphocyte proliferation in spleen cells of chickens previously immunized with NDV. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified five peptides with high affinity to MHC-I that have the potential to serve as protective epitopes and could be utilized for the development of multi-epitope NDV vaccines. This approach can provide a safer and more efficient method for NDV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Tataje-Lavanda
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET SAC, Chincha Alta, Ica, Peru.
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
- School of Human Medicine, Private University San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.
| | - Edith Málaga
- Research Laboratory On Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Research Laboratory On Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Egma Mayta Huatuco
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Eliana Icochea
- Avian Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Mirko Zimic
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET SAC, Chincha Alta, Ica, Peru
- Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology, and Technological Developments Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
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2
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Zhao S, Han X, Lang Y, Xie Y, Yang Z, Zhao Q, Wen Y, Xia J, Wu R, Huang X, Huang Y, Cao S, Lan J, Luo L, Yan Q. Development and efficacy evaluation of remodeled canine parvovirus-like particles displaying major antigenic epitopes of a giant panda derived canine distemper virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1117135. [PMID: 36922967 PMCID: PMC10008873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and Canine distemper virus (CDV) can cause fatal diseases in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The main capsid protein of CPV VP2 can be self-assembled to form virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro, which is of great significance for potential vaccine development. In the present study, we remodeled the VP2 protein of a giant panda-derived CPV, where the major CDV F and N epitopes were incorporated in the N-terminal and loop2 region in two combinations to form chimeric VLPs. The reactivity ability and morphology of the recombinant proteins were confirmed by Western blot, hemagglutination (HA) test and electron microscopy. Subsequently, the immunogenicity of the VLPs was examined in vivo. Antigen-specific antibodies and neutralizing activity were measured by ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and serum neutralization test (SNT), respectively. In addition, antigen specific T cell activation were determined in splenic lymphocytes. The results indicated that the VLPs displayed good reaction with CDV/CPV antibodies, and the heterologous epitopes do not hamper solubility or activity. The VLPs showed decent HA activity, and resembled round-shaped particles with a diameter of 22-26 nm, which is identical to natural virions. VLPs could induce high levels of specific antibodies to CPV and CDV, shown by the indication of neutralizing antibodies in both VP2N and VP2L VLPs group. In addition, splenic lymphocytes of mice immunized with VLPs could proliferate rapidly after stimulation by specific antigen. Taken together, the CPV VP2 VLPs or chimeric VLPs are highly immunogenic, and henceforth could function as CPV/CDV vaccine candidates for giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Luo
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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3
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Krut' VG, Chuvpilo SA, Astrakhantseva IV, Kozlovskaya LI, Efimov GA, Kruglov AA, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA. Will Peptides Help to Stop COVID-19? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:590-604. [PMID: 36154880 PMCID: PMC9282900 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922070021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are widely used for the diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of certain human diseases. How useful can they be for the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus? In this review, we discuss the possibility of using synthetic and recombinant peptides and polypeptides for prevention of COVID-19 via blocking the interaction between the virus and its main receptor ACE2, as well as components of antiviral vaccines, in particular, against new emerging virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya G Krut'
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar Krai, 354340, Russia
| | - Sergei A Chuvpilo
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar Krai, 354340, Russia
| | - Irina V Astrakhantseva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar Krai, 354340, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Grigory A Efimov
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125167, Russia
| | - Andrei A Kruglov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar Krai, 354340, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar Krai, 354340, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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4
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Hosseini SS, Aghaiypour Kolyani K, Rafiei Tabatabaei R, Goudarzi H, Akhavan Sepahi A, Salemi M. In silico prediction of B and T cell epitopes based on NDV fusion protein for vaccine development against Newcastle disease virus. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:157-165. [PMID: 34345381 PMCID: PMC8328245 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.98625.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is known as the most common diseases of economic importance worldwide. Vaccination against virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has failed during some outbreaks. Here, we aimed to assess the epitopes of NDV fusion protein as targets for a peptide-based vaccine. To explore the most antigenic epitopes on the F protein, we retrieved virulent strains of genotype VII from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were identified. Moreover, T-cell epitopes with high and moderate binding affinities to human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II alleles were predicted using bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, the overlapped epitopes of B-cell and MHC class I and MHC class II were determined. To validate our predictions, the best epitopes were docked, to chicken MHC class I (B-F) alleles using the HADDOCK flexible docking server. Seven ‘high ranked epitopes’ were identified. Among them, ‘LYCTRIVTF’ and ‘MRATYLETL’ showed the highest scores. The other five epitopes including LSGEFDATY, LTTPPYMALK, LYLTELTTV, DCIKITQQV and SIAATNEAV obtained very encouraging results as well. SIAATNEAV had been recognized as a neutralizing epitope of F protein using monoclonal antibodies before. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the identified epitopes needed to be tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khosrow Aghaiypour Kolyani
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Robab Rafiei Tabatabaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Central Laboratory Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, AREEO, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Akhavan Sepahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salemi
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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5
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Smith CC, Olsen KS, Gentry KM, Sambade M, Beck W, Garness J, Entwistle S, Willis C, Vensko S, Woods A, Fini M, Carpenter B, Routh E, Kodysh J, O'Donnell T, Haber C, Heiss K, Stadler V, Garrison E, Sandor AM, Ting JPY, Weiss J, Krajewski K, Grant OC, Woods RJ, Heise M, Vincent BG, Rubinsteyn A. Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. Genome Med 2021; 13:101. [PMID: 34127050 PMCID: PMC8201469 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the pandemic, we designed a SARS-CoV-2 peptide vaccine containing epitope regions optimized for concurrent B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell stimulation. The rationale for this design was to drive both humoral and cellular immunity with high specificity while avoiding undesired effects such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). METHODS We explored the set of computationally predicted SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I and HLA-II ligands, examining protein source, concurrent human/murine coverage, and population coverage. Beyond MHC affinity, T cell vaccine candidates were further refined by predicted immunogenicity, sequence conservation, source protein abundance, and coverage of high frequency HLA alleles. B cell epitope regions were chosen from linear epitope mapping studies of convalescent patient serum, followed by filtering for surface accessibility, sequence conservation, spatial localization near functional domains of the spike glycoprotein, and avoidance of glycosylation sites. RESULTS From 58 initial candidates, three B cell epitope regions were identified. From 3730 (MHC-I) and 5045 (MHC-II) candidate ligands, 292 CD8+ and 284 CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified. By combining these B cell and T cell analyses, as well as a manufacturability heuristic, we proposed a set of 22 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine peptides for use in subsequent murine studies. We curated a dataset of ~ 1000 observed T cell epitopes from convalescent COVID-19 patients across eight studies, showing 8/15 recurrent epitope regions to overlap with at least one of our candidate peptides. Of the 22 candidate vaccine peptides, 16 (n = 10 T cell epitope optimized; n = 6 B cell epitope optimized) were manually selected to decrease their degree of sequence overlap and then synthesized. The immunogenicity of the synthesized vaccine peptides was validated using ELISpot and ELISA following murine vaccination. Strong T cell responses were observed in 7/10 T cell epitope optimized peptides following vaccination. Humoral responses were deficient, likely due to the unrestricted conformational space inhabited by linear vaccine peptides. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we find our selection process and vaccine formulation to be appropriate for identifying T cell epitopes and eliciting T cell responses against those epitopes. Further studies are needed to optimize prediction and induction of B cell responses, as well as study the protective capacity of predicted T and B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kelly S Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Maria Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jason Garness
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Sarah Entwistle
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Caryn Willis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Steven Vensko
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Allison Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Misha Fini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Carpenter
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Eric Routh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Julia Kodysh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy O'Donnell
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Garrison
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared Weiss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alex Rubinsteyn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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6
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Doan HTT, Le XTK, Do RT, Nguyen KT, Le TH. Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1741-1749. [PMID: 33860842 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein 2 (VP2) of canine parvovirus (CPV) exhibits a high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity. We analyzed 88 Vietnamese CPV-VP2 sequences (1755 bp), 34 from this study and 54 from previous studies, and discovered a new sublineage, "new var.", within the lineage CPV-2c-"new", characterized by the mutation 5G/447M, which is restricted to the Vietnamese isolates. These new mutants appear to have emerged in recent years, accounting for 65.5% of the total. With strong nodal support (98%), the distinct Vietnamese 2c-"new-var." sublineage (5G/426E/447M) was found to be separate from the 2c-"new" sublineage (5G/426E/447I) within the 2c-(Asia)/Asia-2c lineage. Amino acid changes in epitopes of VP2 might have led to the generation of subvariants and affected the antigenicity, immunogenicity, or virulence of the virus, resulting in vaccine failure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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7
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Smith CC, Entwistle S, Willis C, Vensko S, Beck W, Garness J, Sambade M, Routh E, Olsen K, Kodysh J, O’Donnell T, Haber C, Heiss K, Stadler V, Garrison E, Grant OC, Woods RJ, Heise M, Vincent BG, Rubinsteyn A. Landscape and Selection of Vaccine Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.04.135004. [PMID: 32577654 PMCID: PMC7302209 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.04.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a vaccine with efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesize that peptide vaccines containing epitope regions optimized for concurrent B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell stimulation would drive both humoral and cellular immunity with high specificity, potentially avoiding undesired effects such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Additionally, such vaccines can be rapidly manufactured in a distributed manner. In this study, we combine computational prediction of T cell epitopes, recently published B cell epitope mapping studies, and epitope accessibility to select candidate peptide vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. We begin with an exploration of the space of possible T cell epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 with interrogation of predicted HLA-I and HLA-II ligands, overlap between predicted ligands, protein source, as well as concurrent human/murine coverage. Beyond MHC affinity, T cell vaccine candidates were further refined by predicted immunogenicity, viral source protein abundance, sequence conservation, coverage of high frequency HLA alleles and co-localization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes. B cell epitope regions were chosen from linear epitope mapping studies of convalescent patient serum, followed by filtering to select regions with surface accessibility, high sequence conservation, spatial localization near functional domains of the spike glycoprotein, and avoidance of glycosylation sites. From 58 initial candidates, three B cell epitope regions were identified. By combining these B cell and T cell analyses, as well as a manufacturability heuristic, we propose a set of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine peptides for use in subsequent murine studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof C. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Entwistle
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Caryn Willis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven Vensko
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason Garness
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maria Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric Routh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kelly Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Julia Kodysh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Timothy O’Donnell
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Erik Garrison
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Oliver C. Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Mark Heise
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alex Rubinsteyn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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8
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Zhao W, Wang X, Li Y, Li Y. Administration with Vaccinia Virus Encoding Canine Parvovirus 2 vp2 Elicits Systemic Immune Responses in Mice and Dogs. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:434-443. [PMID: 32364832 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) is a highly contagious cause of serious and often fatal disease in young dogs. Despite the widespread availability of attenuated vaccines, safer, more stable, and more effective CPV2 vaccine candidates are still under exploration. Vaccinia virus (VV) has already been proved to be a safe, stable, and effective vaccine vector. In this study, we generated a VV-based CPV2 vaccine candidate (VV-CPV-VP2) and then evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and dogs. The exogenous vp2 gene of CPV2, which replaced the major virulence gene hemagglutinin (ha) of VV, expressed efficiently and stably in vitro. Subsequently, intramuscular immunization of mice induced robust and lasting systemic immune responses, including neutralizing antibody against both CPV2a and CPV2b, and CPV2-VP2-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting T cell. In addition, administration with a high-dose of VV-CPV-VP2 did not cause significant side effects for mice, thus indicating marked safety of this vaccine candidate. Most importantly, a single-dose vaccination of VV-CPV2-VP2 elicited substantial antibody responses and provided comparable protection for dogs with attenuated CPV2 vaccine. Collectively, this study demonstrated that VV-CPV2-VP2 could be used as a promising vaccine candidate preventing CPV2 from infection for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Zhao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Nandy A, Dey S, Roy P, Basak SC. Epidemics and Peptide Vaccine Response: A Brief Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 18:2202-2208. [PMID: 30417788 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666181112144745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We briefly review the situations arising out of epidemics that erupt rather suddenly, threatening life and livelihoods of humans. Ebola, Zika and the Nipah virus outbreaks are recent examples where the viral epidemics have led to considerably high degree of fatalities or debilitating consequences. The problems are accentuated by a lack of drugs or vaccines effective against the new and emergent viruses, and the inordinate amount of temporal and financial resources that are required to combat the novel pathogens. Progress in computational, biological and informational sciences have made it possible to consider design of synthetic vaccines that can be rapidly developed and deployed to help stem the damages. In this review, we consider the pros and cons of this new paradigm and suggest a new system where the manufacturing process can be decentralized to provide more targeted vaccines to meet the urgent needs of protection in case of a rampaging epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, 404B Jodhpur Park, Kolkata 700068, India
| | - Sumanta Dey
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, 404B Jodhpur Park, Kolkata 700068, India
| | - Proyasha Roy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, 404B Jodhpur Park, Kolkata 700068, India
| | - Subhash C Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1802 Stanford Avenue, Duluth, MN 5581, United States
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11
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Requirements for Empirical Immunogenicity Trials, Rather than Structure-Based Design, for Developing an Effective HIV Vaccine. HIV/AIDS: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY, REDUCTIONISM AND VACCINE DESIGN 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32459-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The claim that it is possible to rationally design a structure-based HIV-1 vaccine is based on misconceptions regarding the nature of protein epitopes and of immunological specificity. Attempts to use reverse vaccinology to generate an HIV-1 vaccine on the basis of the structure of viral epitopes bound to monoclonal neutralizing antibodies have failed so far because it was not possible to extrapolate from an observed antigenic structure to the immunogenic structure required in a vaccine. Vaccine immunogenicity depends on numerous extrinsic factors such as the host immunoglobulin gene repertoire, the presence of various cellular and regulatory mechanisms in the immunized host and the process of antibody affinity maturation. All these factors played a role in the appearance of the neutralizing antibody used to select the epitope to be investigated as potential vaccine immunogen, but they cannot be expected to be present in identical form in the host to be vaccinated. It is possible to rationally design and optimize an epitope to fit one particular antibody molecule or to improve the paratope binding efficacy of a monoclonal antibody intended for passive immunotherapy. What is not possible is to rationally design an HIV-1 vaccine immunogen that will elicit a protective polyclonal antibody response of predetermined efficacy. An effective vaccine immunogen can only be discovered by investigating experimentally the immunogenicity of a candidate molecule and demonstrating its ability to induce a protective immune response. It cannot be discovered by determining which epitopes of an engineered antigen molecule are recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. This means that empirical immunogenicity trials rather than structural analyses of antigens offer the best hope of discovering an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Mohanty E, Dehury B, Satapathy AK, Dwibedi B. Design and testing of a highly conserved human rotavirus VP8* immunogenic peptide with potential for vaccine development. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:48-60. [PMID: 29886031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of young children particularly below five years of age resulting in severe diarhoea, is the cause of a large number of infant deaths all over the world, more so in developing countries like India. Vaccines developed against this infection in the last two decades have shown mixed results with some of them leading to complications. Oral vaccines have not been very effective in India. Significant diversity has been found in circulating virus strains in India. Development of a vaccine against diverse genetic variants of the different strains would go a long way in reducing the incidence of infection in developing countries. Success of such a vaccine would depend to a large extent on the antigenic peptide to be used in antibody production. The non-glycosylated protein VP4 on the surface capsid of the virus is important in rota viral immunogenicity and the major antigenic site(s) responsible for neutralization of the virus via VP4 is in the VP8* subunit of VP4. It is necessary that the peptide should be very specific and a peptide sequence which would stimulate both the T and B immunogenic cells would provide maximum protection against the virus. Advanced computational techniques and existing databases of sequences of the VP4 protein of rotavirus help in identification of such specific sequences. Using an in silico approach we have identified a highly conserved VP8* subunit of the VP4 surface protein of rotavirus which shows both T and B cell processivity and is also non-allergenic. This sub-unit could be used in in vivo models for induction of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena Mohanty
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Immunology Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
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13
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Rajčáni J, Szathmary S. Peptide Vaccines: New Trends for Avoiding the Autoimmune Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874279301810010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:Several marketed antiviral vaccines (such as that against hepatitis virus A and/or B, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, yellow fever virus, measles, rubella and mumps viruses) may elicit various autoimmune reactions.Results:The cause of autoimmune response due to vaccination may be: 1. the adjuvant which is regularly added to the vaccine (especially in the case of various oil substrates), 2. the specific viral component itself (a protein or glycoprotein potentially possessing cross-reactive epitopes) and/or 3. contamination of the vaccine with traces of non-viral proteins mostly cellular in origin. Believing that peptide vaccines might represent an optimal solution for avoiding the above-mentioned problems, we discuss the principles of rational design of a typical peptide vaccine which should contain oligopeptides coming either from the selected structural virion components (i.e.capsid proteins and/or envelop glycoproteins or both) or from the virus-coded non-structural polypeptides. The latter should be equally immunogenic as the structural virus proteins. Describing the feasibility of identification and design of immunogenic epitopes, our paper also deals with possible problems of peptide vaccine manufacturing. The presented data are in part based on the experience of our own, in part, they are coming from the results published by others.Conclusion:Any peptide vaccine should be able to elicit relevant and specific antibody formation, as well as an efficient cell-mediated immune response. Consequently, the properly designed peptide vaccine is expected to consist of carefully selected viral peptides, which should stimulate the receptors of helper T/CD4 cells as well as of cytotoxic (T/CD8) lymphocytes.
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14
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Curtidor H, Reyes C, Bermúdez A, Vanegas M, Varela Y, Patarroyo ME. Conserved Binding Regions Provide the Clue for Peptide-Based Vaccine Development: A Chemical Perspective. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122199. [PMID: 29231862 PMCID: PMC6149789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptides have become invaluable biomedical research and medicinal chemistry tools for studying functional roles, i.e., binding or proteolytic activity, naturally-occurring regions’ immunogenicity in proteins and developing therapeutic agents and vaccines. Synthetic peptides can mimic protein sites; their structure and function can be easily modulated by specific amino acid replacement. They have major advantages, i.e., they are cheap, easily-produced and chemically stable, lack infectious and secondary adverse reactions and can induce immune responses via T- and B-cell epitopes. Our group has previously shown that using synthetic peptides and adopting a functional approach has led to identifying Plasmodium falciparumconserved regions binding to host cells. Conserved high activity binding peptides’ (cHABPs) physicochemical, structural and immunological characteristics have been taken into account for properly modifying and converting them into highly immunogenic, protection-inducing peptides (mHABPs) in the experimental Aotus monkey model. This article describes stereo–electron and topochemical characteristics regarding major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mHABP-T-cell receptor (TCR) complex formation. Some mHABPs in this complex inducing long-lasting, protective immunity have been named immune protection-inducing protein structures (IMPIPS), forming the subunit components in chemically synthesized vaccines. This manuscript summarizes this particular field and adds our recent findings concerning intramolecular interactions (H-bonds or π-interactions) enabling proper IMPIPS structure as well as the peripheral flanking residues (PFR) to stabilize the MHCII-IMPIPS-TCR interaction, aimed at inducing long-lasting, protective immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Curtidor
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - César Reyes
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Adriana Bermúdez
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Magnolia Vanegas
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Yahson Varela
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Applied and Environmental Sciences University (UDCA), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Colombian Institute of Immunology Foundation (FIDIC Nonprofit-Making Organisation), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- Faculty of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
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Khairy WOA, Wang L, Tian X, Ye J, Qian K, Shao H, Qin A. Identification of a novel linear B-cell epitope in the p27 of Avian leukosis virus. Virus Res 2017; 238:253-257. [PMID: 28698047 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus that can induce virus-associated neoplasia and causes great economic loss in poultry industry. It is known that the capsid antigen p27 is the group-specific antigen that is highly conserved among all ALV subgroups, and is the most abundant immunogenic viral protein. In the present study, five overlapping fragments (GST- p27-F1/2, GST- p27-F2-1/2/3) of ALV-p27 were subjected to Western blotting analysis using a monoclonal antibody (5D3) against ALV-p27 to identify the epitope. The result showed that the epitope recognized by 5D3 is located within 173-240 amino acid of the ALV-p27 protein. For precise mapping of this epitope, a set of overlapping peptides were synthesized. Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that 193CFRQKSQPDI202 motif was the minimal fragment recognized by 5D3, so this motif represented a linear B-cell epitope of ALV-p27. Homology analysis indicated that 5D3 defined epitope is highly conserved among ALV strains. The identified epitope might be useful in clinical applications and as a tool for further study of the structure and function of ALV-p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiaam O A Khairy
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan.
| | - Lin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xue Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Kar B, Mohapatra A, Mohanty J, Sahoo PK. Evaluation of ribosomal P0 peptide as a vaccine candidate against Argulus siamensis in Labeo rohita. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractArgulusspp. are important ectoparasites of fish, and the current approach of their control using chemical pesticides has numerous drawbacks. Vaccination is a promising alternative but identification of protective antigens is a limiting step. The ribosomal protein P0, essential for protein synthesis, has been studied as a vaccine candidate. We generated sequence information of the P0 protein of the ectoparasiteArgulus siamensisand the hostLabeo rohita. The region of the parasite P0 protein with less sequence similarity with that of the host P0 protein and high predicted antigenicity was used for peptide synthesis. The peptide was conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) for immunization of rohu at a dose of 1.5 μg/g body weight. Dot blot assays confirmed production of antibodies against pP0-KLH in immunized fish. We evaluated the efficiency of pP0-KLH as a vaccine antigen by challenge of the immunized fish withA.siamensis. Although there was no significant difference in parasite load between both groups, a reduced and delayed mortality of 59% (15 days post-infection) in immunized group was noticed as compared to 75% mortality (within 7–15 days post-infection) in control group. The partial protection observed indicated the need for further optimization of this molecule to develop it into a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banya Kar
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Odisha, India
| | - Amruta Mohapatra
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmaya Mohanty
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Odisha, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Odisha, India
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Two potential recombinant rabies vaccines expressing canine parvovirus virion protein 2 induce immunogenicity to canine parvovirus and rabies virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:4392-8. [PMID: 27449079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both rabies virus (RABV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) cause lethal diseases in dogs. In this study, both high egg passage Flury (HEP-Flury) strains of RABV and recombinant RABV carrying double RABV glycoprotein (G) gene were used to express the CPV virion protein 2 (VP2) gene, and were designated rHEP-VP2 and, rHEP-dG-VP2 respectively. The two recombinant RABVs maintained optimal virus titration according to their viral growth kinetics assay compared with the parental strain HEP-Flury. Western blotting indicated that G protein and VP2 were expressed in vitro. The expression of VP2 in Crandell feline kidney cells post-infection by rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay with antibody against VP2. Immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses was tested in Kunming mice. Both rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 induced high levels of rabies antibody compared with HEP-Flury. Mice immunized with rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 both had a high level of antibodies against VP2, which can protect against CPV infection. A challenge experiment indicated that more than 80% mice immunized with recombinant RABVs survived after infection of challenge virus standard 24 (CVS-24). Together, this study showed that recombinant RABVs expressing VP2 induced protective immune responses to RABV and CPV. Therefore, rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 might be potential combined vaccines for RABV and CPV.
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Kumar N, Malik YS, Kumar S, Sharma K, Sircar S, Saurabh S, Gulati BR, Singh N, Singh AK, Joshi VG, Banyai K, Dhama K. Peptide-Recombinant VP6 Protein Based Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Group A Rotaviruses in Multiple Host Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159027. [PMID: 27391106 PMCID: PMC4938596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel enzyme immunoassay for the detection of group A rotavirus (RVA) antigen in fecal samples of multiple host species. The assay is based on the detection of conserved VP6 protein using anti-recombinant VP6 antibodies as capture antibodies and anti-multiple antigenic peptide (identified and constructed from highly immunodominant epitopes within VP6 protein) antibodies as detector antibodies. The clinical utility of the assay was evaluated using a panel of 914 diarrhoeic fecal samples from four different host species (bovine, porcine, poultry and human) collected from diverse geographical locations in India. Using VP6- based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the gold standard, we found that the diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) and specificity (DSp) of the new assay was high [bovine (DSn = 94.2% & DSp = 100%); porcine (DSn = 94.6% & DSp = 93.3%); poultry (DSn = 74.2% & DSp = 97.7%) and human (DSn = 82.1% & DSp = 98.7%)]. The concordance with RT-PCR was also high [weighted kappa (k) = 0.831–0.956 at 95% CI = 0.711–1.0] as compared to RNA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (RNA-PAGE). The performance characteristics of the new immunoassay were comparable to those of the two commercially available ELISA kits. Our results suggest that this peptide-recombinant protein based assay may serve as a preliminary assay for epidemiological surveillance of RVA antigen and for evaluation of vaccine effectiveness especially in low and middle income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subhankar Sircar
- Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Saurabh
- Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Baldev R. Gulati
- National Research Center on Equines (NRCE), Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Singh
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay G. Joshi
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krisztian Banyai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungáriakrt. 21, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Veterinary Immunology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nandy A, Basak SC. A Brief Review of Computer-Assisted Approaches to Rational Design of Peptide Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E666. [PMID: 27153063 PMCID: PMC4881492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing incidences of new viral diseases and increasingly frequent viral epidemics have strained therapeutic and preventive measures; the high mutability of viral genes puts additional strains on developmental efforts. Given the high cost and time requirements for new drugs development, vaccines remain as a viable alternative, but there too traditional techniques of live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines have the danger of allergenic reactions and others. Peptide vaccines have, over the last several years, begun to be looked on as more appropriate alternatives, which are economically affordable, require less time for development and hold the promise of multi-valent dosages. The developments in bioinformatics, proteomics, immunogenomics, structural biology and other sciences have spurred the growth of vaccinomics where computer assisted approaches serve to identify suitable peptide targets for eventual development of vaccines. In this mini-review we give a brief overview of some of the recent trends in computer assisted vaccine development with emphasis on the primary selection procedures of probable peptide candidates for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata 700068, India.
| | - Subhash C Basak
- Natural Resources Research Institute and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55811, USA.
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20
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Mapping Antigenic Epitopes on the Human Bocavirus Capsid. J Virol 2016; 90:4670-4680. [PMID: 26912619 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02998-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human bocaviruses (HBoV1 to -4) are emerging pathogens associated with pneumonia and/or diarrhea in young children. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccination, so there is a need to study these pathogens to understand their disease mechanisms on a molecular and structural level for the development of control strategies. Here, we report the structures of six HBoV monoclonal antibody (MAb) fragment complexes, HBoV1-15C6, HBoV2-15C6, HBoV4-15C6, HBoV1-4C2, HBoV1-9G12, and HBoV1-12C1, determined by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to 18.0- to 8.5-Å resolution. Of these, the 15C6 MAb cross-reacted with HBoV1, HBoV2, and HBoV4, while the 4C2, 12C1, and 9G12 MAbs recognized only HBoV1. Pseudoatomic modeling mapped the 15C6 footprint to the capsid surface DE and HI loops, at the 5-fold axis and the depression surrounding it, respectively, which are conserved motifs in Parvoviridae The footprints for 4C2, 12C1, and 9G12 span the surface loops that assemble portions of the 2-/5-fold wall (a raised surface feature between the 2-fold and 5-fold axes of symmetry) and the shoulder of the 3-fold protrusions. The MAb footprints, cross reactive and strain specific, coincide with regions with high and low sequence/structural identities, respectively, on the capsid surfaces of the HBoVs and identify potential regions for the development of peptide vaccines for these viruses. IMPORTANCE Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) may cause severe respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in young children. The nonenveloped parvovirus capsid carries determinants of host and tissue tropism, pathogenicity, genome packaging, assembly, and antigenicity important for virus infection. This information is currently unavailable for the HBoVs and other bocaparvoviruses. This study identifies three strain-specific antigenic epitopes on the HBoV1 capsid and a cross-reactive epitope on the HBoV1, HBoV2, and HBoV4 capsids using structures of capsid-antibody complexes determined using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. This is the first study to report the highly conserved parvovirus DE loop at the 5-fold axis as a determinant of antigenicity. Additionally, knowledge of the strain-specific and conserved antigenic epitopes of the bocaviruses can be instrumental in characterization of the virus life cycle, development of peptide vaccines, and generation of gene delivery vectors for cystic fibrosis given the strict tropism of HBoV1 for human airway epithelial cells.
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Sultan H, Fesenkova VI, Addis D, Fan AE, Kumai T, Wu J, Salazar AM, Celis E. Designing therapeutic cancer vaccines by mimicking viral infections. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:203-213. [PMID: 27052572 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design of efficacious and cost-effective therapeutic vaccines against cancer remains both a research priority and a challenge. For more than a decade, our laboratory has been involved in the development of synthetic peptide-based anti-cancer therapeutic vaccines. We first dedicated our efforts in the identification and validation of peptide epitopes for both CD8 and CD4 T cells from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Because of suboptimal immune responses and lack of therapeutic benefit of peptide vaccines containing these epitopes, we have focused our recent efforts in optimizing peptide vaccinations in mouse tumor models using numerous TAA epitopes. In this focused research review, we describe how after taking lessons from the immune system's way of dealing with acute viral infections, we have designed peptide vaccination strategies capable of generating very high numbers of therapeutically effective CD8 T cells. We also discuss some of the remaining challenges to translate these findings into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sultan
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Valentyna I Fesenkova
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Diane Addis
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Aaron E Fan
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Juan Wu
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Esteban Celis
- Augusta University GRU Cancer Center, CN-4121, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Bello M, Campos-Rodriguez R, Rojas-Hernandez S, Contis-Montes de Oca A, Correa-Basurto J. Predicting peptide vaccine candidates against H1N1 influenza virus through theoretical approaches. Immunol Res 2016; 62:3-15. [PMID: 25716614 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Identification of potential epitopes that might activate the immune system has been facilitated by the employment of algorithms that use experimental data as templates. However, in order to prove the affinity and the map of interactions between the receptor (major histocompatibility complex, MHC, or T-cell receptor) and the potential epitope, further computational studies are required. Docking and molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations have been an effective source of generating structural information at molecular level in immunology. Herein, in order to provide a detailed understanding of the origins of epitope recognition and to select the best peptide candidate to develop an epitope-based vaccine, docking and MDs simulations in combination with MMGBSA free energy calculations and per-residue free energy decomposition were performed, taking as starting complexes those formed between four designed epitopes (P1-P4) from hemagglutinin (HA) of the H1N1 influenza virus and MHC-II anchored in POPC membrane. Our results revealed that the energetic contributions of individual amino acids within the pMHC-II complexes are mainly dictated by van der Waals interactions and the nonpolar part of solvation energy, whereas the electrostatic interactions corresponding to hydrogen bonds and salt bridges determine the binding specificity, being the most favorable interactions formed between p4 and MHC-II. Then, P1-P4 epitopes were synthesized and tested experimentally to compare theoretical and experimental results. Experimental results show that P4 elicited the highest strong humoral immune response to HA of the H1N1 and may induce antibodies that are cross-reactive to other influenza subtypes, suggesting that it could be a good candidate for the development of a peptide-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiniano Bello
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico,
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Abstract
Ticks are responsible for the transmission of viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases of man and animals and also produce significant economic losses to cattle industry. The use of acaricides constitutes a major component of integrated tick control strategies. However, this is accompanied by the selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and contamination of environment and milk and meat products with drug residues. These issues highlight the need for alternative approaches to control tick infestations and have triggered the search for tick protective antigens for vaccine development. Vaccination as a tick control method has been practiced since the introduction of TickGARD and Gavac that were developed using the midgut glycoprotein Bm86 as antigen. Gavac within integrated tick management systems has proven to reduce the number of acaricidal applications per year that are required to control some strains of R. microplus ticks in different geographical regions. Nevertheless, it has limited or no efficacy against other tick species. These issues have stimulated research for additional tick protective antigens with critical functions in the tick. This chapter presents methodologies for the design and test of molecules as antigens against ticks. Considerations about different methods for the tick control compared to the immunological methods, the desirable characteristics for an anti-tick vaccine and the obstacles encountered for developing this kind of vaccines are discussed. Detailed methodologies for the establishment of a biological model to test new molecules as immunogens against ticks and to perform challenge trials with this model are presented. General considerations in the efficacy calculation for any anti-tick vaccine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rodríguez-Mallon
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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Derman S, Mustafaeva ZA, Abamor ES, Bagirova M, Allahverdiyev A. Preparation, characterization and immunological evaluation: canine parvovirus synthetic peptide loaded PLGA nanoparticles. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:89. [PMID: 26482775 PMCID: PMC4617543 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) remains a significant worldwide canine pathogen and the most common cause of viral enteritis in dogs. The 1 L15 and 7 L15 peptides overlap each other with QPDGGQPAV residues (7-15 of VP2 capsid protein of CPV) is shown to produce high immune response. PLGA nanoparticles were demonstrated to have special properties such as; controlled antigen release, protection from degradation, elimination of booster-dose and enhancing the cellular uptake by antigen presenting cells. Nevertheless, there is no study available in literature, about developing vaccine based on PLGA nanoparticles with adjuvant properties against CPV. Thus, the aim of the present study was to synthesize and characterize high immunogenic W-1 L19 peptide (from the VP2 capsid protein of CPV) loaded PLGA nanoparticle and to evaluate their in vitro immunogenic activity. RESULTS PLGA nanoparticles were produced with 5.26 ± 0.05 % loading capacity and high encapsulation efficiency with 81.2 ± 3.1 %. Additionally, it was evaluated that free NPs and W-1 L19 peptide encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles have Z-ave of 183.9 ± 12.1 nm, 221.7 ± 15.8 nm and polydispersity index of 0.107 ± 0.08, 0.135 ± 0.12 respectively. It was determined that peptide loaded PLGA nanoparticles were successfully phagocytized by macrophage cells and increased NO production at 2-folds (*P < 0.05) in contrast to free peptide, and 3-folds (*P < 0.01) in contrast to control. CONCLUSION In conclusion, for the first time, W-1 L19 peptide loaded PLGA nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and immunogenic properties evaluated. Obtained results showed that PLGA nanoparticles enhanced the capacity of W-1 L19 peptide to induce nitric oxide production in vitro due to its adjuvant properties. Depend on the obtained results, these nanoparticles can be accepted as potential vaccine candidate against Canine Parvovirus. Studies targeting PLGA nanoparticles based delivery system must be maintained in near future in order to develop new and more effective nano-vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Derman
- Chemical and Metallurgy Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Akdeste Mustafaeva
- Chemical and Metallurgy Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emrah Sefik Abamor
- Chemical and Metallurgy Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melahat Bagirova
- Chemical and Metallurgy Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Adil Allahverdiyev
- Chemical and Metallurgy Faculty, Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Peptide Vaccine: Progress and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:515-36. [PMID: 26344743 PMCID: PMC4494216 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccine strategies have been highly efficacious for several decades in reducing mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases. The bane of conventional vaccines, such as those that include whole organisms or large proteins, appear to be the inclusion of unnecessary antigenic load that, not only contributes little to the protective immune response, but complicates the situation by inducing allergenic and/or reactogenic responses. Peptide vaccines are an attractive alternative strategy that relies on usage of short peptide fragments to engineer the induction of highly targeted immune responses, consequently avoiding allergenic and/or reactogenic sequences. Conversely, peptide vaccines used in isolation are often weakly immunogenic and require particulate carriers for delivery and adjuvanting. In this article, we discuss the specific advantages and considerations in targeted induction of immune responses by peptide vaccines and progresses in the development of such vaccines against various diseases. Additionally, we also discuss the development of particulate carrier strategies and the inherent challenges with regard to safety when combining such technologies with peptide vaccines.
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Wang WS, Sun EC, Xu QY, Yang T, Qin YL, Zhao J, Feng YF, Li JP, Wei P, Zhang CY, Wu DL. Identification of two novel BTV16-specific B cell epitopes using monoclonal antibodies against the VP2 protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Identification of a conserved B-cell epitope on reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185456 PMCID: PMC3504085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gp90 protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (REV-A) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. B-cell epitopes on the gp90 protein of REV have not been well studied and reported. Methods and Results This study describes the identification of a linear B-cell epitope on the gp90 protein by screening a phage-displayed 12-mer random peptide library with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) A9E8 directed against the gp90. The mAb A9E8 recognized phages displaying peptides with the consensus motif SVQYHPL. Amino acid sequence of the motif exactly matched 213SVQYHPL219 of the gp90. Further identification of the displayed B cell epitope was conducted using a set of truncated peptides expressed as GST fusion proteins and the Western blot results indicated that 213SVQYHPL219 was the minimal determinant of the linear B cell epitope recognized by the mAb A9E8. Moreover, an eight amino acid peptide SVQYHPLA was proven to be the minimal unit of the epitope with the maximal binding activity to mAb A9E8. The REV-A-positive chicken serum reacted with the minimal linear epitopes in Western blot, revealing the importance of the eight amino acids of the epitope in antibody-epitope binding activity. Furthermore, we found that the epitope is a common motif shared among REV-A and other members of REV group. Conclusions and Significance We identified 213SVQYHPL219 as a gp90-specific linear B-cell epitope recognized by the neutralizing mAb A9E8. The results in this study may have potential applications in development of diagnostic techniques and epitope-based marker vaccines against REV-A and other viruses of the REV group.
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Abstract
Although vaccines have proven life saving against a myriad of infectious diseases, various pathogens have remained refractory to prophylaxis of their host by active immunization. New insights in the three dimensional (3D) structure, domain organization and dynamics of viral and bacterial surface proteins can guide the design of effective vaccines in several ways. In this review we highlight recent developments in structure-based vaccine design that are aimed at stabilization of native conformations and focusing immune response to conserved epitopes. Detailed 3D structures of pathogen surface proteins provide knowledge on how to minimize complex antigens or how to redesign the surface of an immunogen in order to induce only relevant neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of serotypes. Structure - based vaccines with reduced complexity and broad efficacy could greatly enhance the number of people that might benefit from the therapies that are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap W Back
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Smeenk LEJ, Dailly N, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH, Timmerman P. Synthesis of Water-Soluble Scaffolds for Peptide Cyclization, Labeling, and Ligation. Org Lett 2012; 14:1194-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linde E. J. Smeenk
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Dailly
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Hiemstra
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Rodríguez-Mallon A, Fernández E, Encinosa PE, Bello Y, Méndez-Pérez L, Ruiz LC, Pérez D, González M, Garay H, Reyes O, Méndez L, Estrada MP. A novel tick antigen shows high vaccine efficacy against the dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vaccine 2012; 30:1782-9. [PMID: 22245603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are acaridae ectoparasites that, while taking a blood meal, can transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa and filarial nematodes, which cause a variety of human and animal illnesses. The use of chemical pesticides constitutes the primary measure for control of these ectoparasites. However, the intensive use of these chemicals has drawbacks such as the contamination of food, environmental pollution and development of resistance by ectoparasites. Vaccination is considered a promising alternative for controlling infestations by ectoparasites. Although emerging tick proteins have been identified recently, and have been proposed as potential targets for generating protective molecules, only a limited number of them have been evaluated in vaccine trials. More than 80 proteins are found in eukaryotic ribosomes. The protein P0 is essential for the assembly of the 60S ribosomal subunit. We have identified an immunogenic region of the ribosomal protein P0 from Rhipicephalus sp. ticks that is not very conserved compared to host P0. The efficacy of a 20 amino acid synthetic peptide from this sequence was assayed as a vaccine antigen against Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestations in an immunization and challenge experiment on rabbits. A remarkable diminution in the viability of newly molted nymphs from larvae fed on vaccinated rabbits was observed. The number of adults and the number of eggs hatching were significantly reduced, with an overall efficacy of 90%. Our results demonstrated that immunization with an immunogenic peptide of tick protein P0 greatly reduced survival of ticks, suggesting that it has promise as an effective tick control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rodríguez-Mallon
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 31th Avenue and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba.
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Requirements for empirical immunogenicity trials, rather than structure-based design, for developing an effective HIV vaccine. Arch Virol 2011; 157:1-20. [PMID: 22012269 PMCID: PMC7087187 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The claim that it is possible to rationally design a structure-based HIV-1 vaccine is based on misconceptions regarding the nature of protein epitopes and of immunological specificity. Attempts to use reverse vaccinology to generate an HIV-1 vaccine on the basis of the structure of viral epitopes bound to monoclonal neutralizing antibodies have failed so far because it was not possible to extrapolate from an observed antigenic structure to the immunogenic structure required in a vaccine. Vaccine immunogenicity depends on numerous extrinsic factors such as the host immunoglobulin gene repertoire, the presence of various cellular and regulatory mechanisms in the immunized host and the process of antibody affinity maturation. All these factors played a role in the appearance of the neutralizing antibody used to select the epitope to be investigated as potential vaccine immunogen, but they cannot be expected to be present in identical form in the host to be vaccinated. It is possible to rationally design and optimize an epitope to fit one particular antibody molecule or to improve the paratope binding efficacy of a monoclonal antibody intended for passive immunotherapy. What is not possible is to rationally design an HIV-1 vaccine immunogen that will elicit a protective polyclonal antibody response of predetermined efficacy. An effective vaccine immunogen can only be discovered by investigating experimentally the immunogenicity of a candidate molecule and demonstrating its ability to induce a protective immune response. It cannot be discovered by determining which epitopes of an engineered antigen molecule are recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. This means that empirical immunogenicity trials rather than structural analyses of antigens offer the best hope of discovering an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Center at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Brun A, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Borrego B, Dory D, Escribano JM, Le Gall-Reculé G, Ortego J, Dixon LK. Current strategies for subunit and genetic viral veterinary vaccine development. Virus Res 2011; 157:1-12. [PMID: 21316403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing vaccines for livestock provides researchers with the opportunity to perform efficacy testing in the natural hosts. This enables the evaluation of different strategies, including definition of effective antigens or antigen combinations, and improvement in delivery systems for target antigens so that protective immune responses can be modulated or potentiated. An impressive amount of knowledge has been generated in recent years on vaccine strategies and consequently a wide variety of antigen delivery systems is now available for vaccine research. This paper reviews several antigen production and delivery strategies other than those based on the use of live viral vectors. Genetic and protein subunit vaccines as well as alternative production systems are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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Gil F, Pérez-Filgueira M, Barderas MG, Pastor-Vargas C, Alonso C, Vivanco F, Escribano JM. Targeting antigens to an invariant epitope of the MHC Class II DR molecule potentiates the immune response to subunit vaccines. Virus Res 2011; 155:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chandran D, Shahana PV, Rani GS, Sugumar P, Shankar CR, Srinivasan VA. Display of neutralizing epitopes of Canine parvovirus and a T-cell epitope of the fusion protein of Canine distemper virus on chimeric tymovirus-like particles and its use as a vaccine candidate both against Canine parvo and Canine distemper. Vaccine 2009; 28:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Plant-derived biologicals for use in animal health are becoming an increasingly important target for research into alternative, improved methods for disease control. Although there are no commercial products on the market yet, the development and testing of oral, plant-based vaccines is now beyond the proof-of-principle stage. Vaccines, such as those developed for porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, have the potential to stimulate both mucosal and systemic, as well as, lactogenic immunity as has already been seen in target animal trials. Plants are a promising production system, but they must compete with existing vaccines and protein production platforms. In addition, regulatory hurdles will need to be overcome, and industry and public acceptance of the technology are important in establishing successful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hammond
- USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Rm.252, Bldg. 011, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Karasev AV. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals: expression, folding, assembly and functionality. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 332:33-54. [PMID: 19401820 PMCID: PMC2764311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70868-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Oral delivery is facilitated by hyperexpression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague, or canine parvovirus (4%-31% of total soluble protein, TSP) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non-green plastids (carrots, tomato) as well as the availability of antibiotic free selectable markers or the ability to excise selectable marker genes. Hyperexpression of several therapeutic proteins, including human serum albumin (11.1% TSP), somatotropin (7% TSP), interferon-alpha (19% TSP), interferon-gamma (6% TSP), and antimicrobial peptide (21.5% TSP), facilitates efficient and economic purification. Also, the presence of chaperones and enzymes in chloroplasts facilitates assembly of complex multisubunit proteins and correct folding of human blood proteins with proper disulfide bonds. Functionality of chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated by several assays, including the macrophage lysis assay, GM1-ganglioside binding assay, protection of HeLA cells or human lung carcinoma cells against encephalomyocarditis virus, systemic immune response, protection against pathogen challenge, and growth or inhibition of cell cultures. Purification of human proinsulin has been achieved using novel purification strategies (inverse temperature transition property) that do not require expensive column chromatography techniques. Thus, transgenic chloroplasts are ideal bio-reactors for production of functional human and animal therapeutic proteins in an environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Karasev
- Department of Plant, Soil & Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 USA
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Timmerman P, Puijk WC, Meloen RH. Functional reconstruction and synthetic mimicry of a conformational epitope using CLIPS technology. J Mol Recognit 2008; 20:283-99. [PMID: 18074397 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes immunization studies with CLIPS-constrained peptides covering only the major part (beta3-loop) of a structurally complex antigenic site on human Follicle Stimulating Hormone beta-subunit (FSH-beta). In cases where linear and SS-constrained peptides fail, the CLIPS-constrained peptides generate polyclonal antibodies with high neutralizing activity for hFSH. The sera were shown to be specific for hFSH over human Luteinizing Hormone (hLH) and human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). ELISA-competition studies and circular dichroism (CD)-measurements illustrate clearly that activity of the peptides in antibody binding and generation relates directly to precise and appropriate fixation of the peptide conformation. Design of the CLIPS-peptides was entirely based on epitope mapping studies with two neutralizing anti-hFSH mAbs. Both mAbs were shown to bind to a conformational epitope located at the top of the beta1-beta3-loop covering the amino acid sequences Y58-P77 (beta3-loop). The results described in this paper show that CLIPS-constrained peptides covering the Y58-P77 sequence provide the minimally required structural entity necessary to generate reproducibly sera with high hFSH-neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics B.V., PO Box 2098, 8203 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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38
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Expression, purification, and characterization of VP2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus in Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Park JS, Choi BK, Vijayachandran LS, Ayyappan V, Chong CK, Lee KS, Kim SC, Choi CW. Immunodetection of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) in clinical samples by polyclonal antisera against CPV-VP2 protein expressed in Esherichia coli as an antigen. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:281-7. [PMID: 17825928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The entire virion protein 2 (VP2) gene of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and engineered to be expressed by a bacterial expression vector pET-28a, under the control of the IPTG-inducible T7lac promoter. SDS-PAGE gel revealed that VP2 expressed as a 67kDa, and found mainly in the pellet of the bacterial lysates, suggesting that cytoplasmic expression is not preferred. The recombinant protein VP2 fused with His-tag was purified from Esherichia coli using Ni-NTA resin under denaturing conditions. SDS-PAGE analysis also showed the high expression of several lower molecular weight (LMW) bands. Western blot analysis showed that polyclonal antisera produced by rabbit against E. coli-VP2 protein reacted specifically with the purified VP2 protein as well as two other LMW bands. Some of the resulting LMW products failed to keep their antigenic site in the N-terminal region of the VP2. The degradation of recombinant VP2 protein in E. coli could be due to the action of host proteases. The immunodetection ability of the polyclonal antisera was compared with that of a commercial monoclonal antibody to test numerous clinical specimens by immuno-dot blot assays. There were distinctive differences in the degree of immunodetection ability of polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibody to react with CPV antigens. The reaction time of polyclonal antisera was much faster in visual color appearance than that of monoclonal antibody during NBT/BCIP staining. The result from diagnostic PCR assay confirmed the presence of CPV in 44 out of 46 specimens collected, consistent with polyclonal antisera-positive result. Therefore, the polyclonal antisera can be used for CPV detection in the faeces of diarrhoeic dogs, which was found to be more rapid, sensitive, broad but less specific than the monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Park
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Republic of Korea
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40
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Costa JZ, Adams A, Bron JE, Thompson KD, Starkey WG, Richards RH. Identification of B-cell epitopes on the betanodavirus capsid protein. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:419-26. [PMID: 17584439 PMCID: PMC7197462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The pepscan procedure was used to identify betanodavirus B-cell epitopes recognized by neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and serum samples obtained from sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, naturally infected with betanodavirus. Pepscan was performed with a panel of thirty-four 12-mer synthetic peptides that mimicked the entire betanodavirus capsid protein. Sea bass serum samples reacted strongly with three regions of the capsid protein comprising amino acid residues 1-32, 91-162 and 181-212. The latter region was also recognized by neutralizing MAbs and coincided with a region of high antigenic propensity identified by an antigen prediction algorithm. These data suggest that a region of the betanodavirus capsid protein spanning amino acid residues 181-212 may represent a neutralization domain that could potentially be used to inform the development of nodavirus vaccines and immunodiagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Costa
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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41
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Chen L, Gao T, Yang N, Huang J, Chen Y, Gao T, Li Q, Ren D. Immunization with a Synthetic Multiepitope Antigen Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Hepatitis C Virus in Mice. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:170-9. [PMID: 17425431 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of a synthetic multiepitope PCX3 antigen, which contains triple tandem repeats of five conserved epitopes from hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein, was studied in BALB/c mice given three intraperitoneal injections of antigen with Freund's adjuvant. Both a strong antibody response and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were induced. The specific anti-PCX3 IgG was able to bind HCV particles from hepatitis C patient sera by incubation overnight. In particular, in transgenic mice with chimeric human livers, anti-PCX3 antibody was able to lower the viral load in two of five mice and to eliminate HCV infection in three of five mice by 2 wk after inoculation with HCV-positive serum from patients. These results indicated that the synthetic multiepitope PCX3 antigen elicits a potent humoral and cellular immune response against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Biologists often claim that they follow a rational design strategy when their research is based on molecular knowledge of biological systems. This claim implies that their knowledge of the innumerable causal connections present in biological systems is sufficient to allow them to deduce and predict the outcome of their experimental interventions. The design metaphor is shown to originate in human intentionality and in the anthropomorphic fallacy of interpreting objects, events, and the behavior of all living organisms in terms of goals and purposes. Instead of presenting rational design as an effective research strategy, it would be preferable to acknowledge that advances in biomedicine are nearly always derived from empirical observations based on trial and error experimentation. The claim that rational design is an effective research strategy was tested in the case of current attempts to develop synthetic vaccines, in particular against human immunodeficiency virus. It was concluded that in this field of biomedicine, trial and error experimentation is more likely to succeed than a rational design approach. Current developments in systems biology may give us eventually a better understanding of the immune system and this may enable us in the future to develop improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Centre de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.
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43
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Gilbert L, Toivola J, Välilehto O, Saloniemi T, Cunningham C, White D, Mäkelä AR, Korhonen E, Vuento M, Oker-Blom C. Truncated forms of viral VP2 proteins fused to EGFP assemble into fluorescent parvovirus-like particles. J Nanobiotechnology 2006; 4:13. [PMID: 17156442 PMCID: PMC1716759 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) monitors random movements of fluorescent molecules in solution, giving information about the number and the size of for example nano-particles. The canine parvovirus VP2 structural protein as well as N-terminal deletion mutants of VP2 (-14, -23, and -40 amino acids) were fused to the C-terminus of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The proteins were produced in insect cells, purified, and analyzed by western blotting, confocal and electron microscopy as well as FCS. The non-truncated form, EGFP-VP2, diffused with a hydrodynamic radius of 17 nm, whereas the fluorescent mutants truncated by 14, 23 and 40 amino acids showed hydrodynamic radii of 7, 20 and 14 nm, respectively. These results show that the non-truncated EGFP-VP2 fusion protein and the EGFP-VP2 constructs truncated by 23 and by as much as 40 amino acids were able to form virus-like particles (VLPs). The fluorescent VLP, harbouring VP2 truncated by 23 amino acids, showed a somewhat larger hydrodynamic radius compared to the non-truncated EGFP-VP2. In contrast, the construct containing EGFP-VP2 truncated by 14 amino acids was not able to assemble into VLP-resembling structures. Formation of capsid structures was confirmed by confocal and electron microscopy. The number of fluorescent fusion protein molecules present within the different VLPs was determined by FCS. In conclusion, FCS provides a novel strategy to analyze virus assembly and gives valuable structural information for strategic development of parvovirus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouni Toivola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Outi Välilehto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Saloniemi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Claire Cunningham
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel White
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna R Mäkelä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eila Korhonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Vuento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Christian Oker-Blom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Companjen AR, Florack DEA, Slootweg T, Borst JW, Rombout JHWM. Improved uptake of plant-derived LTB-linked proteins in carp gut and induction of specific humoral immune responses upon infeed delivery. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:251-60. [PMID: 16464614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccination of fish is an effortless and stress free immunisation method which can be used for almost any age. However, vaccination via the mucosal route does have disadvantages. For example, the vaccine may induce tolerance and has to be protected to escape digestion. Also the vaccine should be efficiently delivered to immune-competent cells in the gut or other lymphoid organs. In addition, it should be cost effective. Here we present a novel fish vaccination model using potato tubers as vaccine production and delivery system. The model vaccines discussed here include fusion proteins consisting of a gut adhesion molecule (LTB) and a viral peptide or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in potato tubers. The adhesion molecule mediates binding to and uptake from the gut, whereas the viral peptide or GFP functions as model vaccine antigen provoking the induction of an immune response. We demonstrate that fusion to LTB facilitates an elevated uptake of the model vaccines in carp gut mucosa. The plant-derived fusion proteins also elicit a specific systemic humoral immune response upon oral application of crude tuber material incorporated into a standard dietary feed pellet. The data presented here show the promising potentials of the plant as a production system for oral vaccines in aquaculture and feed mediated immunisation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Companjen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, PO Box 338, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Immunoinformatics may lead to a reappraisal of the nature of B cell epitopes and of the feasibility of synthetic peptide vaccines. J Mol Recognit 2006; 19:183-7. [PMID: 16680720 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Molina A, Veramendi J, Hervás-Stubbs S. Induction of neutralizing antibodies by a tobacco chloroplast-derived vaccine based on a B cell epitope from canine parvovirus. Virology 2005; 342:266-75. [PMID: 16140352 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2L21 epitope of the VP2 protein from the canine parvovirus (CPV), fused to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB-2L21), was expressed in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts. Mice and rabbits that received protein-enriched leaf extracts by parenteral route produced high titers of anti-2L21 antibodies able to recognize the VP2 protein. Rabbit sera were able to neutralize CPV in an in vitro infection assay with an efficacy similar to the anti-2L21 neutralizing monoclonal antibody 3C9. Anti-2L21 IgG and seric IgA antibodies were elicited when mice were gavaged with a suspension of pulverized tissues from CTB-2L21 transformed plants. Combined immunization (a single parenteral injection followed by oral boosters) shows that oral boosters help to maintain the anti-2L21 IgG response induced after a single injection, whereas parenteral administration of the antigen primes the subsequent oral boosters by promoting the induction of anti-2L21 seric IgA antibodies. Despite the induced humoral response, antibodies elicited by oral delivery did not show neutralizing capacity in the in vitro assay. The high yield of the fusion protein permits the preparation of a high number of vaccine doses from a single plant and makes feasible the oral vaccination using a small amount of crude plant material. However, a big effort has still to be done to enhance the protective efficacy of subunit vaccines by the oral route.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Chloroplasts/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Cholera Toxin/metabolism
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Parvoviridae Infections/blood
- Parvoviridae Infections/immunology
- Parvovirus, Canine/chemistry
- Parvovirus, Canine/immunology
- Plant Extracts
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Rabbits
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Molina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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47
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Soutullo A, García MI, Bailat A, Racca A, Tonarelli G, Malan Borel I. Antibodies and PMBC from EIAV infected carrier horses recognize gp45 and p26 synthetic peptides. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:335-43. [PMID: 16105689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus causing a persistent infection in horses characterized by recurrent febrile episodes and high levels of viremia associated with a novel antigenic strain of the virus. The virus contains two envelope glycoproteins, gp90 and gp45, and four internal proteins, p26, p15, p11 and p9. Considering that the most infected horses are able to restrict EIAV replication to very low levels and that gp45 and p26 contain highly conserved epitopes among lentiviruses, it would be necessary to identify those conserved epitopes stimulating cellular and humoral responses. The aims of this study were to determine if the synthetic peptides identified as gp45 (aa 523-547) and p26 (aa 318-346) representing two highly conserved and immunodominant regions of EIA virus are recognized by PBMC and antibodies to EIAV adult mixed-breed naturally infected carrier horses, and if these peptides are able to induce immune responses in mice. Antibodies from 100% of carrier horses, evaluated by ELISA, recognized both peptides; PBMC from 80% of carrier horses, evaluated by lymphoproliferation assay, recognized, at least, one peptide. Furthermore, immunization with 100 microg of each peptide elicited humoral and cellular responses in BALB/c mice, antibodies appeared at 48 or 63 days of immunization with gp45 or p26, respectively. Although the kinetics of gp45- and p26-specific antibody responses were similar, percentage of positivity was higher for gp45. The lymphoproliferation assay, evaluated by BrdU uptake, was higher in mice immunized with gp45 or p26 than in the control group (P<0.05). Based on our findings, we consider that both peptides could be included in an effective vaccine design to induce long-term immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soutullo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Dirección de Sanidad Animal, Ministerio de la Producción, Bv. Pellegrini 3100, Santa Fe, Argentina
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48
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Halassy B, Mateljak S, Bouche FB, Pütz MM, Muller CP, Frkanec R, Habjanec L, Tomasić J. Immunogenicity of peptides of measles virus origin and influence of adjuvants. Vaccine 2005; 24:185-94. [PMID: 16122851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based peptide antigens have been under development for protection against measles virus. The immunogenicity of five peptides composed of the same B cell epitope (BCE) (H236-250 of the measles virus hemagglutinin), and different T cell epitopes of measles virus fusion protein (F421-435, F256-270, F288-302) and nucleoprotein (NP335-345) was studied in mice (subcutaneous immunisation). The adjuvant effects of peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), Montanide ISA 720 and 206 were also investigated. Results showed basic differences in peptide immunogenicity that were consistent with already described structural differences. PGM elevated peptide-specific IgG when applied together with four of five tested peptides. A strong synergistic effect was observed after co-immunisation of mice with a mixture containing all five chimeric peptides in small and equal amounts. Results revealed for the first time that immunisation with several peptides having the common BCE generated significantly higher levels of both anti-peptide and anti-BCE IgG in comparison to those obtained after immunisation with a single peptide in much higher quantity. Further improvement of immune response was obtained after incorporation of such a peptide mixture into oil-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- Institute of Immunology, Research and Development Department, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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49
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Talebi A, Mulcahy G. Partial protection against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella induced by synthetic peptide vaccine. Exp Parasitol 2005; 110:342-8. [PMID: 15878770 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major parasitic disease of poultry industry and an ideal vaccine should induce long-lasting cross-species protective immunity. Broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were inoculated with single, double or triple injections of a synthetic peptide (derived from sequences of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella antigens) homogenized in Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants. The immune responses to the vaccine were assessed by evaluation of antibody and lymphocyte proliferation responses, and the degree of resistance of vaccinated chickens to challenge with sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina or E. tenella determined by comparison of their oocyst output with those of control chickens. The results indicated that the synthetic peptide vaccine induced a high level of antibody and cellular responses associated with partial cross-species protection against challenge with sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina or E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Talebi
- Poultry Diseases Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Iran.
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50
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Timmerman P, Beld J, Puijk WC, Meloen RH. Rapid and Quantitative Cyclization of Multiple Peptide Loops onto Synthetic Scaffolds for Structural Mimicry of Protein Surfaces. Chembiochem 2005; 6:821-4. [PMID: 15812852 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Systems B.V. P.O. Box 2098, 8203 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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