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Greigert V, Saraav I, Son J, Zhu Y, Dayao D, Antia A, Tzipori S, Witola WH, Stappenbeck TS, Ding S, Sibley LD. Cryptosporidium infection of human small intestinal epithelial cells induces type III interferon and impairs infectivity of Rotavirus. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2297897. [PMID: 38189373 PMCID: PMC10793699 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2297897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants from resource poor settings. The majority of infections are caused by the human-specific pathogen C. hominis and absence of in vitro growth platforms has limited our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and development of effective treatments. To address this problem, we developed a stem cell-derived culture system for C. hominis using human enterocytes differentiated under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Human ALI cultures supported robust growth and complete development of C. hominis in vitro including all life cycle stages. Cryptosporidium infection induced a strong interferon response from enterocytes, possibly driven, in part, by an endogenous dsRNA virus in the parasite. Prior infection with Cryptosporidium induced type III IFN secretion and consequently blunted infection with Rotavirus, including live attenuated vaccine strains. The development of hALI provides a platform for further studies on human-specific pathogens, including clinically important coinfections that may alter vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Greigert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iti Saraav
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Dayao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Greigert V, Saraav I, Son J, Dayao D, Antia A, Tzipori S, Witola WH, Stappenbeck TS, Ding S, Sibley LD. Cryptosporidium infection of human small intestinal epithelial cells induces type III interferon and impairs infectivity of Rotavirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555581. [PMID: 37693422 PMCID: PMC10491271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants from resource poor settings. The majority of infections are caused by the human-specific pathogen C. hominis and absence of in vitro growth platforms has limited our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and development of effective treatments. To address this problem, we developed a stem cell-derived culture system for C. hominis using human enterocytes differentiated under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Human ALI cultures supported robust growth and complete development of C. hominis in vitro including all life cycle stages. C. hominis infection induced a strong interferon response from enterocytes, likely driven by an endogenous dsRNA virus in the parasite. Prior infection with Cryptosporidium induced type III IFN secretion and consequently blunted infection with Rotavirus, including live attenuated vaccine strains. The development of hALI provides a platform for further studies on human-specific pathogens, including clinically important coinfections that may alter vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Greigert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Iti Saraav
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Denise Dayao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Abstract
Rotavirus (RV)-encoded nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1), the product of gene segment 5, effectively antagonizes host interferon (IFN) signaling via multiple mechanisms. Recent studies with the newly established RV reverse genetics system indicate that NSP1 is not essential for the replication of the simian RV SA11 strain in cell culture. However, the role of NSP1 in RV infection in vivo remains poorly characterized due to the limited replication of heterologous simian RVs in the suckling mouse model. Here, we used an optimized reverse genetics system and successfully recovered recombinant murine RVs with or without NSP1 expression. While the NSP1-null virus replicated comparably with the parental murine RV in IFN-deficient and IFN-competent cell lines in vitro, it was highly attenuated in 5-day-old wild-type suckling pups in both the 129sv and C57BL/6 backgrounds. In the absence of NSP1 expression, murine RV had significantly reduced replication in the ileum, systemic spread to mesenteric lymph nodes, fecal shedding, diarrhea occurrence, and transmission to uninoculated littermates. The defective replication of the NSP1-null RV in small intestinal tissues occurred as early as 1 day postinfection. Of interest, the replication and pathogenesis defects of NSP1-null RV were only minimally rescued in Stat1 knockout pups, suggesting that NSP1 facilitates RV replication in an IFN-independent manner. Our findings highlight a pivotal function of NSP1 during homologous RV infections in vivo and identify NSP1 as an ideal viral protein for targeted attenuation for future vaccine development.
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim W. Genipin inhibits rotavirus-induced diarrhea by suppressing viral replication and regulating inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15836. [PMID: 32985574 PMCID: PMC7522720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. However, agents specifically designed to treat rotavirus infection have not been developed yet. In this study, the anti-rotavirus and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin, a chemical compound found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, were evaluated. Genipin had an antiviral effect against the human rotavirus Wa and SA-11 strains in vitro, and it inhibited two distinct stages of the viral replication cycle: attachment and penetration (early stage) in pre-treatment and assembly and release (late stage) in post-treatment. Additionally, genipin downregulated nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells. Oral administration of genipin before and after viral infection with the murine rotavirus epidemic diarrhea of infant mice strain led to a reduced duration of diarrhea and faecal viral shedding and to decreased destruction of the enteric epithelium. Genipin could have potential as a natural compound with preventive and therapeutic effects against infection and colitis caused by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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Kim K, Lee G, Thanh HD, Kim JH, Konkit M, Yoon S, Park M, Yang S, Park E, Kim W. Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5310 offers protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea and regulates inflammatory response. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5702-5712. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pane JA, Webster NL, Coulson BS. Rotavirus activates lymphocytes from non-obese diabetic mice by triggering toll-like receptor 7 signaling and interferon production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003998. [PMID: 24676425 PMCID: PMC3968122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that rotavirus infection promotes the progression of genetically-predisposed children to type 1 diabetes, a chronic autoimmune disease marked by infiltration of activated lymphocytes into pancreatic islets. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice provide a model for the human disease. Infection of adult NOD mice with rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) accelerates diabetes onset, without evidence of pancreatic infection. Rather, RRV spreads to the pancreatic and mesenteric lymph nodes where its association with antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, induces cellular maturation. RRV infection increases levels of the class I major histocompatibility complex on B cells and proinflammatory cytokine expression by T cells at these sites. In autoimmunity-resistant mice and human mononuclear cells from blood, rotavirus-exposed plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to bystander polyclonal B cell activation through type I interferon expression. Here we tested the hypothesis that rotavirus induces bystander activation of lymphocytes from NOD mice by provoking dendritic cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. NOD mouse splenocytes were stimulated with rotavirus and assessed for activation by flow cytometry. This stimulation activated antigen-presenting cells and B cells independently of virus strain and replicative ability. Instead, activation depended on virus dose and was prevented by blockade of virus decapsidation, inhibition of endosomal acidification and interference with signaling through Toll-like receptor 7 and the type I interferon receptor. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells were more efficiently activated than conventional dendritic cells by RRV, and contributed to the activation of B and T cells, including islet-autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Thus, a double-stranded RNA virus can induce Toll-like receptor 7 signaling, resulting in lymphocyte activation. Our findings suggest that bystander activation mediated by type I interferon contributes to the lymphocyte activation observed following RRV infection of NOD mice, and may play a role in diabetes acceleration by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Pane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Webster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara S. Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hertel PM, Crawford SE, Finegold MJ, Estes MK. Osteopontin upregulation in rotavirus-induced murine biliary atresia requires replicating virus but is not necessary for development of biliary atresia. Virology 2011; 417:281-92. [PMID: 21742364 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory pediatric liver disease in which osteopontin (OPN), a glycoprotein with inflammatory and fibrogenic activity, may play a pathogenic role. The current studies were conducted in a mouse model of rotavirus-induced BA to test the hypotheses that live but not inactivated rotavirus causes antigenemia, upregulation of hepatic OPN expression, and induction of BA and fibrosis; and that OPN is necessary for development of BA. Prolonged or transient antigenemia developed in mice inoculated with live or inactivated virus, respectively, but only live virus upregulated hepatic OPN and caused BA and fibrosis. OPN was expressed in intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts in healthy mice and in mice with BA. OPN-deficient mice, similar to WT mice, developed BA. Together, these data show that live but not inactivated rotavirus causes upregulation of hepatic OPN expression and BA but that OPN is not necessary for development of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Hertel
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tam KI, Roner MR. Characterization of in vivo anti-rotavirus activities of saponin extracts from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:231-41. [PMID: 21549151 PMCID: PMC3106224 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide with approximately 300,000 pre-adolescent deaths each year. Quillaja saponins are a natural aqueous extract obtained from the Chilean soapbark tree. The extract is approved for use in humans by the FDA for use in beverages as a food addictive. We have demonstrated that Quillaja extracts have strong antiviral activities in vitro against six different viruses. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo antiviral activity of these extracts against rhesus rotavirus (RRV) using a mouse model. We established that at a dosage of 0.015 mg/mouse of saponin extract, RRV induced diarrhea can be significantly reduced from 79% to 11% when mice are exposed to 500 plaque-forming-units (PFU) for each of five consecutive days. Additionally, while a reduction of RRV induced diarrhea depended both on the concentration of virus introduced and on the amount of Quillaja extract given to each mouse, the severity and interval of diarrhea under a variety of conditions tested, in all the treated mice were greatly reduced when compared to those that did not receive the Quillaja extracts. Mechanistically, there is strong evidence that the Quillaja extracts are able to "block" rotavirus infection by inhibiting virus-host attachment through disruption of cellular membrane proteins and/or virus receptors. We believe that Quillaja extracts have promise as antivirals to reduce rotavirus infection and the severity of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ian Tam
- The University of Texas Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Intestinal epithelia activate anti-viral signaling via intracellular sensing of rotavirus structural components. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:622-32. [PMID: 20664578 PMCID: PMC2957552 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV), a leading cause of severe diarrhea, primarily infects intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) causing self-limiting illness. To better understand innate immunity to RV, we sought to define the extent to which IEC activation of anti-viral responses required viral replication or could be recapitulated by inactivated RV or its components. Using model human intestinal epithelia, we observed that RV-induced activation of signaling events and gene expression typically associated with viral infection was largely mimicked by administration of ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated RV. Use of anti-interferon (IFN) neutralizing antibodies revealed that such replication-independent anti-viral gene expression required type I IFN signaling. In contrast, RV-induction of nuclear factor-κB-mediated interleukin-8 expression was dependent on viral replication. The anti-viral gene expression induced by UV-RV was not significantly recapitulated by RV RNA or RV virus-like particles although the latter could enter IEC. Together, these results suggest that RV proteins mediate viral entry into epithelial cells leading to intracellular detection of RV RNA that generates an anti-viral response.
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Hempson SJ, Matkowskyj K, Bansal A, Tsao E, Habib I, Benya R, Mackow ER, Shaw RD. Rotavirus infection of murine small intestine causes colonic secretion via age restricted galanin-1 receptor expression. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2410-7. [PMID: 20197068 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms for age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea are unclear. Because rotavirus primarily infects small intestine, colonic contribution has not been widely studied. Recent data suggest that colonic secretion postbacterial infection is mediated by galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R). We evaluated age-dependent expression of Gal1-R in Rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-infected mice and its contribution to fluid secretion. METHODS Twenty-four hours after infection of C57BL/6J mice (wild type or Gal1-R knockout) with RRV or vehicle, closed small intestinal and colon loops were constructed. Net fluid content of the loops was calculated (milligrams/centimeters) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine. Gal1-R expression was quantified by automated chromogen analysis. RESULTS Viral antigen was detected in small intestinal epithelial cells but not in colon. Developmental Gal1-R was widely expressed in the small intestine but minimally in the colon. Postinfection, markedly increased Gal1-R was seen in the colon but not after day 25. Galanin caused a significantly higher increase in the net fluid content of infected colon than small intestine. Treatment with lidocaine reduced net fluid secretion in the small intestine and the colon. Mean diarrheal scores were significantly reduced in Gal1-R knockout mice compared with wild type (1.19 +/- 0.31, n = 22 vs 3.36 +/- 0.50, n = 35, P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS These data show that RRV infection of the small intestine increases colonic secretion through Gal1-R and provide a promising start toward understanding the age restriction of rotavirus diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Hempson
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Halasz P, Holloway G, Coulson BS. Death mechanisms in epithelial cells following rotavirus infection, exposure to inactivated rotavirus or genome transfection. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2007-2018. [PMID: 20392902 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell death following rotavirus infection is associated with villus atrophy and gastroenteritis. Roles for both apoptosis and necrosis in cytocidal activity within rotavirus-infected epithelial cells have been proposed. Additionally, inactivated rotavirus has been reported to induce diarrhoea in infant mice. We further examined the death mechanisms induced in epithelial cell lines following rotavirus infection or inactivated rotavirus exposure. Monolayer integrity changes in MA104, HT-29 and partially differentiated Caco-2 cells following inactivated rotavirus exposure or RRV or CRW-8 rotavirus infection paralleled cell metabolic activity and viability reductions. MA104 cell exposure to rotavirus dsRNA also altered monolayer integrity. Inactivated rotaviruses induced delayed cell function losses that were unrelated to apoptosis. Phosphatidylserine externalization, indicating early apoptosis, occurred in MA104 and HT-29 but not in partially differentiated Caco-2 cells by 11 h after infection. Rotavirus activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase partially protected MA104 and HT-29 cells from early apoptosis. In contrast, activation of the stress-activated protein kinase JNK by rotavirus did not influence apoptosis induction in these cells. RRV infection produced DNA fragmentation, indicating late-stage apoptosis, in fully differentiated Caco-2 cells only. These studies show that the apoptosis initiation and cell death mechanism induced by rotavirus infection depend on cell type and degree of differentiation. Early stage apoptosis resulting from rotavirus infection is probably counter-balanced by virus-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. The ability of inactivated rotaviruses and rotavirus dsRNA to perturb monolayer integrity supports a potential role for these rotavirus components in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halasz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gavan Holloway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Barbara S Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Reimerink JHJ, Boshuizen JA, Einerhand AWC, Duizer E, van Amerongen G, Schmidt N, Koopmans MPG. Systemic immune response after rotavirus inoculation of neonatal mice depends on source and level of purification of the virus: implications for the use of heterologous vaccine candidates. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:604-612. [PMID: 17251579 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and vaccines are currently under development, with clinical trails conducted in humans worldwide. The immune responses in infant BALB/c mice were examined following oral inoculation with murine rotavirus EDIM (2 x 10(4) focus-forming units) and with three CsCl gradient-purified fractions of heterologous simian rotavirus SA11 (standardized at 2 x 10(6) CCID(50)) that differed in antigen composition: fraction 1 was enriched for double-layered rotavirus particles, fraction 2 for triple-layered particles and fraction 3 consisted mainly of cell components. Diarrhoea and high IgG responses, but marginal IgA responses, were observed after inoculation with all three SA11 fractions. Virus shedding was observed in all EDIM-inoculated mice, but in none of the SA11-inoculated mice. Rotavirus-specific IgG1 : 2a ratios were similar in mice inoculated with EDIM and SA11 fraction 1, but higher for SA11 fraction 3- and lower for SA11 fraction 2-inoculated mice. A higher IgG1 : 2a ratio indicates a more Th2-like immune response. This undesirable response is apparently mostly induced by inoculation with heterologous rotavirus in the presence of abundant cell-associated and soluble rotavirus proteins, compared with infection with a more purified preparation or with homologous virus. These data show that, following inoculation with a standardized amount of infectious virus, the composition of the fraction influences the outcome of the immune responses significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H J Reimerink
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Boshuizen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra W C Einerhand
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Nico Schmidt
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
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Iovane G, Pisanelli G, Pagnini U. Rotavirus diarrhoea in Buffaloes: epidemiology, pathogenesys and prophilaxis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wolber FM, Broomfield AM, Fray L, Cross ML, Dey D. Supplemental dietary whey protein concentrate reduces rotavirus-induced disease symptoms in suckling mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1470-4. [PMID: 15930454 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus-induced diarrhea is a common infection that results in the death of nearly 500,000 children annually. Currently, no large-scale preventative treatments or vaccines exist. Because some whey protein concentrates (WPC) were shown to contain bioactive ingredients that may activate immune cells and/or prevent infection, the current study was conducted to assess whether the proprietary WPC IMUCARE (WPC-IC) could protect against rotavirus. Suckling BALB/c mice were treated by gavage once daily with WPC-IC or with the control protein bovine serum albumin from the age of 9 to 17 d, and were infected with murine rotavirus at the age of 11 d. Disease symptoms were graded as mild, moderate, or severe, and viral shedding was measured in fecal samples during the postinfection period. Severe diarrhea occurred in 63% of control mice; this was significantly reduced to 36% in WPC-IC-fed mice. Severe diarrhea occurred for a 4-d period in the control group but only for a 2-d period in the WPC-IC group. Although the mean viral load per mouse did not differ between the groups, the proportion of mice shedding high levels of the virus in the feces postinfection was significantly lower in the WPC-IC group on d 13, 16, and 17, and significantly higher on d 14. Rotavirus-specific antibody levels in serum and gut fluid did not differ between groups. Thus, prophylactic treatment with WPC-IC may reduce rotaviral disease by decreasing the prevalence of severe diarrhea and by decreasing the time period during which severe symptoms and high viral shedding occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Wolber
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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15
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Rollo EE, Hempson SJ, Bansal A, Tsao E, Habib I, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Mackow ER, Shaw RD. The cytokine osteopontin modulates the severity of rotavirus diarrhea. J Virol 2005; 79:3509-16. [PMID: 15731245 PMCID: PMC1075680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3509-3516.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a sialated phosphoprotein found in tissues and secreted into body fluids. It is an integrin ligand with pleiotropic functions as an extracellular matrix protein in mineralized tissues and a cytokine that is active in cell signaling (A. B. Tuck, C. Hota, S. M. Wilson, and A. F. Chambers, Oncogene 22:1198-1205, 2003). To determine whether OPN may be important in mucosal defense against viral pathogens, we evaluated the OPN response to rotavirus infection and the extent of diarrhea manifested by infected opn null mutant (opn-/-) mice. Reverse transcription-PCR, Northern and Western blots, and immunohistochemical studies of the HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell line and murine intestine were used to evaluate OPN mRNA and product. Intestinal closed loops and diarrheal observations determined disease severity and duration. OPN mRNA levels increased after infection of HT-29 cells, peaking in 4 to 6 h. Infected cultures contained 925 microg of OPN/ml, while for controls the levels were below detection (50 microg/ml). Infection increased OPN mRNA levels in intestinal tissue between 2 and 24 h postinoculation and increased OPN protein in intestinal fluid. The cellular localization of OPN was supranuclear and apical, and responding cells were diffusely distributed on the villus surface. Three days after infection, closed intestinal loops from opn-/- mice contained more fluid than loops from controls, although secretion levels at the onset of illness were similar. Null mutant mice experienced more intense and prolonged diarrhea than controls. Rotavirus infection of intestinal epithelial cells and murine intestine caused marked increases in OPN mRNA levels and secreted OPN protein. OPN-deficient mice suffered prolonged disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Rollo
- Research Service (151), Northport V.A. Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
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Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nitsche A. Real-time Fluorescent PCR Techniques to Study Microbial-Host Interactions. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 34:255-330. [PMID: 38620210 PMCID: PMC7148886 DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes how real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performs and how it may be used to detect microbial pathogens and the relationship they form with their host. Research and diagnostic microbiology laboratories contain a mix of traditional and leading-edge, in-house and commercial assays for the detection of microbes and the effects they impart upon target tissues, organs, and systems. The PCR has undergone significant change over the last decade, to the extent that only a small proportion of scientists have been able or willing to keep abreast of the latest offerings. The chapter reviews these changes. It discusses the second-generation of PCR technology-kinetic or real-time PCR, a tool gaining widespread acceptance in many scientific disciplines but especially in the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine E Arden
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Castilho JG, Botelho MVJ, Lauretti F, Taniwaki N, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. The in vitro cytopathology of a porcine and the simian (SA-11) strains of rotavirus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:313-7. [PMID: 15273806 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses have been implicated as the major causal agents of acute diarrhoea in mammals and fowls. Experimental rotavirus infection have been associated to a series of sub-cellular pathologic alterations leading to cell lysis which may represent key functions in the pathogenesis of the diarrhoeic disease. The current work describes the cytopathic changes in cultured MA-104 cells infected by a simian (SA-11) and a porcine (1154) rotavirus strains. Trypan blue exclusion staining showed increased cell permeability after infection by both strains, as demonstrated by cell viability. This effect was confirmed by the leakage of infected cells evaluated by chromium release. Nuclear fragmentation was observed by acridine orange and Wright staining but specific DNA cleavage was not detected. Ultrastructural changes, such as chromatin condensation, cytoplasm vacuolisation, and loss of intercellular contact were shown in infected cells for both strains. In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tunel) assay did not show positive result. In conclusion, we demonstrated that both strains of rotavirus induced necrosis as the major degenerative effect.
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19
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Mori Y, Sugiyama M, Takayama M, Atoji Y, Masegi T, Minamoto N. Avian-to-mammal transmission of an avian rotavirus: analysis of its pathogenicity in a heterologous mouse model. Virology 2001; 288:63-70. [PMID: 11543658 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that group A avian rotaviruses can be transmitted to mammals, but there is no direct evidence that such viruses induce disease in mammals. Suckling mice were orally inoculated with two avian rotaviruses. A pigeon rotavirus, PO-13, was found to induce diarrhea, but a turkey rotavirus, Ty-3, did not. The diarrhea induced by PO-13 was dependent on the age of the mouse. In histopathological examinations, antigens of PO-13 were sporadically detected in absorptive cells in the ileum, and lesions were observed as ballooning degenerations of absorptive cells in a region from the duodenum to the ileum. However, the rotavirus antigen was not detected in the majority of these degenerative cells. These results indicated that PO-13 could infect and induce diarrhea in suckling mice. This is the first evidence of an avian rotavirus being experimentally transmissible to a mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mori
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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20
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Lipson SM, Svenssen L, Goodwin L, Porti D, Danzi S, Pergolizzi R. Evaluation of two current generation enzyme immunoassays and an improved isolation-based assay for the rapid detection and isolation of rotavirus from stool. J Clin Virol 2001; 21:17-27. [PMID: 11255094 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid and accurate rotavirus testing is important in decisions involving patient care and management. Quality assurance testing needs to be periodically performed, especially among widely used assays having a direct impact on patient care. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the current generation Kallestad Pathfinder Direct antigen Detection system (PTH), and the widely used Rotaclone(R) Rotavirus EIA Diagnostic Kit (RTC), in comparison with an improved cell culture amplification-antigen detection (CCA-Ag) isolation-based assay. STUDY DESIGN Two hundred stool specimens (specimen stored at > or =-75 degrees C), which had been previously tested by PTH, were tested by RTC and CCA-Ag. Discordant specimens were retested by PTH, blocking assay, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and/or electron microscopy (EM). RESULTS Among 200 stool specimens, 197 were in accord by PTH, RTC and CCA-Ag. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for RTC, PTH and CCA-Ag were, 100, 99, 99, 100, 100, 99, 99, 100; and 98, 100, 100, 98%, respectively. Among five initially discordant specimens, two required a period of 10 days to affect isolation. A non-cultivatable (CCA-Ag negative) but true positive specimen, was identified as rotavirus group A serotype G2 by RT-PCR. Four true positive but discordant specimens were blocking assay negative using one or both EIA kits. CONCLUSIONS PTH and RTC are excellent rotavirus detection system. However, PTH is more expensive (ca. $3.50 vs. $2.00 per test), mandates a slightly longer turn-around time (ca. 1 vs. 1.5 h), and necessitates slightly more hands-on manipulative/preparative steps. Blocking assay was not a reliable confirmatory test for the resolution of specimen discordancy. A combination of CCA-Ag, PAGE, EM, and/or perhaps RT-PCR, is recommended as an appropriate test panel for the resolution of discordant results during assay evaluation. The newly modified and simplified 48-h rotavirus isolation-based assay may serve as a base line methodology in laboratory evalaution studies, as a laboratory support methodology during drug/vaccine efficacy trials, or for the testing of sources (e.g., biopsy/autopsy tissues) not approved for assay by commercial rotavirus kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lipson
- Departments of Laboratories, North Shore University Hospital - NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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21
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Halaihel N, Liévin V, Ball JM, Estes MK, Alvarado F, Vasseur M. Direct inhibitory effect of rotavirus NSP4(114-135) peptide on the Na(+)-D-glucose symporter of rabbit intestinal brush border membrane. J Virol 2000; 74:9464-70. [PMID: 11000215 PMCID: PMC112375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9464-9470.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct effect of a rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein, NSP4, and certain related peptides on the sodium-coupled transport of D-glucose and of L-leucine was studied by using intestinal brush border membrane vesicles isolated from young rabbits. Kinetic analyses revealed that the NSP4(114-135) peptide, which causes diarrhea in young rodents, is a specific, fully noncompetitive inhibitor of the Na(+)-D-glucose symporter (SGLT1). This interaction involves three peptide-binding sites per carrier unit. In contrast, the Norwalk virus NV(464-483) and mNSP4(131K) peptides, neither of which causes diarrhea, both behave inertly. The NSP4(114-135) and NV(464-483) peptides inhibited Na(+)-L-leucine symport about equally and partially via a different transport mechanism, in that Na(+) behaves as a nonobligatory activator. The selective and strong inhibition caused by the NSP4(114-135) peptide on SGLT1 in vitro suggests that during rotavirus infection in vivo, NSP4 can be one effector directly causing SGLT1 inhibition. This effect, implying a concomitant inhibition of water reabsorption, is postulated to play a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Halaihel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris XI, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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22
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Halaihel N, Liévin V, Alvarado F, Vasseur M. Rotavirus infection impairs intestinal brush-border membrane Na(+)-solute cotransport activities in young rabbits. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279:G587-96. [PMID: 10960359 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.3.g587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of rotavirus diarrhea was investigated by infecting young, specific pathogen-free, New Zealand rabbits with a lapine rotavirus, strain La/RR510. With 4-wk-old animals, virus shedding into the intestinal lumen peaked at 72 h postinfection (hpi), and a mild, watery diarrhea appeared at 124 hpi. No intestinal lesions were seen up to 144 hpi, indicating that diarrhea does not follow mucosal damage but can precede it, as if cell dysfunction were the cause, not the consequence, of the histological lesions. Kinetic analyses with brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from infected rabbits revealed strong inhibition of both Na(+)-D-glucose (SGLT1) and Na(+)-L-leucine symport activities. For both symporters, only maximum velocity decreased with time. The density of phlorizin-binding sites and SGLT1 protein antigen in the membrane remained unaffected, indicating that the virus effect on this symporter is direct. Because SGLT1 supports water reabsorption under physiological conditions, the mechanism of rotavirus diarrhea may involve a generalized inhibition of Na(+)-solute symport systems, hence, of water reabsorption. Massive water loss through the intestine may eventually overwhelm the capacity of the organ for water reabsorption, thereby helping the diarrhea to get established.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Halaihel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris XI, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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23
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Fantini J, Maresca M, Hammache D, Yahi N, Delézay O. Glycosphingolipid (GSL) microdomains as attachment platforms for host pathogens and their toxins on intestinal epithelial cells: activation of signal transduction pathways and perturbations of intestinal absorption and secretion. Glycoconj J 2000; 17:173-9. [PMID: 11201788 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026580905156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipid (GSL)-enriched microdomains are used as cellular binding sites for various pathogens including viruses and bacteria. These attachment platforms are specifically associated with transducer molecules, so that the binding of host pathogens (or their toxins) to the cell surface may result in the activation of signal transduction pathways. In the intestinal epithelium, such pathogen-induced dysregulations of signal transduction can elicit a severe impairment of enterocytic functions. In this study, we demonstrate that the interaction of a bacterial toxin (cholera toxin) and a viral envelope glycoprotein (HIV-1 gp120) with the apical plasma membrane of intestinal cells is mediated by GSL-enriched microdomains that are associated with G regulatory proteins. These microbial proteins induce a GSL-dependent increase of intestinal fluid secretion by two mechanisms: activation of chloride secretion and inhibition of Na+ -dependent glucose absorption. Taken together, these data support the view that GSL-enriched microdomains in the apical plasma membrane of enterocytes are involved in the regulation of intestinal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fantini
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie de la Nutrition, ESA-CNRS 6033, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérome, Marseille, France.
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24
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Rollo EE, Kumar KP, Reich NC, Cohen J, Angel J, Greenberg HB, Sheth R, Anderson J, Oh B, Hempson SJ, Mackow ER, Shaw RD. The Epithelial Cell Response to Rotavirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most important worldwide cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Intestinal epithelial cells are the principal targets of rotavirus infection, but the response of enterocytes to rotavirus infection is largely unknown. We determined that rotavirus infection of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells results in prompt activation of NF-κB (<2 h), STAT1, and ISG F3 (3 h). Genetically inactivated rotavirus and virus-like particles assembled from baculovirus-expressed viral proteins also activated NF-κB. Rotavirus infection of HT-29 cells induced mRNA for several C-C and C-X-C chemokines as well as IFNs and GM-CSF. Mice infected with simian rotavirus or murine rotavirus responded similarly with the enhanced expression of a profile of C-C and C-X-C chemokines. The rotavirus-stimulated increase in chemokine mRNA was undiminished in mice lacking mast cells or lymphocytes. Rotavirus induced chemokines only in mice <15 days of age despite documented infection in older mice. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and IFN-stimulated protein 10 mRNA responses occurred, but were reduced in p50−/− mice. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β expression during rotavirus infection localized to the intestinal epithelial cell in murine intestine. These results show that the intestinal epithelial cell is an active component of the host response to rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Rollo
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - K. Prasanna Kumar
- †Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- †Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jean Cohen
- ‡Laboratoire de Virologie et d’Immunologie Moleculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, C. R. J. Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France; and
| | | | - Harry B. Greenberg
- §Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Riten Sheth
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Joseph Anderson
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Brian Oh
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Scott J. Hempson
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Erich R. Mackow
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Robert D. Shaw
- *Department of Medicine, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
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25
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Soule H, Genoulaz O, Gratacap-Cavallier B, Mallaret MR, Morand P, François P, Luu Duc Bin D, Charvier A, Bost-Bru C, Seigneurin JM. Monitoring rotavirus environmental contamination in a pediatric unit using polymerase chain reaction. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:432-4. [PMID: 10395149 DOI: 10.1086/501648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus environmental contamination in a pediatric unit was investigated. Surfaces were swabbed, then viruses eluted, ultracentrifuged, and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Of 55 samples, 25 (46%) tested positive. Rotavirus RNA was more prevalent on surfaces in direct contact with children (thermometers and play mats) than on other environmental surfaces (washbasins, door handles, etc). PCR has proved useful for monitoring rotavirus environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Soule
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Grenoble, France
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26
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Zijlstra RT, McCracken BA, Odle J, Donovan SM, Gelberg HB, Petschow BW, Zuckermann FA, Gaskins HR. Malnutrition modifies pig small intestinal inflammatory responses to rotavirus. J Nutr 1999; 129:838-43. [PMID: 10203558 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.4.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrheal diseases and malnutrition are major causes of child morbidity and mortality. In this study, malnutrition was superimposed on rotavirus infection in neonatal piglets to simulate the combined intestinal stress of viral enteritis in malnourished infants. Two-day-old piglets were assigned to three treatment groups as follows: 1) noninfected, fully nourished; 2) infected, fully nourished; and 3) infected, malnourished. Intestinal indices of inflammation were monitored over the subsequent 2-wk period. Intestinal damage and diarrhea were observed within 2 d of rotavirus infection and began to subside in nourished piglets by d 9 but persisted through d 16 postinfection in malnourished piglets. Rotavirus upregulated small intestinal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II genes; malnutrition intensified MHC class I gene expression and suppressed MHC class II expression. Jejunal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocyte numbers were elevated for infected, nourished piglets on d 2, 9 and 16 postinfection. Malnutrition did not significantly affect the local expansion of T cell subsets in response to rotavirus. Intestinal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were elevated early after rotavirus infection independent of nutritional state. By d 9, PGE2 concentrations returned to baseline in infected, nourished piglets but remained elevated in malnourished piglets, corresponding to diarrhea observations. Together, the results identify intestinal indices of inflammation that are modulated by malnutrition and prompt reconsideration of current models of rotavirus pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Zijlstra
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Evansville, IN, USA
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27
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Guerin-Danan C, Meslin JC, Lambre F, Charpilienne A, Serezat M, Bouley C, Cohen J, Andrieux C. Development of a heterologous model in germfree suckling rats for studies of rotavirus diarrhea. J Virol 1998; 72:9298-302. [PMID: 9765478 PMCID: PMC110350 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.9298-9302.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germfree suckling rats were infected with an SA11 rotavirus strain. Infected pups developed diarrhea associated with histopathological changes. The virus was detected in feces and in the small intestine. Cellular vacuolation was observed in the villi of the jejunum. These results provide a new model for further investigations of group A rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guerin-Danan
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Equipe Métabolites Bactériens et Santé, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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28
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Moser CA, Cookinham S, Coffin SE, Clark HF, Offit PA. Relative importance of rotavirus-specific effector and memory B cells in protection against challenge. J Virol 1998; 72:1108-14. [PMID: 9445006 PMCID: PMC124584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.1108-1114.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult BALB/c mice were orally inoculated with murine (strain EDIM), simian (strain RRV), or bovine (strain WC3) rotavirus. Six or 16 weeks after inoculation, mice were challenged with EDIM. At the time of challenge and in the days immediately following challenge, production of rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM by small intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) was determined by fragment culture, and quantities of virus-specific antibodies at the intestinal mucosal surface were determined by intestinal lavage. Mice immunized with EDIM were completely protected against EDIM challenge both 6 and 16 weeks after immunization. Protection was associated with production of high levels of IgA by LPL and detection of virus-specific IgA at the intestinal mucosal surface. In addition, animals immunized and later challenged with EDIM did not develop a boost in antibody responses, suggesting that they were also not reinfected. We also found that in mice immunized with nonmurine rotaviruses, (i) quantities of virus-specific IgA generated following challenge were greater 16 weeks than 6 weeks after immunization, (ii) immunization enhanced the magnitude but did not hasten the onset of production of high quantities of virus-specific IgA by LPL after challenge, and (iii) immunization induced partial protection against challenge; however, protection was not associated with either production of virus-specific antibodies by LPL or detection of virus-specific antibodies at the intestinal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Moser
- Section of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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29
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Delézay O, Yahi N, Tamalet C, Baghdiguian S, Boudier JA, Fantini J. Direct effect of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) on intestinal epithelial cell differentiation: relationship to HIV-1 enteropathy. Virology 1997; 238:231-42. [PMID: 9400596 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients display severe impairments of gastrointestinal functions, including diarrhea and malabsorption, even in the absence of opportunistic infections. Since HIV-1 proteins and nucleic acids have been detected in several cell types of the intestinal mucosa, it has been postulated that HIV-1 itself could alter enterocytic functions. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of HIV-1 on the differentiation process of the epithelial intestinal cell clone HT-29-D4, which mimics the maturation of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis of the small intestine. We found that HIV-1 infection impairs cellular differentiation (i) by affecting the barrier function of the epithelium, as evidenced by a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance, and (ii) by inhibiting the activity of one major glucose absorption function, i.e., sodium/glucose cotransport. At the morphological level, HIV-1 infection of HT-29-D4 cells was associated with the formation of lumina, which are representative of a defect in cellular organization. These morphofunctional perturbations induced by HIV-1 could be mimicked by nocodazole, a microtubule-disrupting agent. Correspondingly, HIV-1 exposure of HT-29-D4 cells evoked a massive disruption of microtubules, as revealed by alpha-tubulin indirect immunofluorescence staining. A similar effect was observed after incubation of the cells with either recombinant gp120 or a monoclonal antibody against galactosylceramide (GalCer), the intestinal receptor for HIV-1 gp120, suggesting that the effect of HIV-1 was mediated by the binding of gp120 to GalCer. Based on these data, we propose that HIV-1 may selectively alter enterocytic functions through a direct effect on the intracellular architecture of the cells. In contrast with previous theories for HIV-1 enteropathy, our data support the concept that HIV-1 may perturb intestinal functions without necessarily infecting intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Delézay
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie de la Nutrition, UPRESA-CNRS 6033, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, Marseille
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30
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Ward RL, Mason BB, Bernstein DI, Sander DS, Smith VE, Zandle GA, Rappaport RS. Attenuation of a human rotavirus vaccine candidate did not correlate with mutations in the NSP4 protein gene. J Virol 1997; 71:6267-70. [PMID: 9223531 PMCID: PMC191897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.8.6267-6270.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NSP4 protein of a simian rotavirus was reported to induce diarrhea following inoculation of mice. If NSP4 is responsible for rotavirus diarrhea in humans, attenuation of a human rotavirus may be reflected in concomitant mutations in the NSP4 gene. After 33 passages in cultured monkey kidney cells, a virulent human rotavirus (strain 89-12) was found to be attenuated in adults, children, and infants. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the NSP4 protein gene revealed only one base pair change between the virulent (unpassaged) and attenuated 89-12 viruses, which resulted from a substitution of alanine for threonine at amino acid 45 of the encoded NSP4 protein. Because both threonine and alanine have been found at position 45 of NSP4 in symptomatic and asymptomatic human rotaviruses, neither amino acid in this position could be established as a marker of virulence. Therefore, attenuation of rotavirus strain 89-12 appears to be unrelated to mutations in the NSP4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
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31
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Kristoffersen AK, Sindre H, Mándi Y, Rollag H, Degré M. Effect of adenovirus 2 on cellular gene activation in blood-derived monocytes and macrophages. APMIS 1997; 105:402-9. [PMID: 9201242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) infection on human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages with regard to expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. In monocytes, the virus was bound to the surface without being internalized. On the other hand, Ad2 was internalized by macrophages. No virus replication and no transcription of the Ad2 early genes was observed in either of the cells. Ad2 infection induced transient increase in the mRNA levels for TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in both monocytes and in macrophages, although the kinetics of the transcription was slightly different. The production of both cytokines, measured by ELISA tests, was enhanced in monocytes. In macrophages, a slight enhancement of TNF-alpha production was seen, whereas IL-1 beta was not detected. The data indicate that cellular genes might be activated by Ad2 virus infection in nonpermissive cells where no viral gene products could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Kristoffersen
- Institute of Microbiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nakagomi
- Department of Microbiology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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