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Zheng Z, Chen B, Liu X, Guo R, Chi H, Chen X, Pan Y, Gong H. Novel Eel Skin Fibroblast Cell Line: Bridging Adherent and Suspension Growth for Aquatic Applications Including Virus Susceptibility. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:1068. [PMID: 39765736 PMCID: PMC11673813 DOI: 10.3390/biology13121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Suspension growth can greatly increase the cell density and yield of cell metabolites. To meet the requirements of aquatic industries, a culture model derived from Anguilla anguilla skin was developed using the explant outgrowth and enzyme-digesting passaging methods. These cells were kept in vitro continuously for over 12 months and subcultured 68 times. This heteroploid cell line, designated as ES, can naturally adapt to adherent and suspension growth reversibly under certain temperatures, serum percentages, and inoculum densities, without the need for any microcarriers or special medium additives. The ES cells can continue being highly productive under a temperature range of 15-37 °C and a serum percentage ranging from 3 to 15%. An inoculum density higher than 5 × 105 cells·mL-1 is necessary for the ES cells to turn into suspension efficiently. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was successfully expressed in the ES cells. The ES cells demonstrated susceptibility to Anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). ES is the first natural suspension growth model of aquatic origin; it does not require the processes of suspension domestication and carrier dissolution, making it a promising and cost-effective model for vaccine production, bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing, and cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyu Zheng
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Bin Chen
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Rui Guo
- Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hongshu Chi
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xiuxia Chen
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ying Pan
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hui Gong
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (Z.Z.); (B.C.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (X.C.); (Y.P.)
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Marano JM, Chuong C, Weger-Lucarelli J. Rolling circle amplification: A high fidelity and efficient alternative to plasmid preparation for the rescue of infectious clones. Virology 2020; 551:58-63. [PMID: 33032077 PMCID: PMC7521378 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses (genus Alphavirus; family Togaviridae) are a medically relevant family of viruses that include chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus. Infectious cDNA clones of these viruses are necessary molecular tools to understand viral biology. Traditionally, rescuing virus from an infectious cDNA clone requires propagating plasmids in bacteria, which can result in mutations in the viral genome due to bacterial toxicity or recombination and requires specialized equipment and knowledge to propagate the bacteria. Here, we present an alternative- rolling circle amplification (RCA), an in vitro technology. We demonstrate that the viral yield of transfected RCA product is comparable to midiprepped plasmid, albeit with a slight delay in kinetics. RCA, however, is cheaper and less time-consuming. Further, sequential RCA did not introduce mutations into the viral genome, subverting the need for glycerol stocks and retransformation. These results indicate that RCA is a viable alternative to traditional plasmid-based approaches to viral rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Marano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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3
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Ye X, Wang J, Qiao Z, Yang D, Wang J, Abudureyimu A, Yang K, Feng Y, Ma Z, Liu Z. Quantitative proteomic analysis of MDCK cell adhesion. Mol Omics 2020; 17:121-129. [PMID: 33201162 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MDCK cells are a key reagent in modern vaccine production. As MDCK cells are normally adherent, creation of suspension cells for vaccine production using genetic engineering approaches is highly desirable. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms and effectors underlying MDCK cell adhesion. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of whole protein levels between MDCK adhesion and suspension cells using an iTRAQ-based (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) proteomics approach. We found that expression of several proteins involved in cell adhesion exhibit reduced expression in suspension cells, including at the mRNA level. Proteins whose expression was reduced in suspension cells include cadherin 1 (CDH1), catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1), and catenin alpha-1 (CTNNA1), which are involved in intercellular adhesion; junction plakoglobin (JUP), desmoplakin (DSP), and desmoglein 3 (DSG3), which are desmosome components; and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and alpha-actinin-1 (ACTN1), which regulate the adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix. A functional verification experiment showed that inhibition of E-cadherin significantly reduced intercellular adhesion of MDCK cells. E-Cadherin did not significantly affect the proliferation of MDCK cells and the replication of influenza virus. These findings reveal possible mechanisms underlying adhesion of MDCK cells and will guide the creation of MDCK suspension cells by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqing Ye
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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Chen PL, Tzeng TT, Hu AYC, Wang LHC, Lee MS. Development and Evaluation of Vero Cell-Derived Master Donor Viruses for Influenza Pandemic Preparedness. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040626. [PMID: 33113866 PMCID: PMC7712210 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonated egg-based platform currently produces the majority of seasonal influenza vaccines by employing a well-developed master donor virus (MDV, A/PR/8/34 (PR8)) to generate high-growth reassortants (HGRs) for A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 subtypes. Although the egg-based platform can supply enough seasonal influenza vaccines, it cannot meet surging demands during influenza pandemics. Therefore, multi-purpose platforms are desirable for pandemic preparedness. The Vero cell-based production platform is widely used for human vaccines and could be a potential multi-purpose platform for pandemic influenza vaccines. However, many wild-type and egg-derived influenza viruses cannot grow efficiently in Vero cells. Therefore, it is critical to develop Vero cell-derived high-growth MDVs for pandemic preparedness. In this study, we evaluated two in-house MDVs (Vero-15 and VB5) and two external MDVs (PR8 and PR8-HY) to generate Vero cell-derived HGRs for five avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with pandemic potentials (H5N1 clade 2.3.4, H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1, American-lineage H5N2, H7N9 first wave and H7N9 fifth wave). Overall, no single MDV could generate HGRs for all five AIVs, but this goal could be achieved by employing two in-house MDVs (vB5 and Vero-15). In immunization studies, mice received two doses of Vero cell-derived inactivated H5N1 and H7N9 whole virus antigens adjuvanted with alum and developed robust antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chen
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (P.-L.C.); (T.-T.T.); (A.Y.-C.H.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (P.-L.C.); (T.-T.T.); (A.Y.-C.H.)
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (P.-L.C.); (T.-T.T.); (A.Y.-C.H.)
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (P.-L.C.); (T.-T.T.); (A.Y.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-206-166
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5
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Gene-edited vero cells as rotavirus vaccine substrates. Vaccine X 2019; 3:100045. [PMID: 31660537 PMCID: PMC6806661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus (RV) is a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis globally and can cause substantial morbidity associated with gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age. Orally administered live-attenuated RV vaccines offer protection against disease but vaccination efforts have been hampered by high manufacturing costs and the need to maintain a cold chain. Methods A subset of Vero cell host genes was identified by siRNA that when knocked down increased RV replication and these anti-viral host genes were individually deleted using CRISPR-Cas9. Results Fully-sequenced gene knockout Vero cell substrates were assessed for increased RV replication and RV vaccine antigen expression compared to wild type Vero cells. The results showed that RV replication and antigen production were logs higher in Vero cells having an EMX2 gene deletion compared to other Vero cell substrates tested. Conclusions We used siRNAs to screen for host genes that negatively affected RV replication, then CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to delete select genes. The gene editing led to the development of enhanced RV vaccine substrates supporting a potential path forward for improving RV vaccine production.
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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7
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Wang K, Huang Q, Yang Z, Qi K, Liu H, Chen H. Alternative reverse genetics system for influenza viruses based on a synthesized swine 45S rRNA promoter. Virus Genes 2017; 53:661-666. [PMID: 28434065 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We generated an alternative reverse genetics (RG) system based on a synthesized swine 45S rRNA promoter to rescue the H3N2 subtype swine influenza virus. All eight flanking segment cassettes of A/swine/Henan/7/2010 (H3N2) were amplified with ambisense expression elements from RG plasmids. All segments were then recombined with the pHC2014 vector, which contained the synthesized swine 45S rRNA promoter (spol1) and its terminal sequence (t1) in a pcDNA3 backbone. As a result, we obtained a set of RG plasmids carrying the corresponding eight-segment cassettes. We efficiently generated the H3N2 virus after transfection into 293T/PK15, PK15, and 293T cells. The efficiency of spol1-driven influenza virus rescue in PK15 cells was similar to that in 293T cells by titration using the human pol1 RG system. Our approach suggests that an alternative spol1-based RG system can produce influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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8
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Yu W, Yang F, Yang J, Ma L, Cun Y, Song S, Liao G. Construction high-yield candidate influenza vaccine viruses in Vero cells by reassortment. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1914-21. [PMID: 27101353 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Usage of influenza vaccine is the best choice measure for preventing and conclusion of influenza virus infection. Although it has been used of chicken embryo to produce influenza vaccine, following with WHO recommended vaccine strain, there were uncontrollable factors and its deficiencies, specially, during an influenza pandemic in the world. The Vero cells are used for vaccine production of a few strains including influenza virus, because of its homology with human, recommended by WHO. However, as known most of the influenza viruses strains could not culture by Vero cells. It was used two high-yield influenza viruses adapted in Vero cells as donor viruses, such as A/Yunnan/1/2005Va (H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Va (B), to construct high-yield wild influenza virus in Vero cells under antibody selection pressure. After reassortment and passages, it obtained the new Vaccine strains with A/Tianjin/15/2009Va (H1N1), A/Fujian/196/2009Va (H3N2) and B/Chongqing/1384/2010Va (B), which was not only completely keeping their original antigenic (HA and NA), but also grown well in Vero cells with high-yield. All results of gene analysis and HA, HI shown that this reassortment method could be used to find new direction to product the influenza vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 88:1914-1921, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Pharmaceutical Department, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Cun
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Song
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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9
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Hegde NR. Cell culture-based influenza vaccines: A necessary and indispensable investment for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1223-34. [PMID: 25875691 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional platform of using embryonated chicken eggs for the production of influenza vaccines has several drawbacks including the inability to meet the volume of required doses in the case of widespread epidemics and pandemics. Cell culture platforms have therefore been explored in the last 2 decades, and have attracted further attention following the H1N1 pandemic outbreak. This platform, while not the most economical for large-scale production, has several advantages, and can supplement the vaccine requirement when needed. Recent developments in production technologies have contributed greatly to fine-tuning this platform. In combination with other technologies such as live attenuated and recombinant protein or virus-like particle vaccines, and different adjuvants and delivery systems, cell culture-based influenza vaccine platform can be used both for production of seasonal vaccine, and to mitigate vaccine shortages in pandemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- a Ella Foundation; Genome Valley; Turkapally , Shameerpet Mandal , Hyderabad , India
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10
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Expression of Factor X in BHK-21 Cells Promotes Low Pathogenic Influenza Viruses Replication. Adv Virol 2016; 2015:675921. [PMID: 26880918 PMCID: PMC4735987 DOI: 10.1155/2015/675921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone for factor 10 (FX) isolated from chicken embryo inserted into the mammalian cell expression vector pCDNA3.1 was transfected into the baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line. The generated BHK-21 cells with inducible expression of FX were used to investigate the efficacy of the serine transmembrane protease to proteolytic activation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) with monobasic cleavage site. Data showed that the BHK-21/FX stably expressed FX after ten serial passages. The cells could proteolytically cleave the HA of low pathogenic avian influenza virus at multiplicity of infection 0.01. Growth kinetics of the virus on BHK-21/FX, BHK-21, and MDCK cells were evaluated by titrations of virus particles in each culture supernatant. Efficient multicycle viral replication was markedly detected in the cell at subsequent passages. Virus titration demonstrated that BHK-21/FX cell supported high-titer growth of the virus in which the viral titer is comparable to the virus grown in BHK-21 or MDCK cells with TPCK-trypsin. The results indicate potential application for the BHK-21/FX in influenza virus replication procedure and related studies.
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Mostafa A, Kanrai P, Ziebuhr J, Pleschka S. The PB1 segment of an influenza A virus H1N1 2009pdm isolate enhances the replication efficiency of specific influenza vaccine strains in cell culture and embryonated eggs. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:620-631. [PMID: 26743314 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccine strains (IVSs) contain the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genome segments of relevant circulating strains in the genetic background of influenza A/PR/8/1934 virus (PR8). Previous work has shown that the nature of the PB1 segment may be a limiting factor for the efficient production of IVSs. Here, we showed that the PB1 segment (PB1Gi) from the 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) A/Giessen/06/2009 (Gi wt, H1N1pdm) may help to resolve (some of) these limitations. We produced a set of recombinant PR8-derived viruses that contained (i) the HA and NA segments from representative IAV strains (H3N2, H5N1, H7N9, H9N2); (ii) the PB1 segment from PR8 or Gi wt, respectively; and (iii) the remaining five genome segments from PR8. Viruses containing the PB1Gi segment, together with the heterologous HA/NA segments and five PR8 segments (5+2+1), replicated to higher titres compared with their 6+2 counterparts containing six PR8 segments and the equivalent heterologous HA/NA segments. Compared with PB1PR8-containing IVSs, viruses with the PB1Gi segment replicated to higher or similar titres in both cell culture and embryonated eggs, most profoundly IVSs of the H5N1 and H7N9 subtype, which are known to grow poorly in these systems. IVSs containing either the PB1Gi or the cognate PB1 segment of the respective specific HA/NA donor strain showed enhanced or similar virus replication levels. This study suggests that substitution of PB1PR8 with the PB1Gi segment may greatly improve the large-scale production of PR8-derived IVSs, especially of those known to replicate poorly in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chick Embryo
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Ovum/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Pumaree Kanrai
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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12
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Zhang H, Han Q, Ping X, Li L, Chang C, Chen Z, Shu Y, Xu K, Sun B. A single NS2 mutation of K86R promotes PR8 vaccine donor virus growth in Vero cells. Virology 2015; 482:32-40. [PMID: 25817403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control infection by influenza viruses, and a cell-culture-based vaccine production system is preferred as the future choice for the large-scale production of influenza vaccines. As one of the WHO-recommended cell lines for producing influenza vaccines, Vero cells do not efficiently support the growth of the current influenza A virus vaccine donor strain, the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) virus. In this study, a single mutation of K86R in the NS2 protein can sufficiently render the high-yielding property to the PR8 virus in Vero cells. Further analysis showed that the later steps in the virus replication cycle were accelerated by NS2(K86R) mutation, which may relate to an enhanced interaction between NS2(K86R) and the components of host factor F1Fo-ATPase, FoB and F1β. Because the NS2(K86R) mutation does not increase PR8 virulence in either mice or embryonated eggs, the PR8-NS2(K86R) virus could serve as a promising vaccine donor strain in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qinglin Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xianqiang Ping
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Normal University, No. 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingxin Street 100, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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13
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Mostafa A, Kanrai P, Petersen H, Ibrahim S, Rautenschlein S, Pleschka S. Efficient generation of recombinant influenza A viruses employing a new approach to overcome the genetic instability of HA segments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116917. [PMID: 25615576 PMCID: PMC4304806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the most relevant and continual source of severe infectious respiratory complications in humans and different animal species, especially poultry. Therefore, an efficient vaccination that elicits protective and neutralizing antibodies against the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) is an important strategy to counter annual epidemics or occasional pandemics. With the help of plasmid-based reverse genetics technology, it is possible that IAV vaccine strains (IVVS) are rapidly generated. However, the genetic instability of some cloned HA-cDNAs after transformation into competent bacteria represents a major obstacle. Herein, we report efficient cloning strategies of different genetically volatile HA segments (H5- and H9-subtypes) employing either a newly constructed vector for reverse genetics (pMKPccdB) or by the use of the Escherichia coli strain HB101. Both approaches represent improved and generalizable strategies to establish functional reverse genetics systems preventing genetic changes to the cloned (HA) segments of IAV facilitating more efficient rescue of recombinant IAV for basic research and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pumaree Kanrai
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henning Petersen
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sherif Ibrahim
- Department of genetic engineering, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Hu W, Zhang H, Han Q, Li L, Chen Y, Xia N, Chen Z, Shu Y, Xu K, Sun B. A Vero-cell-adapted vaccine donor strain of influenza A virus generated by serial passages. Vaccine 2015; 33:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Effect of the PB2 and M Genes on the Replication of H6 Influenza Virus in Chickens. INFLUENZA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:547839. [PMID: 24696782 PMCID: PMC3948651 DOI: 10.1155/2014/547839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype influenza viruses are commonly isolated from wild aquatic birds. However, limited information is available regarding H6 influenza virus isolated from chickens. We compared the viral genome segment between A/chicken/Hong Kong/W312/97 (H6N1), which was able to grow in chicken trachea, and A/duck/Shantou/5540/01 (H6N2), which was isolated from wild aquatic duck, to explore the factors for effective replication in chicken. When chickens were inoculated with 7 + 1 reassortants (W312 background), the replication of viruses with PB2 and M genes derived from the duck strain was significantly reduced. Chimeras of PB2 and M proteins, encoding the C-terminal region of the PB2 protein and the M2 protein from W312, were required for efficient replication in canine-derived (MDCK) cells and in chicken trachea. These results indicate that host range may be determined by some types of internal proteins such as PB2 and M2, as well as by surface glycoprotein like hemagglutinin.
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16
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Medina J, Guillot V, Totain E, Rouleau M, Sodoyer R, Moste C, Legastelois I. Vero/CHOK1, a novel mixture of cell lines that is optimal for the rescue of influenza A vaccine seeds. J Virol Methods 2014; 196:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Dormitzer PR, Suphaphiphat P, Gibson DG, Wentworth DE, Stockwell TB, Algire MA, Alperovich N, Barro M, Brown DM, Craig S, Dattilo BM, Denisova EA, De Souza I, Eickmann M, Dugan VG, Ferrari A, Gomila RC, Han L, Judge C, Mane S, Matrosovich M, Merryman C, Palladino G, Palmer GA, Spencer T, Strecker T, Trusheim H, Uhlendorff J, Wen Y, Yee AC, Zaveri J, Zhou B, Becker S, Donabedian A, Mason PW, Glass JI, Rappuoli R, Venter JC. Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:185ra68. [PMID: 23677594 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, vaccines for the virus became available in large quantities only after human infections peaked. To accelerate vaccine availability for future pandemics, we developed a synthetic approach that very rapidly generated vaccine viruses from sequence data. Beginning with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences, we combined an enzymatic, cell-free gene assembly technique with enzymatic error correction to allow rapid, accurate gene synthesis. We then used these synthetic HA and NA genes to transfect Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were qualified for vaccine manufacture with viral RNA expression constructs encoding HA and NA and plasmid DNAs encoding viral backbone genes. Viruses for use in vaccines were rescued from these MDCK cells. We performed this rescue with improved vaccine virus backbones, increasing the yield of the essential vaccine antigen, HA. Generation of synthetic vaccine seeds, together with more efficient vaccine release assays, would accelerate responses to influenza pandemics through a system of instantaneous electronic data exchange followed by real-time, geographically dispersed vaccine production.
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18
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Guo D, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Sun D. Proteomic analysis of membrane proteins of vero cells: exploration of potential proteins responsible for virus entry. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 33:20-8. [PMID: 24286161 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vero cells are highly susceptible to many viruses in humans and animals, and its membrane proteins (MPs) are responsible for virus entry. In our study, the MP proteome of the Vero cells was investigated using a shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. Six hundred twenty-seven proteins, including a total of 1839 peptides, were identified in MP samples of the Vero cells. In 627 proteins, 307 proteins (48.96%) were annotated in terms of biological process of gene ontology (GO) categories; 356 proteins (56.78%) were annotated in terms of molecular function of GO categories; 414 proteins (66.03%) were annotated in terms of cellular components of GO categories. Of 627 identified proteins, seventeen proteins had been revealed to be virus receptor proteins. The resulting protein lists and highlighted proteins may provide valuable information to increase understanding of virus infection of Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Ozaki H, Kida H. Extensive Accumulation of Influenza Virus NS1 Protein in the Nuclei Causes Effective Viral Growth in Vero Cells. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:577-80. [PMID: 17579268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that modified A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) influenza master strain had improved viral rescue and growth properties in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell line by introducing NS gene of Vero-adapted A/England/1/53 (vaEng53). In the present study, it was found that the NS1 protein derived from vaEng53 was extensively accumulated in the nuclei than that of PR8. This accumulation was caused by 7 amino acid differences in C-terminal region of NS1 protein. These results suggest that specific accumulation of NS1 protein may contribute to efficient viral replication in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Ozaki
- Creative Research Initiative Sousei, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.
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20
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Mostafa A, Kanrai P, Ziebuhr J, Pleschka S. Improved dual promotor-driven reverse genetics system for influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:603-10. [PMID: 23886561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetic systems for influenza A virus (IAV) allow the generation of genetically manipulated infectious virus from a set of transfected plasmid DNAs encoding the eight genomic viral RNA segments (vRNA). For this purpose, cDNAs representing these eight vRNA segments are cloned into specific plasmid vectors that allow the generation of vRNA-like transcripts using polymerase I (Pol I). In addition, these plasmids support the transcription of viral mRNA by polymerase II (Pol II), leading to the expression of viral protein(s) encoded by the respective transcripts. In an effort to develop this system further, we constructed the bi-directional vector pMPccdB. It is based on pHW2000 (Hoffmann et al., 2000b) but contains additionally (i) the ccdB gene whose expression is lethal for most Escherichia coli strains and therefore used as a negative selection marker and (ii) more efficient AarI cloning sites that flank the ccdB gene on either side. Furthermore, we used a modified one-step restriction/ligation protocol to insert the desired cDNA into the respective pMPccdB vector DNA. Both the use of a negative selection marker and an improved cloning protocol were shown to facilitate the generation of genetically engineered IAV as illustrated in this study by the cloning and rescue of the 2009 pandemic isolate A/Giessen/6/2009 (Gi-H1N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, BFS, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Virology Laboratory, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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21
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Lekcharoensuk P, Wiriyarat W, Petcharat N, Lekcharoensuk C, Auewarakul P, Richt JA. Cloned cDNA of A/swine/Iowa/15/1930 internal genes as a candidate backbone for reverse genetics vaccine against influenza A viruses. Vaccine 2012; 30:1453-9. [PMID: 22230579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics viruses for influenza vaccine production usually utilize the internal genes of the egg-adapted A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) strain. This egg-adapted strain provides high production yield in embryonated eggs but does not necessarily give the best yield in mammalian cell culture. In order to generate a reverse genetics viral backbone that is well-adapted to high growth in mammalian cell culture, a swine influenza isolate A/swine/Iowa/15/30 (H1N1) (rg1930) that was shown to give high yield in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was used as the internal gene donor for reverse genetics plasmids. In this report, the internal genes from rg1930 were used for construction of reverse genetics viruses carrying a cleavage site-modified hemagglutinin (HA) gene and neuraminidase (NA) gene from a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. The resulting virus (rg1930H5N1) was low pathogenic in vivo. Inactivated rg1930H5N1 vaccine completely protected chickens from morbidity and mortality after challenge with highly pathogenic H5N1. Protective immunity was obtained when chickens were immunized with an inactivated vaccine consisting of at least 2(9) HA units of the rg1930H5N1 virus. In comparison to the PR8-based reverse genetics viruses carrying the same HA and NA genes from an H5N1 virus, rg1930 based viruses yielded higher viral titers in MDCK and Vero cells. In addition, the reverse genetics derived H3N2 and H5N2 viruses with the rg1930 backbone replicated in MDCK cells better than the cognate viruses with the rgPR8 backbone. It is concluded that this newly established reverse genetics backbone system could serve as a candidate for a master donor strain for development of inactivated influenza vaccines in cell-based systems.
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22
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Tseng YF, Hu AYC, Huang ML, Yeh WZ, Weng TC, Chen YS, Chong P, Lee MS. Adaptation of high-growth influenza H5N1 vaccine virus in Vero cells: implications for pandemic preparedness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24057. [PMID: 22022351 PMCID: PMC3192705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current egg-based influenza vaccine production technology can't promptly meet the global demand during an influenza pandemic as shown in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Moreover, its manufacturing capacity would be vulnerable during pandemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine production using mammalian cell technology is becoming attractive. Current influenza H5N1 vaccine strain (NIBRG-14), a reassortant virus between A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus and egg-adapted high-growth A/PR/8/1934 virus, could grow efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells but not Vero cells which is the most popular cell line for manufacturing human vaccines. After serial passages and plaque purifications of the NIBRG-14 vaccine virus in Vero cells, one high-growth virus strain (Vero-15) was generated and can grow over 108 TCID50/ml. In conclusion, one high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus was generated in Vero cells, which can be used to manufacture influenza H5N1 vaccines and prepare reassortant vaccine viruses for other influenza A subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disaster Planning
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Liang Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhou Yeh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuan Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Zhang W, Xue T, Wu X, Zhang P, Zhao G, Peng D, Hu S, Wang X, Liu X, Liu W, Liu X. Increase in viral yield in eggs and MDCK cells of reassortant H5N1 vaccine candidate viruses caused by insertion of 38 amino acids into the NA stalk. Vaccine 2011; 29:8032-41. [PMID: 21864614 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has spread to over 63 countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa and has become endemic in poultry. Since 2004, vaccination against H5N1 influenza has become common in domestic poultry operations in China. Most influenza vaccines have been produced in embryonated chicken eggs. High yield is the essential feature of a good vaccine candidate virus. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the large-scale manufacture of such a vaccine requires that the viral yield of H5N1 reassortant vaccine viruses in eggs and MDCK cells be increased. METHODS We generated two sets of reassortant H5N1 viruses based on backbone viruses A/Chicken/F/98 (H9N2) and A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) using reverse genetics. The HAs and NAs of the reassortants were derived from the three epidemic H5N1 strains found in China. We compared the replication properties of these recombinant H5N1 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cells after inserting either 20 or 38 amino acids into their NA stalks. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that inserting 38 amino acids into the NA stalks can significantly increase the viral yield of H5N1 reassortant viruses in both embryonated chicken eggs and MDCK cells, while inserting only 20 amino acids into the same NA stalks does not. Hemagglutinin inhibition testing and protection assays indicated that recombinant H5N1 viruses with 38 aa inserted into their NA stalks had the same antigenicity as the viruses with wt-NA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the generation of an H5N1 recombinant vaccine seed by the insertion of 38 aa into the NA stalk may be a suitable and more economical strategy for the increase in viral yield in both eggs and MDCK cells for the purposes of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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24
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Krammer F, Pontiller J, Tauer C, Palmberger D, Maccani A, Baumann M, Grabherr R. Evaluation of the influenza A replicon for transient expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13265. [PMID: 20949004 PMCID: PMC2952591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells has become a very important technique over the last twenty years. It is mainly used for production of complex proteins for biopharmaceutical applications. Transient recombinant protein expression is a possible strategy to produce high quality material for preclinical trials within days. Viral replicon based expression systems have been established over the years and are ideal for transient protein expression. In this study we describe the evaluation of an influenza A replicon for the expression of recombinant proteins. We investigated transfection and expression levels in HEK-293 cells with EGFP and firefly luciferase as reporter proteins. Furthermore, we studied the influence of different influenza non-coding regions and temperature optima for protein expression as well. Additionally, we exploited the viral replication machinery for the expression of an antiviral protein, the human monoclonal anti-HIV-gp41 antibody 3D6. Finally we could demonstrate that the expression of a single secreted protein, an antibody light chain, by the influenza replicon, resulted in fivefold higher expression levels compared to the usually used CMV promoter based expression. We emphasize that the influenza A replicon system is feasible for high level expression of complex proteins in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Pontiller
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Tauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Palmberger
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Maccani
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Virus–host cell interactions in vaccine production cell lines infected with different human influenza A virus variants: A proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1656-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Hwang SD, Shin JS, Ku KB, Kim HS, Cho SW, Seo SH. Protection of pregnant mice, fetuses and neonates from lethality of H5N1 influenza viruses by maternal vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:2957-64. [PMID: 20188684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses are one of candidates for the next pandemic. Information on protective immunity for pregnant animals by vaccination against the H5N1 influenza virus is limited. Here, we show that the immunization of pregnant mice with inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccine protects them, their fetuses, and their infant mice from H5N1 influenza viruses. Pregnant mice immunized with two doses of H5N1 influenza vaccine were protected from homologous infections of H5N1 influenza viruses with no viruses detected in fetuses, and that they were protected upto 30% from heterologous infections of H5N1 influenza viruses with viruses detected in fetuses. The infant mice born to mothers immunized with H5N1 influenza vaccine were fully protected from infections of H5N1 influenza viruses for upto 4 weeks of age. The protection of infant mice was closely related to the presence of IgG2a antibody in lung, heart, and rectum tissues. Our results suggest that maternal vaccination may be critical for protecting pregnant animals, their fetuses, and their infant mice from lethal infections of H5N1 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Do Hwang
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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27
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Human RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics for influenza a virus in canine cells. J Virol 2010; 84:3721-5. [PMID: 20071567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01925-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a human RNA polymerase I (pol I)-driven influenza virus reverse genetics (RG) system in the Madin-Darby canine kidney 33016-PF cell line, which is approved for influenza vaccine manufacture. RNA pol I polymerases are generally active only in cells of species closely related to the species of origin of the polymerases. Nevertheless, we show that a nonendogenous RNA pol I promoter drives efficient rescue of influenza A viruses in a canine cell line. Application of this system allows efficient generation of virus strains and presents an alternative approach for influenza vaccine production.
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28
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Conversion of MDCK cell line to suspension culture by transfecting with human siat7e gene and its application for influenza virus production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14802-7. [PMID: 19706449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905912106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MDCK cells are currently being considered as an alternative to embryonated eggs for influenza virus propagation and hemagglutinin (HA) production intended for vaccine manufacturing. MDCK cells were found suitable for the virus production but their inability to grow in suspension burdens the process of scale up and hence their production capability. Anchorage-dependent MDCK cells were converted to anchorage-independent cells, capable of growing in suspension as a result of transfection with the human siat7e gene (ST6GalNac V). This gene was previously identified as having an important role in cellular adhesion when the transcriptions of genes from anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent HeLa cells were compared. Unlike the parental MDCK cells, the siat7e-expressing cells were capable of growing in shake flasks as suspension cultures, achieving maximum concentration of 7 x 10(5) cells/mL while keeping close to 100% viability throughout the growth phase. In production experiments, the siat7e-expressing cells were infected with the Influenza B/Victoria/504/2000 strain. It was determined that the cell-derived viruses retained similar antigenic properties as those obtained from egg-derived viruses and their nucleotide sequences were identical. The specific production of hemagglutinin (expressed in hemagglutination units per 10(6) cells) from the siat7e-expressing cells was approximately 20 times higher than the specific production from the parental MDCK cells. If this suspension process scales up, the production potential of HA from 10 L of siat7e-expressing cells at a concentration of 10(6) cells/mL would be equivalent to the amount of HA obtained from 10,000 embryonated eggs.
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29
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New avian suspension cell lines provide production of influenza virus and MVA in serum-free media: Studies on growth, metabolism and virus propagation. Vaccine 2009; 27:4975-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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A one-plasmid system to generate influenza virus in cultured chicken cells for potential use in influenza vaccine. J Virol 2009; 83:9296-303. [PMID: 19587040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00781-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has a set of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) consisting of viral RNAs, influenza virus polymerase subunits, and nucleoprotein. Intracellular reconstitution of the whole set of RNPs via plasmid transfection results in the generation of influenza virus. By the use of reverse genetics and dual promoters, we constructed a 23.6-kb eight-unit plasmid that contains all the required constituents to generate influenza virus in chicken cells. Our "one-plasmid" system generated higher titers of influenza virus in chicken cells than the "eight-plasmid" system, enabling a simpler approach for generating vaccine seeds. Our study identified plasmid size as a potential limiting factor affecting transfection efficiency and hence the influenza viral yield from chicken cells.
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Petiot E, Fournier F, Gény C, Pinton H, Marc A. Rapid Screening of Serum-Free Media for the Growth of Adherent Vero Cells by Using a Small-Scale and Non-invasive Tool. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1600-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mett V, Musiychuk K, Bi H, Farrance CE, Horsey A, Ugulava N, Shoji Y, de la Rosa P, Palmer GA, Rabindran S, Streatfield SJ, Boyers A, Russell M, Mann A, Lambkin R, Oxford JS, Schild GC, Yusibov V. A plant-produced influenza subunit vaccine protects ferrets against virus challenge. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 2:33-40. [PMID: 19453491 PMCID: PMC4634330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A viruses are of major concern for public health, causing worldwide epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccines are critical for protection against influenza, but given the recent emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, and some limitations of the current production systems, there is a need for new approaches for vaccine development. Objective To demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of plant‐produced influenza antigens. Method We engineered, using influenza A/Wyoming/3/03 (H3N2) as a model virus, the stem and globular domains of hemagglutinin (HA) produced in plants as fusions to a carrier protein and used purified antigens with and without adjuvant for ferret immunization. Results These plant‐produced antigens were highly immunogenic and conferred complete protection against infection in the ferret challenge model. The addition of plant‐produced neuraminidase was shown to enhance the immune response in ferrets. Conclusions Plants can be used as a production vehicle for vaccine development against influenza. Domains of HA can generate protective immune responses in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Mett
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE, USA
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Tang DCC, Zhang J, Toro H, Shi Z, Van Kampen KR. Adenovirus as a carrier for the development of influenza virus-free avian influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:469-81. [PMID: 19348562 PMCID: PMC2778197 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A long-sought goal during the battle against avian influenza is to develop a new generation of vaccines capable of mass immunizing humans as well as poultry (the major source of avian influenza for human infections) in a timely manner. Although administration of the currently licensed influenza vaccine is effective in eliciting protective immunity against seasonal influenza, this approach is associated with a number of insurmountable problems for preventing an avian influenza pandemic. Many of the hurdles may be eliminated by developing new avian influenza vaccines that do not require the propagation of an influenza virus during vaccine production. Replication-competent adenovirus-free adenovirus vectors hold promise as a carrier for influenza virus-free avian influenza vaccines owing to their safety profile and rapid manufacture using cultured suspension cells in a serum-free medium. Simple and efficient mass-immunization protocols, including nasal spray for people and automated in ovo vaccination for poultry, convey another advantage for this class of vaccines. In contrast to parenteral injection of adenovirus vector, the potency of adenovirus-vectored nasal vaccine is not appreciably interfered by pre-existing immunity to adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-chu C Tang
- Vice President of Research, and Chief Technical Officer, Vaxin Inc., 1500 First Avenue North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA, Tel.: +1 205 909 3738, Fax: +1 205 307 6503,
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Vaxin Inc., 1500 First Avenue North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA, Tel.: +1 205 909 3740, Fax: +1 205 307 6503,
| | - Haroldo Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA, Tel.: +1 334 844 2662, Fax: +1 334 844 2652,
| | - Zhongkai Shi
- Vaxin Inc., 1500 First Avenue North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA, Tel.: +1 205 909 3751, Fax: +1 205 307 6503,
| | - Kent R Van Kampen
- Vaxin Inc., 1500 First Avenue North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA, Tel.: +1 205 909 3737, Fax: +1 205 307 6503,
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Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness afflicting humans. Although influenza epidemics occur frequently, their severity varies (1). Not until 1933, when the first human influenza virus was isolated, was it possible to define with certainty which pandemics were caused by influenza viruses. In general, influenza A viruses are more pathogenic than are influenza B viruses. Influenza A virus is a zoonotic infection, and more than 100 types of influenza A viruses infect most species of birds, pigs, horses, dogs, and seals. It is believed that the 1918–1919 pandemic originated from a virulent strain of H1N1 from pigs and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassil St. Georgiev
- Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Fichera E, Felnerova D, Mischler R, Viret JF, Glueck R. New strategies to overcome the drawbacks of currently available flu vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 655:243-52. [PMID: 20047044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination represents the most efficient tool to control morbidity and mortality resulting from influenza infections in humans. The currently licensed influenza vaccines provide good protection levels in healthy adults, whereas lower protection is generally achieved in ageing individuals who are at a higher risk of developing severe clinical manifestations. Future improvements in influenza vaccines should address the needs of high risk groups including the elderly, small children and chronic patients. Recently, due to the increased incidence of avian influenza pandemic outbreaks, the prevention of a potential human influenza pandemic turned into another crucial issue in the influenza vaccination field. The development and validation of manufacturing processes for efficient and safe pandemic vaccines became one of the top priorities of health, regulatory and funding agencies all over the world. In the pandemic context, the development of novel vaccines administered via the mucosal route may play a significant role by reducing virus shedding from infected individuals. This chapter provides insights in the limitations of existing manufacturing processes, new approaches to overcome limitation in vaccine production, mechanisms of action of current vaccines and discuss potential strategies to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epifanio Fichera
- Etna Biotech S.r.l., Piazza Stesicoro 59, 95131, Catania, Italy.
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Vicente T, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Virus production for clinical gene therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 542:447-70. [PMID: 19565917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming increasingly relevant for the treatment of prominent human diseases. Viral vectors are currently used in more than 50% of the gene therapy clinical trials, most of them aimed at cancer diseases. Clearly, the increasing needs of high-quality viral preparations require the elimination of process bottlenecks, streamlining the development of a viral vector into a real-world clinical tool. Virus production for clinical gene therapy can be a limiting step because many virus generation protocols rely on labor-intensive, bench-scale methods; robust, cost-effective strategies for the delivery of clinical-grade viruses are thus essential for the future of gene therapy. A comprehensive picture of key aspects on the integration of upstream and downstream processing is addressed in this chapter, by describing the case study of recombinant budded baculoviruses for gene therapy; scalable methods are described in detail as well as mandatory characterization techniques for a proper and complete quality assessment of the viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vicente
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tenológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
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Makizumi K, Kimachi K, Fukada K, Nishimura T, Kudo Y, Goto S, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Kino Y. Timely production of A/Fujian-like influenza vaccine matching the 2003–2004 epidemic strain may have been possible using Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Vaccine 2008; 26:6852-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Structural basis for suppression of a host antiviral response by influenza A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13093-8. [PMID: 18725644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805213105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics and high mortality pandemics. A major function of the viral NS1A protein, a virulence factor, is the inhibition of the production of IFN-beta mRNA and other antiviral mRNAs. The NS1A protein of the human influenza A/Udorn/72 (Ud) virus inhibits the production of these antiviral mRNAs by binding the cellular 30-kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30), which is required for the 3' end processing of all cellular pre-mRNAs. Here we report the 1.95-A resolution X-ray crystal structure of the complex formed between the second and third zinc finger domain (F2F3) of CPSF30 and the C-terminal domain of the Ud NS1A protein. The complex is a tetramer, in which each of two F2F3 molecules wraps around two NS1A effector domains that interact with each other head-to-head. This structure identifies a CPSF30 binding pocket on NS1A comprised of amino acid residues that are highly conserved among human influenza A viruses. Single amino acid changes within this binding pocket eliminate CPSF30 binding, and a recombinant Ud virus expressing an NS1A protein with such a substitution is attenuated and does not inhibit IFN-beta pre-mRNA processing. This binding pocket is a potential target for antiviral drug development. The crystal structure also reveals that two amino acids outside of this pocket, F103 and M106, which are highly conserved (>99%) among influenza A viruses isolated from humans, participate in key hydrophobic interactions with F2F3 that stabilize the complex.
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Zaffuto KM, Estevez CN, Afonso CL. Primary chicken tracheal cell culture system for the study of infection with avian respiratory viruses. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:25-31. [PMID: 18202946 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701774850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A major route of infection of avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens is through cells of the respiratory epithelium. Here we describe the development of a method for culture of tracheal epithelial cells from chicken embryos as well as their use in studies of infection with avian respiratory viruses such as low-pathogenicity AIV and lentogenic NDV. Positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, the presence of cilia and microvilli, and microarray analysis of transcribed RNA demonstrated that the isolated cells were epithelial in nature. Infection of the epithelial cell cultures with AIV and NDV was demonstrated using immunofluorescence or green fluorescence protein fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Growth curves of AIV and NDV in tracheal epithelial cells revealed that tracheal epithelial cells can fully support AIV and NDV growth and reinfection. This system, which mimics that of the natural infection, will be useful to study the mechanisms of early viral infection and cellular host transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Zaffuto
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Crescenzo-Chaigne B, van der Werf S. Rescue of influenza C virus from recombinant DNA. J Virol 2007; 81:11282-9. [PMID: 17686850 PMCID: PMC2045542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00910-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rescue of influenza viruses by reverse genetics has been described only for the influenza A and B viruses. Based on a similar approach, we developed a reverse-genetics system that allows the production of influenza C viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. The complete sequences of the 3' and 5' noncoding regions of type C influenza virus C/Johannesburg/1/66 necessary for the cloning of the cDNA were determined for the seven genomic segments. Human embryonic kidney cells (293T) were transfected simultaneously with seven plasmids that direct the synthesis of each of the seven viral RNA segments of the C/JHB/1/66 virus under the control of the human RNA polymerase I promoter and with four plasmids encoding the viral nucleoprotein and the PB2, PB1, and P3 proteins of the viral polymerase complex. This strategy yielded between 10(3) and 10(4) PFU of virus per ml of supernatant at 8 to 10 days posttransfection. Additional viruses with substitutions introduced in the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein were successfully produced by this method, and their growth phenotype was evaluated. This efficient system, which does not require helper virus infection, should be useful in viral mutagenesis studies and for generation of expression vectors from type C influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Crescenzo-Chaigne
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA CNRS 1966, EA 302 Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Abstract
The increasing number of reports of direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans in the past few years and the ongoing outbreak of H5N1 influenza virus infections in birds and humans highlight the pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses. Although vaccination is the key strategy for the prevention of severe illness and death from pandemic influenza viruses and despite the long-term experience with vaccines against human influenza viruses, researchers face several obstacles in developing successful vaccines against avian influenza viruses. The haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza viruses are the main targets of the protective immune response. Licensed influenza virus vaccines are designed to induce HA-specific antibody responses to protect the host from infection. However, the presence of 16 subtypes of HA and 9 subtypes of NA glycoproteins among avian influenza viruses and the genetic and antigenic diversity among each subtype in nature present several unique challenges for the generation of broadly cross-protective vaccines. Inactivated virus and live attenuated virus vaccines against pandemic influenza are being developed on the basis of plasmid-based reverse-genetics technology. Vaccines based on various other platforms, including live virus vectors and DNA vaccines, are also being developed and show promise in preclinical studies. The available data indicate that inactivated avian influenza virus vaccines are poorly immunogenic and require a high concentration of HA glycoprotein or co-administration with an adjuvant to achieve the desired antibody response in humans. The biological basis for the poor immunogenicity of avian HA glycoproteins is not well understood. Assays to measure the immune response to avian influenza viruses, in particular cell-mediated immune responses, are not available and the immune correlates of protection are not well understood. The choice of assay(s) for assessment of the immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines is a practical challenge in the evaluation of candidate vaccines. As it is difficult to predict which avian influenza virus will cross the species barrier and cause a future pandemic, a library of candidate vaccines of different subtypes must be generated and evaluated in animal models and humans. Although an ideal vaccine would prevent infection, a more realistic goal for a pandemic influenza vaccine might be to prevent severe illness and death.
The pandemic threat posed by avian influenza viruses highlights the need for new safe and efficient vaccines. However, several unique obstacles are faced by researchers in the development of these vaccines against avian influenza viruses. What are these obstacles and how can we overcome them? The increasing number of reports of direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans underscores the need for control strategies to prevent an influenza pandemic. Vaccination is the key strategy to prevent severe illness and death from pandemic influenza. Despite long-term experience with vaccines against human influenza viruses, researchers face several additional challenges in developing human vaccines against avian influenza viruses. In this Review, we discuss the features of avian influenza viruses, the gaps in our understanding of infections caused by these viruses in humans and of the immune response to them that distinguishes them from human influenza viruses, and the current status of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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42
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Legastelois I, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P, Tumpey TM, Maines TR, Katz JM, Vogel FR, Moste C. Preparation of genetically engineered A/H5N1 and A/H7N1 pandemic vaccine viruses by reverse genetics in a mixture of Vero and chicken embryo cells. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2007; 1:95-104. [PMID: 19453414 PMCID: PMC4941877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2007.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In case of influenza pandemic, a robust, easy and clean technique to prepare reassortants would be necessary. OBJECTIVES Using reverse genetics, we prepared two vaccine reassortants (A/H5N1 x PR8 and A/H7N1 x PR8) exhibiting the envelope glycoproteins from non-pathogenic avian viruses, A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 (A/H5N9) and A/Rhea/New Caledonia/39482/93 (A/H7N1) and the internal proteins of the attenuated human virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1). METHODS The transfection was accomplished using a mixture of Vero and chicken embryo cells both of which are currently being used for vaccine manufacturing. RESULTS This process was reproducible, resulting in consistent recovery of influenza viruses in 6 days. Because it is mainly the A/H5N1 strain that has recently crossed the human barrier, it is the A/PR8 x A/H5N1 reassortant (RG5) that was further amplified, either in embryonated hen eggs or Vero cells, to produce vaccine pre-master seed stocks that met quality control specifications. Safety testing in chickens and ferrets was performed to assess the non-virulence of the reassortant, and finally analysis using chicken and ferret sera immunized with the RG5 virus showed that the vaccine candidate elicited an antibody response cross-reactive with the Hong Kong 1997 and 2003 H5N1 strains but not the Vietnam/2004 viruses. CONCLUSIONS The seeds obtained could be used as part of a pandemic vaccine strain 'library' available in case of propagation in humans of a new highly pathogenic avian strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Legastelois
- Research and Development, sanofi pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA 2007. [PMCID: PMC7123104 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7563-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of antimicrobial agents and vaccines, community-acquired pneumonia remains a serious problem. Severe forms tend to occur in very young children and among the elderly, since their immune competence is eroded by immaturity and immune senescence, respectively. The main etiologic agents differ according to patient age and geographic area. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) are the most important pathogens in children, whereas influenza viruses are the leading cause of fatal pneumonia in the elderly. Effective vaccines are available against some of these organisms. However, there are still many agents against which vaccines are not available or the existent ones are suboptimal. To tackle this problem, empiric approaches are now being systematically replaced by rational vaccine design. This is facilitated by the growing knowledge in the fields of immunology, microbial pathogenesis and host response to infection, as well as by the availability of sophisticated strategies for antigen selection, potent immune modulators and efficient antigen delivery systems. Thus, a new generation of vaccines with improved safety and efficacy profiles compared to old and new agents is emerging. In this chapter, an overview is provided about currently available and new vaccination concepts.
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Gillim-Ross L, Subbarao K. Emerging respiratory viruses: challenges and vaccine strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:614-36. [PMID: 17041137 PMCID: PMC1592697 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current threat of avian influenza to the human population, the potential for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, and the identification of multiple novel respiratory viruses underline the necessity for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies to combat viral infection. Vaccine development is a key component in the prevention of widespread viral infection and in the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with many viral infections. In this review we describe the different approaches currently being evaluated in the development of vaccines against SARS-associated coronavirus and avian influenza viruses and also highlight the many obstacles encountered in the development of these vaccines. Lessons learned from current vaccine studies, coupled with our increasing knowledge of the host and viral factors involved in viral pathogenesis, will help to increase the speed with which efficacious vaccines targeting newly emerging viral pathogens can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gillim-Ross
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Insitute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to be a major health challenge due to antigenic variation in envelope proteins and animal reservoirs for the viruses. Of particular concern is an anticipated influenza pandemic in the near future. Vaccination is currently the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. In addition, neuraminidase inhibitors have substantially improved antiviral therapy for influenza. However, influenza infection in children and the elderly remain problematic. Furthermore, major innovations in prevention and therapy will be needed to deal with an influenza pandemic. This review assesses available and investigational antivirals and vaccines for influenza, emphasising novel approaches that may improve ability to cope with infection in children and the elderly or during a pandemic. Some adverse sequelae of influenza appear to relate to impairment or pathogenic activation of immune responses. Exciting recent findings in this area, with relevance to influenza treatment, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kandel
- Harvard University School of Medicine, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131-1097, USA
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46
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Abstract
Current vaccine strategies against influenza focus on generating robust antibody responses. Because of the high degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains over the course of a year, vaccine strains must be reformulated specifically for each influenza season. The time delay from isolating the pandemic strain to large-scale vaccine production would be detrimental in a pandemic situation. A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. We discuss the advantages of developing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential problems arising from immune pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomas
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Marsh GA, Tannock GA. The role of reverse genetics in the development of vaccines against respiratory viruses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:369-80. [PMID: 15833074 PMCID: PMC7105756 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite their significance, the only available vaccines against respiratory viruses are
those for the prevention of influenza. Attempts have been made to produce vaccines against
other respiratory viruses using traditional techniques, but have met with little success.
Reverse genetics, although still a r-elatively new tool for the manipulation of
negative-strand RNA viruses, has great potential for the preparation of vaccines against
many of the common respiratory viruses. In the preparation of live vaccines, reverse
genetics s-ystems allow the direct modification of the specific regions in the genomes of
negative-stranded RNA viruses concerned with attenuation; the ultimate goal is the
introduction of site-specific mutations through a cDNA intermediate in order to develop
strains with the requisite attenuation, antigenic and growth properties needed in a
vaccine. These techniques can also be used to disarm potentially highly pathogenic
viruses, such as emerging H5N1 avian influenza viruses, in order to facilitate large-scale
preparation of viruses for use in inactivated vaccines under conditions of manufacturing
safety. Before these vaccines become available, residual issues concerned with
intellectual property rights to the technology and its application will need to be
resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- GA Marsh
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of
Microbiology, Box 1124, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - GA Tannock
- RMIT University, Department of Biotechnology and
Environmental Biology, PO Box 71, Bundoora Vic., 3083, Australia .
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Neumann G, Fujii K, Kino Y, Kawaoka Y. An improved reverse genetics system for influenza A virus generation and its implications for vaccine production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16825-9. [PMID: 16267134 PMCID: PMC1283806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505587102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of vaccines for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including those of the H5N1 subtype, relies on reverse genetics, which allows the production of influenza viruses from cloned cDNA. In the future, reverse genetics will likely be the method of choice for the generation of conventional influenza vaccine strains because gene reassortment by more traditional methods is cumbersome. Established systems for the artificial generation of influenza A viruses require transfection of cells with the eight to 12 plasmids that provide the eight influenza viral RNAs as well as the polymerase and nucleoproteins of the virus. However, cell lines appropriate for human vaccine production (e.g., Vero cells) cannot be transfected with high efficiencies. To overcome these problems, we established a reverse genetics system in which the eight RNA polymerase I transcription cassettes for viral RNA synthesis are combined on one plasmid. Similarly, two cassettes encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase segments and six cassettes encoding the remaining proteins were combined. We also combined three RNA polymerase II transcription cassettes for the expression of the polymerase subunits. By combining these cassettes, we reduced the number of plasmids required for virus generation significantly and produced influenza A virus in Vero cells with higher efficiency than with the traditional 12 plasmid system. This new system is thus suitable for influenza virus vaccine production and may be applicable to other reverse genetics systems that rely on the introduction of several plasmids into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Girard MP, Cherian T, Pervikov Y, Kieny MP. A review of vaccine research and development: human acute respiratory infections. Vaccine 2005; 23:5708-24. [PMID: 16154667 PMCID: PMC7130922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) constitute the leading cause of acute illnesses, being responsible for nearly 4 million deaths every year, mostly in young children and infants in developing countries. The main infectious agents responsible for ARIs include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. While effective vaccines against influenza, H. influenzae type b (Hib) and S. pneumoniae infections have been available for several years, no vaccine is available at present against illnesses caused by RSV, PIV-3, metapneumovirus or any of the three novel coronaviruses. In addition, the threat constituted by the multiple outbreaks of avian influenza during the last few years is urgently calling for the development of new influenza vaccines with broader spectrum of efficacy, which could provide immunity against an avian influenza virus pandemic. This article reviews the state of the art in vaccine R&D against ARIs and attempts to address these basic public health questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Girard
- University Paris 7, UFR Biochemistry, 39 rue Seignemartin, FR 69008 Lyon, France.
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Nicolson C, Major D, Wood JM, Robertson JS. Generation of influenza vaccine viruses on Vero cells by reverse genetics: an H5N1 candidate vaccine strain produced under a quality system. Vaccine 2005; 23:2943-52. [PMID: 15780743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza vaccine reference strains are prepared as required when an antigenically new strain is recommended by WHO for inclusion in the vaccine. Currently, for influenza A, these strains are produced by a double infection of embryonated hens' eggs using the recommended strain and the laboratory strain PR8 which grows to high titre in eggs, in order to produce a high growth reassortant (HGR). HGRs are provided by WHO reference laboratories to the vaccine manufacturing industry which use them to prepare seed virus for vaccine production. The use of reverse genetics in preparing vaccine reference strains offers several advantages over the traditional method: (i) the reverse genetics approach is a direct rational approach compared with the potentially hit-or-miss traditional approach; (ii) reverse genetics will decontaminate a wild type virus that may have been derived in a non-validated system, e.g. a cell line not validated for vaccine purposes, or that may contain additional pathogens; (iii) at the plasmid stage, the HA can be engineered to remove pathogenic traits. The use of reverse genetics in deriving HGRs has been demonstrated by several laboratories, including its use in deriving a non-pathogenic reassortant strain from a highly pathogenic virus. In this report, we have advanced the use of reverse genetics by making use of a cell line acceptable for human vaccine production, by demonstrating directly the short time frame in which a reassortant virus can be derived, and by deriving a non-pathogenic pandemic vaccine reference virus in cells validated for vaccine production and under quality controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nicolson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
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