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Integrated transcriptomic and regulatory network analyses uncovers the role of let-7b-5p, SPIB, and HLA-DPB1 in sepsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11963. [PMID: 35831411 PMCID: PMC9279366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has affected millions of populations of all age groups, locations, and sexes worldwide. Immune systems, either innate or adaptive are dysregulated due to the infection. Various biomarkers are present to date, still sepsis is a primary cause of mortality. Globally, post-operative body infections can cause sepsis and septic shock in ICU. Abnormal antigen presentation to T-cells leads to a dysregulated immune system. miRNAs are sparkly evolved as biomarkers due to their high sensitivity and efficiency. In this work, we analyzed high-throughput mRNA data collected from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and linked it to significant miRNAs and TFs using a network-based approach. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using sepsis-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) followed by enrichment analyses and hub module detection. Sepsis-linked decrease transcription of the classical HLA gene such as HLA-DPB1 and its interplay with miR-let-7b-5p and transcription factor SPIB was observed. This study helped to provide innovative targets for sepsis.
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Wang J, Wang X, Guo Y, Ye L, Li D, Hu A, Cai S, Yuan B, Jin S, Zhou Y, Li Q, Zheng L, Tong Q. Therapeutic targeting of SPIB/SPI1-facilitated interplay of cancer cells and neutrophils inhibits aerobic glycolysis and cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e588. [PMID: 34841706 PMCID: PMC8567044 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a metabolic reprogramming feature, cancer cells derive most of their energy from aerobic glycolysis, while its regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic strategies continue to be illusive. METHODS Integrative analysis of publically available expression profile datasets was used to identify critical transcriptional regulators and their target glycolytic enzymes. The functions and acting mechanisms of transcriptional regulators in cancer cells were investigated by using in vitro and in vivo assays. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank assay were used to conduct the survival study. RESULTS Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1/PU.1), a haematopoietic transcription factor, was identified to facilitate glycolytic process, tumourigenesis, invasiveness, as well as metastasis of colon cancer cells, which was interplayed by tumour-associated neutrophils. Mechanistically, neutrophils delivered SPI1 mRNA via extracellular vesicles, resulting in enhanced SPI1 expression of cancer cells. Through physical interaction with SPI1-related protein (SPIB), SPI1 drove expression of glycolytic genes within cancer cells, which in turn induced polarization of neutrophils via glycolytic metabolite lactate. Depletion of neutrophils or SPIB-SPI1 interaction in cancer cells significantly inhibited glycolytic process, tumourigenesis and aggressiveness. Upregulation of SPI1 or SPIB was found to be associated with poor prognosis in patients suffering from colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic targeting of SPIB/SPI1-facilitated interplay of cancerous cells and neutrophils suppresses aerobic glycolysis and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Anpei Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Boling Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Shikai Jin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
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3
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Regulation of Expression and Latency in BLV and HTLV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101079. [PMID: 32992917 PMCID: PMC7601775 DOI: 10.3390/v12101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belong to the Deltaretrovirus genus. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of the highly aggressive and currently incurable cancer adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). BLV causes neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle: enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL). Despite the severity of these conditions, infection by HTLV-1 and BLV appear in most cases clinically asymptomatic. These viruses can undergo latency in their hosts. The silencing of proviral gene expression and maintenance of latency are central for the establishment of persistent infection, as well as for pathogenesis in vivo. In this review, we will present the mechanisms that control proviral activation and retroviral latency in deltaretroviruses, in comparison with other exogenous retroviruses. The 5′ long terminal repeats (5′-LTRs) play a main role in controlling viral gene expression. While the regulation of transcription initiation is a major mechanism of silencing, we discuss topics that include (i) the epigenetic control of the provirus, (ii) the cis-elements present in the LTR, (iii) enhancers with cell-type specific regulatory functions, (iv) the role of virally-encoded transactivator proteins, (v) the role of repressors in transcription and silencing, (vi) the effect of hormonal signaling, (vii) implications of LTR variability on transcription and latency, and (viii) the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of these mechanisms may allow for the development of more effective treatments against Deltaretroviruses.
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4
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Driver mutations in Janus kinases in a mouse model of B-cell leukemia induced by deletion of PU.1 and Spi-B. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2798-2810. [PMID: 30355579 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is associated with recurrent mutations that occur in cancer-initiating cells. There is a need to understand how driver mutations influence clonal evolution of leukemia. The E26-transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors PU.1 and Spi-B (encoded by Spi1 and Spib) execute a critical role in B-cell development and serve as complementary tumor suppressors. Here, we used a mouse model to conditionally delete Spi1 and Spib genes in developing B cells. These mice developed B-ALL with a median time to euthanasia of 18 weeks. We performed RNA and whole-exome sequencing (WES) on leukemias isolated from Mb1-CreΔPB mice and identified single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in Jak1, Jak3, and Ikzf3 genes, resulting in amino acid sequence changes. Jak3 mutations resulted in amino acid substitutions located in the pseudo-kinase (R653H, V670A) and in the kinase (T844M) domains. Introduction of Jak3 T844M into Spi1/Spib-deficient precursor B cells was sufficient to promote proliferation in response to low IL-7 concentrations in culture, and to promote proliferation and leukemia-like disease in transplanted mice. We conclude that mutations in Janus kinases represent secondary drivers of leukemogenesis that cooperate with Spi1/Spib deletion. This mouse model represents a useful tool to study clonal evolution in B-ALL.
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Zhai Y, Xu H, Shen Q, Schaefer F, Schmitt CP, Chen J, Liu H, Liu J, Liu J. pH-mediated upregulation of AQP1 gene expression through the Spi-B transcription factor. BMC Mol Biol 2018; 19:4. [PMID: 29554889 PMCID: PMC5859780 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-018-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bicarbonate-based peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids enhance the migratory capacity and damage-repair ability of human peritoneal mesothelial cells by upregulating AQP1. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Here we used HEK-293T cells to investigate the effect of pH on AQP1 gene transcription levels. We found that AQP1 mRNA levels increases with pH. Transfection of HEK-293T cells with luciferase reporter vectors containing different regions of the AQP1 promoter identified an upstream region in the AQP1 gene between − 2200 and – 2300 bp as an enhancer required for pH-mediated regulation of AQP1 expression. Site-directed mutagenesis of this specific promoter region revealed a critical region between − 2257 and − 2251 bp, and gene knock-down experiments and ChIP assays suggested that the Spi-B transcription factor SPIB is involved in pH-mediated regulation of AQP1 expression. Conclusions We identified an upstream region in the AQP1 gene and the transcription factor SPIB that are critically involved in pH-mediated regulation of AQP1 expression. These findings provide the basis for further studies on the pH- and buffer-dependent effects of PD fluids on peritoneal membrane integrity and function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-018-0104-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhai
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China. .,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, No. 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.,Shanghai Kidney Development and Pediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
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PU.1-deficient mice are resistant to thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis: PU.1 finely regulates Sirt1 expression via transcriptional promotion of miR-34a and miR-29c in hepatic stellate cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170926. [PMID: 29162670 PMCID: PMC5725609 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PU box binding protein (PU.1) is a critical transcription factor involved in many pathological processes. However, its exact role in activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver fibrosis was rarely reported. Here, we found that, in HSCs of PU.1+/− mice, Sirt1 mRNA expression was not changed but Sirt1 protein was significantly increased, suggesting its promoting role in Sirt1 translation. We then isolated HSCs from wild-type (WT) and PU.1+/− mice, and the pcDNA-PU.1 expression vector was transfected into PU.1+/− HSCs. We checked the levels of miR-34a and miR-29c, two Sirt1-targetting miRNAs, and protein levels of PU.1 and Sirt1. The results showed that miR-34a/-29c were significantly reduced and Sirt1 protein was increased in PU.1+/− HSCs, compared with WT HSCs. Besides, PU.1 overexpression inversed the reduction in miR-34a/-29c levels and the increase in Sirt1 protein in both PU.1+/- HSCs and WT HSCs. Additionally, ChIP-quantitive real-time PCR (qPCR) assay comfirmed that PU.1 was directly bound to both the promoter regions of miR-34a and miR-29c. Importantly, PU.1 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, activation, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in WT HSCs, while the promotion could be inversed by either overexpression of Sirt1 or inhibition of miR-34a/-29c. Moreover, animal model of liver fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide (TAA) in WT and PU.1+/− mice, respectively. Compared with the WT mice, PU.1+/− mice displayed a lower fibrotic score, less collagen content, better liver function, and lower levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In conclusion, PU.1 suppresses Sirt1 translation via transcriptional promotion of miR-34a/-29c, thus promoting Sirt1-mediated HSC activation and TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Shangkuan WC, Lin HC, Chang YT, Jian CE, Fan HC, Chen KH, Liu YF, Hsu HM, Chou HL, Yao CT, Chu CM, Su SL, Chang CW. Risk analysis of colorectal cancer incidence by gene expression analysis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3003. [PMID: 28229027 PMCID: PMC5314952 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Several studies have performed microarray data analyses for cancer classification and prognostic analyses. Microarray assays also enable the identification of gene signatures for molecular characterization and treatment prediction. Objective Microarray gene expression data from the online Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to to distinguish colorectal cancer from normal colon tissue samples. Methods We collected microarray data from the GEO database to establish colorectal cancer microarray gene expression datasets for a combined analysis. Using the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) method and the GSEA MSigDB resource, we analyzed the 14,698 genes that were identified through an examination of their expression values between normal and tumor tissues. Results Ten genes (ABCG2, AQP8, SPIB, CA7, CLDN8, SCNN1B, SLC30A10, CD177, PADI2, and TGFBI) were found to be good indicators of the candidate genes that correlate with CRC. From these selected genes, an average of six significant genes were obtained using the PAM method, with an accuracy rate of 95%. The results demonstrate the potential of utilizing a model with the PAM method for data mining. After a detailed review of the published reports, the results confirmed that the screened candidate genes are good indicators for cancer risk analysis using the PAM method. Conclusions Six genes were selected with 95% accuracy to effectively classify normal and colorectal cancer tissues. We hope that these results will provide the basis for new research projects in clinical practice that aim to rapidly assess colorectal cancer risk using microarray gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Chang
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-En Jian
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hua Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Liu
- Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Ming Hsu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chou
- Department of Nursing, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital and Oriental Institute of Technology , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Tay Yao
- Department of Emergency, Cathay General Hospital and School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Chang
- RN, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University & Assistant Research Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taiwan
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Solomon LA, Li SKH, Piskorz J, Xu LS, DeKoter RP. Genome-wide comparison of PU.1 and Spi-B binding sites in a mouse B lymphoma cell line. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:76. [PMID: 25765478 PMCID: PMC4334403 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spi-B and PU.1 are highly related members of the E26-transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors that have similar, but not identical, roles in B cell development. PU.1 and Spi-B are both expressed in B cells, and have been demonstrated to redundantly activate transcription of genes required for B cell differentiation and function. It was hypothesized that Spi-B and PU.1 occupy a similar set of regions within the genome of a B lymphoma cell line. Results To compare binding regions of Spi-B and PU.1, murine WEHI-279 lymphoma cells were infected with retroviral vectors encoding 3XFLAG-tagged PU.1 or Spi-B. Anti-FLAG chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was performed. Analysis for high-stringency enriched genomic regions demonstrated that PU.1 occupied 4528 regions and Spi-B occupied 3360 regions. The majority of regions occupied by Spi-B were also occupied by PU.1. Regions bound by Spi-B and PU.1 were frequently located immediately upstream of genes associated with immune response and activation of B cells. Motif-finding revealed that both transcription factors were predominantly located at the ETS core domain (GGAA), however, other unique motifs were identified when examining regions associated with only one of the two factors. Motifs associated with unique PU.1 binding included POU2F2, while unique motifs in the Spi-B regions contained a combined ETS-IRF motif. Conclusions Our results suggest that complementary biological functions of PU.1 and Spi-B may be explained by their interaction with a similar set of regions in the genome of B cells. However, sites uniquely occupied by PU.1 or Spi-B provide insight into their unique functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1303-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Solomon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - Stephen K H Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - Jan Piskorz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - Li S Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. .,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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9
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Akiyama N, Shinzawa M, Miyauchi M, Yanai H, Tateishi R, Shimo Y, Ohshima D, Matsuo K, Sasaki I, Hoshino K, Wu G, Yagi S, Inoue JI, Kaisho T, Akiyama T. Limitation of immune tolerance-inducing thymic epithelial cell development by Spi-B-mediated negative feedback regulation. J Exp Med 2014; 211:2425-38. [PMID: 25385757 PMCID: PMC4235644 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) expressing the autoimmune regulator AIRE and various tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) are critical for preventing the onset of autoimmunity and may attenuate tumor immunity. However, molecular mechanisms controlling mTEC development remain elusive. Here, we describe the roles of the transcription factor Spi-B in mTEC development. Spi-B is rapidly up-regulated by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) cytokine signaling, which triggers mTEC differentiation, and in turn up-regulates CD80, CD86, some TSAs, and the natural inhibitor of RANKL signaling, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Spi-B-mediated OPG expression limits mTEC development in neonates but not in embryos, suggesting developmental stage-specific negative feedback regulation. OPG-mediated negative regulation attenuates cellularity of thymic regulatory T cells and tumor development in vivo. Hence, these data suggest that this negative RANKL-Spi-B-OPG feedback mechanism finely tunes mTEC development and function and may optimize the trade-off between prevention of autoimmunity and induction of antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin/genetics
- Osteoprotegerin/immunology
- Osteoprotegerin/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/metabolism
- RANK Ligand/immunology
- RANK Ligand/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/genetics
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/immunology
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Miho Shinzawa
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Miyauchi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohshima
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Izumi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Hoshino
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Guoying Wu
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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10
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Permuth-Wey J, Lawrenson K, Shen HC, Velkova A, Tyrer JP, Chen Z, Lin HY, Chen YA, Tsai YY, Qu X, Ramus SJ, Karevan R, Lee J, Lee N, Larson MC, Aben KK, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova N, Antoniou A, Armasu SM, Bacot F, Baglietto L, Bandera EV, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Beckmann MW, Birrer MJ, Bloom G, Bogdanova N, Brinton LA, Brooks-Wilson A, Brown R, Butzow R, Cai Q, Campbell I, Chang-Claude J, Chanock S, Chenevix-Trench G, Cheng JQ, Cicek MS, Coetzee GA, Cook LS, Couch FJ, Cramer DW, Cunningham JM, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Despierre E, Doherty JA, Dörk T, du Bois A, Dürst M, Easton DF, Eccles D, Edwards R, Ekici AB, Fasching PA, Fenstermacher DA, Flanagan JM, Garcia-Closas M, Gentry-Maharaj A, Giles GG, Glasspool RM, Gonzalez-Bosquet J, Goodman MT, Gore M, Górski B, Gronwald J, Hall P, Halle MK, Harter P, Heitz F, Hillemanns P, Hoatlin M, Høgdall CK, Høgdall E, Hosono S, Jakubowska A, Jensen A, Jim H, Kalli KR, Karlan BY, Kaye SB, Kelemen LE, Kiemeney LA, Kikkawa F, Konecny GE, Krakstad C, Kjaer SK, Kupryjanczyk J, Lambrechts D, Lambrechts S, Lancaster JM, Le ND, Leminen A, Levine DA, Liang D, Lim BK, Lin J, Lissowska J, Lu KH, Lubiński J, Lurie G, Massuger LF, Matsuo K, McGuire V, McLaughlin JR, Menon U, Modugno F, Moysich KB, Nakanishi T, Narod SA, Nedergaard L, Ness RB, Nevanlinna H, Nickels S, Noushmehr H, Odunsi K, Olson SH, Orlow I, Paul J, Pearce CL, Pejovic T, Pelttari LM, Pike MC, Poole EM, Raska P, Renner SP, Risch HA, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Rossing MA, Rudolph A, Runnebaum IB, Rzepecka IK, Salvesen HB, Schwaab I, Severi G, Shridhar V, Shu XO, Shvetsov YB, Sieh W, Song H, Southey MC, Spiewankiewicz B, Stram D, Sutphen R, Teo SH, Terry KL, Tessier DC, Thompson PJ, Tworoger SS, van Altena AM, Vergote I, Vierkant RA, Vincent D, Vitonis AF, Wang-Gohrke S, Weber RP, Wentzensen N, Whittemore AS, Wik E, Wilkens LR, Winterhoff B, Woo YL, Wu AH, Xiang YB, Yang HP, Zheng W, Ziogas A, Zulkifli F, Phelan CM, Iversen E, Schildkraut JM, Berchuck A, Fridley BL, Goode EL, Pharoah PDP, Monteiro AN, Sellers TA, Gayther SA. Identification and molecular characterization of a new ovarian cancer susceptibility locus at 17q21.31. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1627. [PMID: 23535648 PMCID: PMC3709460 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has a heritable component that remains to be fully characterized. Most identified common susceptibility variants lie in non-protein-coding sequences. We hypothesized that variants in the 3' untranslated region at putative microRNA (miRNA)-binding sites represent functional targets that influence EOC susceptibility. Here, we evaluate the association between 767 miRNA-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (miRSNPs) and EOC risk in 18,174 EOC cases and 26,134 controls from 43 studies genotyped through the Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study. We identify several miRSNPs associated with invasive serous EOC risk (odds ratio=1.12, P=10(-8)) mapping to an inversion polymorphism at 17q21.31. Additional genotyping of non-miRSNPs at 17q21.31 reveals stronger signals outside the inversion (P=10(-10)). Variation at 17q21.31 is associated with neurological diseases, and our collaboration is the first to report an association with EOC susceptibility. An integrated molecular analysis in this region provides evidence for ARHGAP27 and PLEKHM1 as candidate EOC susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Permuth-Wey
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Howard C. Shen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Aneliya Velkova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Y. Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Ya-Yu Tsai
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Xiaotao Qu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Rod Karevan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Janet Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Nathan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Melissa C. Larson
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Katja K. Aben
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Netherlands, Utrecht, Amsterdam, 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, UCI Center of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697
| | - Natalia Antonenkova
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov N.N., 223040, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Antonis Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sebastian M. Armasu
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | | | - Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - François Bacot
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 08901
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44195
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | | | - Greg Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | | | - Robert Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Ian Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | | | - Jin Q. Cheng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Mine S. Cicek
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Gerhard A. Coetzee
- Department of Urology, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90089
| | - Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2
- Cancer Research UK, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Dept of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Lab, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Division Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Agnieszka Dansonka-Mieszkowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Evelyn Despierre
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA, 03755
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90095
| | | | - James M. Flanagan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics at the Institute of Cancer Research and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK, SW7 3RP
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3806, Australia
| | | | | | - Marc T. Goodman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Martin Gore
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Górski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 171-77
| | - Mari K. Halle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maureen Hoatlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
| | - Claus K. Høgdall
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 2730
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoyo Hosono
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Allan Jensen
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Kimberly R. Kalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Stanley B. Kaye
- Section of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Department of Popluation Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada and Departments of Medical Genetics and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 2T9
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Netherlands, Utrecht, Amsterdam, 1066CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gottfried E. Konecny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90095
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjaer
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | | | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada, G12 0YN
| | - Arto Leminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10021
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA, 77044
| | - Boon Kiong Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karen H. Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Galina Lurie
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Leon F.A.G. Massuger
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Usha Menon
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
- Women's Cancer Research Program, Magee-Womens Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, 14263
| | - Toru Nakanishi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1N8
| | - Lotte Nedergaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Roberta B. Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Stefan Nickels
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Urology, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90089
- USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, 14263
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - James Paul
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK
| | - Celeste L Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
| | - Liisa M. Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Malcolm C. Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Elizabeth M. Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Paola Raska
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44195
| | - Stefan P. Renner
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 08901
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, 98109
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 98109
| | - Anja Rudolph
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwona K. Rzepecka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, 65187, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vijayalakshmi Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Yurii B. Shvetsov
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Beata Spiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Rebecca Sutphen
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Daniel C. Tessier
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Daniel Vincent
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Allison F. Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Rachel Palmieri Weber
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Boris Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | | | - Hannah P. Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA, 92697
| | - Famida Zulkifli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Edwin Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
- Cancer Prevention, Detection and Control Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA, 27708-0251
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA, 66160
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Paul D. P. Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alvaro N.A. Monteiro
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
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11
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The Ets transcription factor Spi-B is essential for the differentiation of intestinal microfold cells. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:729-36. [PMID: 22706340 PMCID: PMC3704196 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microfold cells (M cells) are an enigmatic lineage of intestinal epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses through the uptake and transcytosis of luminal antigens. The mechanisms of M-cell differentiation are poorly understood, as the rarity of these cells has hampered analysis. Exogenous administration of the cytokine RANKL can synchronously activate M-cell differentiation in mice. Here we show the Ets transcription factor Spi-B was induced early during M-cell differentiation. Absence of Spi-B silenced the expression of various M-cell markers and prevented the differentiation of M cells in mice. The activation of T cells via an oral route was substantially impaired in the intestine of Spi-B-deficient (Spib(-/-)) mice. Our study demonstrates that commitment to the intestinal M-cell lineage requires Spi-B as a candidate master regulator.
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12
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Liu H, Duan Z, Zheng H, Hu D, Li M, Tao Y, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. EBV-encoded LMP1 upregulates Igκ 3'enhancer activity and Igκ expression in nasopharyngeal cancer cells by activating the Ets-1 through ERKs signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32624. [PMID: 22396784 PMCID: PMC3291551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that epithelial cancer cells, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, express immunoglobulins (Igs). We previously found that the expression of the kappa light chain protein in NPC cells can be upregulated by the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). In the present study, we used NPC cell lines as models and found that LMP1-augmented kappa production corresponds with elevations in ERKs phosphorylation. PD98059 attenuates LMP1-induced ERKs phosphorylation resulting in decreased expression of the kappa light chain. ERK-specific small interfering RNA blunts LMP1-induced kappa light chain gene expression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that immunoglobulin κ 3′ enhancer (3′Eκ) is active in Igκ-expressing NPC cells and LMP1 upregulates the activity of 3′Eκ in NPC cells. Moreover, mutation analysis of the PU binding site in 3′Eκ and inhibition of the MEK/ERKs pathway by PD98059 indicate that the PU site is functional and LMP1-enhanced 3′Eκ activity is partly regulated by this site. PD98059 treatment also leads to a concentration-dependent inhibition of LMP1-induced Ets-1 expression and phosphorylation, which corresponds with a dose-dependent attenuation of LMP1-induced ERK phosphorylation and kappa light chain expression. Suppression of endogenous Ets-1 by small interfering RNA is accompanied by a decrease of Ig kappa light chain expression. Gel shift assays using nuclear extracts of NPC cells indicate that the transcription factor Ets-1 is recruited by LMP1 to the PU motif within 3′Eκin vitro. ChIP assays further demonstrate Ets-1 binding to the PU motif of 3′Eκ in cells. These results suggest that LMP1 upregulates 3′Eκ activity and kappa gene expression by activating the Ets-1 transcription factor through the ERKs signaling pathway. Our studies provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism of kappa expression, by which virus-encoded proteins activate the kappa 3′ enhancer through activating transcription factors in non-B epithelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidan Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central South University, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duosha Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZGD); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZGD); (YC)
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13
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Marshall LJ, Moore LD, Mirsky MM, Major EO. JC virus promoter/enhancers contain TATA box-associated Spi-B-binding sites that support early viral gene expression in primary astrocytes. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:651-661. [PMID: 22071512 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is the aetiological agent of the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, an AIDS defining illness and serious complication of mAb therapies. Initial infection probably occurs in childhood. In the working model of dissemination, virus persists in the kidney and lymphoid tissues until immune suppression/modulation causes reactivation and trafficking to the brain where JCV replicates in oligodendrocytes. JCV infection is regulated through binding of host factors such as Spi-B to, and sequence variation in the non-coding control region (NCCR). Although NCCR sequences differ between sites of persistence and pathogenesis, evidence suggests that the virus that initiates infection in the brain disseminates via B-cells derived from latently infected haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. Spi-B binds adjacent to TATA boxes in the promoter/enhancer of the PML-associated JCV Mad-1 and Mad-4 viruses but not the non-pathogenic, kidney-associated archetype. The Spi-B-binding site of Mad-1/Mad-4 differs from that of archetype by a single nucleotide, AAAAGGGAAGGGA to AAAAGGGAAGGTA. Point mutation of the Mad-1 Spi-B site reduced early viral protein large T-antigen expression by up to fourfold. Strikingly, the reverse mutation in the archetype NCCR increased large T-antigen expression by 10-fold. Interestingly, Spi-B protein binds the NCCR sequence flanking the viral promoter/enhancer, but these sites are not essential for early viral gene expression. The effect of mutating Spi-B-binding sites within the JCV promoter/enhancer on early viral gene expression strongly suggests a role for Spi-B binding to the viral promoter/enhancer in the activation of early viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Marshall
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1296, USA
| | - Lisa D Moore
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1296, USA
| | - Matthew M Mirsky
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1296, USA
| | - Eugene O Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1296, USA
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14
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Christensen MHE, Dankel SN, Nordbø Y, Varhaug JE, Almås B, Lien EA, Mellgren G. Primary hyperparathyroidism influences the expression of inflammatory and metabolic genes in adipose tissue. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20481. [PMID: 21698093 PMCID: PMC3117792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterised by increased production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resulting in elevated serum calcium levels. The influence on bone metabolism with altered bone resorption is the most studied clinical condition in PHPT. In addition to this, patients with PHPT are at increased risk of non-skeletal diseases, such as impaired insulin sensitivity, arterial hypertension and increased risk of death by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), possibly mediated by a chronic low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adipose tissue reflects the low-grade inflammation observed in PHPT patients. Methodology/Principal Findings Subcutaneous fat tissue from the neck was sampled from 16 non-obese patients with PHPT and from 16 patients operated for benign thyroid diseases, serving as weight-matched controls. RNA was extracted and global gene expression was analysed with Illumina BeadArray Technology. We found 608 differentially expressed genes (q-value<0.05), of which 347 were up-regulated and 261 were down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis showed that PHPT patients expressed increased levels of genes involved in immunity and defense (e.g. matrix metallopeptidase 9, S100 calcium binding protein A8 and A9, CD14, folate receptor 2), and reduced levels of genes involved in metabolic processes. Analysis of transcription factor binding sites present in the differentially expressed genes corroborated the up-regulation of inflammatory processes. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that PHPT strongly influences gene regulation in fat tissue, which may result in altered adipose tissue function and release of pathogenic factors that increase the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika H. E. Christensen
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yngve Nordbø
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Varhaug
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørg Almås
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernst A. Lien
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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15
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A Boolean-based systems biology approach to predict novel genes associated with cancer: Application to colorectal cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:35. [PMID: 21352556 PMCID: PMC3051904 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer has remarkable complexity at the molecular level, with multiple genes, proteins, pathways and regulatory interconnections being affected. We introduce a systems biology approach to study cancer that formally integrates the available genetic, transcriptomic, epigenetic and molecular knowledge on cancer biology and, as a proof of concept, we apply it to colorectal cancer. Results We first classified all the genes in the human genome into cancer-associated and non-cancer-associated genes based on extensive literature mining. We then selected a set of functional attributes proven to be highly relevant to cancer biology that includes protein kinases, secreted proteins, transcription factors, post-translational modifications of proteins, DNA methylation and tissue specificity. These cancer-associated genes were used to extract 'common cancer fingerprints' through these molecular attributes, and a Boolean logic was implemented in such a way that both the expression data and functional attributes could be rationally integrated, allowing for the generation of a guilt-by-association algorithm to identify novel cancer-associated genes. Finally, these candidate genes are interlaced with the known cancer-related genes in a network analysis aimed at identifying highly conserved gene interactions that impact cancer outcome. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach using colorectal cancer as a test case and identify several novel candidate genes that are classified according to their functional attributes. These genes include the following: 1) secreted proteins as potential biomarkers for the early detection of colorectal cancer (FXYD1, GUCA2B, REG3A); 2) kinases as potential drug candidates to prevent tumor growth (CDC42BPB, EPHB3, TRPM6); and 3) potential oncogenic transcription factors (CDK8, MEF2C, ZIC2). Conclusion We argue that this is a holistic approach that faithfully mimics cancer characteristics, efficiently predicts novel cancer-associated genes and has universal applicability to the study and advancement of cancer research.
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16
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Marshall LJ, Dunham L, Major EO. Transcription factor Spi-B binds unique sequences present in the tandem repeat promoter/enhancer of JC virus and supports viral activity. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:3042-52. [PMID: 20826618 PMCID: PMC3052566 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often fatal demyelinating disease caused by lytic infection of oligodendrocytes with JC virus (JCV). The development of PML in non-immunosuppressed individuals is a growing concern with reports of mortality in patients treated with mAb therapies. JCV can persist in the kidneys, lymphoid tissue and bone marrow. JCV gene expression is restricted by non-coding viral regulatory region sequence variation and cellular transcription factors. Because JCV latency has been associated with cells undergoing haematopoietic development, transcription factors previously reported as lymphoid specific may regulate JCV gene expression. This study demonstrates that one such transcription factor, Spi-B, binds to sequences present in the JCV promoter/enhancer and may affect early virus gene expression in cells obtained from human brain tissue. We identified four potential Spi-B-binding sites present in the promoter/enhancer elements of JCV sequences from PML variants and the non-pathogenic archetype. Spi-B sites present in the promoter/enhancers of PML variants alone bound protein expressed in JCV susceptible brain and lymphoid-derived cell lines by electromobility shift assays. Expression of exogenous Spi-B in semi- and non-permissive cells increased early viral gene expression. Strikingly, mutation of the Spi-B core in a binding site unique to the Mad-4 variant was sufficient to abrogate viral activity in progenitor-derived astrocytes. These results suggest that Spi-B could regulate JCV gene expression in susceptible cells, and may play an important role in JCV activity in the immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Marshall
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1296, USA
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17
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Gupta P, Gurudutta GU, Saluja D, Tripathi RP. PU.1 and partners: regulation of haematopoietic stem cell fate in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4349-63. [PMID: 19382896 PMCID: PMC4515051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During normal haematopoiesis, cell development and differentiation programs are accomplished by switching ‘on’ and ‘off’ specific set of genes. Specificity of gene expression is primarily achieved by combinatorial control, i.e. through physical and functional interactions among several transcription factors that form sequence-specific multiprotein complexes on regulatory regions (gene promoters and enhancers). Such combinatorial gene switches permit flexibility of regulation and allow numerous developmental decisions to be taken with a limited number of regulators. The haematopoietic-specific Ets family transcription factor PU.1 regulates many lymphoid- and myeloid-specific gene promoters and enhancers by interacting with multiple proteins during haematopoietic development. Such protein–protein interactions regulate DNA binding, subcellular localization, target gene selection and transcriptional activity of PU.1 itself in response to diverse signals including cytokines, growth factors, antigen and cellular stresses. Specific domains of PU.1 interact with many protein motifs such as bHLH, bZipper, zinc fingers and paired domain for regulating its activity. This review focuses on important protein–protein interactions of PU.1 that play a crucial role in regulation of normal as well as malignant haematopoiesis. Precise delineation of PU.1 protein-partner interacting interface may provide an improved insight of the molecular mechanisms underlying haematopoietic stem cell fate regulation. Its interactions with some proteins could be targeted to modulate the aberrant signalling pathways for reversing the malignant phenotype and to control the generation of specific haematopoietic progeny for treatment of haematopoietic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gupta
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
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18
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Abstract
The ETS protein Spi-1/Pu.1 plays a pivotal and widespread role throughout hematopoiesis in many species. This study describes the identification, characterization, and functional analysis of a new zebrafish spi transcription factor spi-1-like (spi-1l) that is expressed in primitive myeloid cells, erythro-myelo progenitor cells, and in the adult kidney. Spi-1l functions genetically downstream of etsrp, scl, and spi-1/pu.1 in myeloid differentiation. Spi-1l is coexpressed in a subset of spi-1/pu.1 cells and its function is necessary and sufficient for macrophage and granulocyte differentiation. These results establish a critical role for spi-1l in zebrafish myeloid cell differentiation.
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19
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Zhu X, Schweitzer BL, Romer EJ, Sulentic CEW, DeKoter RP. Transgenic expression of Spi-C impairs B-cell development and function by affecting genes associated with BCR signaling. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2587-99. [PMID: 18792411 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spi-C is an Ets family transcription factor closely related to PU.1 and Spi-B. Expression of Spi-C is developmentally regulated in the B-cell lineage, but its function remains unknown. To determine the function of Spi-C in B-cell development, we generated mice expressing a B-cell-specific Spi-C transgene under the control of the IgH intronic enhancer. Spi-C transgenic mice had 50% fewer B cells than wild-type littermates. Flow cytometric analyses showed that splenic transitional B cells and bone marrow pre-B or immature B cells from transgenic mice were dramatically reduced compared with those of wild type. Both nonspecific and Ag-specific serum IgM levels were significantly increased in transgenic mice, while serum IgG levels were significantly decreased compared with wild type. Spi-C transgenic B cells proliferated poorly after stimulation by anti-IgM or anti-CD40 in vitro, although they responded normally to LPS stimulation. Using real-time RT-PCR, we found that several BCR signaling-related mediators were downregulated at pre-B-cell and mature B-cell stages in transgenic mice, while an inhibitor of BCR signaling was upregulated. Taken together, these data indicate that ectopic expression of Spi-C can impair B-cell development and function by affecting genes associated with BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
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20
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Geng CD, Schwartz JR, Vedeckis WV. A conserved molecular mechanism is responsible for the auto-up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoters. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:2624-42. [PMID: 18945813 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are widely used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Whereas a high level of GC receptor (GR) protein is associated with the sensitivity of ALL cells to steroid-mediated apoptosis, the auto-up-regulation of human (h)GR mRNA and protein is also found in hormone-sensitive ALL cell lines. We have characterized the hGR gene-proximal promoters for DNA sequences and transcription factors required for hormone responsiveness in T lymphoblasts. Sequences at -4559/-4525 and -2956/-2916, relative to the translation start site, function as strong composite GC response units (GRUs). Both GRUs include adjacent protein recognition sequences for the c-Myb transcription factor and the GR as a DNA cassette. An Ets-binding sequence overlaps the GR-binding site in the -4559/-4525 GRU, whereas an Ets-binding site present in the -2956/-2916 GRU does not overlap the GR/c-Myb-binding cassette. The Ets protein family member, PU.1, blocks hormonal activation of the -4559/-4525 GR/c-Myb-binding cassette but does not interfere with the responsiveness of the -2956/-2916 GRU. Thus, the hGR 1A GRU (described previously), the -4559/-4525 GRU, and the -2956/-2916 GRU have a similar structure and can mediate cell type-specific hormonal auto-up-regulation of hGR promoter activity in steroid-sensitive ALL cells. However, subtle differences in the GRU architecture result in differential sensitivity of the promoters to Ets family members such as PU.1. The architecture of the GRU and the spectrum of specific transcription factors present in different types of ALL might allow the development of a tailored therapy to enhance steroid sensitivity in ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-dong Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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21
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Spi-B inhibits human plasma cell differentiation by repressing BLIMP1 and XBP-1 expression. Blood 2008; 112:1804-12. [PMID: 18552212 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-136440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells is tightly regulated by a complex network of transcription factors. Here we evaluated the role of the Ets factor Spi-B during terminal differentiation of human B cells. All mature tonsil and peripheral blood B-cell subsets expressed Spi-B, with the exception of plasma cells. Overexpression of Spi-B in CD19(+) B cells inhibited, similar to the known inhibitor BCL-6, the expression of plasma cell-associated surface markers and transcription factors as well as immunoglobulin production, ie, in vitro plasma cell differentiation. The arrest in B-cell differentiation enforced by Spi-B was independent of the transactivation domain, but dependent on the Ets-domain. By chromatin immunoprecipitation and assays using an inducible Spi-B construct BLIMP1 and XBP-1 were identified as direct target genes of Spi-B mediated repression. We propose a novel role for Spi-B in maintenance of germinal center and memory B cells by direct repression of major plasma cell factors and thereby plasma cell differentiation.
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22
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Bartholdy B, Du Roure C, Bordon A, Emslie D, Corcoran LM, Matthias P. The Ets factor Spi-B is a direct critical target of the coactivator OBF-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11665-70. [PMID: 16861304 PMCID: PMC1513538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509430103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBF-1 (Bob.1, OCA-B) is a lymphoid-specific transcriptional coactivator that associates with the transcription factors Oct-1 or Oct-2 on the conserved octamer element present in the promoters of several ubiquitous and lymphoid-specific genes. OBF-1-deficient mice have B cell-intrinsic defects, lack germinal centers, and have severely impaired immune responses to T cell-dependent antigens. Crucial genes that are regulated by OBF-1 and that might explain the observed phenotype of OBF-1 deficiency have remained elusive to date. Here we have generated transgenic mice expressing OBF-1 specifically in T cells and examined these together with mice lacking OBF-1 to discover transcriptional targets of this coactivator. Using microarray analysis, we have identified the Ets transcription factor Spi-B as a direct target gene critically regulated by OBF-1 that can help explain the phenotype of OBF-1-deficient mice. Spi-B has been implicated in signaling pathways downstream of the B cell receptor and is essential for germinal center formation and maintenance. The present findings establish a hierarchy between these two factors and provide a molecular link between OBF-1 and B cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bartholdy
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Camille Du Roure
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Alain Bordon
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Dianne Emslie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Lynn M. Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Patrick Matthias
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rekhtman N, Choe KS, Matushansky I, Murray S, Stopka T, Skoultchi AI. PU.1 and pRB interact and cooperate to repress GATA-1 and block erythroid differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7460-74. [PMID: 14559995 PMCID: PMC207581 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.21.7460-7474.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PU.1 and GATA-1 are two hematopoietic specific transcription factors that play key roles in development of the myeloid and erythroid lineages, respectively. The two proteins bind to one another and inhibit each other's function in transcriptional activation and promotion of their respective differentiation programs. This mutual antagonism may be an important aspect of lineage commitment decisions. PU.1 can also act as an oncoprotein since deregulated expression of PU.1 in erythroid precursors causes erythroleukemias in mice. Studies of cultured mouse erythroleukemia cell lines indicate that one aspect of PU.1 function in erythroleukemogenesis is its ability to block erythroid differentiation by repressing GATA-1 (N. Rekhtman, F. Radparvar, T. Evans, and A. I. Skoultchi, Genes Dev. 13:1398-1411, 1999). We have investigated the mechanism of PU.1-mediated repression of GATA-1. We report here that PU.1 binds to GATA-1 on DNA. We localized the repression activity of PU.1 to a small acidic N-terminal domain that interacts with the C pocket of pRB, a well-known transcriptional corepressor. Repression of GATA-1 by PU.1 requires pRB, and pRB colocalizes with PU.1 and GATA-1 at repressed GATA-1 target genes. PU.1 and pRB also cooperate to block erythroid differentiation. Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which PU.1 antagonizes GATA-1 is by binding to it at GATA-1 target genes and tethering to these sites a corepressor that blocks transcriptional activity and thereby erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Dekoninck A, Calomme C, Nizet S, de Launoit Y, Burny A, Ghysdael J, Van Lint C. Identification and characterization of a PU.1/Spi-B binding site in the bovine leukemia virus long terminal repeat. Oncogene 2003; 22:2882-96. [PMID: 12771939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a B-lymphotropic oncogenic retrovirus whose transcriptional promoter is located in the viral 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). To date, no B-lymphocyte-specific cis-regulatory element has been identified in this region. Since ETS proteins are known to regulate transcription of numerous retroviruses, we searched for the presence in the BLV promoter region of binding sites for PU.1/Spi-1, a B-cell- and macrophage-specific ETS family member. In this report, nucleotide sequence analysis of the viral LTR identified a PUbox located at -95/-84 bp. We demonstrated by gel shift and supershift assays that PU.1 and the related Ets transcription factor Spi-B interacted specifically with this PUbox. A 2-bp mutation (GGAA-->CCAA) within this motif abrogated PU.1/Spi-B binding. This mutation caused a marked decrease in LTR-driven basal gene expression in transient transfection assays of B-lymphoid cell lines, but did not impair the responsiveness of the BLV promoter to the virus-encoded transactivator Tax(BLV). Moreover, ectopically expressed PU.1 and Spi-B proteins transactivated the BLV promoter in a PUbox-dependent manner. Taken together, our results provide the first demonstration of regulation of the BLV promoter by two B-cell-specific Ets transcription factors, PU.1 and Spi-B. The PU.1/Spi-B binding site identified here could play an important role in BLV replication and B-lymphoid tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Dekoninck
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Service de Chimie Biologique, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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25
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Wang JM, Lai MZ, Yang-Yen HF. Interleukin-3 stimulation of mcl-1 gene transcription involves activation of the PU.1 transcription factor through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:1896-909. [PMID: 12612065 PMCID: PMC149468 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.6.1896-1909.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the antiapoptotic gene mcl-1 is activated by interleukin-3 (IL-3) in Ba/F3 pro-B cells through two promoter elements designated the CRE-2 and SIE motifs. While the CRE-2-binding complex contains the CREB protein and is activated by IL-3 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway, the identity and cytokine activation pathway of the SIE-binding complex remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrated that PU.1 is one component of the SIE-binding complex. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirmed that PU.1 binds to the mcl-1 promoter region containing the SIE motif in vivo. While IL-3 stimulation does not significantly alter the SIE-binding activity of PU.1, it markedly increases PU.1's transactivation activity. The latter effect coincides with the increased phosphorylation of PU.1 following IL-3 activation of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38(MAPK))-dependent pathway. A serine-to-alanine substitution at position 142 significantly weakens PU.1's ability to be phosphorylated by the p38(MAPK) immunocomplex. Furthermore, this S142A mutant is impaired in the ability to be further stimulated by IL-3 to transactivate the mcl-1 reporter through the SIE motif. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-3 stimulation of mcl-1 gene transcription through the SIE motif involves phosphorylation of PU.1 at serine 142 by a p38(MAPK)-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Jiou Yuan Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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26
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Dahl R, Ramirez-Bergeron DL, Rao S, Simon MC. Spi-B can functionally replace PU.1 in myeloid but not lymphoid development. EMBO J 2002; 21:2220-30. [PMID: 11980719 PMCID: PMC125373 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.9.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature macrophages, neutrophils and lymphoid cells do not develop in PU.1(-/-) mice. In contrast, mice lacking the highly related protein Spi-B generate all hematopoietic lineages but display a B-cell receptor signaling defect. These distinct phenotypes could result from functional differences between PU.1 and Spi-B or their unique temporal and tissue-specific expression (PU.1: myeloid and B cells; Spi-B: B cells only). To address this question, we introduced the Spi-B cDNA into the murine PU.1 locus by homologous recombination. In the absence of PU.1, Spi-B rescued macrophage and granulocyte development when assayed by in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Adherent, CD11b(+)/F4/80(+) cells capable of phagocytosis were detected in PU.1(Spi-B/Spi-B) embryoid bodies, and myeloid colonies were present in hematopoietic progenitor assays. Despite its ability to rescue myeloid differentiation, Spi-B did not rescue lymphoid development in a RAG-2(-/-) complementation assay. These results demonstrate an important difference between PU.1 and Spi-B. Careful comparison of these Ets factors will delineate important functional domains of PU.1 involved in lymphocyte lineage commitment and/or maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dahl
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Bendriss-Vermare N, Barthélémy C, Durand I, Bruand C, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Moulian N, Berrih-Aknin S, Caux C, Trinchieri G, Brière F. Human thymus contains IFN-alpha-producing CD11c(-), myeloid CD11c(+), and mature interdigitating dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:835-44. [PMID: 11285302 PMCID: PMC199577 DOI: 10.1172/jci11734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets capable of stimulating allogeneic naive T cells were isolated from human thymus. The most abundant subset was represented by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which secreted high amounts of IFN-alpha upon stimulation with inactivated influenza virus and thus likely correspond to the recently identified peripheral blood natural IFN-alpha/beta-producing cells (IPCs). Like those latter cells, thymic pDCs had distinctive phenotypic features (i.e., Lin(-), HLA-DR(int), IL-3R alpha(hi), CD45RA(hi), CD11c(-), CD13(-), and CD33(lo)) and developed into mature DCs upon culture in IL-3 and CD40L. Of the two other DC subsets, one displayed a phenotype of immature myeloid DCs (imDCs) (HLA-DR(int), CD11c(+), CD13(+), CD33(+)), and the other represented HLA-DR(hi) CD11c(+) mature DCs (mDCs). Since they also expressed DC-LAMP, these mDCs appear to correspond to interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs). Thymic pDCs, but not myeloid imDCs, strongly expressed lymphoid-specific transcripts such as pre-T alpha, lambda-like, and Spi-B, thereby suggesting a possible lymphoid origin. The detection of Spi-B mRNA, not only upon in vitro maturation of pDCs, but also in freshly purified IDCs, suggests that in vivo pDCs may differentiate into IDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bendriss-Vermare
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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28
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Evolution of hematopoiesis: Three members of the PU.1 transcription factor family in a cartilaginous fish, Raja eglanteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001. [PMID: 11149949 PMCID: PMC14625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.021478998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are present in jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous fishes, but not in jawless vertebrates or invertebrates. The origins of these lineages may be understood in terms of evolutionary changes in the structure and regulation of transcription factors that control lymphocyte development, such as PU.1. The identification and characterization of three members of the PU.1 family of transcription factors in a cartilaginous fish, Raja eglanteria, are described here. Two of these genes are orthologs of mammalian PU.1 and Spi-C, respectively, whereas the third gene, Spi-D, is a different family member. In addition, a PU.1-like gene has been identified in a jawless vertebrate, Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey). Both DNA-binding and transactivation domains are highly conserved between mammalian and skate PU.1, in marked contrast to lamprey Spi, in which similarity is evident only in the DNA-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data suggests that the appearance of Spi-C may predate the divergence of the jawed and jawless vertebrates and that Spi-D arose before the divergence of the cartilaginous fish from the lineage leading to the mammals. The tissue-specific expression patterns of skate PU.1 and Spi-C suggest that these genes share regulatory as well as structural properties with their mammalian orthologs.
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Shintani S, Terzic J, Sato A, Saraga-Babic M, O'hUigin C, Tichy H, Klein J. Do lampreys have lymphocytes? The Spi evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7417-22. [PMID: 10840049 PMCID: PMC16560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.110505597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that living jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfishes) lack the capability of mounting an adaptive immune response. At the same time, however, there are reports describing histological evidence for the presence in agnathan tissues of lymphocytes, the key players in adaptive immunity. The question therefore arises whether the cells identified morphologically as lymphocytes are true lymphocytes in terms of their genetic developmental program. In this study, evidence is provided that the lampreys express a member of the purine box 1 (PU.1)/spleen focus-forming virus integration B (Spi-B) gene family known to be critically and specifically involved in the differentiation of lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates. The lamprey gene is expressed in the lymphocyte-like cells of the digestive tract and inexplicably also in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shintani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Correnstrasse 42, D-7076 Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Zhao B, Sample CE. Epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 3C activates the latent membrane protein 1 promoter in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 through sequences encompassing an spi-1/Spi-B binding site. J Virol 2000; 74:5151-60. [PMID: 10799590 PMCID: PMC110868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5151-5160.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2000] [Accepted: 03/16/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA-3C) protein is a transcriptional regulator of viral and cellular genes that is essential for EBV-mediated immortalization of B lymphocytes in vitro. EBNA-3C can inhibit transcription through an association with the cellular DNA-binding protein Jkappa, a function shared by EBNA-3A and EBNA-3B. Here, we report a mechanism by which EBNA-3C can activate transcription from the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) promoter in conjunction with EBNA-2. Jkappa DNA-binding sites were not required for this activation, and a mutant EBNA-3C protein unable to bind Jkappa activated transcription as efficiently as wild-type EBNA-3C, indicating that EBNA-3C can regulate transcription through a mechanism that is independent of Jkappa. Furthermore, activation of the LMP-1 promoter is a unique function of EBNA-3C, not shared by EBNA-3A and EBNA-3B. The DNA element through which EBNA-3C activates the LMP-1 promoter includes a Spi-1/Spi-B binding site, previously characterized as an important EBNA-2 response element. Although this element has considerable homology to mouse immunoglobulin light chain promoter sequences to which the mouse homologue of Spi-1 binds with its dimerization partner IRF4, we demonstrate that the IRF4-like binding sites in the LMP-1 promoter do not play a role in EBNA-3C-mediated activation. Both EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C were required for transcription mediated through a 41-bp region of the LMP-1 promoter encompassing the Spi binding site. However, EBNA-3C had no effect on transcription mediated in conjunction with the EBNA-2 activation domain fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, suggesting that it does not function as an adapter between EBNA-2 and the cellular transcriptional machinery. Like EBNA-2, EBNA-3C bound directly to both Spi-1 and Spi-B in vitro. This interaction was mediated by a region of EBNA-3C encompassing a likely basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain and the ets domain of Spi-1 or Spi-B, reminiscent of interactions between bZIP and ets domains of other transcription factors that result in their targeting to DNA. There are many examples of regulation of the hematopoietic-specific Spi transcription factors through protein-protein interactions, and a similar regulation by EBNA-3C, in conjunction with EBNA-2, is likely to be an important and unique contribution of EBNA-3C to EBV-mediated immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhao
- Program in Viral Oncogenesis and Tumor Immunology, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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31
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Rekhtman N, Radparvar F, Evans T, Skoultchi AI. Direct interaction of hematopoietic transcription factors PU.1 and GATA-1: functional antagonism in erythroid cells. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1398-411. [PMID: 10364157 PMCID: PMC316770 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.11.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/1999] [Accepted: 04/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation usually inhibits terminal cell differentiation but the precise mechanisms involved are not understood. PU.1 is a hematopoietic-specific Ets family transcription factor that is required for development of some lymphoid and myeloid lineages. PU.1 can also act as an oncoprotein as activation of its expression in erythroid precursors by proviral insertion or transgenesis causes erythroleukemias in mice. Restoration of terminal differentiation in the mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells requires a decline in the level of PU.1, indicating that PU.1 can block erythroid differentiation. Here we investigate the mechanism by which PU.1 interferes with erythroid differentiation. We find that PU.1 interacts directly with GATA-1, a zinc finger transcription factor required for erythroid differentiation. Interaction between PU.1 and GATA-1 requires intact DNA-binding domains in both proteins. PU.1 represses GATA-1-mediated transcriptional activation. Both the DNA binding and transactivation domains of PU.1 are required for repression and both domains are also needed to block terminal differentiation in MEL cells. We also show that ectopic expression of PU.1 in Xenopus embryos is sufficient to block erythropoiesis during normal development. Furthermore, introduction of exogenous GATA-1 in both MEL cells and Xenopus embryos and explants relieves the block to erythroid differentiation imposed by PU.1. Our results indicate that the stoichiometry of directly interacting but opposing transcription factors may be a crucial determinant governing processes of normal differentiation and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rekhtman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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32
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Brass AL, Zhu AQ, Singh H. Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. EMBO J 1999; 18:977-91. [PMID: 10022840 PMCID: PMC1171190 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.4.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression in higher eukaryotes appears to be regulated by specific combinations of transcription factors binding to regulatory sequences. The Ets factor PU.1 and the IRF protein Pip (IRF-4) represent a pair of interacting transcription factors implicated in regulating B cell-specific gene expression. Pip is recruited to its binding site on DNA by phosphorylated PU.1. PU.1-Pip interaction is shown to be template directed and involves two distinct protein-protein interaction surfaces: (i) the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains; and (ii) the phosphorylated PEST region of PU.1 and a lysine-requiring putative alpha-helix in Pip. Thus, a coordinated set of protein-protein and protein-DNA contacts are essential for PU.1-Pip ternary complex assembly. To analyze the function of these factors in vivo, we engineered chimeric repressors containing the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains connected by a flexible POU domain linker. When stably expressed, the wild-type fused dimer strongly repressed the expression of a rearranged immunoglobulin lambda gene, thereby establishing the functional importance of PU.1-Pip complexes in B cell gene expression. Comparative analysis of the wild-type dimer with a series of mutant dimers distinguished a gene regulated by PU.1 and Pip from one regulated by PU.1 alone. This strategy should prove generally useful in analyzing the function of interacting transcription factors in vivo, and for identifying novel genes regulated by such complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brass
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC1028, Chicago IL 60637, USA
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Su GH, Chen HM, Muthusamy N, Garrett-Sinha LA, Baunoch D, Tenen DG, Simon MC. Defective B cell receptor-mediated responses in mice lacking the Ets protein, Spi-B. EMBO J 1997; 16:7118-29. [PMID: 9384589 PMCID: PMC1170313 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.23.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spi-B is a hematopoietic-specific Ets family transcription factor closely related to PU.1. Previous gene targeting experiments have shown that PU.1 is essential for the production of both lymphocytes and monocytes. We have now generated mice with a null mutation at the Spi-B locus. Unlike PU.1 mutant mice, Spi-B-/- mice are viable, fertile and possess mature B and T lymphocytes. However, Spi-B-/- mice exhibit severe abnormalities in B cell function and selective T cell-dependent humoral immune responses. First, although Spi-B-/- splenic B cells respond normally to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro, these B cells proliferate poorly and die in response to B cell receptor (surface IgM) cross-linking. Secondly, Spi-B-/- mice display abnormal T-dependent antigenic responses in vivo and produce low levels of antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b after immunization. Finally, Spi-B-/- mice show a dramatic defect in germinal center formation and maintenance. In contrast to wild-type animals, germinal centers in Spi-B-/- mice are smaller and short-lived with significantly increased numbers of apoptotic B cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Spi-B is essential for antigen-dependent expansion of B cells, T-dependent immune responses and maturation of normal germinal centers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Su
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
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Oettgen P, Alani RM, Barcinski MA, Brown L, Akbarali Y, Boltax J, Kunsch C, Munger K, Libermann TA. Isolation and characterization of a novel epithelium-specific transcription factor, ESE-1, a member of the ets family. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4419-33. [PMID: 9234700 PMCID: PMC232296 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.8.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the isolation of a novel, highly tissue-restricted member of the ets transcription factor/oncogene family, ESE-1 (for epithelium-specific Ets), which has features distinct from those of any other ets-related factor. ESE-1 contains two putative DNA binding domains: an ETS domain, which is unique in that the 5' half shows relatively weak homology to known ets factors, and an A/T hook domain, found in HMG proteins and various other nuclear factors. In contrast to any known ets factors, ESE-1 is expressed exclusively in epithelial cells. ESE-1 expression is induced during terminal differentiation of the epidermis and in a primary human keratinocyte differentiation system. The keratinocyte terminal differentiation marker gene, SPRR2A, is a putative target for ESE-1, since SPRR2A expression during keratinocyte differentiation correlates with induction of ESE-1 expression, and ESE-1 binds with high affinity to and transactivates the ets binding site in the SPRR2A promoter. ESE-1 also binds to and transactivates the enhancer of the Endo A gene, a potential target for ESE-1 in simple epithelia. Due to the important role that other ets factors play in cellular differentiation, ESE-1 is expected to be a critical regulator of epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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35
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Peters LL, Ciciotte SL, Su GH, Simon MC. The gene encoding the transcription factor Spi-B maps to mouse chromosome 7. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:452-3. [PMID: 9166596 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L L Peters
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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36
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Oettgen P, Akbarali Y, Boltax J, Best J, Kunsch C, Libermann TA. Characterization of NERF, a novel transcription factor related to the Ets factor ELF-1. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:5091-106. [PMID: 8756667 PMCID: PMC231510 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.9.5091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the gene for a novel Ets-related transcription factor, new Ets-related factor (NERF), from human spleen, fetal liver, and brain. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of NERF with those of other members of the Ets family reveals that the level of homology to ELF-1, which is involved in the regulation of several T- and B-cell-specific genes, is highest. Homologies are clustered in the putative DNA binding domain in the middle of the protein, a basic domain just upstream of this domain, and several shorter stretches of homology towards the amino terminus. The presence of two predominant NERF transcripts in various fetal and adult human tissues is due to at least three alternative splice products, NERF-1a, NERF-1b, and NERF-2, which differ in their amino termini and their expression in different tissues. Only NERF-2 and ELF-1, and not NERF-1a and NERF-1b, function as transcriptional activators of the lyn and blk gene promoters, although all isoforms of NERF bind with affinities similar to those of ELF-1 to a variety of Ets binding sites in, among others, the blk, lck, lyn, mb-1, and immunoglobulin H genes and are expressed at similar levels. Since NERF and ELF-1 are coexpressed in B and T cells, both might be involved in the regulation of the same genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oettgen
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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37
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Su GH, Ip HS, Cobb BS, Lu MM, Chen HM, Simon MC. The Ets protein Spi-B is expressed exclusively in B cells and T cells during development. J Exp Med 1996; 184:203-14. [PMID: 8691135 PMCID: PMC2192671 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spi-B and PU.1 are hematopoietic-specific transcription factors that constitute a subfamily of the Ets family of DNA-binding proteins. Here we show that contrary to previous reports, PU.1 and Spi-B have very different expression patterns. PU.1 is expressed at high levels in B cells, mast cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and immature erythroid cells and at lower levels in mature erythrocytes. PU.1 is completely absent from peripheral T cells and most T cell lines based on sensitive RT-PCR assays. In contrast, Spi-B is expressed exclusively in lymphoid cells and can be detected in early fetal thymus and spleen. In situ hybridizations of adult murine tissues demonstrate Spi-B mRNA in the medulla of the thymus, the white pulp of the spleen, and the germinal centers of lymph nodes. Spi-B expression is very abundant in B cells and both Spi-B mRNA and protein are detected in some T cells. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis suggest that Spi-B gene expression increases during B cell maturation and decreases during T cell maturation. Gel-retardation experiments show that Spi-B can bind to all putative PU.1 binding sites, but do not reveal any preferred Spi-B binding site. Finally, both PU.1 and Spi-B function as transcriptional activators of the immunoglobulin light-chain enhancer E lambda 2.4 when coexpressed with Pip (PU.1-interaction partner) in NIH-3T3 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that differences in patterns of expression between Spi-B and PU.1 distinguish the function of each protein during development of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Su
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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38
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Noti JD, Reinemann BC, Petrus MN. Sp1 binds two sites in the CD11c promoter in vivo specifically in myeloid cells and cooperates with AP1 to activate transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:2940-50. [PMID: 8649405 PMCID: PMC231288 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte integrin gene, CD11c, is transcriptionally regulated and is expressed predominantly on differentiated cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. In this study we have demonstrated that the regions -72 to -63 and -132 to -104 of the CD11c promoter contain elements responsible for phorbol ester-induced differentiation of the myeloid cell line HL60. DNase I footprinting analysis revealed that these regions can bind purified Sp1, and supershift analysis with Sp1 antibody confirmed that Sp1 in HL60 nuclear extracts could bind these regions. Transfection analysis of CD11c promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs containing deletions of these Sp1-binding sites revealed that these sites are essential for expression of the CD11c gene in HL60 cells but not in the T-cell line Molt4 or the cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. Moreover, cotransfection of pPacSp1 along with these CD11c promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs into Sp1-deficient Drosophila Schneider 2 cells verified that these sites are essential for Sp1-dependent expression of the CD11c promoter. In vivo genomic footprinting revealed that Sp1 contacts the CD11c promoter within the regions -69 to -63 and -116 to -105 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated HL60 cells but not in undifferentiated HL60 cells or in Molt4 or HeLa cells. Cotransfection assays in HL60 cells revealed that Sp1 acts synergistically with Ap1 to activate CD11c. Further, both Sp1 sites are capable of cooperating with AP1. In vitro DNase I footprinting analysis with purified Sp1 and c-jun proteins showed that Sp1 binding could facilitate binding of c-jun. We propose that myeloid-specific expression of the CD11c promoter and is facilitated by cooperative interaction between the Sp1- and Ap1-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Noti
- Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, Pennsylvania 18840, USA.
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39
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Moreau-Gachelin F, Wendling F, Molina T, Denis N, Titeux M, Grimber G, Briand P, Vainchenker W, Tavitian A. Spi-1/PU.1 transgenic mice develop multistep erythroleukemias. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:2453-63. [PMID: 8628313 PMCID: PMC231234 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.5.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis of the spi-1 gene is associated with the emergence of malignant proerythroblasts during Friend virus-induced acute erythroleukemia. To determine the role of spi-1/PU.1 in the genesis of leukemia, we generated spi-1 transgenic mice. In one founder line the transgene was overexpressed as an unexpected-size transcript in various mouse tissues. Homozygous transgenic animals gave rise to live-born offspring, but 50% of the animals developed a multistep erythroleukemia within 1.5 to 6 months of birth whereas the remainder survived without evidence of disease. At the onset of the disease, mice became severely anemic. Their hematopoietic tissues were massively invaded with nontumorigenic proerythroblasts that express a high level of Spi-1 protein. These transgenic proerythroblasts are partially blocked in differentiation and strictly dependent on erythropoietin for their proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. A complete but transient regression of the disease was observed after erythrocyte transfusion, suggesting that the constitutive expression of spi-1 is related to the block of the differentiation of erythroid precursors. At relapse, erythropoietin-independent malignant proerythroblasts arose. Growth factor autonomy could be partially explained by the autocrine secretion of erythropoietin; however, other genetic events appear to be necessary to confer the full malignant phenotype. These results reveal that overexpression of spi-1 is essential for malignant erythropoiesis and does not alter other hematopoietic lineages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Exons
- Friend murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Homozygote
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/physiopathology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Organ Specificity
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/biosynthesis
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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40
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Hohaus S, Petrovick MS, Voso MT, Sun Z, Zhang DE, Tenen DG. PU.1 (Spi-1) and C/EBP alpha regulate expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha gene. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:5830-45. [PMID: 7565736 PMCID: PMC230835 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.10.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor receptors play an important role in hematopoiesis. In order to further understand the mechanisms directing the expression of these key regulators of hematopoiesis, we initiated a study investigating the transcription factors activating the expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha gene. Here, we demonstrate that the human GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter directs reporter gene activity in a tissue-specific fashion in myelomonocytic cells, which correlates with its expression pattern as analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. The GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter contains an important functional site between positions -53 and -41 as identified by deletion analysis of reporter constructs. We show that the myeloid and B cell transcription factor PU.1 binds specifically to this site. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a CCAAT site located upstream of the PU.1 site between positions -70 and -54 is involved in positive-negative regulation of the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter activity. C/EBP alpha is the major CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) form binding to this site in nuclear extracts of U937 cells. Point mutations of either the PU.1 site or the C/EBP site that abolish the binding of the respective factors result in a significant decrease of GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter activity in myelomonocytic cells only. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in myeloid and B cell extracts, PU.1 forms a novel, specific, more slowly migrating complex (PU-SF) when binding the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter PU.1 site. This is the first demonstration of a specific interaction with PU.1 on a myeloid PU.1 binding site. The novel complex is distinct from that described previously as binding to B cell enhancer sites and can be formed by addition of PU.1 to extracts from certain nonmyeloid cell types which do not express PU.1, including T cells and epithelial cells, but not from erythroid cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PU-SF complex binds to PU.1 sites found on a number of myeloid promoters, and its formation requires an intact PU.1 site adjacent to a single-stranded region. Expression of PU.1 in nonmyeloid cells can activate the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter. Deletion of the amino-terminal region of PU.1 results in a failure to form the PU-SF complex and in a concomitant loss of transactivation, suggesting that formation of the PU-SF complex is of functional importance for the activity of the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that C/EBP alpha can also active the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter in nonmyeloid cells. These results suggest that PU.1 and C/EBP alpha direct the cell-type-specific expression of GM-CSF receptor alpha, further establish the role of PU.1 as a key regulator of hematopoiesis, and point to C/EBP alpha as an additional important factor in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hohaus
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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41
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Rosmarin AG, Caprio D, Levy R, Simkevich C. CD18 (beta 2 leukocyte integrin) promoter requires PU.1 transcription factor for myeloid activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:801-5. [PMID: 7846055 PMCID: PMC42708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.3.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cellular differentiation is linked to tightly regulated gene transcription. However, the DNA elements and trans-acting factors that regulate transcription in myeloid cells are poorly defined. CD18, the beta chain of the leukocyte integrins, is transcriptionally regulated during myeloid differentiation. The CD18 promoter is active after transfection into myeloid cells. We demonstrate that a region of the CD18 promoter that contains two binding sites for the PU.1 transcription factor is required for activity in myeloid cells. These sites are bound by in vitro translated PU.1 and by PU.1 from myeloid nuclear extracts. Mutagenesis of these sites abrogates binding by PU.1 and substantially decreases promoter activity in myeloid cells. Thus, the leukocyte-specific transcription factor PU.1 is required for myeloid activity of CD18.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rosmarin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906
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42
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Voso MT, Burn TC, Wulf G, Lim B, Leone G, Tenen DG. Inhibition of hematopoiesis by competitive binding of transcription factor PU.1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7932-6. [PMID: 7520173 PMCID: PMC44518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.17.7932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors have been shown to play a role as "master switch" factors in the programming of hematopoietic cell commitment and differentiation. PU.1 is a hematopoietic-specific member of the Ets family of transcription factors. In human bone marrow CD34-enriched progenitor cells, PU.1 expression was upregulated during the early phases of granulocytic/monocytic differentiation, preceding expression of its target genes encoding CD11b and the macrophage-colony-stimulating factor receptor, whereas PU.1 was expressed at stable levels throughout erythroid differentiation. To study PU.1 function, we synthesized double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides containing a characterized PU.1 site and demonstrated their ability to specifically compete for PU.1 DNA binding. When added to CD34+ cells in vitro, wild-type PU.1-binding oligonucleotides significantly blocked hematopoietic colony formation, whereas mutated PU.1 oligonucleotides which no longer bind PU.1 had no specific inhibitory effect. These results demonstrate that PU.1 is developmentally upregulated during normal human myelopoiesis and that the function of PU.1 is critical for the development of in vitro hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Voso
- Beth Israel Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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43
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Involvement of the transcription factor PU.1/Spi-1 in myeloid cell-restricted expression of an interferon-inducible gene encoding the human high-affinity Fc gamma receptor. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8035786 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) of the gene encoding the human high-affinity Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R1) in myeloid cells requires an IFN-gamma response region (GRR) and a myeloid cell-activating transcription element (MATE). GRR and MATE interact with factors to form, respectively, an IFN-gamma-activating complex (GIRE-BP), depending on the phosphorylation of the 91-kDa protein (subunit of ISGF3), and a cell-type-specific complex (MATE-BP). Although GIRE-BP is detected in cells of different origins after IFN-gamma treatment, the presence of MATE-BP was found to be restricted to B- and myeloid cell lines. Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a polypeptide recognizing specifically the MATE motif led to the identification of this product as the proto-oncogene PU.1/Spi-1, a transcriptional activator expressed in myeloid and B cells. Expression of this factor in nonhematopoietic cells allowed IFN-gamma-induced expression of a reporter gene under control of the GRR and MATE sequences. The presence of these motifs in other gene promoters indicates that the binding of PU.1/Spi-1 and IFN regulatory proteins to their respective motifs could be part of a general mechanism leading to cell-type-restricted and IFN-induced gene expression.
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44
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Henkel G, Brown MA. PU.1 and GATA: components of a mast cell-specific interleukin 4 intronic enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7737-41. [PMID: 8052653 PMCID: PMC44477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4), a critical immunoregulatory cytokine, is produced by a subset of T lymphocytes and cells of the mast cell/basophil lineage. There are cell-specific differences in the regulatory elements that control IL-4 transcription in these two cell types. A 683-bp Bgl II fragment, located within the second intron of the murine IL-4 gene, was previously shown to exhibit mast cell-specific enhancer activity. To define critical cis-acting elements that regulate this enhancer, a series of deletions from the 5' and 3' ends of the Bgl II fragment were generated. Their effect on enhancer activity was assessed in IL-4-producing mast cell lines in transient transfection assays. Two functionally independent subregions, E1 and E2, were defined in this analysis. Both are required for full enhancer activity. Sequences identical to previously defined DNA-binding sites for SP1 and GATA are present within E1, and an ets binding site is located within E2. Although mutation of the SP1 sites had no effect on enhancer function, alteration of either the GATA or ets site reduced enhancer activity by 50-60%. Proteins that associate with the IL-4 intronic GATA and ets sites were detected in mast cell nuclear extracts by mobility-shift assays. Specific antibodies identified these factors as GATA-1 and GATA-2 and the ets family member PU.1. GATA-1, GATA-2, and PU.1 exhibit cell-specific expression, suggesting that these proteins play a critical role in the lineage-restricted activity of the IL-4 intronic enhancer in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Henkel
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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45
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Perez C, Coeffier E, Moreau-Gachelin F, Wietzerbin J, Benech PD. Involvement of the transcription factor PU.1/Spi-1 in myeloid cell-restricted expression of an interferon-inducible gene encoding the human high-affinity Fc gamma receptor. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:5023-31. [PMID: 8035786 PMCID: PMC359021 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5023-5031.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) of the gene encoding the human high-affinity Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R1) in myeloid cells requires an IFN-gamma response region (GRR) and a myeloid cell-activating transcription element (MATE). GRR and MATE interact with factors to form, respectively, an IFN-gamma-activating complex (GIRE-BP), depending on the phosphorylation of the 91-kDa protein (subunit of ISGF3), and a cell-type-specific complex (MATE-BP). Although GIRE-BP is detected in cells of different origins after IFN-gamma treatment, the presence of MATE-BP was found to be restricted to B- and myeloid cell lines. Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a polypeptide recognizing specifically the MATE motif led to the identification of this product as the proto-oncogene PU.1/Spi-1, a transcriptional activator expressed in myeloid and B cells. Expression of this factor in nonhematopoietic cells allowed IFN-gamma-induced expression of a reporter gene under control of the GRR and MATE sequences. The presence of these motifs in other gene promoters indicates that the binding of PU.1/Spi-1 and IFN regulatory proteins to their respective motifs could be part of a general mechanism leading to cell-type-restricted and IFN-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perez
- Unité 365 INSERM, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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46
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Cell-specific expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor gene is dependent on PU.1 and a composite AP-1/ets motif. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8007948 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.7.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I and II scavenger receptors (SRs) are highly restricted to cells of monocyte origin and become maximally expressed during the process of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. In this report, we present evidence that SR genomic sequences from -245 to +46 bp relative to the major transcriptional start site were sufficient to confer preferential expression of a reporter gene to cells of monocyte and macrophage origin. This profile of expression resulted from the combinatorial actions of multiple positive and negative regulatory elements. Positive transcriptional control was primarily determined by two elements, located 181 and 46 bp upstream of the major transcriptional start site. Transcriptional control via the -181 element was mediated by PU.1/Spi-1, a macrophage and B-cell-specific transcription factor that is a member of the ets domain gene family. Intriguingly, the -181 element represented a relatively low-affinity binding site for Spi-B, a closely related member of the ets domain family that has been shown to bind with relatively high affinity to other PU.1/Spi-1 binding sites. These observations support the idea that PU.1/Spi-1 and Spi-B regulate overlapping but nonidentical sets of genes. The -46 element represented a composite binding site for a distinct set of ets domain proteins that were preferentially expressed in monocyte and macrophage cell lines and that formed ternary complexes with members of the AP-1 gene family. In concert, these observations suggest a model for how interactions between cell-specific and more generally expressed transcription factors function to dictate the appropriate temporal and cell-specific patterns of SR expression during the process of macrophage differentiation.
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47
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Moulton KS, Semple K, Wu H, Glass CK. Cell-specific expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor gene is dependent on PU.1 and a composite AP-1/ets motif. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:4408-18. [PMID: 8007948 PMCID: PMC358812 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.7.4408-4418.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I and II scavenger receptors (SRs) are highly restricted to cells of monocyte origin and become maximally expressed during the process of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. In this report, we present evidence that SR genomic sequences from -245 to +46 bp relative to the major transcriptional start site were sufficient to confer preferential expression of a reporter gene to cells of monocyte and macrophage origin. This profile of expression resulted from the combinatorial actions of multiple positive and negative regulatory elements. Positive transcriptional control was primarily determined by two elements, located 181 and 46 bp upstream of the major transcriptional start site. Transcriptional control via the -181 element was mediated by PU.1/Spi-1, a macrophage and B-cell-specific transcription factor that is a member of the ets domain gene family. Intriguingly, the -181 element represented a relatively low-affinity binding site for Spi-B, a closely related member of the ets domain family that has been shown to bind with relatively high affinity to other PU.1/Spi-1 binding sites. These observations support the idea that PU.1/Spi-1 and Spi-B regulate overlapping but nonidentical sets of genes. The -46 element represented a composite binding site for a distinct set of ets domain proteins that were preferentially expressed in monocyte and macrophage cell lines and that formed ternary complexes with members of the AP-1 gene family. In concert, these observations suggest a model for how interactions between cell-specific and more generally expressed transcription factors function to dictate the appropriate temporal and cell-specific patterns of SR expression during the process of macrophage differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Substrate Specificity
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Moulton
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0656
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48
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ERP, a new member of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family: cloning, characterization, and differential expression during B-lymphocyte development. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 7909357 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ets gene family encodes a group of proteins which function as transcription factors under physiological conditions and, if aberrantly expressed, can cause cellular transformation. We have recently identified two regulatory elements in the murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer, pi and microB, which exhibit striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related proteins. To identify ets-related transcriptional regulators expressed in pre-B lymphocytes that may interact with either the pi or the microB site, we have used a PCR approach with degenerate oligonucleotides encoding conserved sequences in all members of the ets family. We have cloned the gene for a new ets-related transcription factor, ERP (ets-related protein), from the murine pre-B cell line BASC 6C2 and from mouse lung tissue. The ERP protein contains a region of high homology with the ETS DNA-binding domain common to all members of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family. Three additional smaller regions show homology to the ELK-1 and SAP-1 genes, a subgroup of the ets gene family that interacts with the serum response factor. Full-length ERP expresses only negligible DNA-binding activity by itself. Removal of the carboxy terminus enables ERP to interact with a variety of ets-binding sites including the E74 site, the IgH enhancer pi site, and the lck promoter ets site, suggesting a carboxy-terminal negative regulatory domain. At least three ERP-related transcripts are expressed in a variety of tissues. However, within the B-cell lineage, ERP is highly expressed primarily at early stages of B-lymphocyte development, and expression declines drastically upon B-cell maturation, correlating with the enhancer activity of the IgH pi site. These data suggest that ERP might play a role in B-cell development and in IgH gene regulation.
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49
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Lopez M, Oettgen P, Akbarali Y, Dendorfer U, Libermann TA. ERP, a new member of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family: cloning, characterization, and differential expression during B-lymphocyte development. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:3292-309. [PMID: 7909357 PMCID: PMC358696 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.3292-3309.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ets gene family encodes a group of proteins which function as transcription factors under physiological conditions and, if aberrantly expressed, can cause cellular transformation. We have recently identified two regulatory elements in the murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer, pi and microB, which exhibit striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related proteins. To identify ets-related transcriptional regulators expressed in pre-B lymphocytes that may interact with either the pi or the microB site, we have used a PCR approach with degenerate oligonucleotides encoding conserved sequences in all members of the ets family. We have cloned the gene for a new ets-related transcription factor, ERP (ets-related protein), from the murine pre-B cell line BASC 6C2 and from mouse lung tissue. The ERP protein contains a region of high homology with the ETS DNA-binding domain common to all members of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family. Three additional smaller regions show homology to the ELK-1 and SAP-1 genes, a subgroup of the ets gene family that interacts with the serum response factor. Full-length ERP expresses only negligible DNA-binding activity by itself. Removal of the carboxy terminus enables ERP to interact with a variety of ets-binding sites including the E74 site, the IgH enhancer pi site, and the lck promoter ets site, suggesting a carboxy-terminal negative regulatory domain. At least three ERP-related transcripts are expressed in a variety of tissues. However, within the B-cell lineage, ERP is highly expressed primarily at early stages of B-lymphocyte development, and expression declines drastically upon B-cell maturation, correlating with the enhancer activity of the IgH pi site. These data suggest that ERP might play a role in B-cell development and in IgH gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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50
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Abstract
To define the minimal promoter responsible for expression of CD18 in myeloid and lymphoid cells, we generated 5' and 3' deletion constructs of a segment extending 785 bp upstream and 19 bp downstream of a major transcription start site and determined their effects on driving expression of the luciferase reporter gene in transfected hematopoietic cell lines. A region extending from nucleotides (nt) -302 to +19 was sufficient for cell-restricted and phorbol ester-inducible expression. DNase I footprinting of this region revealed two adjacent protected segments extending from nt -81 to -68 (box A) and -55 to -41 (box B). When a construct of 47 nt in length containing box A and box B and lacking other 3' or 5' elements was cloned into a promoterless vector, it conferred tissue-specific and phorbol ester-inducible expression. Gel retardation revealed that the protein components of two major protein-DNA complexes that form on both box A and box B and are required for transcriptional activation are members of the Ets oncoprotein family; one is related to the GA-binding protein (GABP), and the other is related to PU.1/Spi-1. The minimal CD18 promoter, lacking TATA, CAAT, and initiator elements and consisting primarily of Ets repeats, may exemplify an emerging class of promoters with which the concerted binding of Ets factors is necessary and sufficient to mediate transcriptional activation through direct recruitment of the basal transcription machinery.
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