1
|
Shan DD, Zheng QX, Chen Z. Go-Ichi-Ni-San 2: A potential biomarker and therapeutic target in human cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1892-1902. [PMID: 36310704 PMCID: PMC9611433 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i10.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality are increasing globally, leading to its rising status as a leading cause of death. The Go-Ichi-Ni-San (GINS) complex plays a crucial role in DNA replication and the cell cycle. The GINS complex consists of four subunits encoded by the GINS1, GINS2, GINS3, and GINS4 genes. Recent findings have shown that GINS2 expression is upregulated in many diseases, particularly tumors. For example, increased GINS2 expression has been found in cervical cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It correlates with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors. In addition, high GINS2 expression plays a pro-carcinogenic role in tumor development by promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration, inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis, and blocking the cell cycle. This review describes the upregulation of GINS2 expression in most human tumors and the pathway of GINS2 in tumor development. GINS2 may serve as a new marker for tumor diagnosis and a new biological target for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiu-Xian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Si Y, Xu J, Meng L, Wu Y, Qi J. Role of STAT3 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its significance in anticancer therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1021179. [PMID: 36313702 PMCID: PMC9615247 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1021179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck tumor with noticeable regional and ethnic differences. It is associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and has a tendency for local and distant metastasis. NPC is also highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Over 70% of patients present with locoregionally advanced disease, and distant metastasis is the primary reason for treatment failure. A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promotes NPC oncogenesis through mechanisms within cancerous cells and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, which is critical in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of NPC. Further, p-STAT3 is strongly associated with advanced NPC. Recent research on STAT3 has focused on its expression at the center of various oncogenic pathways. Here, we discuss the role of STAT3 in NPC and its potential therapeutic inhibitors and analogs for the treatment and control of NPC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Turnbull IR, Fuchs A, Remy KE, Kelly MP, Frazier EP, Ghosh S, Chang SW, Mazer MB, Hess A, Leonard JM, Hoofnagle MH, Colonna M, Hotchkiss RS. Dysregulation of the leukocyte signaling landscape during acute COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264979. [PMID: 35421120 PMCID: PMC9009616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of more than 750,000 US citizens. Dysregulation of the immune system underlies the pathogenesis of COVID-19, with inflammation mediated tissue injury to the lung in the setting of suppressed systemic immune function. To define the molecular mechanisms of immune dysfunction in COVID-19 we utilized a systems immunology approach centered on the circulating leukocyte phosphoproteome measured by mass cytometry. We find that although COVID-19 is associated with wholesale activation of a broad set of signaling pathways across myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, STAT3 phosphorylation predominated in both monocytes and T cells. STAT3 phosphorylation was tightly correlated with circulating IL-6 levels and high levels of phospho-STAT3 was associated with decreased markers of myeloid cell maturation/activation and decreased ex-vivo T cell IFN-γ production, demonstrating that during COVID-19 dysregulated cellular activation is associated with suppression of immune effector cell function. Collectively, these data reconcile the systemic inflammatory response and functional immunosuppression induced by COVID-19 and suggest STAT3 signaling may be the central pathophysiologic mechanism driving immune dysfunction in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah R. Turnbull
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Remy
- Departments of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Kelly
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elfaridah P. Frazier
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shin-Wen Chang
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Monty B. Mazer
- Departments of Anesthesia, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Annie Hess
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Leonard
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Hoofnagle
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco Colonna
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- Departments of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou XY, Dai HY, Zhang H, Zhu JL, Hu H. Signal transducer and activator of transcription family is a prognostic marker associated with immune infiltration in endometrial cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24315. [PMID: 35244291 PMCID: PMC8993664 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) is a unique protein family that binds to DNA and plays a vital role in regulating major physiological cellular processes. Seven STAT genes have been identified in the human genome. Several studies suggest STAT family members to be involved in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. However, the predictive relationship between STAT family expression and immune cell infiltration in endometrial cancer remains unknown. METHODS We explored STAT family expression and prognosis in endometrial cancer using various databases. The STRING, GeneMANIA, and DAVID databases, along with GO and KEGG analyses, were used to construct a protein interaction network of related genes. Finally, the TIMER database and ssGSEA immune infiltration algorithm were used to investigate the correlation of STAT family expression with the immune infiltration level in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). RESULTS Our study showed that different STAT family members are differentially expressed in UCEC. STAT1 and STAT2 expression increased at various stages of UCEC, and STAT5A, STAT5B, and STAT6 levels were decreased. STAT3 and STAT4 expression was not significantly different between UCEC and normal tissues. High STAT1 expression may be a prognostic disadvantage of UCEC, and high STAT6 expression may improve UCEC patient prognosis. The STAT family-associated genes were significantly enriched in signal transduction, protein binding, DNA binding, and ATP binding upon GO analysis. Related genes in the KEGG analysis were mainly enriched in pathways in cancer, viral carcinogenesis, chemokine signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In terms of immune infiltration, STAT1 and STAT2 were positively correlated with B, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, and dendritic cells, and neutrophils (p < 0.05). All STAT family members were positively correlated with neutrophils and dendritic cells (p < 0.05). STAT1 and STAT2 showed similar correlations with all immune cell types, whereas STAT1 and STAT6 showed opposite correlations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the STAT family is a prognostic marker, and the immune infiltration level, a therapeutic target, for endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yan Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Min YQ, Li Y, Sun X, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Animal Model of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:797189. [PMID: 35087498 PMCID: PMC8787146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging life-threatening infectious disease caused by SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV; genus Bandavirus, family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales), has been a significant medical problem. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutic agents available and the viral pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Developing appropriate animal models capable of recapitulating SFTSV infection in humans is crucial for both the study of the viral pathogenic processes and the development of treatment and prevention strategies. Here, we review the current progress in animal models for SFTSV infection by summarizing susceptibility of various potential animal models to SFTSV challenge and the clinical manifestations and histopathological changes in these models. Together with exemplification of studies on SFTSV molecular mechanisms, vaccine candidates, and antiviral drugs, in which animal infection models are utilized, the strengths and limitations of the existing SFTSV animal models and some important directions for future research are also discussed. Further exploration and optimization of SFTSV animal models and the corresponding experimental methods will be undoubtedly valuable for elucidating the viral infection and pathogenesis and evaluating vaccines and antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pleiotropic, Unique and Shared Responses Elicited by IL-6 Family Cytokines in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031448. [PMID: 35163371 PMCID: PMC8836206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells express glycoprotein 130 (gp130), which is utilized as a signaling receptor by cytokines in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family. Several IL-6 family cytokines can be found in the circulatory system during physiological or pathological conditions, and may influence endothelial function and response. This study evaluated and compared the cellular and molecular responses induced by IL-6 family cytokines in human endothelial cells. A proteomic analysis showed that IL-6 family cytokines induce the release of a range of proteins from endothelial cells, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 23, hepatocyte growth factor, and IL-6. Pathway analysis indicated that gp130-signaling in endothelial cells regulates several functions related to angiogenesis and immune cell recruitment. The present investigation also disclosed differences and similarities between different IL-6 family cytokines in their ability to induce protein release and regulate gene expression and intracellular signaling, in regards to which oncostatin M showed the most pronounced effect. Further, this study showed that soluble gp130 preferentially blocks trans-signaling-induced responses, but does not affect responses induced by classic signaling. In conclusion, IL-6 family cytokines induce both specific and overlapping molecular responses in endothelial cells, and regulate genes and proteins involved in angiogenesis and immune cell recruitment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Turnbull IR, Fuchs A, Remy KE, Kelly MP, Frazier EP, Ghosh S, Chang SW, Mazer M, Hess A, Leonard J, Hoofnagle M, Colonna M, Hotchkiss RS. Dysregulation of the Leukocyte Signaling Landscape during Acute COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-244150. [PMID: 33619472 PMCID: PMC7899466 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-244150/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of more than 450,000 US citizens. Dysregulation of the immune system underlies the pathogenesis of COVID-19, with inflammation mediated local tissue injury to the lung in the setting of suppressed systemic immune function. To define the molecular mechanisms of immune dysfunction in COVID-19 we utilized a systems immunology approach centered on the circulating leukocyte phosphoproteome measured by mass cytometry. COVID-19 is associated with wholesale activation of a broad set of signaling pathways across myeloid and lymphoid cell populations. STAT3 phosphorylation predominated in both monocytes and T cells and was tightly correlated with circulating IL-6 levels. High levels of STAT3 phosphorylation was associated with decreased markers of myeloid cell maturation/activation and decreased ex-vivo T cell IFN-gamma production, demonstrating that during COVID-19 dysregulated cellular activation is associated with suppression of immune effector cell function. Collectively, these data reconcile the systemic inflammatory response and functional immunosuppression induced by COVID-19 and suggest STAT3 signaling may be the central pathophysiologic mechanism driving immune dysfunction in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah R. Turnbull
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Remy
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael P. Kelly
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elfaridah P. Frazier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shin-Wen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Monty Mazer
- Department of Anesthesia, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annie Hess
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Leonard
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu Y, Xu F, Shen H, Wu J. Chronic Candida infection, bronchiectasis, immunoglobulin abnormalities, and stunting: a case report of a natural mutation of STAT1 (c.986C>G) in an adolescent male. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:38. [PMID: 33413180 PMCID: PMC7792061 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is the most common clinical symptom of singer transducer and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function (GOF) mutations. Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease that is characterized by permanent bronchiectasis, causing cough, expectoration, and even haemoptysis. The underlying pathogeny is not yet clear. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A is derived from memory B cells and correlates with immune-related diseases. STAT1 is closely associated with signal transmission and immune regulation. Case presentation We report a 17-year-old male patient carrying a GOF mutation in STAT1. The variant led to CMC, bronchiectasis, and elevated serum IgA levels, as well as stunting. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a c.986C>G (p.P329R) heterozygous mutation in the STAT1 gene. Conclusion Further Sanger sequencing analysis of STAT1 in the patient and his parents showed that the patient harboured a de novo mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Liao S, Bennett S, Tang H, Song D, Wood D, Zhan X, Xu J. STAT3 and its targeting inhibitors in osteosarcoma. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12974. [PMID: 33382511 PMCID: PMC7848963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of seven STAT family members involved with the regulation of cellular growth, differentiation and survival. STAT proteins are conserved among eukaryotes and are important for biological functions of embryogenesis, immunity, haematopoiesis and cell migration. STAT3 is widely expressed and located in the cytoplasm in an inactive form. STAT3 is rapidly and transiently activated by tyrosine phosphorylation by a range of signalling pathways, including cytokines from the IL‐6 family and growth factors, such as EGF and PDGF. STAT3 activation and subsequent dimer formation initiates nuclear translocation of STAT3 for the regulation of target gene transcription. Four STAT3 isoforms have been identified, which have distinct biological functions. STAT3 is considered a proto‐oncogene and constitutive activation of STAT3 is implicated in the development of various cancers, including multiple myeloma, leukaemia and lymphomas. In this review, we focus on recent progress on STAT3 and osteosarcoma (OS). Notably, STAT3 is overexpressed and associated with the poor prognosis of OS. Constitutive activation of STAT3 in OS appears to upregulate the expression of target oncogenes, leading to OS cell transformation, proliferation, tumour formation, invasion, metastasis, immune evasion and drug resistance. Taken together, STAT3 is a target for cancer therapy, and STAT3 inhibitors represent potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shijie Liao
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Haijun Tang
- Department of Orthopedic, Guangxi hospital for nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dezhi Song
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - David Wood
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Spine and Osteopathic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu Z, Li Y, Du H, Ren J, Zheng X, Wei K, Liu J. Transcriptome analysis reveals modulation of the STAT family in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:891. [PMID: 33317444 PMCID: PMC7734901 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of serious viral enteric disease in suckling pigs. Such diseases cause considerable economic losses in the global swine industry. Enhancing our knowledge of PEDV-induced transcriptomic responses in host cells is imperative to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune response. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) after infection with a classical strain of PEDV to explore the host response. RESULTS In total, 854 genes were significantly differentially expressed after PEDV infection, including 716 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes. Functional annotation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the influenza A, TNF signaling, inflammatory response, cytokine receptor interaction, and other immune-related pathways. Next, the putative promoter regions of the 854 differentially expressed genes were examined for the presence of transcription factor binding sites using the MEME tool. As a result, 504 sequences (59.02%) were identified as possessing at least one binding site of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and five STAT transcription factors were significantly induced by PEDV infection. Furthermore, we revealed the regulatory network induced by STAT members in the process of PEDV infection. CONCLUSION Our transcriptomic analysis described the host genetic response to PEDV infection in detail in IPEC-J2 cells, and suggested that STAT transcription factors may serve as key regulators in the response to PEDV infection. These results further our understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiao Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Wei
- Shenzhen Kingsino Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
STAT3: Versatile Functions in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051107. [PMID: 32365499 PMCID: PMC7281271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) activation is frequently found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient samples/cell lines and STAT3 inhibition in NSCLC cell lines markedly impairs their survival. STAT3 also plays a pivotal role in driving tumor-promoting inflammation and evasion of anti-tumor immunity. Consequently, targeting STAT3 either directly or by inhibition of upstream regulators such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) or Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) is considered as a promising treatment strategy for the management of NSCLC. In contrast, some studies also report STAT3 being a tumor suppressor in a variety of solid malignancies, including lung cancer. Here, we provide a concise overview of STAT3‘s versatile roles in NSCLC and discuss the yins and yangs of STAT3 targeting therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Strainic MG, Pohlmann E, Valley CC, Sammeta A, Hussain W, Lidke DS, Medof ME. RTK signaling requires C3ar1/C5ar1 and IL-6R joint signaling to repress dominant PTEN, SOCS1/3 and PHLPP restraint. FASEB J 2019; 34:2105-2125. [PMID: 31908021 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900677r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
How receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) growth signaling is controlled physiologically is incompletely understood. We have previously provided evidence that the survival and mitotic activities of vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling are dependent on C3a/C5a receptor (C3ar1/C5ar1) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)-gp130 joint signaling in a physically interactive platform. Herein, we document that the platelet derived and epidermal growth factor receptors (PDGFR and EGFR) are regulated by the same interconnection and clarify the mechanism underlying the dependence. We show that the joint signaling is required to overcome dominant restraint on RTK function by the combined repression of tonically activated PHLPP, SOCS1/SOCS3, and CK2/Fyn dependent PTEN. Signaling studies showed that augmented PI-3Kɣ activation is the process that overcomes the multilevel growth restraint. Live-cell flow cytometry and single-particle tracking indicated that blockade of C3ar1/C5ar1 or IL-6R signaling suppresses RTK growth factor binding and RTK complex formation. C3ar1/C5ar1 blockade abrogated growth signaling of four additional RTKs. Active relief of dominant growth repression via joint C3ar1/C5ar1 and IL-6R joint signaling thus enables RTK mitotic/survival signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Strainic
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elliot Pohlmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher C Valley
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ajay Sammeta
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wasim Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - M Edward Medof
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hwang MS, Strainic MG, Pohlmann E, Kim H, Pluskota E, Ramirez-Bergeron DL, Plow EF, Medof ME. VEGFR2 survival and mitotic signaling depends on joint activation of associated C3ar1/C5ar1 and IL-6R-gp130. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.219352. [PMID: 30765465 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified vascular endothelial cell (EC) growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) auto-phosphorylates upon VEGF-A occupation in vitro, arguing that VEGR2 confers its mitotic and viability signaling in and of itself. Herein, we show that, in ECs, VEGFR2 function requires concurrent C3a/C5a receptor (C3ar1/C5ar1) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)-gp130 co-signaling. C3ar1/C5ar1 or IL-6R blockade totally abolished VEGFR2 auto-phosphorylation, downstream Src, ERK, AKT, mTOR and STAT3 activation, and EC cell cycle entry. VEGF-A augmented production of C3a/C5a/IL-6 and their receptors via a two-step p-Tyk2/p-STAT3 process. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses, confocal microscopy, ligand pulldown and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays all indicated that the four receptors are physically interactive. Angiogenesis in murine day 5 retinas and in adult tissues was accelerated when C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling was potentiated, but repressed when it was disabled. Thus, C3ar1/C5ar1 and IL-6R-gp130 joint activation is needed to enable physiological VEGFR2 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shih Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael G Strainic
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elliot Pohlmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Haesuk Kim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana L Ramirez-Bergeron
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute and University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - M Edward Medof
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
STAT3 is activated in multicellular spheroids of colon carcinoma cells and mediates expression of IRF9 and interferon stimulated genes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:536. [PMID: 30679726 PMCID: PMC6345781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures, such as multicellular spheroids (MCS), reflect the in vivo architecture of solid tumours and multicellular drug resistance. We previously identified interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) to be responsible for the up-regulation of a subset of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in MCS of colon carcinoma cells. This set of ISGs closely resembled a previously identified IFN-related DNA-damage resistance signature (IRDS) that was correlated to resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. In this study we found that transcription factor STAT3 is activated upstream of IRF9 and binds to the IRF9 promoter in MCS of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Transferring conditioned media (CM) from high cell density conditions to non-confluent cells resulted in STAT3 activation and increased expression of IRF9 and a panel of IRDS genes, also observed in MCS, suggesting the involvement of a soluble factor. Furthermore, we identified gp130/JAK signalling to be responsible for STAT3 activation, IRF9, and IRDS gene expression in MCS and by CM. Our data suggests a novel mechanism where STAT3 is activated in high cell density conditions resulting in increased expression of IRF9 and, in turn, IRDS genes, underlining a mechanism by which drug resistance is regulated.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mori R, Wauman J, Icardi L, Van der Heyden J, De Cauwer L, Peelman F, De Bosscher K, Tavernier J. TYK2-induced phosphorylation of Y640 suppresses STAT3 transcriptional activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15919. [PMID: 29162862 PMCID: PMC5698428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in homeostatic and host defense processes in the human body. It is activated by numerous cytokines and growth factors and generates a series of cellular effects. Of the STAT-mediated signal transduction pathways, STAT3 transcriptional control is best understood. Jak kinase dependent activation of STAT3 relies on Y705 phosphorylation triggering a conformational switch that is stabilized by intermolecular interactions between SH2 domains and the pY705 motif. We here show that a second tyrosine phosphorylation within the SH2 domain at position Y640, induced by Tyk2, negatively controls STAT3 activity. The Y640F mutation leads to stabilization of activated STAT3 homodimers, accelerated nuclear translocation and superior transcriptional activity following IL-6 and LIF stimulation. Moreover, it unlocks type I IFN-dependent STAT3 signalling in cells that are normally refractory to STAT3 transcriptional activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mori
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Wauman
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Icardi
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Università vita-salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina Milano, 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - José Van der Heyden
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lode De Cauwer
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Argenx BVBA Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Peelman
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kameyama H, Kudoh S, Hatakeyama J, Matuo A, Ito T. Significance of Stat3 Signaling in Epithelial Cell Differentiation of Fetal Mouse Lungs. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:1-9. [PMID: 28386145 PMCID: PMC5374098 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 in lung epithelial development of fetal mice, we examined fetal mouse lungs, focusing on the expression of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), Forkhead box protein J1 (Foxj1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), phosphorylated Stat3 (Tyr705), and hairy/enhancer of split (Hes) 1, and observed cultured fetal lungs upon treatment with IL-6, a Stat3 activator, or cucurbitacin I, a Stat3 inhibitor. Moreover, the interaction of Stat3 signaling and Hes1 was studied using Hes1 gene-deficient mice. Phosphorylated Stat3 was detected in fetal lungs and, immunohistochemically, phosphorylated Stat3 was found to be co-localized in developing Clara cells, but not in ciliated cells. In the organ culture studies, upon treatment with IL-6, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that CCSP mRNA increased with increasing Stat3 phosphorylation, while cucurbitacin I decreased Hes1, CCSP, Foxj1 and CGRP mRNAs with decreasing Stat3 phosphorylation. In the lungs of Hes1 gene-deficient mice, Stat3 phosphorylation was not markedly different from wild-type mice, the expression of CCSP and CGRP was enhanced, and the treatment of IL-6 or cucurbitacin I induced similar effects on mouse lung epithelial differentiation regardless of Hes1 expression status. Stat3 signaling acts in fetal mouse lung development, and seems to regulate Clara cell differentiation positively. Hes1 could regulate Clara cell differentiation in a manner independent from Stat3 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kameyama
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Division of Pathology, Kumamoto Health Science University
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
| | - Akira Matuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hillmer EJ, Zhang H, Li HS, Watowich SS. STAT3 signaling in immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:1-15. [PMID: 27185365 PMCID: PMC5050093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator STAT3 has key roles in vertebrate development and mature tissue function including control of inflammation and immunity. Mutations in human STAT3 associate with diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer. Strikingly, however, either hyperactivation or inactivation of STAT3 results in human disease, indicating tightly regulated STAT3 function is central to health. Here, we attempt to summarize information on the numerous and distinct biological actions of STAT3, and highlight recent discoveries, with a specific focus on STAT3 function in the immune and hematopoietic systems. Our goal is to spur investigation on mechanisms by which aberrant STAT3 function drives human disease and novel approaches that might be used to modulate disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hillmer
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paoletti I, De Gregorio V, Baroni A, Tufano MA, Donnarumma G, Perez JJ. Amygdalin analogues inhibit IFN-γ signalling and reduce the inflammatory response in human epidermal keratinocytes. Inflammation 2014; 36:1316-26. [PMID: 23933845 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peptide T (PT), an octapeptide fragment located in the V2 region of the HIV-1 gp120-coating protein, appears to be beneficial in the treatment of psoriasis. Our previous investigations suggest that keratinocytes play a key role in conditioning the therapeutic effects of PT in psoriasis. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of PT and the peptidomimetic natural products, Dhurrin and Prunasin, on the expression of the IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, HSP70 and ICAM-1 on IFN-γ and TNF-α-NHEK activated cells. Moreover, we analysed the interference of PT and its analogues through STAT-3 activation. Our results show that the analogues tested exhibit the beneficial biological effects of PT, suggesting the primary role of keratinocytes upon which PT and the peptidomimetics act directly, by reducing proinflammatory responses. Its reduction appears to be important for therapeutic approach in psoriasis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iole Paoletti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli, 16, 80100, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
González-Rodríguez Á, Reibert B, Amann T, Constien R, Rondinone CM, Valverde ÁM. In vivo siRNA delivery of Keap1 modulates death and survival signaling pathways and attenuates concanavalin-A-induced acute liver injury in mice. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1093-100. [PMID: 24997191 PMCID: PMC4142729 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the progression of acute liver failure (ALF). Transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) serves as an endogenous regulator by which cells combat oxidative stress. We have investigated liver damage and the balance between death and survival signaling pathways in concanavalin A (ConA)-mediated ALF using in vivo siRNA delivery targeting Keap1 in hepatocytes. For that goal, mice were injected with Keap1- or luciferase-siRNA-containing liposomes via the tail vein. After 48 hours, ALF was induced by ConA. Liver histology, pro-inflammatory mediators, antioxidant responses, cellular death, and stress and survival signaling were assessed. Keap1 mRNA and protein levels significantly decreased in livers of Keap1-siRNA-injected mice. In these animals, histological liver damage was less evident than in control mice when challenged with ConA. Likewise, markers of cellular death (FasL and caspases 8, 3 and 1) decreased at 4 and 8 hours post-injection. Nuclear Nrf2 and its target, hemoxygenase 1 (HO1), were elevated in Keap1-siRNA-injected mice compared with control animals, resulting in reduced oxidative stress in the liver. Similarly, mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced in livers from Keap1-siRNA-injected mice. At the molecular level, activation of c-jun (NH2) terminal kinase (JNK) was ameliorated, whereas the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) survival pathway was maintained upon ConA injection in Keap1-siRNA-treated mice. In conclusion, our results have revealed a potential therapeutic use of in vivo siRNA technology targeted to Keap1 to combat oxidative stress by modulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses and IGFIR survival signaling during the progression of ALF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ángela M Valverde
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu T, Fei Z, Gangavarapu KJ, Agbenowu S, Bhushan A, Lai JCK, Daniels CK, Cao S. Interleukin-6 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling mediate the reversion of dexamethasone resistance after dexamethasone withdrawal in 7TD1 multiple myeloma cells. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1322-8. [PMID: 23871159 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the establishment and characteristics of a DXM-resistant cell line (7TD1-DXM) generated from the IL6-dependent mouse B cell hybridoma, 7TD1 cell line. After withdrawing DXM from 7TD1-DXM cells over 90 days, DXM significantly inhibited the cell growth and induced apoptosis in the cells (7TD1-WD) compared with 7TD1-DXM cells. Additionally, IL-6 reversed while IL-6 antibody and AG490 enhanced the effects of growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by DXM in 7TD1-WD cells. Our study demonstrates that 7TD1-DXM cells become resensitized to DXM after DXM withdrawal, and IL-6 and JAK2/STAT3 pathways may regulate the phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuoen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We look back on the discoveries that the tyrosine kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and the transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 are required for the cellular response to type I interferons. This initial description of the JAK-STAT pathway led quickly to additional discoveries that type II interferons and many other cytokines signal through similar mechanisms. This well-understood pathway now serves as a paradigm showing how information from protein-protein contacts at the cell surface can be conveyed directly to genes in the nucleus. We also review recent work on the STAT proteins showing the importance of several different posttranslational modifications, including serine phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and sumoylation. These remarkably proficient proteins also provide noncanonical functions in transcriptional regulation and they also function in mitochondrial respiration and chromatin organization in ways that may not involve transcription at all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James E. Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahmad R, Rajabi H, Kosugi M, Joshi MD, Alam M, Vasir B, Kawano T, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. MUC1-C oncoprotein promotes STAT3 activation in an autoinductive regulatory loop. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra9. [PMID: 21325207 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is activated in human breast cancer and other malignancies. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric cell surface glycoprotein that is overexpressed in human carcinomas and, like STAT3, promotes cell survival and induces transformation. We found that in breast cancer cells, the MUC1 carboxyl-terminal receptor subunit (MUC1-C) associates with the gp130-Janus-activated kinase 1 (JAK1)-STAT3 complex. The MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain interacted directly with JAK1 and STAT3, and MUC1-C was necessary for JAK1-mediated STAT3 activation. In turn, MUC1-C and activated STAT3 occupied the promoter of MUC1, and MUC1-C contributed to STAT3-mediated activation of MUC1 transcription. The MUC1-C inhibitor GO-201 blocked the MUC1-C interaction with STAT3, thereby decreasing MUC1-C and STAT3 occupancy on the MUC1 and STAT3 promoters and activation of STAT3 target genes, including MUC1 itself. These findings indicate that MUC1-C promotes STAT3 activation and that MUC1-C and STAT3 function in an autoinductive loop that may play a role in cancer cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmad
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu S, Murph M, Panupinthu N, Mills GB. ATX-LPA receptor axis in inflammation and cancer. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:3695-701. [PMID: 19855166 PMCID: PMC4166520 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.22.9937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) mediates a plethora of physiological and pathological activities via interactions with a series of high affinity G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Both LPA receptor family members and autotaxin (ATX/LysoPLD), the primary LPA-producing enzyme, are aberrantly expressed in many human breast cancers and several other cancer lineages. Using transgenic mice expressing either an LPA receptor or ATX, we recently demonstrated that the ATX-LPA receptor axis plays a causal role in breast tumorigenesis and cancer-related inflammation, further validating the ATX-LPA receptor axis as a rich therapeutic target in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Mandi Murph
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA,Correspondence: Dr. Gordon B. Mills, Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA, , Tel (713) 563-4200, Fax (713) 563-4235
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peerani R, Onishi K, Mahdavi A, Kumacheva E, Zandstra PW. Manipulation of signaling thresholds in "engineered stem cell niches" identifies design criteria for pluripotent stem cell screens. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6438. [PMID: 19649273 PMCID: PMC2713412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, stem cell fate is regulated by local microenvironmental parameters. Governing parameters in this stem cell niche include soluble factors, extra-cellular matrix, and cell-cell interactions. The complexity of this in vivo niche limits analyses into how individual niche parameters regulate stem cell fate. Herein we use mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and micro-contact printing (microCP) to investigate how niche size controls endogenous signaling thresholds. microCP is used to restrict colony diameter, separation, and degree of clustering. We show, for the first time, spatial control over the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway (Jak-Stat). The functional consequences of this niche-size-dependent signaling control are confirmed by demonstrating that direct and indirect transcriptional targets of Stat3, including members of the Jak-Stat pathway and pluripotency-associated genes, are regulated by colony size. Modeling results and empirical observations demonstrate that colonies less than 100 microm in diameter are too small to maximize endogenous Stat3 activation and that colonies separated by more than 400 microm can be considered independent from each other. These results define parameter boundaries for the use of ESCs in screening studies, demonstrate the importance of context in stem cell responsiveness to exogenous cues, and suggest that niche size is an important parameter in stem cell fate control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raheem Peerani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kento Onishi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alborz Mahdavi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu S, Umezu-Goto M, Murph M, Lu Y, Liu W, Zhang F, Yu S, Stephens LC, Cui X, Murrow G, Coombes K, Muller W, Hung MC, Perou CM, Lee AV, Fang X, Mills GB. Expression of autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid receptors increases mammary tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastases. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:539-50. [PMID: 19477432 PMCID: PMC4157573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts through high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors to mediate a plethora of physiological and pathological activities associated with tumorigenesis. LPA receptors and autotaxin (ATX/LysoPLD), the primary enzyme producing LPA, are aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer lineages. However, the role of ATX and LPA receptors in the initiation and progression of breast cancer has not been evaluated. We demonstrate that expression of ATX or each edg family LPA receptor in mammary epithelium of transgenic mice is sufficient to induce a high frequency of late-onset, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, invasive, and metastatic mammary cancer. Thus, ATX and LPA receptors can contribute to the initiation and progression of breast cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multienzyme Complexes/genetics
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Phosphodiesterase I/genetics
- Phosphodiesterase I/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
- Pyrophosphatases/genetics
- Pyrophosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Makiko Umezu-Goto
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mandi Murph
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuangxing Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - L. Clifton Stephens
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - George Murrow
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin Coombes
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrian V. Lee
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: Dr. Gordon B. Mills, Department of Systems Biology, M D Anderson Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA, , Tel (713) 563-4200, Fax (713) 563-4235
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite efforts to find effective treatments, these tumors remain incurable. The failure of malignant gliomas to respond to conventional cancer therapies may reflect the unique biology of these tumors, underscoring the need for new approaches in their investigation. Recently, progress has been made in characterization of the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma using a developmental neurobiological perspective, by exploring the role of signaling pathways that control the differentiation of neural stem cells along the glial lineage. The transcription factor STAT3, which has an established function in neural stem cell and astrocyte development, has been found to play dual tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles in glial malignancy depending on the mutational profile of the tumor. These findings establish a novel developmental paradigm in the study of glioblastoma pathogenesis and provide the rationale for patient-tailored therapy in the treatment of this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria de la Iglesia
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sidharth V. Puram
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hosui A, Hennighausen L. Genomic dissection of the cytokine-controlled STAT5 signaling network in liver. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34:135-43. [PMID: 18460640 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) controls the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver, and its signals are conducted by two members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT5A and STAT5B. Mice in which the Stat5a/b locus has been inactivated specifically in hepatocytes display GH resistance, the sex-specific expression of genes associated with liver metabolism and the cytochrome P-450 system is lost, and they develop hepatosteatosis. Several groups have shown by global gene expression profiling that a cadre of STAT5A/B target genes identify genetic cascades induced by GH and other cytokines. Evidence is accumulating that in the absence of STAT5A/B GH aberrantly activates STAT1 and STAT3 and their downstream target genes and thereby offers a partial explanation of some of the physiological alterations observed in Stat5a/b-null mice and human patients. We hypothesize that phenotypic changes observed in the absence of STAT5A/B are due to two distinct molecular consequences: first, the failure of STAT5A/B target genes to be activated by GH and second, the rerouting of GH signaling to other members of the STAT family. Rerouting of GH signaling to STAT1 and STAT3 might partially compensate for the loss of STAT5A/B, but it certainly activates biological programs distinct from STAT5A/B. Here we discuss the extent to which studies on global gene expression profiling have fostered a better understanding of the biology behind cytokine-STAT5A/B networks in hepatocytes. We also explore whether this wealth of information on gene activity can be used to further understand the roles of cytokines in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hosui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0822, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhu Q, Jing N. Computational study on mechanism of G-quartet oligonucleotide T40214 selectively targeting Stat3. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:641-8. [PMID: 18034310 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mounting evidences have shown that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a critical target for cancer therapy. Recently, we developed a G-quartet oligonucleotide T40214 as a novel and potent Stat3 inhibitor. T40214 specifically inhibited DNA-binding activity of Stat3 and significantly suppressed the growth of many tumor xenografts in nude mice. To determine the mechanism of GQ-ODNs selectively targeting Stat3, we established a 3D model of complex T40214/p-Stat3 dimer based on experimental evidences. The binding site of T40214 within Stat3 dimer was determined by statistical docking analysis. The results indicated that T40214 strongly interacted within the region from residue E638 through E652 of Stat3 dimer. The binding model refined by Hex docking disclosed that T40214 binds to SH2 domain of Stat3 and forms H-bonds with residues Q643, Q644, N646, and N647, which are critical for the binding interaction. The 3D models also suggested that T40214 inhibits Stat3 activity through disrupting the binding interaction between Stat3 dimer and DNA duplex for transcription. Our computational studies provided a platform for future structure-based drug design of novel Stat3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, N1317.05, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao Q, Wolfgang MJ, Neschen S, Morino K, Horvath TL, Shulman GI, Fu XY. Disruption of neural signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 causes obesity, diabetes, infertility, and thermal dysregulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4661-6. [PMID: 15070774 PMCID: PMC384803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0303992101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 is widely expressed in the CNS during development and adulthood. STAT3 has been implicated in the control of neuron/glial differentiation and leptin-mediated energy homeostasis, but the physiological role and degree of involvement of STAT3 in these processes is not defined and controversial because of the lack of a direct genetic model. To address this, we created mice with a neural-specific disruption of STAT3 (STAT3(N-/-)). Surprisingly, homozygous mutants were born at the expected Mendelian ratio without apparent developmental abnormalities but susceptible to neonatal lethality. Mutants that survived the neonatal period were hyperphagic, obese, diabetic, and infertile. Administering a melanocortin-3/4 receptor agonist abrogated the hyperphagia and hypothalamic immunohistochemistry showed a marked reduction in proopiomelanocortin with an increase in neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Mutants had reduced energy expenditure and became hypothermic after fasting or cold stress. STAT3(N-/-) mice are hyperleptinemic, suggesting a leptin-resistant condition. Concomitant with neuroendocrine defects such as decreased linear growth and infertility with accompanying increased corticosterone levels, this CNS knockout recapitulates the unique phenotype of db/db and ob/ob obese models and distinguishes them from other genetic models of obesity. Thus, STAT3 in the CNS plays essential roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Whalen R, Voss SH, Boyer TD. Decreased expression levels of rat liver glutathione S-transferase A2 and albumin during the acute phase response are mediated by HNF1 (hepatic nuclear factor 1) and IL6DEX-NP. Biochem J 2004; 377:763-8. [PMID: 14561216 PMCID: PMC1223894 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response is characterized by positive and negative regulation of many liver proteins including GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) and albumin. The expression of albumin and some GSTs are dependent on HNF1 (hepatic nuclear factor 1). Interleukin 6 plus dexamethasone induce a nuclear protein (IL6DEX-NP) in rat hepatocytes in vitro that binds to a promoter element adjacent to the HNF1 site of rGSTA2 and decreases its expression. We determined how HNF1 and IL6DEX-NP regulate rGSTA2 and albumin expression in rats during the acute phase response after LPS (lipopolysaccharide) treatment. Expression of rGSTA2 and albumin mRNA decreased 3 h after LPS treatment and remained low for 48 h. Transcription rates showed a similar pattern but albumin transcription was less affected. HNF1 and IL6DEX-NP binding to the rGSTA2 promoter was present in control livers but was absent at 3 and 6 h after LPS. By 12 h, HNF1 and IL6DEX-NP binding to the rGSTA2 promoter reappeared and increased to above normal at 48 h. The patterns of HNF1 and IL6DEX-NP binding to the albumin promoter were similar. Affinity of IL6DEX-NP for the albumin promoter was less than that for the rGSTA2 promoter and changes in the transcription rates were consistent with the difference. Early decreases in rGSTA2 and albumin during the acute phase response are due to decreased binding of HNF1. Later persistent decreases in transcriptional rate of rGSTA2 and to a lesser extent albumin are due to increased IL6DEX-NP binding. IL6DEX-NP appears to be an important negative regulator of gene expression in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whalen
- Liver Research Institute, University of Arizona School of Medicine, AHSC 245136, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724-5136, U.S.A.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nakayama K, Kim KW, Miyajima A. A novel nuclear zinc finger protein EZI enhances nuclear retention and transactivation of STAT3. EMBO J 2002; 21:6174-84. [PMID: 12426389 PMCID: PMC137188 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cDNA EZI isolated as an oncostatin M- inducible gene encoded a protein containing 12 C2H2-type zinc fingers. EZI was found to transactivate the promoters that are also responsive to STAT3 and activated the acute phase response element (APRE) synergistically with STAT3. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated the association of EZI with STAT3, which was mediated by the N-terminal region (1-183) of EZI. The EZI mutant lacking this region showed reduced transcriptional activity, indicating that EZI and STAT3 function cooperatively through physical interaction. While EZI predominantly localized in the nucleus and enhanced the nuclear localization of STAT3, the EZI mutant lacking 11 zinc finger motifs failed to translocate into the nucleus and also inhibited nuclear localization of STAT3 as well as STAT3-mediated transactivation. These results indicate that EZI is a novel nuclear zinc finger protein that augments STAT3 activity by keeping it in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Corresponding author e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Morgan K, Marsters P, Morley S, van Gent D, Hejazi A, Backx M, Thorpe ERK, Kalsheker N. Oncostatin M induced alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) gene expression in Hep G2 cells is mediated by a 3' enhancer. Biochem J 2002; 365:555-60. [PMID: 11936950 PMCID: PMC1222683 DOI: 10.1042/bj20011312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Revised: 03/05/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Antitrypsin (AAT) is the major serine proteinase inhibitor (SERPIN A1) in human plasma. Its target proteinase is neutrophil elastase and its main physiological function is protection of the lower respiratory tract from the destructive effects of neutrophil elastase during an inflammatory response. Circulating levels of AAT rise 2-3-fold during inflammation and the liver produces most of this increase. The cytokines oncostatin M (OSM) and interleukin-6 have been shown to be mainly responsible for this effect, which is mediated via the interaction of cytokine-inducible transcription factors with regulatory elements within the gene. In the present study, we report for the first time that OSM stimulation of hepatocyte AAT occurs via an interaction between the hepatocyte promoter and an OSM-responsive element at the 3'-end of the AAT gene. This effect is mediated by the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ('STAT 3') binding to an OSM-responsive element (sequence TTCTCTTAA), and this site is distinct from, but close to, a previously reported interleukin-6-responsive element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morgan
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Voss SH, Whalen R, Boyer TD. Mechanism of negative regulation of rat glutathione S-transferase A2 by the cytokine interleukin 6. Biochem J 2002; 365:229-37. [PMID: 11939905 PMCID: PMC1222648 DOI: 10.1042/bj20011514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2001] [Revised: 03/26/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in concentration of some liver proteins, including the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase A2 (rGSTA2), occurs during the acute-phase response. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) with dexamethasone (DEX) decreases transcription of rGSTA2 in rat hepatocytes. The promoter region that mediates suppression of rGSTA2 was localized to 150 bp. These 150 bp were divided and used for electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. Induction of a protein that specifically bound to an oligonucleotide from this region required new protein synthesis and IL-6 with DEX in the culture media. The protein bound to part of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) site but was different from and did not displace HNF1. A core sequence, TGATT, was required for binding. The protein also bound to an HNF1 site in the albumin promoter. We hypothesize that IL-6 along with DEX induced a novel protein that decreased transcription of rGSTA2 and possibly albumin by interfering with the transactivating function of HNF1. The protein may be an important negative regulator of transcription during the acute-phase response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Voss
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
En-Nia A, Reisdorff J, Stefanidis I, Floege J, Heinrich PC, Mertens PR. Mesangial cell gelatinase A synthesis is attenuated by oscillating hyperbaric pressure. Biochem J 2002; 362:693-700. [PMID: 11879197 PMCID: PMC1222434 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular hypertension has been established as a major factor contributing to glomerular scarring. Underlying cellular mechanisms leading to matrix accumulation are largely unknown. The isolated effect of oscillating hyperbaric pressure [OP; P(max) 50 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), P(mean) 24 mmHg, with a fixed oscillation of 60/min] on matrix-degrading protease secretion by rat mesangial cells (MCs) was analysed using a pressure chamber model described previously [Mertens, Espenkott, Venjakob, Heintz, Handt and Sieberth (1998) Hypertension 32, 945-952]. MCs were grown under atmospheric pressure (AP) or a controlled OP, and protease synthesis and gene transcription were analysed. A distinct biphasic cellular response to OP with stimulated gelatinase A protein expression and enzyme activity during the initial 24 h, and subsequent inhibition, was apparent, as shown by gelatin zymography. Gelatinase B activity remained unchanged. The abundance of gelatinase A transcripts, determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR, indicated a concordant regulation of gene transcription. To elucidate underlying regulatory events, reporter constructs were transfected. In these experiments, a recently identified response element, RE-1, conferred a significant stimulatory effect within the initial 4 h of OP. Nuclear protein/RE-1 binding studies revealed additional complexes from 5 min up to 3 h after OP exposure, with intensities dependent on P(max). STAT3 was identified as a component of these novel complexes. Down-regulation of cis-activity after 48 h of OP exposure was not transferred via the proximal 1686 bp of the gelatinase A regulatory sequence. In conclusion, hyperbaric OP elicits time-dependent changes in rat MC gelatinase A gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz En-Nia
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Medical Clinic II, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Waris G, Siddiqui A. Interaction between STAT-3 and HNF-3 leads to the activation of liver-specific hepatitis B virus enhancer 1 function. J Virol 2002; 76:2721-9. [PMID: 11861839 PMCID: PMC135980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.6.2721-2729.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), a member of the STAT family of proteins, binds to a large number of transcriptional control elements and regulates gene expression in response to cytokines. While it binds to its cognate nucleotide sequences, it has been recently shown to directly interact with other transcriptional factors in the absence of DNA. We report here one such novel interaction between STAT-3 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3) in the absence of DNA. We have identified a STAT-3 binding site within the core domain of hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer 1. The HBV enhancer 1 DNA-STAT-3 protein interaction is shown to be stimulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and epidermal growth factor, which leads to an overall stimulation of HBV enhancer 1 function and viral gene expression. Using mobility shift assays and transient transfection schemes, we demonstrate a cooperative interaction between HNF-3 and STAT-3 in mediating the cytokine-mediated HBV enhancer function. Cytokine stimulation of HBV gene expression represents an important regulatory scheme of direct relevance to liver disease pathogenesis associated with HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Waris
- Department of Microbiology and Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dumoutier L, Van Roost E, Colau D, Renauld JC. Human interleukin-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor: molecular cloning and functional characterization as an hepatocyte-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10144-9. [PMID: 10954742 PMCID: PMC27764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.170291697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2000] [Accepted: 06/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF or IL-21) is a new cytokine structurally related to IL-10 and originally identified in the mouse as a gene induced by IL-9 in T cells and mast cells. Here, we report the cloning of the human IL-TIF cDNA, which shares 79% amino acid identity with mouse IL-TIF and 25% identity with human IL-10. Recombinant human IL-TIF was found to activate signal transducer and activator of transcription factors-1 and -3 in several hepatoma cell lines. IL-TIF stimulation of HepG2 human hepatoma cells up-regulated the production of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and haptoglobin. Although IL-10 and IL-TIF have distinct activities, antibodies directed against the beta chain of the IL-10 receptor blocked the induction of acute phase reactants by IL-TIF, indicating that this chain is a common component of the IL-10 and IL-TIF receptors. Similar acute phase reactant induction was observed in mouse liver upon IL-TIF injection, and IL-TIF expression was found to be rapidly increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, suggesting that this cytokine contributes to the inflammatory response in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and the Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, B1200-Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grigorov I, Lazić T, Cvetković I, Milosavljević T, Petrović M. STAT3 involvement in the acute phase-related expression of the rat haptoglobin gene. Mol Biol Rep 2000; 27:81-6. [PMID: 11092554 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007177605135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Turpentine-induced acute-phase (AP) response in rats is followed by transcriptional activation of the haptoglobin (Hp) gene in liver. Analysing the promoter sequence of the rat Hp gene we postulated an involvement of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) in the regulation of this process. Results obtained by using a combination of Western immunoblot and DNA-binding assays revealed AP-induced binding of constitutive 86kD-and inducible 91kD-STAT3 isoforms to the rat Hp gene inducible promoter element. On the basis of these data we assumed that AP-related interactions of these two STAT3 isoforms correlates with an activated transcriptional status of the rat Hp gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Grigorov
- Institute for Biological Research, Department for Molecular Biology, Belgrade, Yugoslav Federal Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stoiber D, Kovarik P, Cohney S, Johnston JA, Steinlein P, Decker T. Lipopolysaccharide Induces in Macrophages the Synthesis of the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 and Suppresses Signal Transduction in Response to the Activating Factor IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate how bacterial LPS affects macrophage responsiveness to the activating factor IFN-γ. Pretreatment of macrophages with LPS for <2 h increased the transcriptional response to IFN-γ. In contrast, simultaneous stimulation with IFN-γ and LPS, or pretreatment with LPS for >4 h, suppressed Stat1 tyrosine 701 phosphorylation, dimerization, and transcriptional activity in response to IFN-γ. Consistently, the induction of MHCII protein by IFN-γ was antagonized by LPS pretreatment. Neutralizing Abs to IL-10 were without effect on LPS-mediated suppression of Stat1 activation. Decreased IFN-γ signal transduction after LPS treatment corresponded to a direct induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling3 (SOCS3) mRNA and protein. Under the same conditions socs1, socs2, and cis genes were not transcribed. In transfection assays, SOCS3 was found to suppress the transcriptional response of macrophages to IFN-γ. A causal link of decreased IFN-γ signaling to SOCS3 induction was also suggested by the LPS-dependent reduction of IFN-γ-mediated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) activation. Further consistent with inhibitory activity of SOCS3, LPS also inhibited the JAK2-dependent activation of Stat5 by GM-CSF. Our results thus link the deactivating effect of chronic LPS exposure on macrophages with its ability to induce SOCS3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Solomon Cohney
- ‡DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304
- Institutes of
| | | | - Peter Steinlein
- †Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria; and
- Institutes of
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Müller-Newen G, Küster A, Hemmann U, Keul R, Horsten U, Martens A, Graeve L, Wijdenes J, Heinrich PC. Soluble IL-6 Receptor Potentiates the Antagonistic Activity of Soluble gp130 on IL-6 Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Soluble receptors for several cytokines have been detected in body fluids and are believed to modulate the cytokine response by binding the ligand and thereby reducing its bioavailability. In the case of IL-6, the situation is more complex. The receptor consists of two components, including a ligand-binding α-subunit (IL-6R, gp80, or CD126), which in its soluble (s) form (sIL-6R) acts agonistically by making the ligand accessible to the second subunit, the signal transducer gp130 (CD130). Soluble forms of both receptor subunits are present in human blood. Gel filtration of iodinated IL-6 that had been incubated with human serum revealed that IL-6 is partially trapped in IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 ternary complexes. sgp130 from human plasma was enriched by immunoaffinity chromatography and identified as a 100-kDa protein. Functionally equivalent rsgp130 was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells to study its antagonistic potential on four different cell types. It was found that in situations in which cells lacking membrane-bound IL-6R were stimulated with IL-6/sIL-6R complexes, sgp130 was a much more potent antagonist than it was on IL-6R-positive cells stimulated with IL-6 alone. In the latter case, the neutralizing activity of sgp130 could be markedly enhanced by addition of sIL-6R. As a consequence of these findings, sIL-6R of human plasma must be regarded as an antagonistic molecule that enhances the inhibitory activity of sgp130. Furthermore, in combination with sIL-6R, sgp130 is a promising candidate for the development of IL-6 antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Müller-Newen
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Andrea Küster
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Ulrike Hemmann
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Radovan Keul
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Ursula Horsten
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Astrid Martens
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Lutz Graeve
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | | | - Peter C. Heinrich
- *Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dahmen H, Horsten U, Küster A, Jacques Y, Minvielle S, Kerr IM, Ciliberto G, Paonessa G, Heinrich PC, Müller-Newen G. Activation of the signal transducer gp130 by interleukin-11 and interleukin-6 is mediated by similar molecular interactions. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 3):695-702. [PMID: 9560294 PMCID: PMC1219407 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane glycoprotein gp130 is involved in many cytokine-mediated cellular responses and acts therein as the signal transducing receptor subunit. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11), in complex with their specific alpha-receptors, homodimerize gp130 and, as a consequence, activate the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathway in their target cells. So far, it is not clear whether gp130 is bound to these cytokines and their specific alpha-receptor subunits through identical or different epitopes. In order to study the interaction of IL-11 and IL-11R with human gp130 the soluble form of the recently cloned human IL-11R was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. By a coprecipitation binding-assay it is demonstrated that IL-11 and IL-6 compete for binding to gp130. Using deletion and point mutants of gp130 it is shown that IL-11-IL-11R and IL-6-IL-6R recognize overlapping binding motifs on gp130. Moreover, using well-established Jak-deficient cell lines we demonstrate that STAT activation by IL-11 requires Jak1. Taken together, our data support the concept that IL-6 and IL-11 activate gp130 by very similar molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dahmen
- Institut für Biochemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thiel S, Behrmann I, Dittrich E, Muys L, Tavernier J, Wijdenes J, Heinrich PC, Graeve L. Internalization of the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130 does not require activation of the Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J 1998; 330 ( Pt 1):47-54. [PMID: 9461489 PMCID: PMC1219106 DOI: 10.1042/bj3300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signalling receptors often undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis. In many cases this internalization is stimulated by ligand binding and activation of intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinases, resulting in a receptor down-regulation. We have analysed whether internalization of the interleukin 6 signal transducer gp130 is dependent on the activation of receptor-associated Jak kinases. By using a chimaeric receptor system we found that receptor mutants that lack box1 and therefore are not capable of activating Jak and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are still endocytosed efficiently. A chimaeric receptor with the recently identified dileucine internalization motif being replaced by two alanine residues was not efficiently internalized but still capable of recruiting STATs. Furthermore an antagonistic antibody that inhibits the signalling of all interleukin-6-type cytokines via gp130 was internalized as efficiently as an agonistic one that activates the Jak/STAT pathway. Our findings suggest that the endocytosis of gp130 is signal-independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Thiel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sasse J, Hemmann U, Schwartz C, Schniertshauer U, Heesel B, Landgraf C, Schneider-Mergener J, Heinrich PC, Horn F. Mutational analysis of acute-phase response factor/Stat3 activation and dimerization. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4677-86. [PMID: 9234724 PMCID: PMC232320 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.8.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and transcription (STAT) factors are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to a variety of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Tyrosine phosphorylation triggers dimerization and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. In this study, the functional role of carboxy-terminal portions of the STAT family member acute-phase response factor/Stat3 in activation, dimerization, and transactivating potential was analyzed. We demonstrate that truncation of 55 carboxy-terminal amino acids causes constitutive activation of Stat3 in COS-7 cells, as is known for the Stat3 isoform Stat3beta. By the use of deletion and point mutants, it is shown that both carboxy- and amino-terminal portions of Stat3 are involved in this phenomenon. Dimerization of Stat3 was blocked by point mutations affecting residues both in the vicinity of the tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y705) and more distant from this site, suggesting that multiple interactions are involved in dimer formation. Furthermore, by reporter gene assays we demonstrate that carboxy-terminally truncated Stat3 proteins are incapable of transactivating an interleukin-6-responsive promoter in COS-7 cells. In HepG2 hepatoma cells, however, these truncated Stat3 forms transmit signals from the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130 equally well as does full-length Stat3. We conclude that, dependent on the cell type, different mechanisms allow Stat3 to regulate target gene transcription either with or without involvement of its putative carboxy-terminal transactivation domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sasse
- Institute of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Faris M, Kokot N, Stahl N, Nel AE. Involvement of Stat3 in interleukin-6-induced IgM production in a human B-cell line. Immunology 1997; 90:350-7. [PMID: 9155640 PMCID: PMC1456618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1997.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important B-cell growth and differentiation factor. IL-6 treatment of the human lymphoblastoid cell line, SKW6.4, leads to increased IgM production. We have previously shown that IL-6 induces activation of JAK1 and JAK2 in human B cell lines. A chimeric IL-6 receptor, comprised of the intracellular tail of the IL-6 receptor subunit gp130 fused to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, was stably transfected into SKW6.4 cells. EGF treatment induced IgM production in cells transfected with an intact gp130 cytoplasmic tail, but not in untransfected cells or cells transfected with a cytoplasmic tail lacking all four signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) binding sites. Moreover, EGF treatment induced Stat3 phosphorylation in cells transfected with the intact chimeric EGF-gp130 receptor along with induction of DNA-mobility shift of a classical interferon-gamma-activated site. To define further the relation between Stat3 activation and enhanced IgM production, we determined the effect of chimeric gp130 on the transcriptional activation of a genetic element linked to immunoglobulin production, namely the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer (IgH-enhancer). Parental as well as transfected SKW6.4 cells were transiently transfected with an IgH-enhancer-luciferase construct. The transcriptional activity of the IgH-luciferase construct was induced upon ligation of the full-length chimeric receptor but not by truncated gp130 receptors. Moreover, the gp130-induced activity of this reporter gene was abrogated by Stat3EE, a mutant Stat3 incapable of binding DNA. These results indicate that IL-6-induced B-cell differentiation, as measured by IgM production, may be controlled by Stat3 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Faris
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Stephanou A, Amin V, Isenberg DA, Akira S, Kishimoto T, Latchman DS. Interleukin 6 activates heat-shock protein 90 beta gene expression. Biochem J 1997; 321 ( Pt 1):103-6. [PMID: 9003407 PMCID: PMC1218042 DOI: 10.1042/bj3210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The levels of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the heat-shock protein hsp90 have both been reported to be elevated in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We show that hsp90 protein accumulates to increased levels in both HuH7 hepatoma cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with IL-6. In PBMCs this effect occurs without induction of the other hsps, paralleling the specific elevation of hsp90 in SLE. IL-6 is able to activate the hsp90 gene promoter directly; this activation can also be achieved by overexpressing either of the transcription factors NF-IL-6 or NF-IL-6 beta whose synthesis is induced by IL-6 treatment. Hence the induction of hsp90 protein accumulation by IL-6 is likely to be dependent on the enhanced activity of the hsp90 beta gene promoter produced by increased levels of NF-IL-6 and/or NF-IL-6 beta. These effects are discussed in terms of the role of hsp90 in the normal immune system and the mechanism of its activation in patients with SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Stephanou
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University College London Medical School, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mellitzer G, Wessely O, Decker T, Meinke A, Hayman MJ, Beug H. Activation of Stat 5b in erythroid progenitors correlates with the ability of ErbB to induce sustained cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:9600-5. [PMID: 8790376 PMCID: PMC38474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Self renewal of normal erythroid progenitors is induced by the receptor tyrosine kinase c-ErbB, whereas other receptors (c-Kit/Epo-R) regulate erythroid differentiation. To address possible mechanisms that could explain this selective activity of c-ErbB, we analyzed the ability of these receptors to activate the different members of the Stat transcription factor family. Ligand activation of c-ErbB induced the tyrosine phosphorylation, DNA-binding, and reporter gene transcription of Stat 5b in erythroblasts. In contrast, ligand activation of c-Kit was unable to induce any of these effects in the same cells. Activation of the erythropoietin receptor caused specific DNA-binding of Stat 5b, but failed to induce reporter gene transcription. These biochemical findings correlate perfectly with the selective ability of c-ErbB to cause sustained self renewal in erythroid progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mellitzer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yao L, Pan J, Setiadi H, Patel KD, McEver RP. Interleukin 4 or oncostatin M induces a prolonged increase in P-selectin mRNA and protein in human endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1996; 184:81-92. [PMID: 8691152 PMCID: PMC2192668 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During acute inflammation, P-selectin is transiently mobilized from Weibel-Palade bodies to the surface of histamine-activated endothelial cells, where it mediates rolling adhesion of neutrophils under hydrodynamic flow. During chronic or allergic inflammation, sustained expression of P-selectin on the endothelial cell surface has been observed. We found that the cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) or oncostatin M (OSM) induced a five- to ninefold increase in P-selectin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that persisted as long as 72 h. IL-4 elevated P-selectin mRNA by increasing its transcription rate rather than by prolonging its already long half-life. Stimulation of P-selectin transcription by IL-4 or OSM required new protein synthesis and tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1 beta, lipopolysaccharide, or IL-3 did not increase P-selectin mRNA in HUVEC, and did not augment the IL-4-induced increase in P-selectin transcripts. IL-4 or OSM increased P-selectin protein on the cell surface as well as in Weibel-Palade bodies. Under flow conditions, neutrophils rolled on P-selectin expressed by IL-4-treated HUVEC, and even more neutrophils rolled on P-selectin after IL-4-treated HUVEC were stimulated with histamine. These data demonstrate that IL-4 or OSM stimulates endothelial cells to synthesize more P-selectin over prolonged periods. The increased expression of P-selectin may facilitate the emigration of leukocytes into sites of chronic or allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Yao
- W.K. Warren Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schumann RR, Kirschning CJ, Unbehaun A, Aberle HP, Knope HP, Lamping N, Ulevitch RJ, Herrmann F. The lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is a secretory class 1 acute-phase protein whose gene is transcriptionally activated by APRF/STAT/3 and other cytokine-inducible nuclear proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:3490-503. [PMID: 8668165 PMCID: PMC231344 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.7.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-phase reactants (APRs) are proteins synthesized in the liver following induction by interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and glucocorticoids, involving transcriptional gene activation. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) is a recently identified hepatic secretory protein potentially involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis, capable of binding the bacterial cell wall product endotoxin and directing it to its cellular receptor, CD14. In order to examine the transcriptional induction mechanisms by which the LBP gene is activated, we have investigated the regulation of expression of its mRNA in vitro and in vivo as well as the organization of 5' upstream regulatory DNA sequences. We show that induction of LBP expression is transcriptionally regulated and is dependent on stimulation with IL-1beta, IL-6, and dexamethasone. By definition, LBP thus has to be viewed as a class 1 acute-phase protein and represents the first APR identified which is capable of detecting pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, cloning of the LBP promoter revealed the presence of regulatory elements, including the common APR promoter motif APRE/STAT-3 (acute-phase response element/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). Luciferase reporter gene assays utilizing LBP promoter truncation and point mutation variants indicated that transcriptional activation of the LBP gene required a functional APRE/STAT-3 binding site downstream of the transcription start site, as well as an AP-1 and a C/EBP (CCAAT enhancer-binding protein) binding site. Gel retardation and supershift assays confirmed that upon cytokine stimulation APRF/STAT-3 binds to its recognition site, leading to strong activation of the LBP gene. Unraveling of the mechanism of transcriptional activation of the LBP gene, involving three known transcription factors, may contribute to our understanding of the acute-phase response and the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Schumann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Harroch S, Gothelf Y, Revel M, Chebath J. 5' upstream sequences of MyD88, an IL-6 primary response gene in M1 cells: detection of functional IRF-1 and Stat factors binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:3539-46. [PMID: 7567467 PMCID: PMC307235 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.17.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory elements have been analyzed in upstream sequences of an Interleukin-6 (Il-6) primary response gene, MyD88. MyD88 2.3 kb mRNA is strongly and persistently induced in the course of myeloleukemic M1 cells differentiation with Il-6. MyD88 cDNA sequences were found in a region of 12 kb of mouse genomic DNA. Using Il-6 treated M1 cell RNAs, two transcription start sites have been localized, approximately 100 bp upstream from the 5' end of the cloned cDNA. We sequenced 1.4 kb of 5' genomic DNA including the first exon. In 5' of mRNA transcription start site, MyD88 nucleotidic sequence is 85% identical to 5' complementary sequences of the rat 3'-ketoacetyl CoA thiolase gene, over 1.2 kb. A DNA element conferring Il-6-inducible transcription to reporter genes, and localized 30 bp upstream of MyD88 first RNA start site, contains overlapping binding sites for cytokine activated transcription factors Stat and for the Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 and -2 (IRF-1 and IRF-2). In vitro binding assays showed that attachment of Stat factors to this element early in Il-6 treatment requires tyrosine kinase activation. IRF1, an activator of transcription, is also induced to bind to this sequence at later times. A model of persistent activation of MyD88 gene through these two types of factors is proposed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes
- Genes, Immediate-Early
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-2
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Repressor Proteins
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Harroch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stein B, Yang MX. Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:4971-9. [PMID: 7651415 PMCID: PMC230744 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.9.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is regulated by a balance between bone resorption caused by osteoclasts and bone formation caused by osteoblasts. This balance is disturbed in postmenopausal women as a result of lower serum estrogen levels. Estrogen, which is used in hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis, downregulates expression of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-6 is directly involved in bone resorption by activating immature osteoclasts. We show here that NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta are important regulators of IL-6 gene expression in human osteoblasts. Importantly, the IL-6 promoter is inhibited by estrogen in the absence of a functional estrogen receptor (ER) binding site. This inhibition is mediated by the transcription factors NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta. Evidence is presented for a direct interaction between these two factors and ER. We characterized the protein sequence requirements for this association in vitro and in vivo. The physical and functional interaction depends in part on the DNA binding domain and region D of ER and on the Rel homology domain of NF-kappa B and the bZIP region of C/EBP beta. The cross-coupling between ER, NF-kappa B, and C/EBP beta also results in reduced activity of promoters with ER binding sites. We further show that the mechanism of IL-6 gene repression by estrogen is clearly different from that of activation of promoters with ER binding sites. Therefore, drugs that separate the transactivation and transrepression functions of ER will be very helpful for treatment of osteoporosis without causing undesirable side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Stein
- Signal Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lamb P, Seidel HM, Haslam J, Milocco L, Kessler LV, Stein RB, Rosen J. STAT protein complexes activated by interferon-gamma and gp130 signaling molecules differ in their sequence preferences and transcriptional induction properties. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:3283-9. [PMID: 7667105 PMCID: PMC307189 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.16.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of members of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of latent transcription factors is an early event following the binding of many cytokines to their cognate receptors. Although the patterns of STATs activated by different cytokines are well described, the consequences of differential STAT activation are less well studied. We show by mutational analysis that STAT binding elements (SBEs) exist that discriminate between STAT complexes containing STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both, and that these elements show altered cytokine responsiveness. We also show that in the context of a minimal promoter, single and multiple SBEs exhibit strikingly different patterns of transcriptional activation in response to IFN-gamma, IL-6, OSM or LIF. These differences in transcriptional activation are correlated with the differential ability of these cytokines to activate STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both. Our results show that the pattern of STATs activated by a cytokine and the arrangement and sequence of the SBEs in the responding promoter have a profound effect on the ability of the cytokine to elicit a transcriptional response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lamb
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|