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Xu H, Miao XM, Wang WB, Wang G, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the early resistance of zebrafish larvae to oxidative stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1075-1089. [PMID: 35838812 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of most common environmental stresses encountered by fish, especially during their fragile larval stage. More and more studies are aimed at understanding the antioxidant defense mechanism of fish larvae. Herein we characterized the early resistance of zebrafish larvae to oxidative stress and investigated the underlying transcriptional regulations using RNA-seq. We found that pre-exposure of zebrafish larvae to 2 mM H2O2 for 1 or 3 h significantly improved their survival under higher doses of H2O2 (3 mM), suggesting the antioxidant defenses of zebrafish larvae were rapidly built under pre-exposure of H2O2. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that 310 (185 up and 125 down) and 512 (331 up and 181 down) differentially expressed genes were generated after 1 and 3 h of pre-exposure, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum is a highly enriched pathway; multiple genes (e.g., hsp70.1, hsp70.2, and hsp90aa1.2) encoding heat shock proteins in this pathway were sharply upregulated presumably to correct protein misfolding and maintaining the cellular normal functions during oxidative stress. More importantly, the Keap1/Nrf2 system-mediated detoxification enzyme system was significantly activated, which regulates the upregulation of target genes (e.g., gstp1, gsr, and prdx1) to scavenger reactive oxygen species, thereby defending against apoptosis. In addition, the MAPK, as a transmitter of stress signals, was activated, which may play an important role in activating antioxidant system in the early stages of oxidative stress. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that zebrafish larvae rapidly establish resistance to oxidative stress, and this involves changes in protein processing, stress signal transmission, and the activation of detoxification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Min Miao
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guo Wang
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yang C, Luo J, Luo X, Jia W, Fang Z, Yi S, Li L. Morusin exerts anti-cancer activity in renal cell carcinoma by disturbing MAPK signaling pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:327. [PMID: 32355771 PMCID: PMC7186639 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has gradually become a severe type of kidney malignant tumor, which warrants an urgent need for highly efficacious therapeutic agents. Morusin, a typical prenylated flavonoid, has been revealed to possess anticarcinogenic effects against several cancers by inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Methods Cells proliferation was examined by CCK-8. Migration assays were performed using a 24-well transwell chamber. Apoptotic cells were detected using the Annexin V PE/7-AAD apoptosis detection kit. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Western blotting and quantitative real time (qRT) PCR were used to exam the change of target gene in mRNA and protein level. Nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to identify vivo function of morusin. Results Here, we evaluated the effect of morusin against RCC. We treated three RCC cell lines, 769-P, 786-O, and OSRC-2, with morusin to study its effects on cell growth, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle and cancer-related pathways. Additionally, we assessed the effects of morusin on tumor growth using a nude mouse model. Morusin could inhibit cell growth and migration, induce cell apoptosis and downregulate apoptosis-related proteins, and disturb the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Additionally, morusin could suppress RCC tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways were found to be involved in morusin-induced anti-cancer activity. P-p38 and P-JNK levels were up-regulated by morusin, while the ERK phosphorylation level was down-regulated. Conclusions Our results show that morusin could inhibit the growth of RCC cells in vitro and in vivo through MAPK signal pathways. Thus, morusin could be a potential anti-cancer agent for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Weisheng Jia
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhenqiang Fang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shanhong Yi
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Gábriel R, Pöstyéni E, Dénes V. Neuroprotective Potential of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in Retinal Degenerations of Metabolic Origin. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1031. [PMID: 31649495 PMCID: PMC6794456 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP1-38) is a highly conserved member of the secretin/glucagon/VIP family. The repressive effect of PACAP1-38 on the apoptotic machinery has been an area of active research conferring a significant neuroprotective potential onto this peptide. A remarkable number of studies suggest its importance in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in relation to retinal metabolic disorders. In our review, we provide short descriptions of various pathological conditions (diabetic retinopathy, excitotoxic retinal injury and ischemic retinal lesion) in which the remedial effect of PACAP has been well demonstrated in various animal models. Of all the pathological conditions, diabetic retinopathy seems to be the most intriguing as it develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, with concomitant progression to legal blindness in about 5%. Several animal models have been developed in recent years to study retinal degenerations and out of these glaucoma and age-related retina degeneration models bear human recapitulations. PACAP neuroprotection is thought to operate through enhanced cAMP production upon binding to PAC1-R. However, the underlying signaling network that leads to neuroprotection is not fully understood. We observed that (i) PACAP is not equally efficient in the above conditions; (ii) in some cases more than one signaling pathways are activated; (iii) the coupling of PAC1-R and signaling is stage dependent; and (iv) PAC1-R is not the only receptor that must be considered to interpret the effects in our experiments. These observations point to a complex signaling mechanism, that involves alternative routes besides the classical cAMP/protein kinase A pathway to evoke the outstanding neuroprotective action. Consequently, the possible contribution of the other two main receptors (VPAC1-R and VPAC2-R) will also be discussed. Finally, the potential medical use of PACAP in some retinal and ocular disorders will also be reviewed. By taking advantage of, low-cost synthesis technologies today, PACAP may serve as an alternative to the expensive treatment modelities currently available in ocular or retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Dénes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Dostert C, Grusdat M, Letellier E, Brenner D. The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:115-160. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF) include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular functions. The communication pathways mediated by TNFSF/TNFRSF are essential for numerous developmental, homeostatic, and stimulus-responsive processes in vivo. TNFSF/TNFRSF members regulate cellular differentiation, survival, and programmed death, but their most critical functions pertain to the immune system. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are controlled by TNFSF/TNFRSF members in a manner that is crucial for the coordination of various mechanisms driving either co-stimulation or co-inhibition of the immune response. Dysregulation of these same signaling pathways has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, highlighting the importance of their tight regulation. Investigation of the control of TNFSF/TNFRSF activities has led to the development of therapeutics with the potential to reduce chronic inflammation or promote anti-tumor immunity. The study of TNFSF/TNFRSF proteins has exploded over the last 30 yr, but there remains a need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying the molecular pathways they mediate to design more effective anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dostert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Guha P, Gardell J, Darpolor J, Cunetta M, Lima M, Miller G, Espat NJ, Junghans RP, Katz SC. STAT3 inhibition induces Bax-dependent apoptosis in liver tumor myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncogene 2018; 38:533-548. [PMID: 30158673 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) subvert antitumor immunity and limit the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). Previously, we reported that the GM-CSF/JAK2/STAT3 axis drives liver-associated MDSC (L-MDSC) proliferation and blockade of this axis rescued antitumor immunity. We extended these findings in our murine liver metastasis (LM) model, by treating tumor-bearing mice with STAT3 inhibitors (STATTIC or BBI608) to further our understanding of how STAT3 drives L-MDSC suppressive function. STAT3 inhibition caused significant reduction of tumor burden as well as L-MDSC frequencies due to decrease in pSTAT3 levels. L-MDSC isolated from STATTIC or BBI608-treated mice had significantly reduced suppressive function. STAT3 inhibition of L-MDSC was associated with enhanced antitumor activity of CAR-T. Further investigation demonstrated activation of apoptotic signaling pathways in L-MDSC following STAT3 inhibition as evidenced by an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Accordingly, there was also a decrease of pro-survival markers, pErk and pAkt, and an increase in pro-death marker, Fas, with activation of downstream JNK and p38 MAPK. These findings represent a previously unrecognized link between STAT3 inhibition and Fas-induced apoptosis of MDSCs. Our findings suggest that inhibiting STAT3 has potential clinical application for enhancing the efficacy of CAR-T cells in LM through modulation of L-MDSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Guha
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jillian Gardell
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Josephine Darpolor
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marissa Cunetta
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew Lima
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - George Miller
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Joseph Espat
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard P Junghans
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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A new Prenylated Flavonoid induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis through p38/JNK MAPK pathways in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5736. [PMID: 28720813 PMCID: PMC5515844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids have been demonstrated to possess diverse bioactivities including antitumor effects. One new, daphnegiravone D (1), and four known (2–5) prenylated flavonoids were isolated from Daphne giraldii. Their cytotoxic activities revealed that daphnegiravone D markedly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells, but had no apparent cytotoxicity on human normal cells. Mechanistically, daphnegiravone D induced G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis, reduced the expression of cyclin E1, CDK2 and CDK4, and promoted the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP in Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, daphnegiravone D increased the level of phosphorylated p38 and attenuated phosphorylated JNK. Further studies indicated that SB203580 partially reversed daphnegiravone D-induced G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. The addition of SP600125 to both cell lines increased the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, but did not affect the G0/G1 arrest. Besides, in vivo studies demonstrated that daphnegiravone D obviously inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model through suppressing the proliferation of tumor cells, without significant effect on body weight or pathology characteristics. Taken together, the new compound selectively inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma cells via p38 and JNK MAPK pathways, suggesting its potential as a novel natural anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agent.
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Dong F, Han J, Jing G, Chen X, Yan S, Yue L, Cao Z, Liu X, Ma G, Liu J. Dihydroartemisinin transiently activates the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4699-4704. [PMID: 28105176 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives are well-known anti-malaria drugs and in the early stages of research for cancer treatment. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a more water-soluble derivative of artemisinin, has demonstrated strong anti-angiogenic activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the effect of DHA on angiogenesis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with DHA were examined for apoptosis and activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, one of the major mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. It was observed that 20 µM DHA induces transient activation of JNK in HUVECs. DHA also elevates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-13, which is abolished by treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Although DHA persistently increases inhibitor of κB-α protein and thus inhibits nuclear factor-κB signaling, it does not affect apoptosis or caspase 3/9 activities in HUVECs. The present study provides key information for understanding the effects of DHA on endothelial cells, which is required for investigating its potential for clinic application as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Dong
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Ju Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Guoxian Jing
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Longtao Yue
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Cao
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guozhao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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Dong Y, Shen X, He M, Wu Z, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wu S, Cui J, Zeng Z. Activation of the JNK-c-Jun pathway in response to irradiation facilitates Fas ligand secretion in hepatoma cells and increases hepatocyte injury. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:114. [PMID: 27431384 PMCID: PMC4950705 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background It is well established that some irradiated liver non-parenchymal cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines to facilitate the development of radiation-induced liver disease. However, little is known on whether the irradiated hepatoma cells-mediated non-irradiated hepatocyte injury occurs in HCC patients. Here, we elucidated the roles of the irradiated hepatoma cells in driving non-irradiated hepatocyte injury and its underlying mechanism. Methods SMMC7721 cells were cultured and divided into irradiated (4-Gy X-ray, R) and non-irradiated (NR) groups. At 24th hour after irradiation, conditioned medium (CM) from these cultures was mixed with normal culture medium in specific proportions, and termed as 7721-R-CM and 7721-NR-CM. Following incubation with these CM compound, the biological characteristics of L02 cells related to liver cell injury including viability, apoptosis and liver dysfunction indices were comparatively analyzed. Simultaneously, the levels of proliferation- and apoptosis-related cytokines in irradiated and non-irradiated SMMC7721 cells were also measured. FasL as a cytokine with significantly differential expression, was selected to clarify its effects on L02 apoptosis. Subsequently, FasL expression following irradiation was examined in SMMC7721 and other HCC cells with varying malignant potentials, as well as in HCC tissues, the related mechanism of higher expression of FasL in irradiated HCC cells was further investigated. Results Apoptosis and liver dysfunction indices were all significantly enhanced in L02 cells treated with 7721-R-CM, whereas viability was suppressed, compared to those with 7721-NR-CM stimulation. FasL was identified as a leading differential cytokine in the irradiated SMMC7721 cells. Higher proportion of apoptosis was also found in L02 cells following FasL incubation. A recombinant Fas-Fc protein, which blocks Fas-FasL interaction, ameliorated 7721-R-CM-induced apoptosis in L02 cells. FasL was highly expressed in a dose-dependent manner, and peaked at the 24th hour post-irradiation in different HCC cells and their culture supernatant. Meanwhile, phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK, Akt, and p38 were all upregulated significantly in irradiated HCC cells. But, only JNK inhibition was validated to block radiation-induced FasL expression in HCC cells. c-Jun, the target transcription factor of JNK, was also activated. Conclusion In HCC cells, the JNK-c-Jun pathway plays an important role in mediating irradiation- induced FasL expression, which may be critical in determining non-irradiated hepatocyte injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0394-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan He
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongdan Zheng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Cui
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Chan KC, Ho HH, Lin MC, Huang CN, Huang HP, Wang CJ. Impact of polyphenolic components from mulberry on apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:381-391. [PMID: 25614977 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that mulberry polyphenolic compounds have an anti-atherosclerotic effect in rabbits. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the key determinant of the number of VSMCs in remodeling. To examine the effect of mulberry polyphenol extracts (MPEs) on the apoptosis of VSMCs and thus the prevention of atherosclerosis, this study investigated the ability of MPEs to induce apoptosis in vitro and the underlying mechanism. RESULTS It was found that MPEs initially activated JNK/p38 and p53, which in turn activated both Fas-ligand and mitochondrial pathways, thereby causing mitochondrial translocation of Bax and a reduction in Bcl-2. This then triggered the cleavage of procaspases, finally resulting in apoptosis of VSMCs. CONCLUSION This study shows that MPEs may suppress atherosclerosis through stimulating apoptosis of VSMCs via activating JNK/p38 and p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Pei Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Chan KC, Ho HH, Lin MC, Wu CH, Huang CN, Chang WC, Wang CJ. Mulberry water extracts inhibit rabbit atherosclerosis through stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via activating p53 and regulating both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5092-5101. [PMID: 24833292 DOI: 10.1021/jf501466t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenolic compounds, have an antiatherosclerotic effect in rabbits. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the key determinant of the number of VSMCs in remodeling. To improve the recovery from atherosclerosis pathology, it would be ideal to induce regression of atherosclerotic plaques and apoptosis of VSMCs. In this study, we treated high-cholesterol-diet-fed (HCD-fed) rabbits with MWEs, and we found that the MWEs effectively inhibited HCD-fed-induced intimal hyperplasia of vessel walls. We also found that MWEs initially activate JNK/p38 and p53, which in turn activate both Fas-ligand and mitochondria pathways, thereby causing mitochondria translocation of Bax and the reduction of Bcl-2 that trigger the cleavage of procaspases, finally resulting in apoptosis of VSMCs. In addition, 2.5-5.0 g/day of MWEs for humans may be enough to prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital , No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Minero VG, Khadjavi A, Costelli P, Baccino FM, Bonelli G. JNK activation is required for TNFα-induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:92-8. [PMID: 23751896 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A frequent distinctive feature of tumors, hepatocellular carcinomas included, is resistance to apoptosis induced by a variety of agents, among which the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). Compared to other cell types, hepatocytes and hepatoma-derived cell lines are poorly susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis, which is largely ascribed to activation of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-κB and can be overcome by associating TNF to low doses of protein synthesis inhibitors or other drugs. AIMS This study analyses the molecular mechanisms by which TNF, in combination with cycloheximide (CHX), induces apoptosis in human hepatoma-derived Huh7 cells, focusing on the role played by JNK. METHODS Huh7 cell cultures were treated with TNF + CHX in the presence or in the absence of the pancaspase inhibitor zVADfmk or of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 as well as after suppression of JNK expression by RNAi. Apoptosis was assessed both by light microscopy and by flow cytometry, JNK and caspase activation by western blotting and/or enzymatic assay. RESULTS TNF + CHX-induced death of Huh7 cells involved JNK activation since it was partially prevented by suppressing JNK activity or expression. Moreover, apoptosis was significantly reduced also by zVADfmk, while SP600125 and zVADfmk combined totally abrogated cell death in an additive fashion. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a causal role for JNK and caspases in TNF+CHX-induced apoptosis of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Therefore, strategies aimed at enhancing both pathways should provide a profitable basis to overcome the resistance of hepatocarcinoma cells to TNF-dependent apoptosis.
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12
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Mashima T, Seimiya H, Chen Z, Kataoka S, Tsuruo T. Apoptosis resistance in tumor cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 27:293-308. [PMID: 19002800 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008058031511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various antitumor agents induce apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Since the apoptosis program in tumor cells plays a critical role in the chemotherapy-induced tumor cell killing, it is suggested that the defect in the signaling pathway of apoptosis could cause a new form of multidrug resistance in tumor cells. This article describes the recent findings concerning the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and discusses the implication of apoptosis resistance in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mashima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan
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13
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Shi Y, Song Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang X, Hu Y, Yu H, Guan X, Cheng J, Yang K. β-Benzene hexachloride induces apoptosis of rat Sertoli cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of JNKs and FasL. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:124-135. [PMID: 19760616 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
β-benzene hexachloride (β-BHC), the major metabolite of benzene-hexachloride (BHC), is a weak estrogen-like chemical. It is a known persistent organic pollutant and male reproductive toxicant. However, the mechanism by which β-BHC exposure causes male reproductive toxicity remains unknown. In the present study, rat Sertoli cells were used to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in β-BHC-induced toxicity in male reproductive system. The results indicated that β-BHC exposure at over 30 μM showed the induction of apoptotic cell death. β-BHC could induce elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, increase in the leakage rate of LDH and MDA level, and decrease in SOD activity. In addition, there was an increase in the cellular levels of phospho-JNKs and FasL in the β-BHC-induced apoptosis; and a significant reduction of procaspase-3 and -8 was observed over 30-μM β-BHC treatment. The translocation of NF-κB enhanced with the increase of concentration of β-BHC. Furthermore, NAC administration, a scavenger of ROS, reversed β-BHC-induced apoptosis effects via inhibition of JNKs activation, FasL expression, and NF-κB translocation. These results lead us to speculate that ROS generation may play a critical role in the initiation of β-BHC-induced apoptosis by activation of the JNKs, translocation of NF-κB, expression of FasL, and further activation of caspase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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14
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The role of FasL and Fas in health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:64-93. [PMID: 19760067 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The FS7-associated cell surface antigen (Fas, also named CD95, APO-1 or TNFRSF6) attracted considerable interest in the field of apoptosis research since its discovery in 1989. The groups of Shin Yonehara and Peter Krammer were the first reporting extensive apoptotic cell death induction upon treating cells with Fas-specific monoclonal antibodies.1,2 Cloning of Fas3 and its ligand,4,5 FasL (also known as CD178, CD95L or TNFSF6), laid the cornerstone in establishing this receptor-ligand system as a central regulator of apoptosis in mammals. Therapeutic exploitation of FasL-Fas-mediated cytotoxicity was soon an ambitous goal and during the last decade numerous strategies have been developed for its realization. In this chapter, we will briefly introduce essential general aspects of the FasL-Fas system before reviewing its physiological and pathophysiological relevance. Finally, FasL-Fas-related therapeutic tools and concepts will be addressed.
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15
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TNF-α reduces the Na+/K+ATPase activity in LLC-PK1cells by activating caspases and JNK and inhibiting NF-κB. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:607-13. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Mendis C, Campbell K, Das R, Yang D, Jett M. Effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK591 on early molecular and signaling events induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FEBS J 2008; 275:3088-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Gao MQ, Guo SB, Chen XH, Du W, Wang CB. Molecular mechanisms of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri protecting HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by UVA plus UVB. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1007-14. [PMID: 17588337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) protecting HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by UVA plus UVB in vitro. METHODS An apoptotic model of UV irradiation-induced HaCaT cells was established. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, agarose gel electrophoresis, biochemical methods, and Western blotting were employed in the study. RESULTS PCF inhibited the UV irradiation-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells. PCF strongly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and increased the total anti-oxidative capacity in HaCaT cells following UV irradiation. Furthermore, we found that PCF could inhibit the phosphorylation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and the activity of caspase-3 in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION PCF protected HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by UVA plus UVB, mainly through decreasing the intracellular ROS level and increasing the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes to block the ROS-JNK-caspase-3-apoptosis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-qing Gao
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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18
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Matsumoto N, Imamura R, Suda T. Caspase-8- and JNK-dependent AP-1 activation is required for Fas ligand-induced IL-8 production. FEBS J 2007; 274:2376-84. [PMID: 17403042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite a dogma that apoptosis does not induce inflammation, Fas ligand (FasL), a well-known death factor, possesses pro-inflammatory activity. For example, FasL induces nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity and interleukin 8 (IL-8) production by engagement of Fas in human cells. Here, we found that a dominant negative mutant of c-Jun, a component of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, inhibits FasL-induced AP-1 activity and IL-8 production in HEK293 cells. Selective inhibition of AP-1 did not affect NF-kappaB activation and vice versa, indicating that their activations were not sequential events. The FasL-induced AP-1 activation could be inhibited by deleting or introducing the lymphoproliferation (lpr)-type point mutation into the Fas death domain (DD), knocking down the Fas-associated DD protein (FADD), abrogating caspase-8 expression with small interfering RNAs, or using inhibitors for pan-caspase and caspase-8 but not caspase-1 or caspase-3. Furthermore, wildtype, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, of caspase-8 reconstituted the FasL-induced AP-1 activation in caspase-8-deficient cells. Fas ligand induced the phosphorylation of two of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not p38 MAPK. Unexpectedly, an inhibitor for JNK but not for MAPK/ERK kinase inhibited the FasL-induced AP-1 activation and IL-8 production. These results demonstrate that FasL-induced AP-1 activation is required for optimal IL-8 production, and this process is mediated by FADD, caspase-8, and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Matsumoto
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
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19
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Lin SK, Kok SH, Lin LD, Wang CC, Kuo MYP, Lin CT, Hsiao M, Hong CY. Nitric oxide promotes the progression of periapical lesion via inducing macrophage and osteoblast apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 22:24-9. [PMID: 17241167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the modulation by nitric oxide (NO) of the apoptosis of macrophages and osteoblasts, the essential cellular components in the development of periapical lesions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced prominent nitrite synthesis in J774 mouse macrophage cell lines. Exposure to LPS induced obvious apoptosis in J774 cells, whereas transient transfection with murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), small interfering RNA (siRNA) diminished this effect. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) (a NO donor) triggered apoptosis in UMR-106 rat osteoblastic cell lines and a synergistic effect was noted when TNF-alpha and SNAP were added to the medium together. Administration of siRNAs for c-Fos and c-Jun: components of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 attenuated the combined effect markedly. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling (TUNEL) stain in a rat model of induced periapical lesion showed positive apoptotic signals in macrophages and osteoblasts. Administration of N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine markedly diminished the extent of bone loss and the amounts of apoptotic macrophages and osteoblasts. In conclusion, NO mediates LPS-stimulated apoptosis of macrophages. It also induces osteoblast apoptosis and augments the pro-apoptotic effect of cytokines. Inhibition of NO synthesis in vivo attenuates apoptosis and the size of periapical lesions. Taken together, these results suggest that NO may promote the progression of periapical lesion by inducing the apoptosis of macrophages and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-K Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Zeba B, Kiendrébeogo M, Lamien A, Docquier JD, Simporé J, Nacoulma OG. Major enzymatic factors involved in bacterial penicillin resistance in Burkina Faso. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:506-10. [PMID: 19069526 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.506.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical species of bacteria were isolated from biological samples such as urines, blood and wound in Saint Camille medical centre of Ouagadougou. Among the concerned species, the most important members were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These p-lactamases producing isolates were directly screened by PCR to identify the nature of the amplified genes responsible for penicillin destroying activity. Therefore specific TEM and SHV primers were used. The PCR products were sequenced. The sequencing results indicated that the parental forms bla(TEM-1) and bla(SHV-1) were the most common determinants of beta-lactamase found, respectively in Escherichia species and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The bacterial susceptibility analysis by MICs measurement clearly correlated the presence of concerned beta-lactamase determinants and their resistance patterns. This study is part of a set of investigations carried out by our laboratory to assess the beta-lactamase incidence in the failure of beta-lactam therapy. In particular, the purpose of this study was to determine the precise nature of beta-lactamase supporting the low susceptibility of host bacteria towards penicillins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boukare Zeba
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université de Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021 03 Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
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21
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Lin HH, Chen JH, Huang CC, Wang CJ. Apoptotic effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid on human gastric carcinoma cells involving JNK/p38 MAPK signaling activation. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2306-16. [PMID: 17304508 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid, PCA) is discussed to represent antioxidative food components in a human diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and has been shown to prevent carcinogenesis or antitumor growth in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in chemopreventive activity of PCA are poorly understood. In this study, investigations were conducted to examine the detailed signaling pathway involved in PCA-induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. The data from cell viability assay showed that PCA exhibited the antiproliferation effect on AGS cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The occurrence of apoptosis induced by PCA was confirmed by morphological and biochemical features, including apoptotic bodies formation and an increase in the distribution of hypodiploid phase. Molecular data showed the effect of PCA in AGS cells might be mediated via sustained phosphorylation and activation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activating protein kinases (MAPK), but not ERK. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with the mutant p38 or/and JNK expression vector reduced PCA-mediated apoptosis and the JNK/p38 MAPK-related proteins phosphorylation and expression, including ATF-2, c-Jun, FasL, Fas, p53 and Bax. Preincubation with Nok-1 monoclonal antibody, which is inhibitory to Fas signaling, interfered with PCA-induced cleavage of procaspase and sensitization to anti-APO-induced apoptosis. These results suggest the possible involvement of multiple signaling pathways from the MAPK to the subsequent mitochondria- and/or Fas-mediated caspase activation are potential requirements for PCA-induced AGS apoptosis. Further, PCA effectively induced JNK/p38 activation in PCA-response cell lines. Taken together, our data present the first evidence of PCA as an apoptosis inducer in AGS cells, even in tumor cells of digestive organs, and provide a new mechanism for its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Castaneda F, Rosin-Steiner S. Low concentration of ethanol induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells: role of various signal transduction pathways. Int J Med Sci 2006; 3:160-7. [PMID: 17088943 PMCID: PMC1633825 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As we previously demonstrated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, ethanol at low concentration triggers the Fas apoptotic pathway. However, its role in other intracellular signaling pathways remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of low concentration of ethanol on different intracellular signaling pathways. For this purpose, HepG2 cells were treated with 1 mM ethanol for 10 min and the phosphorylation state of protein kinases was determined. In addition, the mRNA levels of transcription factors and genes associated with the Fas apoptotic pathway were determined. Our data demonstrated that ethanol-induced phosphorylation of protein kinases modulates both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic mechanisms in HepG2 cells. Pro-apoptosis resulted mainly from the strong inhibition of the G-protein couple receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, the signal transduction initiated by ethanol-induced protein kinases phosphorylation lead to increased expression of the transcription factors with subsequent expression of genes associated with the Fas apoptotic pathway (Fas receptor, Fas ligand, FADD and caspase 8). These results indicate that low concentration of ethanol exert their effect by predominant activation of pro-apoptotic events that can be divided in two phases. An early phase characterized by a rapid transient effect on protein kinases phosphorylation, after 10 min exposure, with subsequent increased expression of transcription factors for up to 6 hr. This early phase is followed by a second phase associated with increased gene expression that began after 6 hr and persisted for more than 24 hr. This information provided a novel insight into the mechanisms of action of ethanol (1mM) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Castaneda
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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23
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Bosque A, Aguiló JI, Alava MA, Paz-Artal E, Naval J, Allende LM, Anel A. The induction of Bim expression in human T-cell blasts is dependent on nonapoptotic Fas/CD95 signaling. Blood 2006; 109:1627-35. [PMID: 17062728 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-022319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only protein Bim is required for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system, since Bim regulates the down-modulation of T-cell responses, mainly through cytokine deprivation. Using T-cell blasts from healthy donors and also from patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes (ALPSs) due to homozygous loss-of-function mutation of FasL (ALPS-Ic) or heterozygous mutation in the Fas/CD95 death domain (ALPS-Ia), it is shown that the induction of Bim expression during the process of human T-cell blast generation is strictly dependent on FasL/Fas-mediated signaling. The main pathway by which Fas signaling regulates the levels of Bim expression in human T-cell blasts is the death-domain- and caspase-independent generation of discrete levels of H2O2, which results in the net increase of Foxo3a levels. The present results connect the 2 main pathways described until the moment for the control of T-cell responses: death receptor-mediated activation-induced cell death and apoptosis by cytokine deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bosque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Gendron S, Couture J, Aoudjit F. Collagen type I signaling reduces the expression and the function of human receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2006; 35:3673-82. [PMID: 16304637 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which beta1 integrins modulate T cell functions are still poorly defined. We have previously reported that signaling via the collagen type I (Coll I) receptor, alpha2beta1 integrin, inhibited FasL expression and protected Jurkat T cells from activation-induced cell death (AICD). In this study, we examined whether Coll I signaling in T cells also modulates the expression of the human receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a recently identified TNF family member which has important functions in osteoclastogenesis, cell survival and apoptosis. Our results show that in both Jurkat T cells and human primary T cells, Coll I signaling significantly reduces activation-induced RANKL expression by 50-60%. We also found that RANKL is not involved in AICD but participates in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of leukemia T cell lines including Jurkat, CEM and HSB-2. In this respect, Coll I protected leukemia T cell lines from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting doxorubicin-induced RANKL expression. Together, our results suggest that by limiting the production of RANKL, Coll I signaling may contribute to the resistance of leukemia T cells to chemotherapy. Our study also emphasizes the importance Coll I signaling may have in the control of RANKL-associated T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Gendron
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie/Immunologie CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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25
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Farley N, Pedraza-Alva G, Serrano-Gomez D, Nagaleekar V, Aronshtam A, Krahl T, Thornton T, Rincón M. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the Fas-induced mitochondrial death pathway in CD8+ T cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2118-29. [PMID: 16507991 PMCID: PMC1430304 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.6.2118-2129.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can be activated by a variety of stress stimuli such as UV radiation and osmotic stress. The regulation and role of this pathway in death receptor-induced apoptosis remain unclear and may depend on the specific death receptor and cell type. Here we show that binding of Fas ligand to Fas activates p38 MAPK in CD8+ T cells and that activation of this pathway is required for Fas-mediated CD8+ T-cell death. Active p38 MAPK phosphorylates Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 and prevents the accumulation of these antiapoptotic molecules within the mitochondria. Consequently, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c lead to the activation of caspase 9 and, subsequently, caspase 3. Therefore, the activation of p38 MAPK is a critical link between Fas and the mitochondrial death pathway and is required for the Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farley
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, Given Medical Building D305, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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26
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Schlezinger JJ, Emberley JK, Sherr DH. Activation of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases in pro/pre-B cells by GW7845, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, and their contribution to GW7845-induced apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2006; 92:433-44. [PMID: 16672323 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists as chemotherapeutic agents in hematologic malignancies. PPARgamma agonists of diverse chemical structure induce apoptosis in several malignant B cell lines. However, PPARgamma agonists also induce apoptosis in normal B cells. One such agonist, GW7845, rapidly induces apoptosis in early B cells. Understanding the mechanisms of PPARgamma agonist-induced death is essential to minimizing loss of normal cells during chemotherapy. PPARgamma agonists influence mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in other systems, and MAPKs can be associated with apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the activation of MAPKs in primary pro-B cells and cultured pro/pre-B cells and their role in GW7845-induced apoptosis. Treatment of a nontransformed murine pro/pre-B-cell line with GW7845 transiently induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, but strongly and persistently induced the activation of p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). In primary pro-B-cells, p38 MAPK and JNK were activated following treatment with GW7845. Phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) was induced strongly in both B-cell types. In pro/pre-B cells, pretreatment with the p38 MAPK/JNK inhibitor PD169316 potently suppressed multiple facets of GW7845-induced apoptosis signaling. However, when a series of p38 MAPK and JNK inhibitors were used, only SB202190, also a dual inhibitor, completely suppressed GW7845-induced apoptosis. Inhibitors specific for p38 MAPK and JNK were only partially effective, suggesting that suppression of a single MAPK is not sufficient to inhibit death. The results support the hypothesis that GW7845 initiates an apoptotic pathway in early B cells through the activation of a kinase cascade that includes at least p38 MAPK and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy was viewed as a compensatory response to hemodynamic stress. However, cumulative evidence obtained from studies using more advanced technologies in human patients and animal models suggests that cardiac hypertrophy is a maladaptive process of the heart in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although hypertrophy can normalize wall tension, it is a risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death. Studies using molecular biology techniques such as transgenic and knockout mice have revealed many important molecules that are involved in the development of heart hypertrophy and have demonstrated signaling pathways leading to the pathogenesis. With the same approach, the consequence of heart hypertrophy has been examined. The significance of hypertrophy in the development of overt heart failure has been demonstrated and several critical molecular pathways involved in the process were revealed. A comprehensive understanding of the threats of heart hypertrophy to patients has helped to develop novel treatment strategies. The recognition of hypertrophy as a major risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death is an important advance in cardiac medicine. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of this risk aspect are currently under extensively exploring. These studies would lead to more comprehensive approaches to prevention of potential life threatening arrhythmia and cardiac sudden death. The adaptation of new approaches such as functional genomics and proteomics will further advance our knowledge of heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y James Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Machida T, Fujita T, Ooo ML, Ohira M, Isogai E, Mihara M, Hirato J, Tomotsune D, Hirata T, Fujimori M, Adachi W, Nakagawara A. Increased expression of proapoptotic BMCC1, a novel gene with the BNIP2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain, is associated with favorable prognosis in human neuroblastomas. Oncogene 2006; 25:1931-42. [PMID: 16288218 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Differential screening of the genes obtained from cDNA libraries of primary neuroblastomas (NBLs) between the favorable and unfavorable subsets has identified a novel gene BCH motif-containing molecule at the carboxyl terminal region 1 (BMCC1). Its 350 kDa protein product possessed a Bcl2-/adenovirus E1B nineteen kDa-interacting protein 2 (BNIP2) and Cdc42GAP homology domain in the COOH-terminus in addition to P-loop and a coiled-coil region near the NH2-terminus. High levels of BMCC1 expression were detected in the human nervous system as well as spinal cord, brain and dorsal root ganglion in mouse embryo. The immunohistochemical study revealed that BMCC1 was positively stained in the cytoplasm of favorable NBL cells but not in unfavorable ones with MYCN amplification. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR using 98 primary NBLs showed that high expression of BMCC1 was a significant indicator of favorable NBL. In primary culture of newborn mice superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, mBMCC1 expression was downregulated after nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation, and upregulated during the NGF-depletion-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the proapoptotic function of BMCC1 was also suggested by increased expression in CHP134 NBL cells undergoing apoptosis after treatment with retinoic acid, and by an enhanced apoptosis after depletion of NGF in the SCG neurons obtained from newborn mice transgenic with BMCC1 in primary culture. Thus, BMCC1 is a new member of prognostic factors for NBL and may play an important role in regulating differentiation, survival and aggressiveness of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Machida
- Division of Biochemistry, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Heimlich G, Cidlowski JA. Selective role of intracellular chloride in the regulation of the intrinsic but not extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2232-41. [PMID: 16299378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507367200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetic program for the removal of unwanted cells from an organism, which is distinct from necrosis by its characteristic volume loss or apoptotic volume decrease. This cell shrinkage is the result of ion redistribution that is crucial for both the activation and execution of apoptosis. Here we report that UV-C but not Fas ligand treatment results in a significant decrease in intracellular chloride that can be abolished by modulation of chloride flux using either the chloride channel inhibitor SITS or medium with a reduced chloride concentration. Accordingly, downstream events are diminished during UV-C-induced apoptosis following chloride flux modulation, whereas Fas ligand-induced apoptotic characteristics are not affected. Moreover, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway early in the apoptotic signaling cascade was affected by chloride flux in Jurkat T-cells. Thus, an alteration of intracellular chloride plays an important role in the activation of signaling molecules upstream of the mitochondria, specifically impairing the intrinsic but not extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Heimlich
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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30
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Kutuk O, Pedrech A, Harrison P, Basaga H. Pramanicin induces apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells: a role for JNK, p38 and caspase activation. Apoptosis 2005; 10:597-609. [PMID: 15909121 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-1894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pramanicin is a novel anti-fungal drug with a wide range of potential application against human diseases. It has been previously shown that pramanicin induces cell death and increases calcium levels in vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we showed that pramanicin induced apoptosis in Jurkat T leukemia cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our data reveal that pramanicin induced the release of cytochrome c and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, as evidenced by detection of active caspase fragments and fluorometric caspase assays. Pramanicin also activated c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK 1/2) with different time and dose kinetics. Treatment of cells with specific MAP kinase and caspase inhibitors further confirmed the mechanistic involvement of these signalling cascades in pramanicin-induced apoptosis. JNK and p38 pathways acted as pro-apoptotic signalling pathways in pramanicin-induced apoptosis, in which they regulated release of cytochrome c and caspase activation. In contrast the ERK 1/2 pathway exerted a protective effect through inhibition of cytochrome c leakage from mitochondria and caspase activation, which were only observed when lower concentrations of pramanicin were used as apoptosis-inducing agent and which were masked by the intense apoptosis induction by higher concentrations of pramanicin. These results suggest pramanicin as a potential apoptosis-inducing small molecule, which acts through a well-defined JNK- and p38-dependent apoptosis signalling pathway in Jurkat T leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kutuk
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Onyango IG, Tuttle JB, Bennett JP. Activation of p38 and N-acetylcysteine-sensitive c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling cascades is required for induction of apoptosis in Parkinson's disease cybrids. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:452-61. [PMID: 15737736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic hybrid cells (cybrids) are created by selective amplification of mitochondrial genes against constant nuclear genetic and environmental backgrounds. Cybrids from patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) recapitulate disease features such as decreased complex I activity, increased oxidative stress, elevated activation of NF-kappaB, and production of Lewy body inclusions. We examined the activation of signaling pathways and NF-kappaB in PD cybrids after exposure to MAPK inhibitors and/or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Under basal replicating conditions, PD cybrids have decreased viability that is associated with increased DNA condensation and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage as well as elevated p38 and JNK activity. Pharmacological inhibition of oxidative stress diminished the elevated p38, JNK activity and PARP cleavage, and enhanced PD cybrid viability. PD mitochondrial genes expressed in cybrids stimulate pro-apoptotic cell signaling and biochemistry through oxidative stress. These results support development of antioxidative therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Onyango
- Center for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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32
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Guo LL, Xiao S, Guo Y. Activation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 and their relations with apoptosis-associated proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3860-5. [PMID: 15991283 PMCID: PMC4504886 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i25.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the distribution pattern of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and their relations with the expression of apoptosis associated-proteins Fas/FasL and ICH-1L/S in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: We performed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques for NF-κB, AP-1, Fas/FasL and ICH-1 in 40 cases of human HCC along with corresponding nontumoral tissues and 7 cases of normal liver tissues.
RESULTS: Twenty-two (55%) and 25 (62.5%) of 40 cases for NF-κB and AP-1 were presented for nuclear or both nuclear and cytoplastic staining respectively, while less cases were presented for only cytoplastic staining for NF-κB (18%) and AP-1 (10%) in adjacent nontumoral tissues and negative staining in normal liver tissues. There was no statistically significant difference of NF-κB or AP-1 activation between well differentiated tumors and poorly differentiated tumors (P > 0.05). NF-κB activity is positively corresponded to AP-1 activation. The expression of ICH-1L/S was associated with the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 (P < 0.05), but no significant relationship was found between Fas/FasL and NF-κB or AP-1(P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Activation of both NF-κB and AP-1 may be required for ICH-1L/S-induced apoptosis in HCC, but not for Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. NF-κB and AP-1 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lang Guo
- University of California, Davis Cancer Center, Suite 2300, Research Building III, 4645 Second Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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33
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Hassan M, Ghozlan H, Abdel-Kader O. Activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is essential for the stimulation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 3 (NS3)-mediated cell growth. Virology 2005; 333:324-36. [PMID: 15721365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 3 (NS3) has been shown to affect cellular functions and is thought to contribute to the development of HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we delineated part of the mechanisms whereby NS3 protein stimulates cell growth in liver (HepG2) and non-liver (HeLa) cells. The expression of NS3 protein enhanced cell growth, c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, DNA binding activities of the transcription factors AP-1 and ATF-2, and c-jun expression, but not the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38(MAPK). Whereas co-expression of NS3 with its cofactor NS4A inhibited NS3-mediated cell growth without to influence NS3-mediated JNK activation, or to affect the basal activities of ERK or p38(MAPK). Pre-treatment of NS3 protein-expressing cells with JNK inhibitor, SP600125, abolished activation of AP-1 and ATF-2 and inhibited c-jun expression and induced cell growth, suggesting that JNK activation is essential for the stimulation of NS3-mediated cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Mooren Str.5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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34
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Hoshino S, Yoshida M, Inoue K, Yano Y, Yanagita M, Mawatari H, Yamane H, Kijima T, Kumagai T, Osaki T, Tachiba I, Kawase I. Cigarette smoke extract induces endothelial cell injury via JNK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:58-63. [PMID: 15721273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most crucial factor responsible for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The precise mechanisms of the development of the disease have, however, not been fully understood. Recently, impairment of pulmonary endothelial cells has been increasingly recognized as a critical pathophysiological process in COPD. To verify this hypothesis, we examined how cigarette smoke extract (CSE) damages human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). CSE activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and treatment of HUVECs with SP600125, a specific inhibitor of the JNK pathway, significantly suppressed endothelial cell damage by CSE. In contrast, inhibition of the extracellular-regulated kinase or the p38 pathway did not affect the cytotoxicity of CSE. Furthermore, anti-oxidants superoxide dismutase and catalase reduced CSE-induced JNK phosphorylation and endothelial cell injury. These results indicate that CSE damages vascular endothelial cells through the JNK pathway activated, at least partially, by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Hoshino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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35
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Bai L, Yoon SO, King PD, Merchant JL. ZBP-89-induced apoptosis is p53-independent and requires JNK. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:663-73. [PMID: 14963412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ZBP-89 induces apoptosis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells through a p53-independent mechanism. To understand the apoptotic pathway regulated by ZBP-89, we identified downstream signal transduction targets. Ectopic expression of ZBP-89 induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and was accompanied by activation of all three MAP kinase subfamilies: JNK1/2, ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase. ZBP-89-induced apoptosis was markedly enhanced by ERK inhibition with U0126. In contrast, inhibiting JNK with a JNK1-specific peptide inhibitor or dominant-negative JNK2 expression abrogated ZBP-89-mediated apoptosis. The p38 inhibitor SB202190 had no effect on ZBP-89-induced cell death. Protein dephosphorylation assays revealed that ZBP-89 activates JNK via repression of JNK dephosphorylation. Oligonucleotide microarray analyses revealed that ectopic expression of ZBP-89 downregulated expression of the dual-specificity phosphatase MKP6. Overexpression of MKP6 blocked ZBP-89-induced JNK phosphorylation and PARP cleavage. In addition, ectopic expression of ZBP-89 repressed Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression, but had no effect on Bcl-2. Silencing ZBP-89 with small interfering RNA enhanced both Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression. Taken together, ZBP-89-mediated apoptosis occurs via a p53-independent mechanism that requires JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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36
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Ikeda F, Nishimura R, Matsubara T, Tanaka S, Inoue JI, Reddy SV, Hata K, Yamashita K, Hiraga T, Watanabe T, Kukita T, Yoshioka K, Rao A, Yoneda T. Critical roles of c-Jun signaling in regulation of NFAT family and RANKL-regulated osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:475-84. [PMID: 15314684 PMCID: PMC503767 DOI: 10.1172/jci19657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) plays an essential role in osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Although genetic and biochemical studies indicate that RANKL regulates osteoclast differentiation by activating receptor activator of NF-kappaB and associated signaling molecules, the molecular mechanisms of RANKL-regulated osteoclast differentiation have not yet been fully established. We investigated the role of the transcription factor c-Jun, which is activated by RANKL, in osteoclastogenesis using transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative c-Jun specifically in the osteoclast lineage. We found that the transgenic mice manifested severe osteopetrosis due to impaired osteoclastogenesis. Blockade of c-Jun signaling also markedly inhibited soluble RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Overexpression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) (NFATc2/NFATp) or NFAT2 (NFATc1/NFATc) promoted differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP-positive) multinucleated osteoclast-like cells even in the absence of RANKL. Overexpression of NFAT1 also markedly transactivated the TRAP gene promoter. These osteoclastogenic activities of NFAT were abrogated by overexpression of dominant-negative c-Jun. Importantly, osteoclast differentiation and induction of NFAT2 expression by NFAT1 overexpression or soluble RANKL treatment were profoundly diminished in spleen cells of the transgenic mice. Collectively, these results indicate that c-Jun signaling in cooperation with NFAT is crucial for RANKL-regulated osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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37
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Ikeda F, Nishimura R, Matsubara T, Tanaka S, Inoue JI, Reddy SV, Hata K, Yamashita K, Hiraga T, Watanabe T, Kukita T, Yoshioka K, Rao A, Yoneda T. Critical roles of c-Jun signaling in regulation of NFAT family and RANKL-regulated osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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Shrivastava P, Pantano C, Watkin R, McElhinney B, Guala A, Poynter ML, Persinger RL, Budd R, Janssen-Heininger Y. Reactive nitrogen species-induced cell death requires Fas-dependent activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6763-72. [PMID: 15254243 PMCID: PMC444859 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.15.6763-6772.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide is a highly toxic reactive nitrogen species (RNS) recently discovered as an inflammatory oxidant with great potential to damage tissues. We demonstrate here that cell death by RNS was caused by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Activation of JNK by RNS was density dependent and caused mitochondrial depolarization and nuclear condensation. JNK activation by RNS was abolished in cells lacking functional Fas or following expression of a truncated version of Fas lacking the intracellular death domain. In contrast, RNS induced JNK potently in cells expressing a truncated version of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 or cells lacking tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1), illustrating a dependence of Fas but not TNF-R1 in RNS-induced signaling to JNK. Furthermore, Fas was oxidized, redistributed, and colocalized with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) in RNS-exposed cells, illustrating that RNS directly targeted Fas. JNK activation and cell death by RNS occurred in a Fas ligand- and caspase-independent manner. While the activation of JNK by RNS or FasL required FADD, the cysteine-rich domain 1 containing preligand assembly domain required for FasL signaling was not involved in JNK activation by RNS. These findings illustrate that RNS cause cell death in a Fas- and JNK-dependent manner and that this occurs through a pathway distinct from FasL. Thus, avenues aimed at preventing the interaction of RNS with Fas may attenuate tissue damage characteristic of chronic inflammatory diseases that are accompanied by high levels of RNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Shrivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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39
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Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have to decide 'to be or not to be' depending on the types and strength of stress. Among the many signaling pathways that respond to stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members are crucial for the maintenance of cells. Three subfamilies of MAPKs have been identified: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38-MAPKs. It has been originally shown that ERKs are important for cell survival, whereas JNKs and p38-MAPKs were deemed stress responsive and thus involved in apoptosis. However, the regulation of apoptosis by MAPKs is more complex than initially thought and often controversial. In this review, we discuss MAPKs in apoptosis regulation with attention to mouse genetic models and critically point out the multiple roles of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiji Wada
- IMBA: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohr-gasse3-5, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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40
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Sun Y, Yuan J, Liu H, Shi Z, Baker K, Vuori K, Wu J, Feng GS. Role of Gab1 in UV-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and cell apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:1531-9. [PMID: 14749370 PMCID: PMC344197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.4.1531-1539.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mammalian cells to UV irradiation leads to activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway, which is associated with cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism for JNK activation by UV exposure is not fully understood. We show here an essential role of a multisubstrate adapter, Gab1, in this signaling cascade. Gab1-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were defective in induction of JNK activity by UV exposure or heat shock, and this defect was rescued by reintroduction of Gab1 into Gab1(-/-) cells. Consistently, Gab1(-/-) cells displayed reduced caspase 3 induction and apoptotic cell death in response to UV irradiation. Gab1 was constitutively complexed with JNK and became tyrosine phosphorylated in UV-irradiated cells. Genetic and pharmaceutical analyses suggest the involvement of c-Met and the Src family tyrosine kinases in mediating UV-induced Gab1 phosphorylation as well as JNK activation. In aggregate, these observations identify a new function of Gab1 in the response of mammalian cells to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Sun
- Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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41
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Schwabe RF, Uchinami H, Qian T, Bennett BL, Lemasters JJ, Brenner DA. Differential requirement for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in TNFalpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. FASEB J 2004; 18:720-2. [PMID: 14766793 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0771fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in the regulation of cell death, but its role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cells is not well defined. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IkappaB superrepressor, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly decreased TNF-alpha-induced cell death, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, SP600125 did not rescue mouse hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes, induced by human TNF-alpha, was blocked by SP600125, indicating that TNF-receptor (TNF-R) 1-mediated JNK activation is important for TNF-alpha-induced death. However, mouse TNF-alpha was more efficient than human TNF-alpha in activating JNK and killing mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 cooperate in JNK activation and apoptosis. SP600125 rescued actinomycin D-pretreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes expressing a dominant negative c-Jun from TNF-alpha, indicating that JNK exerts its proapoptotic effect independently of transcription and c-Jun. SP600125 delayed the mitochondrial permeability transition, inhibited cytochrome c release and prevented bid degradation after TNF-alpha, suggesting that JNK-regulated proapoptotic factors act upstream of the mitochondria. Moreover, overexpression of JNK1 activated a mitochondrial death pathway in hepatocytes, albeit less efficiently than TNF-alpha. This study demonstrates that JNK augments TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the pathway by which it regulates proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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42
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Tamura K, Noyama T, Ishizawa YH, Takamatsu N, Shiba T, Ito M. Xenopus Death Receptor-M1 and -M2, New Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Trigger Apoptotic Signaling by Differential Mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:7629-35. [PMID: 14668340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily can lead to apoptosis or promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. A subset of this family, including TNFR1 and Fas, signals cell death via an intracellular death domain and therefore is termed the death receptor (DR) family. In this study, we identified new members of the DR family, designated xDR-M1 and xDR-M2, in Xenopus laevis. The two proteins, which show high homology (71.7% identity), have characteristics of the DR family, that is, three cysteine-rich domains, a transmembrane domain, and a death domain. To elucidate how members of xDR-M subfamily regulate cell death and survival, we examined the intracellular signaling mediated by these receptors in 293T and A6 cells. Overexpression of xDR-M2 induced apoptosis and activated caspase-8, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB, although its death domain to a greater extent than did that of xDR-M1 in 293T cells. A caspase-8 inhibitor potently blocked this apoptosis induced by xDR-M2. In contrast, xDR-M1 showed a greater ability to induce apoptosis through its death domain than did xDR-M2 in A6 cells. Interestingly, a general serine protease inhibitor, but not the caspase-8 inhibitor, blocked the xDR-M1-induced apoptosis. These results imply that activation of caspase-8 or serine protease(s) may be required for the xDR-M2- or xDR-M1-induced apoptosis, respectively. Although xDR-M1 and xDR-M2 are very similar to each other, the difference in their death domains may result in diverse signaling, suggesting distinct roles of xDR-M1 and xDR-M2 in cell death or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Tamura
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara 228-8555, Japan
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43
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Sethi G, Sodhi A. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 73:133-40. [PMID: 14975401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced apoptosis and the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in murine peritoneal macrophages, the terminally differentiated non-dividing cells were investigated. Exposure of macrophages to UVB 100 mJ/cm2 induced rapid apoptosis concurrent with activation of JNK and mitochondrial cytochrome c release leading to procaspase-3 activation. Late into the UVB-induced apoptosis, a caspase-mediated cleavage of Bid was observed. Caspase inhibitors N-Benzylocarbonyl-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone and N-Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde inhibited the UVB-induced apoptosis without preventing the release of cytochrome c and JNK activation. The inhibition of JNK MAPK prevented UVB-induced apoptosis, concomitant with inhibition in cytochrome c release and procaspase-3 activation. However, it had no effect on procaspase-8 activation. These results indicate that activation of JNK MAPK upstream of caspases might play an important role in the apoptotic process of macrophages exposed to UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sethi
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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44
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Zhang CL, Wu LJ, Zuo HJ, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Cytochrome c Release From Oridonin-Treated Apoptotic A375-S2 Cells Is Dependent on p53 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96:155-63. [PMID: 15492467 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj04008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that oridonin isolated from Rabdosia rubescens induces apoptosis of human melanoma A375-S2 cells within 12 h. In this study, TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis also indicate that one of the causes of A375-S2 cell death induced by oridonin was apoptosis. The cell death was preceded by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Twelve hours after treatment with oridonin, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-xL protein expression was increased and release of cytochrome c was decreased by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK inhibitor (PD98059) and a phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3-K) inhibitor (wortmannin). A mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor, decylubiquinone, suppressed the release of cytochrome c without affecting Bax expression. The activation of p53 by oridonin was also blocked by wortmannin. In addtion, PD98059 and wortmannin significantly decreased oridonin-induced DNA fragmentation, but the p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) did not after DNA fragmentation. Oridonin induced A375-S2 cell apoptosis by activating parallel p53 and ERK pathways, increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-xL protein expression, and promoting the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, resulting in apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Kurita-Ochiai T, Amano S, Fukushima K, Ochiai K. Cellular Events Involved in Butyric Acid-Induced T Cell Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:3576-84. [PMID: 14500654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that butyric acid induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis of murine thymocytes, splenic T cells, and human Jurkat T cells. Therefore, to determine the apoptotic signaling pathway induced by butyric acid, we investigated the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria, ceramide, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in butyric acid-induced human Jurkat cell apoptosis. After exposure of cells to butyric acid, a pronounced accumulation of ROS was seen. Pretreatment of cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine or 3-aminobenzamide attenuated butyric acid-induced apoptosis through a reduction of ROS generation. Cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases protein release from mitochondria into the cytosol were detected shortly after butyric acid treatment. Exposure of cells to butyric acid resulted in an increase in cellular ceramide in a time-dependent fashion. In addition, butyric acid-induced apoptosis was inhibited by DL-threo-dihidrosphingosine, a potent inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. Using anti-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), anti-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and anti-p38 phosphospecific Abs, we showed a decrease in ERK, but not in JNK and p38 phosphorylation after treatment of cells with butyric acid. Pretreatment of cells with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 attenuated the effect of butyric acid on apoptosis, whereas no effect was seen with the p38 inhibitor SB202190 or the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Taken together, our results indicate that butyric acid-induced T cell apoptosis is mediated by ceramide production, ROS synthesis in mitochondria, and JNK activation in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Finally, these results were further substantiated by the expression profile of butyric acid-treated Jurkat cells obtained by means of cDNA array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Iyoda K, Sasaki Y, Horimoto M, Toyama T, Yakushijin T, Sakakibara M, Takehara T, Fujimoto J, Hori M, Wands JR, Hayashi N. Involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97:3017-26. [PMID: 12784337 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is activated in response to various extracellular stimuli. The authors investigated the involvement of the p38 MAPK, a member of the MAPK superfamily, cascade in hepatoma cell lines and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue specimens. METHODS Constitutively active mutant of MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6), which is upstream of p38 MAPK, was transfected into the HepG2 and HuH7 human hepatoma cell lines. The constitutive active mutant was constructed by replacing Ser-189 and Thr-193 with Glu. The growth and death of mutant MKK6-transfected hepatoma cells were analyzed by the WST-1 and sub-G1 assays. The surgically resected livers of 20 HCC patients were divided histologically into tumorous (T) and nontumorous (NT) lesions. p38 MAPK activity was analyzed using in vitro kinase assay and MKK6 activity was measured using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Mutant MKK6 transfection increased p38 MAPK activity, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and caspase-3 activity, accompanied by apoptosis. In contrast, SB203580, a p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, prevented MKK6-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cell lines. In the T lesions of 20 HCC parients, p38 MAPK and MKK6 activities were significantly lower compared with NT lesions (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between p38 MAPK and MKK6 activity (r = 0.507, P < 0.05). Larger tumors (> 20 mm) exhibited lower levels of p38 MAPK and MKK6 activity than did smaller tumors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that reduction of the p38 MAPK cascade may account, in part, for the resistance to apoptosis, leading to the unrestricted cell growth of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Iyoda
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Kim KH, Min YK, Baik JH, Lau LF, Chaqour B, Chung KC. Expression of angiogenic factor Cyr61 during neuronal cell death via the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and serum response factor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13847-54. [PMID: 12576482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210128200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene, cyr61, is transcriptionally activated within minutes by serum and serum growth factors. The encoded Cyr61 protein is secreted into the extracellular matrix and promotes cell adhesion and migration. In this study, we sought to examine the expression profile of cyr61 gene during neuronal cell death induced by various toxic stimuli and the mechanisms involved. Our data show that toxic stimuli, such as etoposide, significantly increased cyr61 mRNA levels in immortalized hippocampal progenitor (H19-7) cells. Cyr61 transcriptional activation was corroborated at the protein level as well. To identify the upstream signaling cascades involved in cyr61 gene induction, the blocking effect of either JNK or p38 kinase-signaling pathway on cyr61 induction in response to etoposide was tested. Transfection of the cells with a kinase-deficient mutant MEKK, an upstream activator of JNK, significantly decreased the cyr61 expression induced by etoposide. In contrast, cyr61 mRNA levels did not change after pretreatment with SB203580, the p38 kinase inhibitor. When the induction of cyr61 was tested by using several of its deleted promoters driving the expression of reporter gene, the promoter activation occurred primarily within the region containing an SRE-like CArG box. In addition, the SRF, which binds to the CArG site, was directly phosphorylated by active JNK. Furthermore, the blockade of cyr61 gene expression using an antisense encoding cyr61 sequence significantly inhibited the cell death induced by etoposide. Overall, these results suggest that the induction of the immediate early gene, cyr61, is important for neuronal cell death in the central nervous system hippocampal progenitor cells, and JNK activation, but not of p38, as well as the subsequent SRF phosphorylation are involved in cyr61 gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ha Kim
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Sciences, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gómez-Angelats
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
The imbalance between proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is one of the critical cellular events that lead to oncogenesis. While there is no doubt that uncontrolled cell proliferation is essential for the development of cancer, deregulation of apoptosis may play an equally important role in this process. Inhibition of apoptosis prevents the death of tumor cells with DNA damage either associated with carcinogenic initiation or cancer therapy. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key regulator in oncogenesis. By promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, NF-kappaB tips the balance between proliferation and apoptosis toward malignant growth in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Lin
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 60627, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Tyagi A, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract inhibits EGF-induced and constitutively active mitogenic signaling but activates JNK in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: possible role in antiproliferation and apoptosis. Oncogene 2003; 22:1302-16. [PMID: 12618755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A loss of functional androgen receptor and an enhanced expression of growth factor receptors and associated ligands are causal genetic events in prostate cancer (PCA) progression. These genetic alterations lead to an epigenetic mechanism where a feedback autocrine loop between membrane receptor and ligand (e.g. EGFR-TGFalpha) results in a constitutive activation of MAPK-Elk1-AP1-mediated mitogenic signaling in human PCA at an advanced and androgen-independent stage. We rationalized that inhibiting these epigenetic events could be useful in controlling advanced PCA growth. Recently, we found that grape seed extract (GSE), a dietary supplement rich in flavonoid procyanidins, inhibits advanced and androgen-independent human PCA DU145 cell growth in culture and nude mice. Here, we performed detailed mechanistic studies to define the effect of GSE on EGFR-Shc-MAPK-Elk1-AP1-mediated mitogenic signaling in DU145 cells. Pretreatment of serum-starved cells with GSE resulted in 70% to almost complete inhibition of EGF-induced EGFR activation and 50% to complete inhibition of Shc activation, which corroborated with a comparable decrease in EGF-induced Shc binding to EGFR. Conversely, EGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited only by lower doses of GSE; in fact, higher doses showed an increase. Additional studies showed that GSE alone causes a dose- and time-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in starved DU145 cells that is inhibited by an MEK1 inhibitor PD98059. Independent of this increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, GSE showed a strong inhibition of ERK1/2 kinase activity to Elk1 in both cellular and cell-free systems. GSE treatment of cells also inhibited both EGF-induced and constitutively active Elk1 phosphorylation and AP1 activation. GSE treatment also showed DNA synthesis inhibition in starved and EGF-stimulated cells as well as loss of cell viability and apoptotic death that was further increased by adding MEK1 inhibitor. Since GSE strongly induced apoptosis independent of its affect on an increase in phospho-ERK1/2, we hypothesized that apoptotic effect of GSE could be by other mechanism(s) including its effect on stress-associated MAPK, the JNK. Indeed, GSE-treated cells showed a strong and sustained increase in phospho-JNK1/JNK2 levels, JNK activity and phospho-cJun levels. An inhibition of GSE-induced JNK activation by a novel JNK inhibitor SP600125 resulted in a significant reversal of GSE-induced apoptotic death suggesting the involvement of JNK activation by GSE in its apoptosis response. Together, these results suggest that anticancer effects of GSE in PCA be mediated via impairment of EGFR-ERK1/2-Elk1-AP1-mediated mitogenic signaling and activation of JNK causing growth inhibition and apoptosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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