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The marriage of chemokines and galectins as functional heterodimers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8073-8095. [PMID: 34767039 PMCID: PMC8629806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of leukocytes and their local activity profile are of pivotal importance for many (patho)physiological processes. Fittingly, microenvironments are complex by nature, with multiple mediators originating from diverse cell types and playing roles in an intimately regulated manner. To dissect aspects of this complexity, effectors are initially identified and structurally characterized, thus prompting familial classification and establishing foci of research activity. In this regard, chemokines present themselves as role models to illustrate the diversification and fine-tuning of inflammatory processes. This in turn discloses the interplay among chemokines, their cell receptors and cognate glycosaminoglycans, as well as their capacity to engage in new molecular interactions that form hetero-oligomers between themselves and other classes of effector molecules. The growing realization of versatility of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins that bind to glycans and proteins and their presence at sites of inflammation led to testing the hypothesis that chemokines and galectins can interact with each other by protein-protein interactions. In this review, we present some background on chemokines and galectins, as well as experimental validation of this chemokine-galectin heterodimer concept exemplified with CXCL12 and galectin-3 as proof-of-principle, as well as sketch out some emerging perspectives in this arena.
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Crijns H, Vanheule V, Proost P. Targeting Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions to Inhibit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32296423 PMCID: PMC7138053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with their specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes induces leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells, followed by extravasation of the leukocytes and subsequent directed migration along the chemotactic gradient. Interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is crucial for extravasation in vivo. Chemokines need to interact with GAGs on endothelial cells and in the extracellular matrix in tissues in order to be presented on the endothelium of blood vessels and to create a concentration gradient. Local chemokine retention establishes a chemokine gradient and prevents diffusion and degradation. During the last two decades, research aiming at reducing chemokine activity mainly focused on the identification of inhibitors of the interaction between chemokines and their cognate GPCRs. This approach only resulted in limited success. However, an alternative strategy, targeting chemokine-GAG interactions, may be a promising approach to inhibit chemokine activity and inflammation. On this line, proteins derived from viruses and parasites that bind chemokines or GAGs may have the potential to interfere with chemokine-GAG interactions. Alternatively, chemokine mimetics, including truncated chemokines and mutant chemokines, can compete with chemokines for binding to GAGs. Such truncated or mutated chemokines are characterized by a strong binding affinity for GAGs and abrogated binding to their chemokine receptors. Finally, Spiegelmers that mask the GAG-binding site on chemokines, thereby preventing chemokine-GAG interactions, were developed. In this review, the importance of GAGs for chemokine activity in vivo and strategies that could be employed to target chemokine-GAG interactions will be discussed in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 regulates inflammation in triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16008. [PMID: 30375476 PMCID: PMC6207734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a major cause of death among women. 15% of these cancers are triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype of breast cancer for which no current effective targeted therapy exists. We have previously demonstrated a role for mGluR1 in mediating tumor cell growth, endothelial cell proliferation, and tumor-induced angiogenesis in TNBC. In this study, we explore a role for mGluR1 in regulating inflammation in TNBC. GRM1 expression was silenced in MDA-MB-231 cells to study changes in expression of inflammatory genes regulated by mGluR1. Results were confirmed by ELISA using GRM1-silenced and overexpressed cells and mGluR1 inhibitors. A functional role for these differentially expressed genes was determined in vitro and in vivo. 131 genes were differentially expressed in GRM1-silenced MDA-MB-231 cells, with some of these falling into four major canonical pathways associated with acute inflammation, specifically leukocyte migration/chemotaxis. Upregulation of three of these genes (CXCL1, IL6, IL8) and their corresponding protein was confirmed by qPCR analysis and ELISA in GRM1-manipulated TNBC cells. Upregulation of these cytokines enhanced endothelial adhesion and transmigration of neutrophils in co-culture assays and in 4T1 mouse tumors. Our results suggest mGluR1 may serve as a novel endogenous regulator of inflammation in TNBC.
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Elevated Leukocyte Azurophilic Enzymes in Human Diabetic Ketoacidosis Plasma Degrade Cerebrovascular Endothelial Junctional Proteins. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e846-53. [PMID: 27071071 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic ketoacidosis in children is associated with vasogenic cerebral edema, possibly due to the release of destructive polymorphonuclear neutrophil azurophilic enzymes. Our objectives were to measure plasma azurophilic enzyme levels in children with diabetic ketoacidosis, to correlate plasma azurophilic enzyme levels with diabetic ketoacidosis severity, and to determine whether azurophilic enzymes disrupt the blood-brain barrier in vitro. DESIGN Prospective clinical and laboratory study. SETTING The Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre. SUBJECTS Pediatric type 1 diabetes patients; acute diabetic ketoacidosis or age-/sex-matched insulin-controlled. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Acute diabetic ketoacidosis in children was associated with elevated polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Plasma azurophilic enzymes were elevated in diabetic ketoacidosis patients, including human leukocyte elastase (p < 0.001), proteinase-3 (p < 0.01), and myeloperoxidase (p < 0.001). A leukocyte origin of human leukocyte elastase and proteinase-3 in diabetic ketoacidosis was confirmed with buffy coat quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (p < 0.01). Of the three azurophilic enzymes elevated, only proteinase-3 levels correlated with diabetic ketoacidosis severity (p = 0.002). Recombinant proteinase-3 applied to human brain microvascular endothelial cells degraded both the tight junction protein occludin (p < 0.05) and the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin (p < 0.05). Permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayers was increased by recombinant proteinase-3 application (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with systemic polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation and degranulation. Of all the polymorphonuclear neutrophil azurophilic enzymes examined, only proteinase-3 correlated with diabetic ketoacidosis severity and potently degraded the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Proteinase-3 might mediate vasogenic edema during diabetic ketoacidosis, and selective proteinase-3 antagonists may offer future vascular- and neuroprotection.
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Kleine TO. Cellular immune surveillance of central nervous system bypasses blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier: Revealed with the New Marburg cerebrospinal-fluid model in healthy humans. Cytometry A 2015; 87:227-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann O. Kleine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics of the University Hospital Marburg. Dependance: Cerebrospinal-Fluid References Labor, Baldingerstraße; 35043 Marburg Germany
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Kuravi SJ, McGettrick HM, Satchell SC, Saleem MA, Harper L, Williams JM, Rainger GE, Savage COS. Podocytes regulate neutrophil recruitment by glomerular endothelial cells via IL-6-mediated crosstalk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:234-43. [PMID: 24872191 PMCID: PMC4067868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells actively modulate the inflammatory process, in part by influencing the ability of neighboring endothelial cells to support the recruitment of circulating leukocytes. We hypothesized that podocytes influence the ability of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) to recruit neutrophils during inflammation. To address this, human podocytes and human GEnCs were cultured on opposite sides of porous inserts and then treated with or without increasing concentrations of TNF-α prior to addition of neutrophils. The presence of podocytes significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment to GEnCs by up to 50% when cultures were treated with high-dose TNF-α (100 U/ml), when compared with GEnC monocultures. Importantly, this phenomenon was dependent on paracrine actions of soluble IL-6, predominantly released by podocytes. A similar response was absent when HUVECs were cocultured with podocytes, indicating a tissue-specific phenomenon. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 elicited the immunosuppressive actions of IL-6 in a process that disrupted the presentation of chemokines on GEnCs by altering the expression of the duffy Ag receptor for chemokines. Interestingly, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 knockdown in GEnCs upregulated duffy Ag receptor for chemokines and CXCL5 expression, thereby restoring the neutrophil recruitment. In summary, these studies reveal that podocytes can negatively regulate neutrophil recruitment to inflamed GEnCs by modulating IL-6 signaling, identifying a potential novel anti-inflammatory role of IL-6 in renal glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi J Kuravi
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Academic Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Williams
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - George Ed Rainger
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline O S Savage
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Baiula M, Bedini A, Carbonari G, Dattoli SD, Spampinato S. Therapeutic targeting of eosinophil adhesion and accumulation in allergic conjunctivitis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:203. [PMID: 23271999 PMCID: PMC3530033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that eosinophils are important effectors of ocular allergy. Increased worldwide prevalence of allergic eye pathologies has stimulated the identification of novel drug targets, including eosinophils and adhesion molecules. Accumulation of eosinophils in the eye is a key event in the onset and maintenance of allergic inflammation and is mediated by different adhesion molecules. Antihistamines with multiple mechanisms of action can be effective during the early and late phases of allergic conjunctivitis by blocking the interaction between β(1) integrins and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Small molecule antagonists that target key elements in the process of eosinophil recruitment have been identified and reinforce the validity of α(4)β(1) integrin as a therapeutic target. Glucocorticoids are among the most effective drugs for ocular allergy, but their use is limited by adverse effects. Novel dissociated glucocorticoids can prevent eosinophil accumulation and induce apoptosis of eosinophils, making them promising candidates for ophthalmic drugs. This article reviews recent understanding of the role of adhesion molecules in eosinophil recruitment in the inflamed conjunctiva along with effective treatments for allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Gioia Carbonari
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | | | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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Poudel B, Yoon DS, Lee JH, Lee YM, Kim DK. Collagen I enhances functional activities of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via discoidin domain receptor 2. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:95-102. [PMID: 23121981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the involvement of collagen and their discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), DDR1 and DDR2, on the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hDCs). DDR2 was markedly expressed on mature hDCs in comparison to immature ones. Collagen I enhanced the release of IL-12p40, TNF-α and IFN-γ by hDCs. Additionally, hDCs exhibited enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules, and potent functional activities which, in turn, has therapeutic value. Interestingly, DDR2 depletion showed decrease in capacity of hDCs to stimulate T cells proliferation, whereas DDR1 silencing had no significant affect. These data demonstrate that DDR2 enhances hDCs activation and contributes to their functional activities. In addition, application of collagen I treated dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine reduced tumor burden giving longer survival in melanoma mice. Our study suggests that collagen I may enhance functional activities of DCs in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Department of Immunolgy and Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Early-phase GVHD gene expression profile in target versus non-target tissues: kidney, a possible target? Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:284-93. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Venkatesha SH, Astry B, Nanjundaiah SM, Yu H, Moudgil KD. Suppression of autoimmune arthritis by Celastrus-derived Celastrol through modulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5229-34. [PMID: 22854193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, deformities, and disability. The prolonged use of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with severe adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safer and less expensive therapeutic products. Celastrol is a bioactive component of Celastrus, a traditional Chinese medicine, and it possesses anti-arthritic activity. However, the mechanism of action of Celastrol remains to be fully defined. In this study based on the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model of RA, we examined the effect of Celastrol on two of the key mediators of arthritic inflammation, namely chemokines and their receptors, and related pro-inflammatory cytokines. We treated arthritic Lewis rats with Celastrol (200μg/rat) or its vehicle by daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection beginning at the onset of AA. At the peak phase of AA, the sera, the draining lymph node cells, spleen adherent cells, and synovial-infiltrating cells of these rats were harvested and tested. Celastrol-treated rats showed a significant reduction in the levels of chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and GRO/KC) as well as cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) that induce them, compared to the vehicle-treated rats. However, Celastrol did not have much effect on cellular expression of chemokine receptors except for an increase in CCR1. Further, Celastrol inhibited the migration of spleen adherent cells in vitro. Thus, Celastrol-induced suppression of various chemokines that mediate cellular infiltration into the joints might contribute to its anti-arthritic activity. Our results suggest that Celastrol might offer a promising alternative/adjunct treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite-380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Man S, Tucky B, Cotleur A, Drazba J, Takeshita Y, Ransohoff RM. CXCL12-induced monocyte-endothelial interactions promote lymphocyte transmigration across an in vitro blood-brain barrier. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:119ra14. [PMID: 22301555 PMCID: PMC3710123 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma is a critical step in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Chemokines and adhesion molecules orchestrate leukocyte transmigration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the dynamics of chemokine receptor expression during leukocyte transmigration are unclear. We describe an in vitro BBB model system using human brain microvascular endothelial cells that incorporates shear forces mimicking blood flow to elucidate how chemokine receptor expression is modulated during leukocyte transmigration. In the presence of the chemokine CXCL12, we examined modulation of its receptor CXCR4 on human T cells, B cells, and monocytes transmigrating across the BBB under flow conditions. CXCL12 stimulated transmigration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD14(+) monocytes. Transmigration was blocked by CXCR4-neutralizing antibodies. Unexpectedly, CXCL12 selectively down-regulated CXCR4 on transmigrating monocytes, but not T cells. Monocytes underwent preferential CXCL12-mediated adhesion to the BBB in vitro compared with lymphocytes. These findings provide new insights into leukocyte-endothelial interactions at the BBB under conditions mimicking blood flow and suggest that in vitro BBB models may be useful for identifying chemokine receptors that could be modulated therapeutically to reduce neuroinflammation in diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Man
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Barbara Tucky
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anne Cotleur
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Judith Drazba
- Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
Chemokines are a large group of small cytokines known for their chemotactic ability to regulate the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. This occurs through the binding of chemokines to their receptors located on the leukocyte that results in cellular changes such as actin rearrangement and cell shape, which allow for the migration of the leukocyte. In addition to regulating leukocyte function, it is now becoming apparent that other nonhematopoetic cells, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, can also be regulated by chemokines. Studies within the past 10 years has demonstrated the presence of various chemokine receptors on endothelial cells as well as the ability of chemokines to activate these receptors resulting in various cellular responses including migration, proliferation, and cellular activation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the research that has been done to date demonstrating the important role for chemokines in regulating endothelial function during various inflammatory conditions associated with angiogenesis, homeostasis, and leukocyte transmigration. This review will focus specifically on the role of the endothelium in mediating chemokine effects associated with wound healing, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune diseases, conditions where leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis play a major role. Recent progress in the development and implementation of therapeutics agents against these small molecules, or their receptors, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L Speyer
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Sobocinski GP, Toy K, Bobrowski WF, Shaw S, Anderson AO, Kaldjian EP. Ultrastructural localization of extracellular matrix proteins of the lymph node cortex: evidence supporting the reticular network as a pathway for lymphocyte migration. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:42. [PMID: 20716349 PMCID: PMC2933709 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lymph node (LN) is a crossroads of blood and lymphatic vessels allowing circulating lymphocytes to efficiently recognize foreign molecules displayed on antigen presenting cells. Increasing evidence indicates that after crossing high endothelial venules, lymphocytes migrate within the node along the reticular network (RN), a scaffold of fibers enwrapped by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Light microscopy has shown that the RN contains specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which are putative molecular "footholds" for migration, and are known ligands for lymphocyte integrin adhesion receptors. Results To investigate whether ECM proteins of the RN are present on the outer surface of the FRC and are thus accessible to migrating lymphocytes, ultrastructural immunohistochemical staining of cynomolgus monkey LN was performed using antibodies to human ECM proteins that were successfully employed at the light microscopic level. The fibrillar collagens I and III were observed primarily within the reticular network fibers themselves. In contrast, the matrix proteins laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and tenascin were observed within the reticular fibers and also on the outer membrane surface of the FRC. Conclusions These findings suggest a molecular basis for how the RN functions as a pathway for lymphocyte migration within the lymph node.
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García-Nieto S, Johal RK, Shakesheff KM, Emara M, Royer PJ, Chau DYS, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. Laminin and fibronectin treatment leads to generation of dendritic cells with superior endocytic capacity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10123. [PMID: 20419094 PMCID: PMC2856673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sampling the microenvironment at sites of microbial exposure by dendritic cells (DC) and their subsequent interaction with T cells in the paracortical area of lymph nodes are key events for initiating immune responses. Most of our knowledge of such events in human is based on in vitro studies performed in the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. ECM in basement membranes and interstitial spaces of different tissues, including lymphoid organs, plays an important role in controlling specific cellular functions such as migration, intracellular signalling and differentiation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the impact of two abundant ECM components, fibronectin and laminin, on the phenotypical and functional properties of DC and how that might influence DC induced T-cell differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings Human monocyte derived DC were treated with laminin and fibronectin for up to 48 hours and their morphology and phenotype was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry and real time PCR. The endocytic ability of DC was determined using flow cytometry. Furthermore, co-culture of DC and T cells were established and T cell proliferation and cytokine profile was measured using H3-thymidine incorporation and ELISA respectively. Finally, we assessed formation of DC-T cell conjugates using different cell trackers and flow cytometry. Our data show that in the presence of ECM, DC maintain a ‘more immature’ phenotype and express higher levels of key endocytic receptors, and as a result become significantly better endocytic cells, but still fully able to mature in response to stimulation as evidenced by their superior ability to induce antigen-specific T cell differentiation. Conclusion These studies underline the importance of including ECM components in in vitro studies investigating DC biology and DC-T cell interaction. Within the context of antigen specific DC induced T cell proliferation, inclusion of ECM proteins could lead to development of more sensitive assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel García-Nieto
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ramneek K. Johal
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Shakesheff
- Tissue Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Emara
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Joseph Royer
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Y. S. Chau
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Farouk Shakib
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- Allergy Research Group, School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Barreiro O, Martin P, Gonzalez-Amaro R, Sanchez-Madrid F. Molecular cues guiding inflammatory responses. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:174-82. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Schildknecht S, Ullrich V. Peroxynitrite as regulator of vascular prostanoid synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 484:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Hara T, Ogawa F, Yanaba K, Iwata Y, Muroi E, Komura K, Takenaka M, Shimizu K, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Sato S. Elevated serum concentrations of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte elastase in systemic sclerosis: association with pulmonary fibrosis. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:99-105. [PMID: 19208531 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the serum concentrations and clinical association of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMN) elastase in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Serum PMN elastase levels from 21 patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lSSc) and 32 with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dSSc) were examined by ELISA. RESULTS Serum PMN elastase levels were elevated in patients with SSc, especially dSSc, compared to healthy controls. SSc patients with elevated serum PMN elastase levels had more frequent presence of pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, contracture of phalanges, and diffuse pigmentation. Anticentromere antibody was detected less frequently in SSc patients with elevated serum PMN elastase levels than in controls. Consistently, serum PMN elastase levels also correlated positively with serum levels of KL-6 and surfactant protein-D, serological markers for pulmonary fibrosis. Serum PMN elastase levels were also associated with levels of serum 8-isoprostane, an oxidative stress marker in SSc. CONCLUSION Serum PMN elastase levels were elevated in patients with SSc, and it was more prominent in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that serum PMN elastase is a novel serological marker for SSc-related pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Hara
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Holt AP, Haughton EL, Lalor PF, Filer A, Buckley CD, Adams DH. Liver myofibroblasts regulate infiltration and positioning of lymphocytes in human liver. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:705-14. [PMID: 19010327 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The recruitment of lymphocytes to tissues via endothelium has been studied extensively but less is known about the signals that direct migration and positioning within tissues. Liver myofibroblasts associate with lymphocytes in hepatitis and are positioned below the sinusoidal endothelium, through which lymphocytes are recruited to the liver. We investigated whether activated human liver myofibroblasts (aLMF) affect the migration and accumulation of lymphocytes within the inflamed liver. METHODS The ability of human aLMF and hepatic stellate cells to promote lymphocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration was studied in vitro. RESULTS When cultured in vitro, aLMF from diseased human liver and hepatic stellate cells from noninflamed liver secrete a distinct profile of cytokines comprising interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10. aLMF-conditioned media had chemotactic activity for lymphocytes, which partially was inhibited by pertussis toxin. IL-6, HGF, and VEGF all contributed to G-protein-coupled receptor-independent chemotaxis of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes adhered to aLMF via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and a proportion of adherent cells migrated through the fibroblast monolayer, mediated by IL-6, HGF, and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Human aLMF support G-protein coupled receptor-dependent and -independent lymphocyte adhesion and migration and thereby regulate the recruitment and positioning of lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Holt
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Yoshida K, Kondoh A, Narumi K, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Extracellular matrix interacts with interferon alpha protein: retention and display of cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:299-304. [PMID: 18774770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have been investigating the efficacy of an intratumoral interferon (IFN)-alpha gene transfer against solid cancers, and found that when the gene is transduced into the subcutaneous tumors, IFN-alpha concentration is markedly increased in the injected tumor but not in the serum. To explain this effective confinement of IFN-alpha to target tissues, we hypothesized that the extracellular matrix in the tumors interacts with IFN-alpha. In this study, a solid-phase-binding assay and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the IFN-alpha binds directly to matrix proteins. Immunohistochemical staining showed a co-localization of IFN-alpha with pericellular fibronectin. In addition, matrix-bound IFN-alpha protein transduced intracellular signaling and potentiated its cytotoxic activity, suggesting that the retention of IFN-alpha protein on extracellular matrix is likely to play a role in its in vivo biological activity. The data suggest a therapeutic advantage of the intratumoral IFN-alpha gene transfer over the conventional parenteral therapy both in the safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yoshida
- Section for Studies on Host-Immune Response, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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20
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Hogan SP, Rosenberg HF, Moqbel R, Phipps S, Foster PS, Lacy P, Kay AB, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:709-50. [PMID: 18384431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are pleiotropic multifunctional leukocytes involved in initiation and propagation of diverse inflammatory responses, as well as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, the biology of eosinophils is summarized, focusing on transcriptional regulation of eosinophil differentiation, characterization of the growing properties of eosinophil granule proteins, surface proteins and pleiotropic mediators, and molecular mechanisms of eosinophil degranulation. New views on the role of eosinophils in homeostatic function are examined, including developmental biology and innate and adaptive immunity (as well as their interaction with mast cells and T cells) and their proposed role in disease processes including infections, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders. Finally, strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention in eosinophil-mediated mucosal diseases are conceptualized.
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21
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Abstract
Oeosinophils are pleiotropic multi-functional leukocytes that are typically associated with the initiation and propagation of inflammatory responses, particularly helminth infection and allergic disease. However, expanding evidence supports a broader role for oeosinophils in homoeostatic function and organ development and modulation of local immune responses via interaction with other effector cells. In this review, the biology of oeosinophils in the healthy gut is summarised. In particular, the molecular steps involved in oeosinophil development and trafficking are described, with special attention to the important role of the transcription factor GATA-1, the oeosinophil-selective cytokine IL-5 and the eotaxin subfamily of chemokines. In addition, the regulation of oeosinophil survival by inhibitory and death receptors and the expanding role for oeosinophils in health and disease are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229,
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45229,
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22
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HASEGAWA M. The roles of chemokines in the development of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:23-36. [DOI: 10.2177/jsci.31.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru HASEGAWA
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science
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23
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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection increases adherence of mouse macrophages to mouse endothelial cells in vitro and to aortas ex vivo. Infect Immun 2007; 76:510-4. [PMID: 18070891 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01267-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and the adherence of monocytes to the arterial endothelium is one of the early events in atherogenesis. In the present study, peritoneal macrophages harvested from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice were used to analyze how Chlamydia pneumoniae infection affects the adherence of GFP-macrophages to mouse endothelial cells in vitro and to the aorta from normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic mice ex vivo. In vitro studies showed that C. pneumoniae-infected GFP-macrophages adhered better than uninfected macrophages to endothelial cells and GFP-macrophages adhered better to infected than uninfected endothelial cells. The ex vivo studies showed that C. pneumoniae-infected macrophages adhered better than uninfected macrophages to aortas from both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic C57BL/6J mice and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. In contrast, adherence of C. pneumoniae-infected macrophages to the aortas of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) knockout mice was not enhanced, suggesting that ICAM-1 is crucial for activation of the adherence of C. pneumoniae-infected macrophages to the endothelium. In conclusion, the present study defined a homing mechanism by which C. pneumoniae promotes the adherence of mononuclear phagocytes to the endothelium at the site of atherosclerotic lesion formation to promote the progression of atherosclerosis.
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24
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Klemke M, Weschenfelder T, Konstandin MH, Samstag Y. High affinity interaction of integrin alpha4beta1 (VLA-4) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) enhances migration of human melanoma cells across activated endothelial cell layers. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:368-74. [PMID: 17352405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of tumor cells to form metastatic foci correlates with their ability to interact with and migrate through endothelial cell layers. This process involves multiple adhesive interactions between tumor cells and the endothelium. Only little is known about the molecular nature of these interactions during extravasation of tumor cells. In human melanoma cells, the integrin alphavbeta3 is involved in transendothelial migration and its expression correlates with metastasis. However, many human melanoma cells do not express beta3 integrins. Therefore, it remained unclear how these cells undergo transendothelial migration. In this study we show that human melanoma cells with different metastatic potency, which do not express beta2 or beta3 integrins, express the VCAM-1 receptor alpha4beta1. VCAM-1 is up-regulated on activated endothelial cells and is known to promote transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Interestingly, despite comparable cell surface levels of alpha4beta1, only the highly metastatic melanoma cell lines MV3 and BLM, but not the low metastatic cell lines IF6 and 530, bind VCAM-1 with high affinity without further stimulation, and are therefore able to adhere to and migrate on isolated VCAM-1. Moreover, we demonstrate that function-blocking antibodies against the integrin alpha4beta1, as well as siRNA-mediated knock-down of the alpha4 subunit in these highly metastatic human melanoma cells reduce their transendothelial migration. These data imply that only high affinity interactions between the integrin alpha4beta1 on melanoma cells and VCAM-1 on activated endothelial cells may enhance the metastatic capacity of human beta2/beta3-negative melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klemke
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Huang JH, Cárdenas-Navia LI, Caldwell CC, Plumb TJ, Radu CG, Rocha PN, Wilder T, Bromberg JS, Cronstein BN, Sitkovsky M, Dewhirst MW, Dustin ML. Requirements for T lymphocyte migration in explanted lymph nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7747-55. [PMID: 17548612 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the requirements for T lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes (LNs) are well studied, much less is known about the requirements for T lymphocyte locomotion within LNs. Imaging of murine T lymphocyte migration in explanted LNs using two-photon laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy provides an opportunity to systematically study these requirements. We have developed a closed system for imaging an intact LN with controlled temperature, oxygenation, and perfusion rate. Naive T lymphocyte locomotion in the deep paracortex of the LN required a perfusion rate of >13 microm/s and a partial pressure of O(2) (pO(2)) of >7.4%. Naive T lymphocyte locomotion in the subcapsular region was 38% slower and had higher turning angles and arrest coefficients than naive T lymphocytes in the deep paracortex. T lymphocyte activation decreased the requirement for pO(2), but also decreased the speed of locomotion in the deep paracortex. Although CCR7(-/-) naive T cells displayed a small reduction in locomotion, systemic treatment with pertussis toxin reduced naive T lymphocyte speed by 59%, indicating a contribution of Galpha(i)-mediated signaling, but involvement of other G protein-coupled receptors besides CCR7. Receptor knockouts or pharmacological inhibition in the adenosine, PG/lipoxygenase, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate pathways did not individually alter naive T cell migration. These data implicate pO(2), tissue architecture, and G-protein coupled receptor signaling in regulation of naive T lymphocyte migration in explanted LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Huang
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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26
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Mordelet E, Davies HA, Hillyer P, Romero IA, Male D. Chemokine transport across human vascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:7-15. [PMID: 17364892 DOI: 10.1080/10623320601177312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration across vascular endothelium is mediated by chemokines that are either synthesized by the endothelium or transferred across the endothelium from the tissue. The mechanism of transfer of two chemokines, CXCL10 (interferon gamma-inducible protein [IP]-10) and CCL2 (macrophage chemotactic protein [MCP]-1), was compared across dermal and lung microvessel endothelium and saphenous vein endothelium. The rate of transfer depended on both the type of endothelium and the chemokine. The permeability coefficient (Pe) for CCL2 movement across saphenous vein was twice the value for dermal endothelium and four times that for lung endothelium. In contrast, the Pe value for CXCL10 was lower for saphenous vein endothelium than the other endothelia. The differences in transfer rate between endothelia was not related to variation in paracellular permeability using a paracellular tracer, inulin, and immunoelectron microscopy showed that CXCL10 was transferred from the basal membrane in a vesicular compartment, before distribution to the apical membrane. Although all three endothelia expressed high levels of the receptor for CXCL10 (CXCR3), the transfer was not readily saturable and did not appear to be receptor dependent. After 30 min, the chemokine started to be reinternalized from the apical membrane in clathrin-coated vesicles. The data suggest a model for chemokine transcytosis, with a separate pathway for clearance of the apical surface.
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MESH Headings
- Biological Transport
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/analysis
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/analysis
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Electric Impedance
- Endocytosis
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/ultrastructure
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Humans
- Inulin/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/cytology
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Skin/blood supply
- Skin/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mordelet
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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27
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Baintner K, Bodnár Z, Kiss P, Kiss AL, Lukáts A. Effect of intraperitoneally administered plant lectins on leukocyte diapedesis and visceral organ weight in rats and mice. Pathol Oncol Res 2007; 13:139-43. [PMID: 17607375 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneally administered plant lectins were examined in rats and mice. Intraperitoneally injected ConA transiently decreased the leukocyte count in the peritoneal cavity, due to the agglutination and attachment of cells to the peritoneal lining. Subsequently the total cell count was increased for hours, exceeding initial values. Peritoneal fluid aspartate transaminase (AST) concentration showed little change during the accumulation of ascitic fluid. The most marked histological alterations were found when wheat germ lectin was injected ip. (WGA, 10 mg/kg, 6 h). Neutrophil granulocytes migrated across the wall of both arterioles and venules, but the response was highly variable among adjacent vessels. The wall of the arterioles may have impeded the migration of neutrophil granulocytes, resulting in their accumulation in the muscular layer. Granulocyte accumulation was also observed in patches under the mesothelium and in other sites of the interstitium. Marked dilatation and thrombosis of a few venules were also observed. Kidney bean lectin (PHA) induced similar but less pronounced changes. The neutrophil diapedesis suggests the release of mediator(s) from mesothelial cells and/or peritoneal white cells. The cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant CINC-1, injected as control, resulted in the diapedesis of predominantly mononuclear cells in the omentum within 40 minutes. In rats ip. injected ConA increased the wet weight of spleen and liver within 6 and 10 h, respectively, but kidney weight did not change. Intravascular clumping of red blood cells, thrombosis and organ weight changes also suggest the absorption of ConA into the circulation. The experiments show that plant lectins, used as models of bacterial lectins, can reproduce some aspects of peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Baintner
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Kaposvár, Kaposvár, H-7401, Hungary.
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28
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29
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Naves R, Reyes LI, Rosemblatt M, Jacobelli S, González A, Bono MR. Lymphoid B cells induce NF-κB activation in high endothelial cells from human tonsils. Int Immunol 2005; 18:259-67. [PMID: 16373365 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance depends on still poorly understood lymphocyte-endothelium interactions required for lymphocyte transendothelial migration into secondary lymphoid organs. The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulatory system and its inhibitory IkappaB proteins control the inducible expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines involved in endothelial activation and lymphocyte transmigration. Here we present results showing the activation of this system in response to the interaction of high endothelial cells from human tonsils (HUTEC) with human B and T lymphoid cell lines and primary tonsillar lymphocytes. Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that adhesion of different lymphoid cells induce varying levels of NF-kappaB activation in HUTEC, with Daudi cells, tonsil-derived B cell line 10 (TBCL-10) and primary tonsillar B lymphocytes causing the strongest activation. The main NF-kappaB protein complexes translocated to the nucleus were p65/p50 and p50/p50. Results from reverse transcription-PCR and flow cytometry analysis of HUTEC indicate that the interaction with Daudi cells induce an increased expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and cell-surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, all of which were prevented by sodium salicylate, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation. Transwell experiments show that NF-kappaB activation and the response of HUTEC to the interaction of Daudi cells does not depend on direct cell-cell contact but rather on the production of soluble factors that require the presence of both cell types. These results suggest that lymphocytes and high endothelium establish a cross talk leading to NF-kappaB-mediated expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules, inducing endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Naves
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla, Santiago 1365, Chile
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30
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Curbishley SM, Eksteen B, Gladue RP, Lalor P, Adams DH. CXCR 3 activation promotes lymphocyte transendothelial migration across human hepatic endothelium under fluid flow. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:887-99. [PMID: 16127166 PMCID: PMC1698725 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells infiltrating the inflamed liver express high levels of CXCR 3 and show enhanced migration to CXCR 3 ligands in chemotactic assays. Moreover, CXCR 3 ligands are up-regulated on hepatic endothelium at sites of T-cell infiltration in chronic hepatitis, and their presence correlates with outcome of inflammatory liver disease. We used a flow-based adhesion assay with human hepatic endothelium to investigate the function of CXCR 3 on lymphocyte adhesion to and transmigration through hepatic endothelium under physiological conditions of blood flow. To more accurately model the function of in vivo activated CXCR 3(high) lymphocytes, we isolated T cells from human liver tissue and studied their behavior in flow-based adhesion assays. We demonstrate that CXCR 3 not only promoted the adhesion of effector T cells to endothelium from flow but also drove transendothelial migration. Moreover, these responses could be stimulated either by endogenous CXCR 3 ligands secreted by the endothelium or by exogenous CXCR 3 ligands derived from other cell types and presented by the endothelium. This study thus demonstrates that activation of CXCR 3 promotes lymphocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration under flow and that human hepatic endothelium can present functionally active chemokines secreted by other cell types within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Curbishley
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT.
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31
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Anzai-Takeda Y, Takeda Y, Sendo F, Araki Y. Inhibition of cell spreading in CHO cells transfected with cDNA of a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, GPI-80. Immunobiology 2005; 210:1-10. [PMID: 16076029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously cloned a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored protein, designated GPI-80 that associated with integrin and may modulate leukocyte adherence and migration. Recent studies have shown that GPI-80 belongs to a Vanin family that is related to pantetheinase, but the regulatory function of GPI-80 in cell adherence is still unclear. To clarify the possible functions of GPI-80, we transfected GPI-80 cDNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and observed adherence and morphological changes. Adherence of GPI-80 transfectants was significantly decreased when signal strength for the cell adhesion is weak, and the cell spreading of the transfectants was strongly inhibited. This inhibitory effect of GPI-80 expression was largely canceled by GPI-80 shedding with phosphatidy-linositol-specific phospholipase C. Interestingly, spreading of GPI-80 transfectants was temporarily recovered from the round shape but not maintained by stimulation with known activators of beta1 integrins, phorbol myristate acetate and manganese ions. Taken together, these results suggest that the expression of GPI-80 on CHO cells can influence cell spreading in weak adhesive signal conditions via extracellular matrix molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Anzai-Takeda
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata-City 990-9585, Japan
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32
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Stefanutti G, Lister P, Smith VV, Peters MJ, Klein NJ, Pierro A, Eaton S. P-selectin expression, neutrophil infiltration, and histologic injury in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:942-7; discussion 947-8. [PMID: 15991175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE P-selectin promotes adherence of leukocytes to the endothelium in inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of P-selectin and its role in the development of inflammation in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). METHODS Twenty-nine intestinal specimens from 13 neonates with NEC and 7 control neonates with congenital gastrointestinal abnormalities were studied. Histologic damage, immunohistochemical expression of P-selectin, and polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate were graded blindly. Mann-Whitney U and Spearman rank tests were used to compare grades. RESULTS Expression of P-selectin was increased in NEC compared with controls in both medium-sized vessels (P = .03) and in the microcirculation (P = .03). P-selectin expression on medium-sized vessels correlated with the degree of histologic injury (P = .02, r = 0.425). P-selectin expression was greatest in areas of active inflammation but markedly lower in necrotic areas. The degree of polymorphonuclear cell infiltration strongly correlated with P-selectin expression on both medium-sized vessels (P = .004, r = 0.513) and the microcirculation (P = .001, r = 0.578). CONCLUSIONS Expression of P-selectin is increased in medium-sized vessels and in the microcirculation in intestinal specimens of neonates with NEC compared with neonatal controls. Expression of P-selectin is associated with the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells and the severity of histologic injury, although P-selectin expression is lost in necrotic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Stefanutti
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 1EH London, UK
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33
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Yamakuchi M, Greer JJM, Cameron SJ, Matsushita K, Morrell CN, Talbot-Fox K, Baldwin WM, Lefer DJ, Lowenstein CJ. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors inhibit endothelial exocytosis and decrease myocardial infarct size. Circ Res 2005; 96:1185-92. [PMID: 15905463 PMCID: PMC4002762 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000170229.49776.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors protect the vasculature from inflammation and atherosclerosis by cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent mechanisms. We hypothesized that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies, endothelial cell granules whose contents promote thrombosis and vascular inflammation. We pretreated human aortic endothelial cells with simvastatin for 24 hours, then stimulated the cells with thrombin, and measured the amount of vWF released into the media. We then measured the effect of simvastatin on myocardial infarction in mice. Simvastatin decreased thrombin-stimulated Weibel-Palade body exocytosis by 89%. Simvastatin inhibited exocytosis in part by increasing synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which S-nitrosylated N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), a critical regulator of exocytosis. Simvastatin treatment attenuated myocardial infarct size by 58% in wild-type but not eNOS knockout mice. Furthermore, simvastatin decreased endothelial exocytosis and neutrophil infiltration into ischemic-reperfused myocardium, which was mediated in part by P-selectin contained in Weibel-Palade bodies. However, simvastatin did not affect exocytosis and inflammation in myocardial infarcts of eNOS knockout mice. Inhibition of endothelial exocytosis is a novel mechanism by which HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may reduce vascular inflammation, inhibit thrombosis, and protect the ischemic myocardium. These findings may explain part of the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy for patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Yamakuchi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - James J. M. Greer
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Scott J. Cameron
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Karen Talbot-Fox
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - David J. Lefer
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Charles J. Lowenstein
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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García-Bernal D, Wright N, Sotillo-Mallo E, Nombela-Arrieta C, Stein JV, Bustelo XR, Teixidó J. Vav1 and Rac control chemokine-promoted T lymphocyte adhesion mediated by the integrin alpha4beta1. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3223-35. [PMID: 15872091 PMCID: PMC1165406 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-12-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 promotes T lymphocyte adhesion mediated by the integrin alpha4beta1. CXCL12 activates the GTPase Rac, as well as Vav1, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rac, concomitant with up-regulation of alpha4beta1-dependent adhesion. Inhibition of CXCL12-promoted Rac and Vav1 activation by transfection of dominant negative Rac or Vav1 forms, or by transfection of their siRNA, remarkably impaired the increase in T lymphocyte attachment to alpha4beta1 ligands in response to this chemokine. Importantly, inhibition of Vav1 expression by RNA interference resulted in a blockade of Rac activation in response to CXCL12. Adhesions in flow chambers and soluble binding assays using these transfectants indicated that initial ligand binding and adhesion strengthening mediated by alpha4beta1 were dependent on Vav1 and Rac activation by CXCL12. Finally, CXCL12-promoted T-cell transendothelial migration involving alpha4beta1-mediated adhesion was notably inhibited by expression of dominant negative Vav1 and Rac. These results indicate that activation of Vav1-Rac signaling pathway by CXCL12 represents an important inside-out event controlling efficient up-regulation of alpha4beta1-dependent T lymphocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Bernal
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Montes de Oca P, Macotela Y, Nava G, López-Barrera F, de la Escalera GM, Clapp C. Prolactin stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion of circulating mononuclear cells to endothelial cells. J Transl Med 2005; 85:633-42. [PMID: 15753953 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of leukocytes to endothelial cells is an essential step for the extravasation and recruitment of cells at sites of inflammation. The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) is involved in the inflammatory process. Here, we show that treatment with PRL of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulates their adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) activated by interleukin-1beta. Stimulation of adhesion by PRL is mediated via integrins leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), because immunoneutralization of both integrins prevents PRL action. Also, PRL promotes the adhesion of PBMC to immobilized intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and fibronectin, ligands for LFA-1 and VLA-4, respectively. Stimulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion by PRL may involve the activation of chemokine receptors, because PRL upregulates the expression of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR3 in PBMC, and pertussis toxin, a specific G-protein inhibitor, blocks PRL stimulation of PBMC adhesion to HUVEC. In addition, PRL stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation pathways leading to leukocyte adhesion. PRL triggered the tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase-2, of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and 5, and of the focal adhesion protein paxillin. Furthermore, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked PRL-stimulated adhesion of PBMC and Jurkat T-cells to HUVEC. These results suggest that PRL promotes integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via chemokine receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Humans
- Integrins/immunology
- Integrins/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation
- Prolactin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Pável Montes de Oca
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro, Qro, Mexico
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36
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Yang CR, Hsieh SL, Ho FM, Lin WW. Decoy receptor 3 increases monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via NF-kappa B-dependent up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1, and IL-8 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1647-56. [PMID: 15661928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble receptor for FasL, LIGHT and TL1A, is highly expressed in cancer cells. We show that pretreatment of HUVECs with DcR3 enhances the adhesion of THP-1 and U937 cells and primary monocytes. A similar stimulatory effect of DcR3 on THP-1 adhesion was also observed in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Flow cytometry and ELISA showed that DcR3-treated HUVECs exhibited significant increases in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. We also demonstrate the ability of DcR3 to stimulate the secretion of IL-8 by HUVECs. RT-PCR and reporter assays revealed that the expression of adhesion molecules and IL-8 are regulated at the level of gene transcription. Experiments with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate indicated the involvement of an NF-kappaB signaling pathway. DcR3 was found to induce IkappaB kinase activation, IkappaB degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. The enhancement by DcR3 of cell adhesion to HUVECs was not mimicked by the TL1A-Ab, which has been shown in our previous work to be a neutralizing Ab against TL1A, thereby inducing HUVECs angiogenesis. Moreover, DcR3-induced cell adhesion could be detected in human aortic endothelial cells (ECs) in which TL1A expression is lacking. Together, our data demonstrate that DcR3 increases monocyte adhesion to ECs via NF-kappaB activation, leading to the transcriptional up-regulation of adhesion molecules and IL-8 in ECs. This novel action appears not to be due to TL1A neutralization, but occurs through an as yet undefined target(s). This study implicates DcR3 in the relationship between inflammation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ron Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Abstract
The immune system is a complex network comprising many different organs and cell types, all of which have to work together in a highly accurate manner to exert their function. How is it, then, that the key players of adaptive immunity, T cells, B cells and dendritic cells (DC) move through this network? How is compartmentalization maintained and how do they interact? Over the past decade much attention has been paid to how and where T-cell/DC interactions take place, but only recently--with the advent of new techniques--has research been directed to investigate 'live' T-cell/DC interactions ex vivo and in situ. Whereas the overall sequence of events leading to T-cell activation is largely undisputed, many of the cellular and molecular details of early T-cell priming remain undefined or controversial. This review will focus on recent findings and discuss their implications for T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Hommel
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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38
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Sturm A, Krivacic KA, Fiocchi C, Levine AD. Dual Function of the Extracellular Matrix: Stimulatory for Cell Cycle Progression of Naive T Cells and Antiapoptotic for Tissue-Derived Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3889-900. [PMID: 15356137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue T cells encounter Ag in a distinct microenvironment, where they are embedded in the interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM). In contrast, while naive T cells are exposed to Ag in the lymph node, immediately after naive T cells are activated they must extravasate into the ECM to function effectively. Because integrin-mediated adhesion to the ECM modulates cell cycle progression and survival in adherent nonimmune cells, we hypothesize that blood and tissue-derived T cells have similarly adapted their behavior to their first or continued encounter with ECM. T cells from peripheral blood (PBT) and tissue (the intestinal lamina propria T cell (LPT)) were stimulated with anti-CD3-coated beads in the presence or absence of native ECM derived from intestinal fibroblasts, plate-immobilized fibronectin, or collagen type I. Native ECM and collagen, but not fibronectin, induced in anti-CD3 activated PBT a 4- to 5-fold increase in the entry, progression, and completion of the cell cycle over that triggered by anti-CD3 alone. Neutralizing beta1 integrin Abs abrogated this increase. None of these ECM proteins stimulated cell cycle progression in LPT. In contrast, anti-CD3 activation of LPT in the presence of native ECM and fibronectin reduced activation-induced cell death by 40%. These results demonstrate that naive and effector/memory T cells respond differently upon exposure to specific ECM components. When naive PBT encounter Ag in the context of ECM, their progression through the cell cycle is enhanced, favoring clonal expansion; while tissue T cell longevity may be mediated by interactions with the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sturm
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH 44106, USA
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39
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Dustin ML. Stop and Go Traffic to Tune T Cell Responses. Immunity 2004; 21:305-14. [PMID: 15357942 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by interactions of T cells with antigen-presenting cells, but the basic nature of these interactions during an immune response in vivo has been a matter of speculation. While some in vitro systems provide evidence for stable interactions, referred to as immunological synapses, compelling evidence supports T cell activation through serial transient interactions. Deep tissue intravital and organ culture microscopy studies suggest that both modes of interaction are employed, but new issues have emerged. This review will discuss in vitro results that framed the hypotheses that are currently being tested in vivo. I present a model in which TCR stop signals compete with chemokine-mediated go signals to adjust the duration of immunological synapse formation and tune the immune response between tolerance and full activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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40
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Valim V, Assis LSS, Simões MFJ, Trevisani VFM, Pucinelli MLC, Andrade LEC. Correlation between serum E-selectin levels and panoramic nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:1423-7. [PMID: 15334209 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E-selectin is expressed by the activated endothelium and its plasma levels are increased in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eighteen patients fulfilling the American Rheumatism Association criteria for systemic sclerosis, 15 females and 3 males, 42-70 years old, 9 with diffuse and 9 with limited forms, were sequentially recruited for this study. Serum E-selectin levels were determined by commercially available ELISA and their association with nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities was investigated. Nailfold capillaries were analyzed by 16X magnification wide-field capillaroscopy. Two parameters on capillaroscopy were used to correlate to serum E-selectin: deletion and ectasia. Data were analyzed statistically by the Student t-test and Spearman correlation. Two-tailed P values below 0.05 were considered significant. E-selectin range was 38 to 200 ng/ml (80 +/- 39.94). There was a correlation between serum E-selectin levels and the deletion capillaroscopic score (r = 0.50, P < 0.035). This correlation was even stronger within the first 48 months of diagnosis (r = 0.63, P < 0.048). On the other hand, no association was observed between selectin and ectasia. Patients with diffuse disease presented higher serum E-selectin levels than patients with limited disease, although the difference was not statistically significant (96.44 +/- 48.04 vs 63.56 +/- 21.77 ng/dl; P = 0.08). The present study is the first showing a correlation between soluble serum E-selectin levels and alterations in capillaroscopy. The stronger correlation of deletion score in capillaroscopy in early disease suggests that serum E-selectin levels might be a useful biochemical marker of disease activity in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valim
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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41
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Takeuchi F, Sterilein RD, Hall RP. Increased E-selectin, IL-8 and IL-10 gene expression in human skin after minimal trauma. Exp Dermatol 2004; 12:777-83. [PMID: 14714557 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2003.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While clinical observations suggest that trauma to the skin plays a critical role in the induction of skin lesions in some skin diseases, the mechanism by which these lesions are induced is not known. We have postulated that minor trauma to the skin may lead to the expression of critical adhesion molecules on epidermal endothelial cells (E-selectin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which would predispose these areas to the development of skin lesions. In order to test this hypothesis normal inner arm skin of 11 normal subjects was gently rubbed with a pencil eraser for 2 min. Four hours after rubbing, skin biopsies were obtained from the rubbed site and from adjacent normal, unrubbed inner arm skin. Expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and the mRNA of selected cytokines was studied utilizing real time polymerase chain reactions. Biopsies were also examined for the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate and for the presence of E-selectin and ICAM-1. No clinical or histologic changes were seen in the skin expression/unrubbed skin expression = 9.0; (median ratio rubbed skin expression/unrubbed skin expression range 0.9-161.0), ICAM-1 (median rubbed skin expression/unrubbed skin expression = 3.2; range 0.9-19.8), IL-8 (median rubbed skin expression/unrubbed skin expression = 6.6; range 2.6-57.3) and IL-10 (median rubbed skin expression/unrubbed skin expression = 13.1; range 2.4-29.0) was noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of E-selectin in the dermal blood vessels in three of four subjects 4 h after rubbing but not in the unrubbed skin. Changes in ICAM -1 or HLA-DR deposits were seen in the rubbed compared with the unrubbed skin. These findings demonstrated that minor trauma to skin may induce expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and IL-8, which may make the skin a more permissive site for the development of inflammatory reactions. These findings may play an important role in the development of skin lesions in areas of minor trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Takeuchi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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42
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Sugerman PB, Faber SB, Willis LM, Petrovic A, Murphy GF, Pappo J, Silberstein D, van den Brink MRM. Kinetics of gene expression in murine cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:2189-202. [PMID: 15161652 PMCID: PMC1615752 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of gene expression associated with the development of cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were examined in a mouse model of MHC-matched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ear skin was obtained from recipient mice with or without GVHD between 7 and 40 days after transplantation for histopathological analysis and gene expression profiling. Gene expression patterns were consistent with early infiltration and activation of CD8(+) T and mast cells, followed by CD4(+) T, natural killer, and myeloid cells. The sequential infiltration and activation of effector cells correlated with the histopathological development of cutaneous GVHD and was accompanied by up-regulated expression of many chemokines and their receptors (CXCL-1, -2, -9, and -10; CCL-2, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -11, and -19; CCR-1 and CCR-5), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, CD18, Ly69, PSGL-1, VCAM-1), molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation (TAP1 and TAP2, MHC class I and II, CD80), regulators of apoptosis (granzyme B, caspase 7, Bak1, Bax, and BclII), interferon-inducible genes (STAT1, IRF-1, IIGP, GTPI, IGTP, Ifi202A), stimulators of fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis (interleukin-1beta, transforming growth factor-beta1), and markers of keratinocyte proliferation (keratins 5 and 6), and differentiation (small proline-rich proteins 2E and 1B). Many acute-phase proteins were up-regulated early in murine cutaneous GVHD including serum amyloid A2 (SAA2), SAA3, serpins a3g and a3n, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and metallothioneins 1 and 2. The kinetics of gene expression were consistent with the evolution of cutaneous pathology as well as with current models of disease progression during cutaneous GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Sugerman
- straZeneca Research and Development Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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Abstract
Tolerance, the regulated inability to respond to a specific immunologic stimulant, is a physiological event important to normal immune function. Just as loss of tolerance to self-proteins results in autoimmune diseases, we assert that loss of tolerance to commensal flora in the intestinal lumen leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mechanisms through which the mucosal immune system establishes and remains hyporesponsive toward the presence of food proteins and commensal flora, which we define as natural tolerance, are discussed. In addition to the contributions by commensal flora, the innate host defense and the adaptive immune systems promote natural tolerance to sustain normal mucosal homeostasis. Understanding the molecular and cellular events that mediate natural tolerance will lead to more advanced insights into IBD pathogenesis and improved therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Jump
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4952, USA
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44
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Kunkel EJ, Dea M, Ebens A, Hytopoulos E, Melrose J, Nguyen D, Ota KS, Plavec I, Wang Y, Watson SR, Butcher EC, Berg EL. An integrative biology approach for analysis of drug action in models of human vascular inflammation. FASEB J 2004; 18:1279-81. [PMID: 15208272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1538fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected drug activities discovered during clinical testing establish the need for better characterization of compounds in human disease-relevant conditions early in the discovery process. Here, we describe an approach to characterize drug function based on statistical analysis of protein expression datasets from multiple primary human cell-based models of inflammatory disease. This approach, termed Biologically Multiplexed Activity Profiling (BioMAP), provides rapid characterization of drug function, including mechanism of action, secondary or off-target activities, and insights into clinical phenomena. Using three model systems containing primary human endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in different environments relevant to vascular inflammation and immune activation, we show that BioMAP profiles detect and discriminate multiple functional drug classes, including glucocorticoids; TNF-alpha antagonists; and inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, calcineurin, IMPDH, PDE4, PI-3 kinase, hsp90, and p38 MAPK, among others. The ability of cholesterol lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) to improve outcomes in rheumatic disease patients correlates with the activities of these compounds in our BioMAP assays. In addition, the activity profiles identified for the immunosuppressants mycophenolic acid, cyclosporin A, and FK-506 provide a potential explanation for a reduced incidence of posttransplant cardiovascular disease in patients receiving mycophenolic acid. BioMAP profiling can allow integration of meaningful human biology into drug development programs.
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45
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for defined peptide-MHC complexes are now being used to physically detect T-cell receptor ligands. These reagents have resulted in the identification of the cells that present antigen in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues after various forms of antigen administration. In addition, recent advances in real-time imaging technology have begun to measure the rate and directionality of T-cell movement relative to antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes, shedding light on the earliest events in T-cell activation in a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1892, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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46
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Constantinescu AA, Vink H, Spaan JAE. Endothelial cell glycocalyx modulates immobilization of leukocytes at the endothelial surface. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1541-7. [PMID: 12855481 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000085630.24353.3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A thick endothelial glycocalyx provides the endothelial surface with a nonadherent shield. Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) degrades the endothelial glycocalyx. We hypothesized that glycocalyx degradation stimulates leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, whereas intravascular supplementation with sulfated polysaccharides reconstitutes the endothelial glycocalyx and attenuates Ox-LDL-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. METHODS AND RESULTS Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx by local microinjection of heparitinase (10 to 50 U/mL) into mouse cremaster venules dose-dependently increased the number of adherent leukocytes. Systemic administration of Ox-LDL (0.4 mg/100 g body weight) induced 10.1+/-0.9 adherent leukocytes/100 microm at 60 minutes. In the venules perfused with 500-kDa dextran sulfate (1 mg/mL), the number of adherent leukocytes at 60 minutes after Ox-LDL bolus application was not influenced (9.2+/-1.0 leukocytes/100 microm). However, the venules locally perfused with heparan sulfate (10 mg/mL) or heparin (1 mg/mL) displayed a significantly lower number of adherent leukocytes induced by Ox-LDL: 5.1+/-0.7 and 5.4+/-0.9 leukocytes/100 microm, respectively (P<0.05). Fluorescently labeled heparan sulfate and heparin, but not dextran sulfate, attached to the venule luminal surface after Ox-LDL administration. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial glycocalyx degradation stimulates leukocyte immobilization at the endothelial surface. Circulating heparan sulfate and heparin attach to the venule wall and attenuate Ox-LDL-induced leukocyte immobilization.
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47
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Nolte MA, Beliën JAM, Schadee-Eestermans I, Jansen W, Unger WWJ, van Rooijen N, Kraal G, Mebius RE. A conduit system distributes chemokines and small blood-borne molecules through the splenic white pulp. J Exp Med 2003; 198:505-12. [PMID: 12900524 PMCID: PMC2194088 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to the splenic white pulp is restricted to lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Here we show that movement of molecules from the blood into these confined areas is also limited. Large molecules, such as bovine serum albumin (68 kD), immunoglobulin G (150 kD), and 500 kD dextran are unable to enter the white pulp, whereas smaller blood-borne molecules can directly permeate this compartment. The distribution is restricted to a stromal network that we refer to as the splenic conduit system. The small lumen of the conduit contains collagen fibers and is surrounded in the T cell areas by reticular fibroblasts that express ER-TR7. It also contains the chemokine CCL21. Conversely, in B cell follicles the B cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 was found to be associated with the conduit and absence of ER-TR7+ fibroblasts. These results show heterogeneity of reticular fibroblasts that enfold the conduit system and suggest that locally produced chemokines are transported through and presented on this reticular network. Therefore, the conduit plays a role in distribution of both blood-borne and locally produced molecules and provides a framework for directing lymphocyte migration and organization of the splenic white pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
Although the presentation of peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHC class II) complexes to CD4 T cells has been studied extensively in vitro, knowledge of this process in vivo is limited. Unlike the in vitro situation, antigen presentation in vivo takes place within a complex microenvironment in which the movements of antigens, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells are governed by anatomic constraints. Here we review developments in the areas of lymph node architecture, APC subsets and T cell activation that have shed light on how antigen presentation occurs in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Itano
- Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, MMC 334, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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49
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Ichiba T, Teshima T, Kuick R, Misek DE, Liu C, Takada Y, Maeda Y, Reddy P, Williams DL, Hanash SM, Ferrara JLM. Early changes in gene expression profiles of hepatic GVHD uncovered by oligonucleotide microarrays. Blood 2003; 102:763-71. [PMID: 12663442 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, skin, and gastrointestinal tract are major target organs of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In order to gain a better understanding of acute GVHD in the liver, we compared the gene expression profiles of livers after experimental allogeneic and syngeneic BMT using oligonucleotide microarray. At 35 days after allogeneic BMT when hepatic GVHD was histologically evident, genes related to cellular effectors and acute-phase proteins were up-regulated, whereas genes largely related to metabolism and endocrine function were down-regulated. At day 7 after BMT before the development of histologic changes in the liver, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible genes, major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules, and genes related to leukocyte trafficking had been up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that expression of IFN-gamma protein itself was increased in the spleen but not in hepatic tissue. These results suggest that the increased expression of genes associated with the attraction and activation of donor T cells induced by IFN-gamma early after BMT is important in the initiation of hepatic GVHD in this model and provide new potential molecular targets for early detection and intervention of acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Ichiba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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50
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Caruso A, Favilli F, Rotola A, Comar M, Horejsh D, Alessandri G, Grassi M, Di Luca D, Fiorentini S. Human herpesvirus-6 modulates RANTES production in primary human endothelial cell cultures. J Med Virol 2003; 70:451-8. [PMID: 12767010 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) is a beta-herpesvirus capable of infecting several cell types from different origins. HHV6 is the etiological agent of exantem subitum and has been associated with several diseases, all characterized by an inflammatory response triggered by chemokines. We show that strain U1102 of HHV6 is able to infect persistently human endothelial cells obtained from umbilical veins, adult aorta and adult heart microvessels, without apparent cytopathic effect. Analysis by in situ PCR showed that HHV6 sequences were present in 20% of HUVEC, 10% of aortic, and 1% of heart microvascular endothelial cells. Regardless of endothelial cell origin, HHV6 infection induced de novo synthesis of the RANTES CC-chemokine. It was found, however, that microvascular endothelial cells, despite their lower susceptibility to HHV6 infection, showed the highest RANTES expression. Chemokine production occurred also in the absence of viral DNA synthesis. Furthermore, RANTES synthesis required an active viral genome, as UV-inactivated HHV6 infection of endothelial cells did not lead to chemokine production. We investigated the expression of HHV6 U51 gene, which encodes a chemokine receptor that is already known to sequester and down modulate RANTES in epithelial cells. HHV6-infected endothelial cells co-expressed RANTES and U51 mRNAs starting from 12 hr up to 48 hr post-infection. Then, RANTES transcripts disappeared whereas U51 messages continued to be expressed. In conclusion, this study highlights the major role of HHV6 in endothelial cell biology and the development of inflammatory processes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Coronary Vessels
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/radiation effects
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Virus
- Time Factors
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Umbilical Veins
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Caruso
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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