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Zborowsky S, Seurat J, Balacheff Q, Minh CNN, Titécat M, Evrard E, Rodriguez-Gonzalez RA, Marchi J, Weitz JS, Debarbieux L. Macrophage-induced reduction of bacteriophage density limits the efficacy of in vivo pulmonary phage therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575879. [PMID: 38293203 PMCID: PMC10827109 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has led to renewed interest in evaluating phage therapy. In murine models highly effective treatment of acute pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on the synergistic antibacterial activity of bacteriophages with neutrophils. Here, we show that depletion of alveolar macrophages (AM) shortens the survival of mice without boosting the P. aeruginosa load in the lungs. Unexpectedly, upon bacteriophage treatment, pulmonary levels of P. aeruginosa were significantly lower in AM-depleted than in immunocompetent mice. To explore potential mechanisms underlying the benefit of AM-depletion in treated mice, we developed a mathematical model. Integration of model simulations suggest that AM reduce bacteriophage density in the lungs. We experimentally confirmed that the in vivo decay of phage is faster in immunocompetent compared to AM-depleted animals. These findings demonstrate the involvement of feedback between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the immune system in shaping the outcomes of phage therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Zborowsky
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jérémy Seurat
- Institut de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Quentin Balacheff
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
- CHU Felix Guyon, Service des maladies respiratoires, La Réunion, France
| | - Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Marie Titécat
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille 59000, France
| | - Emma Evrard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
| | - Rogelio A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Jacopo Marchi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
| | - Joshua S. Weitz
- Institut de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
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2
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Wang LT, Yen BL, Wang HH, Chao YY, Lee W, Huang LY, Chiu SK, Siu LK, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Yen ML. Placental mesenchymal stem cells boost M2 alveolar over M1 bone marrow macrophages via IL-1β in Klebsiella-mediated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax 2022; 78:504-514. [PMID: 35450943 PMCID: PMC10176360 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lethal complication of severe bacterial pneumonia due to the inability to dampen overexuberant immune responses without compromising pathogen clearance. Both of these processes involve tissue-resident and bone marrow (BM)-recruited macrophage (MΦ) populations which can be polarised to have divergent functions. Surprisingly, despite the known immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), simultaneous interactions with tissue-resident and recruited BMMΦ populations are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES We assessed the therapeutic use of human placental MSCs (PMSCs) in severe bacterial pneumonia with elucidation of the roles of resident alveolar MΦs (AMΦs) and BMMΦs. METHODS We developed a lethal, murine pneumonia model using intratracheal infection of a clinically relevant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) strain with subsequent intravenous human PMSC treatment. Pulmonary AMΦ and recruited BMMΦ analyses, histological evaluation, bacterial clearance and mice survival were assessed. To elucidate the role of resident AMΦs in improving outcome, we performed AMΦ depletion in the KP-pneumonia model with intratracheal clodronate pretreatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Human PMSC treatment decreased tissue injury and improved survival of severe KP-pneumonia mice by decreasing the presence and function of recruited M1 BMMΦ while preserving M2 AMΦs and enhancing their antibacterial functions. Interestingly, PMSC therapy failed to rescue AMΦ-depleted mice with KP pneumonia, and PMSC-secreted IL-1β was identified as critical in increasing AMΦ antibacterial activities to significantly improve pathogen clearance-especially bacteraemia-and survival. CONCLUSIONS Human PMSC treatment preferentially rescued resident M2 AMΦs over recruited M1 BMMΦs with overall M2 polarisation to improve KP-related ARDS survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan .,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital Shiji, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Huan Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yin Chao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yueh Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Infection, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L Kristopher Siu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Sojoodi M, Erstad DJ, Barrett SC, Salloum S, Zhu S, Qian T, Colon S, Gale EM, Jordan VC, Wang Y, Li S, Ataeinia B, Jalilifiroozinezhad S, Lanuti M, Zukerberg L, Caravan P, Hoshida Y, Chung RT, Bhave G, Lauer GM, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Peroxidasin Deficiency Re-programs Macrophages Toward Pro-fibrolysis Function and Promotes Collagen Resolution in Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1483-1509. [PMID: 35093588 PMCID: PMC9043497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During liver fibrosis, tissue repair mechanisms replace necrotic tissue with highly stabilized extracellular matrix proteins. Extracellular matrix stabilization influences the speed of tissue recovery. Here, we studied the expression and function of peroxidasin (PXDN), a peroxidase that uses hydrogen peroxide to cross-link collagen IV during liver fibrosis progression and regression. METHODS Mouse models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis patients were analyzed for the expression of PXDN in liver and serum. Pxdn-/- and Pxdn+/+ mice were either treated with carbon tetrachloride for 6 weeks to generate toxin-induced fibrosis or fed with a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet for 16 weeks to create nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis. Liver histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, collagen content, flowcytometry and immunostaining of immune cells, RNA-sequencing, and liver function tests were analyzed. In vivo imaging of liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed using a redox-active iron complex, Fe-PyC3A. RESULTS In human and mouse cirrhotic tissue, PXDN is expressed by stellate cells and is secreted into fibrotic areas. In patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, serum levels of PXDN increased significantly. In both mouse models of liver fibrosis, PXDN deficiency resulted in elevated monocyte and pro-fibrolysis macrophage recruitment into fibrotic bands and caused decreased accumulation of cross-linked collagens. In Pxdn-/- mice, collagen fibers were loosely organized, an atypical phenotype that is reversible upon macrophage depletion. Elevated ROS in Pxdn-/- livers was observed, which can result in activation of hypoxic signaling cascades and may affect signaling pathways involved in macrophage polarization such as TNF-a via NF-kB. Fibrosis resolution in Pxdn-/- mice was associated with significant decrease in collagen content and improved liver function. CONCLUSION PXDN deficiency is associated with increased ROS levels and a hypoxic liver microenvironment that can regulate recruitment and programming of pro-resolution macrophages. Our data implicate the importance of the liver microenvironment in macrophage programming during liver fibrosis and suggest a novel pathway that is involved in the resolution of scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen C. Barrett
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shadi Salloum
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shijia Zhu
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tongqi Qian
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence Zukerberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kenneth K. Tanabe, Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114. tel: (617) 724-3868.
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4
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Tsao C, Yuan Z, Zhang P, Liu E, McMullen P, Wu K, Hung HC, Jiang S. Enhanced pulmonary systemic delivery of protein drugs via zwitterionic polymer conjugation. J Control Release 2020; 322:170-176. [PMID: 32200000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of protein drugs into the systemic circulation is highly desirable as the lung provides a large absorption surface area and a more favorable environment for biologics compared to other delivery routes. However, pulmonary systemic delivery of proteins presents several challenges such as poor protein stability and limited bioavailability, especially for large proteins (molecular weight > 50 kDa), which exhibit an average bioavailability of 1% to 5% when delivered via the pulmonary route. Here, we demonstrated that with the conjugation of zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) polymer, the bioavailability of organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) was significantly increased from 5% to 53%. OPH conjugated with pCB delivered through intubation-assisted intratracheal instillation (IAIS) into the lung exhibited improved pharmacokinetic properties and prophylactic efficacy against organophosphate poisoning, showing its application potential. Zwitterionic polymer conjugation provides the possibility for a favorable, non-invasive delivery of biological therapeutics into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tsao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Zhefan Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Erik Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Patrick McMullen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Kan Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
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5
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Joshi S, Bawage S, Tiwari P, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Dennis V, Singh SR. Liposomes: a promising carrier for respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:969-980. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1652268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Swapnil Bawage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pooja Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
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6
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Potera RM, Cao M, Jordan LF, Hogg RT, Hook JS, Moreland JG. Alveolar Macrophage Chemokine Secretion Mediates Neutrophilic Lung Injury in Nox2-Deficient Mice. Inflammation 2019; 42:185-198. [PMID: 30288635 PMCID: PMC6775637 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), developing as a component of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced in part by the neutrophil NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated the development of pulmonary inflammation in Nox2-deficient (gp91phox-/y) mice that was absent in WT mice in a murine model of SIRS. Given this finding, we hypothesized that Nox2 in a resident cell in the lung, specifically the alveolar macrophage, has an essential anti-inflammatory role. Using a murine model of SIRS, we examined whole-lung digests and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) from WT and gp91phox-/y mice. Both genotypes demonstrated neutrophil sequestration in the lung during SIRS, but neutrophil migration into the alveolar space was only present in the gp91phox-/y mice. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α gene expression and protein secretion were higher in whole-lung digest from uninjected gp91phox-/y mice compared to the WT mice. Gene expression of MIP-1α, MCP-1, and MIP-2 was upregulated in alveolar macrophages obtained from gp91phox-/y mice at baseline compared with WT mice. Further, ex vivo analysis of alveolar macrophages, but not bone marrow-derived macrophages or peritoneal macrophages, demonstrated higher gene expression of MIP-1α and MIP-2. Moreover, isolated lung polymorphonuclear neutrophils migrate to BALf obtained from gp91phox-/y mice, further providing evidence of a cell-specific anti-inflammatory role for Nox2 in alveolar macrophages. We speculate that Nox2 represses the development of inflammatory lung injury by modulating chemokine expression by the alveolar macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Potera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.
| | - Mou Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Lin F Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Richard T Hogg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Jessica S Hook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Jessica G Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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7
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Bhagwat SP, Gigliotti F, Wang J, Wang Z, Notter RH, Murphy PS, Rivera-Escalera F, Malone J, Jordan MB, Elliott MR, Wright TW. Intrinsic Programming of Alveolar Macrophages for Protective Antifungal Innate Immunity Against Pneumocystis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2131. [PMID: 30283457 PMCID: PMC6156154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, including Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PcP), remain frequent life-threatening conditions of patients with adaptive immune defects. While innate immunity helps control pathogen growth early during infection, it is typically not sufficient for complete protection against Pneumocystis and other human fungal pathogens. Alveolar macrophages (AM) possess pattern recognition molecules capable of recognizing antigenic and structural determinants of Pneumocystis. However, this pathogen effectively evades innate immunity to infect both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts, albeit with differing outcomes. During our studies of mouse models of PcP, the FVB/N strain was identified as unique because of its ability to mount a protective innate immune response against Pneumocystis infection. In contrast to other immunocompetent strains, which become transiently infected prior to the onset of adaptive immunity, FVB/N mice rapidly eradicated Pneumocystis before an adaptive immune response was triggered. Furthermore, FVB/N mice remained highly resistant to infection even in the absence of functional T cells. The effector mechanism of innate protection required the action of functional alveolar macrophages, and the adoptive transfer of resistant FVB/N AMs, but not susceptible CB.17 AMs, conferred protection to immunodeficient mice. Macrophage IFNγ receptor signaling was not required for innate resistance, and FVB/N macrophages were found to display markers of alternative activation. IFNγ reprogrammed resistant FVB/N macrophages to a permissive M1 biased phenotype through a mechanism that required direct activation of the macrophage IFNγR. These results demonstrate that appropriately programmed macrophages provide protective innate immunity against this opportunistic fungal pathogen, and suggest that modulating macrophage function may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy to enhance antifungal host defense. The identification of resistant and susceptible macrophages provides a novel platform to study not only the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated antifungal defense, but also the mechanisms by which Pneumocystis evades innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir P. Bhagwat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Robert H. Notter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Patrick S. Murphy
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jane Malone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Divisions of Immunobiology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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8
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Location, function, and ontogeny of pulmonary macrophages during the steady state. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:561-572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Transcriptome analysis highlights the conserved difference between embryonic and postnatal-derived alveolar macrophages. Blood 2015; 126:1357-66. [PMID: 26232173 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-624809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) reside on the luminal surfaces of the airways and alveoli where they maintain host defense and promote alveolar homeostasis by ingesting inhaled particulates and regulating inflammatory responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that AMs populate the lungs during embryogenesis and self-renew throughout life with minimal replacement by circulating monocytes, except under extreme conditions of depletion or radiation injury. Here we demonstrate that on a global scale, environment appears to dictate AM development and function. Indeed, transcriptome analysis of embryonic host-derived and postnatal donor-derived AMs coexisting within the same mouse demonstrated >98% correlation and overall functional analyses were similar. However, we also identified several genes whose expression was dictated by origin rather than environment. The most differentially expressed gene not altered by environment was Marco, a gene recently demonstrated to have enhancer activity in embryonic-derived but not postnatal-derived tissue macrophages. Overall, we show that under homeostatic conditions, the environment largely dictates the programming and function of AMs, whereas the expression of a small number of genes remains linked to the origin of the cell.
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10
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Wang M, Gorasiya S, Antoine DJ, Sitapara RA, Wu W, Sharma L, Yang H, Ashby CR, Vasudevan D, Zur M, Thomas DD, Mantell LL. The compromise of macrophage functions by hyperoxia is attenuated by ethacrynic acid via inhibition of NF-κB-mediated release of high-mobility group box-1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:171-82. [PMID: 24992505 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0544oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can compromise macrophage functions and contribute to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. High levels of extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in the airways of mice exposed to hyperoxia can directly cause macrophage dysfunction. Hence, inhibition of the release of nuclear HMGB1 into the extracellular milieu may help to maintain macrophage functions under hyperoxic conditions. The present study investigates whether ethacrynic acid (EA) affects hyperoxia-induced HMGB1 release from macrophages and improves their functions. Macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of EA for 24 hours in the presence of 95% O2. EA significantly decreased the accumulation of extracellular HMGB1 in cultured media. Importantly, the phagocytic activity and migration capability of macrophages were significantly enhanced in EA-treated cells. Interestingly, hyperoxia-induced NF-κB activation was also inhibited in these cells. To determine whether NF-κB plays a role in hyperoxia-induced HMGB1 release, BAY 11-7082, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, was used. Similar to EA, BAY 11-7082 significantly inhibited the accumulation of extracellular HMGB1 and improved hyperoxia-compromised macrophage migration and phagocytic activity. Furthermore, 24-hour hyperoxic exposure of macrophages caused hyperacetylation of HMGB1 and its subsequent cytoplasmic translocation and release, which were inhibited by EA and BAY 11-7082. Together, these results suggest that EA enhances hyperoxia-compromised macrophage functions by inhibiting HMGB1 hyperacetylation and its release from macrophages, possibly through attenuation of the NF-κB activation. Therefore, the activation of NF-κB could be one of the underlying mechanisms that mediate hyperoxia-compromised macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
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11
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Van der Meeren A, Moureau A, Griffiths NM. Macrophages as key elements of Mixed-oxide [U-Pu(O2)] distribution and pulmonary damage after inhalation? Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:1095-103. [PMID: 25029673 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.943848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Purpose: To investigate the consequences of alveolar macrophage (AM) depletion on Mixed OXide fuel (MOX: U, Pu oxide) distribution and clearance, as well as lung damage following MOX inhalation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed to MOX by nose only inhalation. AM were depleted with intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate at 6 weeks. Lung changes, macrophage activation, as well as local and systemic actinide distribution were studied up to 3 months post-inhalation. RESULTS Clodronate administration modified excretion/retention patterns of α activity. At 3 months post-inhalation lung retention was higher in clodronate-treated rats compared to Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)-treated rats, and AM-associated α activity was also increased. Retention in liver was higher in clodronate-treated rats and fecal and urinary excretions were lower. Three months after inhalation, rats exhibited lung fibrotic lesions and alveolitis, with no marked differences between the two groups. Foamy macrophages of M2 subtype [inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) negative but galectin-3 positive] were frequently observed, in correlation with the accumulation of MOX particles. AM from all MOX-exposed rats showed increased chemokine levels as compared to sham controls. CONCLUSION Despite the transient reduced AM numbers in clodronate-treated animals no major differences on lung damage were observed as compared to non-treated rats after MOX inhalation. The higher lung activity retention in rats receiving clodronate seems to be part of a general inflammatory response and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DSV/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel , Arpajon , France
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12
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Immune modulatory therapies for spinal cord injury – Past, present and future. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Alveolar macrophage depletion increases the severity of acute inflammation following nonlethal unilateral lung contusion in mice. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:982-90. [PMID: 24662861 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung contusion (LC) is a common injury resulting from blunt thoracic trauma. LC is an important risk factor for the development acute lung injury, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, all of which increase mortality from trauma. LC produces a nonspecific immune cellular response. Neutrophil recruitment is known to increase the severity of inflammation during LC. However, the exact role of macrophages in modulating the response to LC has not been well described. METHODS We used a cortical contusion impactor to induce unilateral LC in mice. Thoracic micro computed tomographic scans of these animals were obtained to document radiologic changes over time following LC. To understand the role of macrophages during LC, liposomal clodronate was used to deplete macrophage levels before traumatic insult. Acute inflammatory attributes after LC were assessed, by measuring pressure-volume mechanics; quantifying bronchial alveolar lavage levels of leukocytes, albumin, and cytokines; and finally examining lung specimen histopathology at 5, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. RESULTS After LC, alveolar macrophage numbers were significantly reduced and exhibited slowed recovery. Simultaneously, there was a significant increase in bronchial alveolar lavage neutrophil counts. The loss of macrophages could be attributed to both cellular apoptosis and necrosis. Pretreatment with clodronate increased the severity of lung inflammation as measured by worsened pulmonary compliance, increased lung permeability, amplification of neutrophil recruitment, and increases in early proinflammatory cytokine levels. CONCLUSION The presence of regulatory alveolar macrophages plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute inflammation following LC.
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14
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Chang MY, Tanino Y, Vidova V, Kinsella MG, Chan CK, Johnson PY, Wight TN, Frevert CW. Reprint of: A rapid increase in macrophage-derived versican and hyaluronan in infectious lung disease. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:162-73. [PMID: 24727035 PMCID: PMC4096977 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to characterize the changes in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and hyaluronan in lungs in acute response to gram-negative bacterial infection and to identify cellular components responsible for these changes. Mice were treated with intratracheal (IT) live Escherichia coli, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or PBS. Both E. coli and LPS caused rapid selective increases in mRNA expression of versican and hyaluronan synthase (Has) isoforms 1 and 2 associated with increased immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for versican and hyaluronan in the lungs. Versican was associated with a subset of alveolar macrophages. To examine whether macrophages contribute to versican and hyaluronan accumulation, in vitro studies with primary cultures of bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages were performed. Unstimulated macrophages expressed very low levels of versican and hyaluronan synthase mRNA, with no detectible versican protein or hyaluronan product. Stimulation with LPS caused rapid increases in versican mRNA and protein, a rapid increase in Has1 mRNA, and concomitant inhibition of hyaluronidases 1 and 2, the major hyaluronan degrading enzymes. Hyaluronan could be detected following chloroquine pre-treatment, indicating rapid turnover and degradation of hyaluronan by macrophages. In addition, the effects of LPS, the M1 macrophage classical activation agonist, were compared to those of IL-4/IL-13 or IL-10, the M2a and M2c alternative activation agonists, respectively. Versican and Has1 increased only in response to M1 activation. Finally, the up-regulation of versican and Has1 in the whole lungs of wild-type mice following IT LPS was completely abrogated in TLR-4(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that versican and hyaluronan synthesis may play an important role in the innate immune response to gram-negative lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Veronika Vidova
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael G Kinsella
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christina K Chan
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Chang MY, Tanino Y, Vidova V, Kinsella MG, Chan CK, Johnson PY, Wight TN, Frevert CW. A rapid increase in macrophage-derived versican and hyaluronan in infectious lung disease. Matrix Biol 2014; 34:1-12. [PMID: 24472738 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to characterize the changes in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and hyaluronan in lungs in acute response to gram-negative bacterial infection and to identify cellular components responsible for these changes. Mice were treated with intratracheal (IT) live Escherichia coli, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or PBS. Both E. coli and LPS caused rapid selective increases in mRNA expression of versican and hyaluronan synthase (Has) isoforms 1 and 2 associated with increased immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for versican and hyaluronan in the lungs. Versican was associated with a subset of alveolar macrophages. To examine whether macrophages contribute to versican and hyaluronan accumulation, in vitro studies with primary cultures of bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages were performed. Unstimulated macrophages expressed very low levels of versican and hyaluronan synthase mRNA, with no detectible versican protein or hyaluronan product. Stimulation with LPS caused rapid increases in versican mRNA and protein, a rapid increase in Has1 mRNA, and concomitant inhibition of hyaluronidases 1 and 2, the major hyaluronan degrading enzymes. Hyaluronan could be detected following chloroquine pre-treatment, indicating rapid turnover and degradation of hyaluronan by macrophages. In addition, the effects of LPS, the M1 macrophage classical activation agonist, were compared to those of IL-4/IL-13 or IL-10, the M2a and M2c alternative activation agonists, respectively. Versican and Has1 increased only in response to M1 activation. Finally, the up-regulation of versican and Has1 in the whole lungs of wild-type mice following IT LPS was completely abrogated in TLR-4(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that versican and hyaluronan synthesis may play an important role in the innate immune response to gram-negative lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Veronika Vidova
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael G Kinsella
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christina K Chan
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Comparative Pathology Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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16
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Marsolais D, Langlois A, Bissonnette EY. Dysregulation of alveolar macrophages unleashes dendritic cell-mediated mechanisms of allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:155-64. [PMID: 23715174 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophilia and T helper type 2 (Th2) cell activation. However, little information is available on the mechanisms leading to this pathology. We previously showed that alveolar macrophages (AM) from rats with experimental asthma lose their ability to prevent asthma symptoms. To understand the implication of AM in lung immunity, we investigated the influence of AM sensitization status on lung dendritic cell (DC) activation induced by allergen challenge in vivo. Rat sensitized to ovalbumin developed airway inflammation (eosinophils and Th2 cells) and demonstrated myeloid DC (mDC) activation following allergen exposure. The replacement of AM of sensitized animals by AM from naive animals did not affect allergen-triggered eosinophilia but completely abolished lung mDC allergen capture and migration to the lymph nodes, as well as Th2 cell polarization. Moreover, immunosuppressive functions of naive AM occurred in conjunction with low engulfment of allergens but without variation of major histocompatibility complex II and CD23 expression. Interestingly, sensitized AM that were withdrawn from the inflammatory environment regained their immunosuppressive functions when transferred to sensitized rats. Thus, these are the first in vivo evidences showing that dysregulation of AM functions is sufficient to induce DC-triggered allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Lauzon-Joset
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - D Marsolais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - A Langlois
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - E Y Bissonnette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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17
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Gill SE, Gharib SA, Bench EM, Sussman SW, Wang RT, Rims C, Birkland TP, Wang Y, Manicone AM, McGuire JK, Parks WC. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 moderates the proinflammatory status of macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:768-77. [PMID: 23742180 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0377oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation. Recently, we reported that the resolution of inflammation is impaired in Timp3(-/-) mice after bleomycin-induced lung injury. Here, we demonstrate that after LPS instillation (another model of acute lung injury), Timp3(-/-) mice demonstrate enhanced and persistent neutrophilia, increased numbers of infiltrated macrophages, and delayed weight gain, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Because macrophages possess broad immune functions and can differentiate into cells that either stimulate inflammation (M1 macrophages) or are immunosuppressive (M2 macrophages), we examined whether TIMP-3 influences macrophage polarization. Comparisons of the global gene expression of unstimulated or LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT and Timp3(-/-) mice revealed that Timp3(-/-) BMDMs exhibited an increased expression of genes associated with proinflammatory (M1) macrophages, including Il6, Il12, Nos2, and Ccl2. Microarray analyses also revealed a baseline difference in gene expression between WT and Timp3(-/-) BMDMs, suggesting altered macrophage differentiation. Furthermore, the treatment of Timp3(-/-) BMDMs with recombinant TIMP-3 rescued this altered gene expression. We also examined macrophage function, and found that Timp3(-/-) M1 cells exhibit significantly more neutrophil chemotactic activity and significantly less soluble Fas ligand-induced caspase-3/7 activity, a marker of apoptosis, compared with WT M1 cells. Macrophage differentiation into immunosuppressive M2 cells is mediated by exposure to IL-4/IL-13, and we found that Timp3(-/-) M2 macrophages demonstrated a lower expression of genes associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype, compared with WT M2 cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that TIMP-3 functions to moderate the differentiation of macrophages into proinflammatory (M1) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Gill
- 1 Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Bein K, Di Giuseppe M, Mischler SE, Ortiz LA, Leikauf GD. LPS-treated macrophage cytokines repress surfactant protein-B in lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:306-15. [PMID: 23590297 PMCID: PMC3824031 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mouse lung, Escherichia coli LPS can decrease surfactant protein-B (SFTPB) mRNA and protein concentrations. LPS also regulates the expression, synthesis, and concentrations of a variety of gene and metabolic products that inhibit SFTPB gene expression. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether LPS acts directly or indirectly on pulmonary epithelial cells to trigger signaling pathways that inhibit SFTPB expression, and whether the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-β (CEBPB) is a downstream inhibitory effector. To investigate the mechanism of SFTPB repression, the human pulmonary epithelial cell lines NCI-H441 (H441) and NCI-H820 (H820) and the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 were treated with LPS. Whereas LPS did not decrease SFTPB transcripts in H441 or H820 cells, the conditioned medium of LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells decreased SFTPB transcripts in H441 and H820 cells, and inhibited SFTPB promoter activity in H441 cells. In the presence of neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies, the conditioned medium of LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells did not inhibit SFTPB promoter activity. In H441 cells treated with recombinant TNF protein, SFTPB transcripts decreased, whereas CEBPB transcripts increased and the transient coexpression of CEBPB decreased SFTPB promoter activity. Further, CEBPB short, interfering RNA increased basal SFTPB transcripts and countered the decrease of SFTPB transcripts by TNF. Together, these findings suggest that macrophages participate in the repression of SFTPB expression by LPS, and that macrophage-released cytokines (including TNF) regulate the transcription factor CEBPB, which can function as a downstream transcriptional repressor of SFTPB gene expression in pulmonary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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19
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Proskocil BJ, Bruun DA, Jacoby DB, van Rooijen N, Lein PJ, Fryer AD. Macrophage TNF-α mediates parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L519-29. [PMID: 23377347 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00381.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are implicated in human asthma. We previously demonstrated that, at concentrations that do not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, the OP parathion causes airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs as a result of functional loss of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves. Because macrophages are associated with asthma, we investigated whether macrophages mediate parathion-induced M2 receptor dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity. Airway physiology was measured in guinea pigs 24 h after a subcutaneous injection of parathion. Pretreatment with liposome-encapsulated clodronate induced alveolar macrophage apoptosis and prevented parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity in response to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. As determined by qPCR, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels were increased in alveolar macrophages isolated from parathion-treated guinea pigs. Parathion treatment of alveolar macrophages ex vivo did not significantly increase IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA but did significantly increase TNF-α protein release. Consistent with these data, pretreatment with the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept but not the IL-1β receptor inhibitor anakinra prevented parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity and protected M2 receptor function. These data suggest a novel mechanism of OP-induced airway hyperreactivity in which low-level parathion activates macrophages to release TNF-α-causing M2 receptor dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity. These observations have important implications regarding therapeutic approaches for treating respiratory disease associated with OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Proskocil
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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20
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Patel VS, Sitapara RA, Gore A, Phan B, Sharma L, Sampat V, Li JH, Yang H, Chavan SS, Wang H, Tracey KJ, Mantell LL. High Mobility Group Box-1 mediates hyperoxia-induced impairment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance and inflammatory lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:280-7. [PMID: 23087050 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0279oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation with supraphysiological concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) is routinely used to treat patients with respiratory distress. However, a significant number of patients on ventilators exhibit enhanced susceptibility to infections and develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the most common species of bacteria found in these patients. Previously, we demonstrated that prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can compromise the ability of alveolar macrophages (AMs), an essential part of the innate immunity, to phagocytose PA. This study sought to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying hyperoxia-compromised innate immunity against bacterial infection in a murine model of PA pneumonia. Here, we show that exposure to hyperoxia (≥ 99% O2) led to a significant elevation in concentrations of airway high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and increased mortality in C57BL/6 mice infected with PA. Treatment of these mice with a neutralizing anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in a reduction in bacterial counts, injury, and numbers of neutrophils in the lungs, and an increase in leukocyte phagocytic activity compared with mice receiving control mAb. This improved phagocytic function was associated with reduced concentrations of airway HMGB1. The correlation between phagocytic activity and concentrations of extracellular HMGB1 was also observed in cultured macrophages. These results indicate a pathogenic role for HMGB1 in hyperoxia-induced impairment with regard to a host's ability to clear bacteria and inflammatory lung injury. Thus, HMGB1 may provide a novel molecular target for improving hyperoxia-compromised innate immunity in patients with VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Patel
- Division of Cardiopulmonary Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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Reuben JS, Dinh L, Lee J, Stateson J, Kamara H, Xiang L, Opperman LA. Bisphosphonates inhibit phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3: implications for their effects on innate immune function and osteoclastogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:196-204. [PMID: 21237434 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the effects of bisphosphonates (BPs) on the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein in macrophages. SOCS3 has been shown to regulate cell differentiation and survival; however, its potential role in mediating the effects of BPs has not been explored. STUDY DESIGN The cell viability of murine RAW 267.4 macrophages was assessed after culturing with control medium or media containing increasing concentrations of 2 BPs (ibandronate or clodronate) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The phosphorylation status of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the expression of SOCS3 protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In control cultures, STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 and SOCS3 protein levels increased within 5 minutes after the addition of fresh medium. This increase was inhibited in cultures treated with both BPs. Macrophage cell viability also decreased after BP treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that, in addition to their effects on macrophage viability, BPs can decrease STAT3 and SOCS3 expression, which are important modulators of immune responses and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne S Reuben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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22
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Huang FF, Barnes PF, Feng Y, Donis R, Chroneos ZC, Idell S, Allen T, Perez DR, Whitsett JA, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Shams H. GM-CSF in the lung protects against lethal influenza infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:259-68. [PMID: 21474645 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201012-2036oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Alveolar macrophages contribute to host defenses against influenza in animal models. Enhancing alveolar macrophage function may contribute to protection against influenza. OBJECTIVES To determine if increased expression of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the lung increases resistance to influenza. METHODS Wild-type mice and transgenic mice that expressed GM-CSF in the lung were infected with influenza virus, and lung pathology, weight loss, and mortality were measured. We also administered GM-CSF to the lungs of wild-type mice that were infected with influenza virus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Wild-type mice all died after infection with different strains of influenza virus, but all transgenic mice expressing GM-CSF in the lungs survived. The latter also had greatly reduced weight loss and lung injury, and showed histologic evidence of a rapid host inflammatory response that controlled infection. The resistance of transgenic mice to influenza was abrogated by elimination of alveolar phagocytes, but not by depletion of T cells, B cells, or neutrophils. Transgenic mice had far more alveolar macrophages than did wild-type mice, and they were more resistant to influenza-induced apoptosis. Delivery of intranasal GM-CSF to wild-type mice also conferred resistance to influenza. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF confers resistance to influenza by enhancing innate immune mechanisms that depend on alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary delivery of this cytokine has the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Huang
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas, USA
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Kim KH, Lyu JH, Koo ST, Oh SR, Lee HK, Ahn KS, Sadikot RT, Joo M. MyD88 is a mediator for the activation of Nrf2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Patton JS, Brain JD, Davies LA, Fiegel J, Gumbleton M, Kim KJ, Sakagami M, Vanbever R, Ehrhardt C. The Particle has Landed—Characterizing the Fate of Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23 Suppl 2:S71-87. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2010.0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lee A. Davies
- Gene Medicine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Colleges of Pharmacy and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masahiro Sakagami
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Venet F, Huang X, Chung CS, Chen Y, Ayala A. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control lung inflammation and monocyte recruitment in indirect acute lung injury in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:764-73. [PMID: 20042672 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Indirect acute lung injury (ALI, not caused by a direct insult to the lung) represents the first organ dysfunction in trauma patients, with nonpulmonary sepsis being the most common cause of indirect ALI. Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to participate in a number of inflammatory lung diseases; however, their role in indirect ALI is currently not established. Using a clinically relevant model of indirect ALI induced in mice by hemorrhagic shock followed 24 hours later by polymicrobial septic challenge, we report that mature DC numbers were markedly increased in the lung during indirect ALI. DC depletion induced a significant increase in indirect ALI severity, which was associated with enhanced lung and plasma proinflammatory cytokine concentration and recruitment of proinflammatory CD115(+) monocytes in response to increased lung monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production. Among the different DC subpopulations, plasmacytoid DCs, which were induced and activated in the lung during indirect ALI, were responsible for this effect because their specific depletion reproduced the observations made in DC-depleted mice. As the recruitment of monocytes to the lung plays a central deleterious role in the pathophysiology of indirect ALI, our data therefore position plasmacytoid DCs as important regulators of acute lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Johnston CJ, Williams JP, Elder A, Hernady E, Finkelstein JN. INFLAMMATORY CELL RECRUITMENT FOLLOWING THORACIC IRRADIATION. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:369-82. [PMID: 15204829 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490438915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation leads to a progressive injury in which a monocyte/macrophage-rich pneumonitis is followed by a chronic progressive fibrosis. In the present study, the role of macrophage/monocyte recruitment in the genesis of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis was examined. The objectives were threefold: (i) characterize the inflammatory cells recruited into the lung during the development of radiation-induced fibrosis; (ii) investigate changes in lung response following depletion of resident alveolar macrophages in vivo prior to radiation treatment; (iii) assess if inhalation of low levels of endotoxin would potentiate the radiation-initiated injury. One group of fibrosis-sensitive C57BL/6 mice was irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy to the thorax. In a second group, resident inflammatory cells were depleted using clodronate, encapsulated into liposomes, 48 hours prior to irradiation with a single dose of 15 Gy to the thorax. Control animals were sham irradiated. All groups of animals then were examined 8, 16, or 24 weeks post irradiation. No difference in total cell numbers or cell differentials was observed between irradiated mice or those that were both liposome treated and irradiated at any time point. At 16 weeks, mice that received radiation showed a 5- to 6-fold increase in lymphocytes regardless of treatment as compared to control animals. At 24 weeks post irradiation, select groups were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and examined 24 hours post inhalation. Lavageable protein was increased several fold in mice that received both radiation and LPS exposure as compared to 15 Gy or LPS exposure alone. These results demonstrate: (i) macrophages and lymphocytes are the predominately recruited cell types through 24 weeks post irradiation; (ii) recovery of inflammatory cells, regardless of prior macrophage depletion, were similar, suggesting that early responses are primarily driven by parenchymal cell injury; (iii) thoracic irradiation-induced injury can cause sensitization to a secondary stimulus that may result in injuries/responses not predicted by evaluating exposures individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Johnston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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O'Dea KP, Wilson MR, Dokpesi JO, Wakabayashi K, Tatton L, van Rooijen N, Takata M. Mobilization and margination of bone marrow Gr-1high monocytes during subclinical endotoxemia predisposes the lungs toward acute injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1155-66. [PMID: 19124759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The specialized role of mouse Gr-1(high) monocytes in local inflammatory reactions has been well documented, but the trafficking and responsiveness of this subset during systemic inflammation and their contribution to sepsis-related organ injury has not been investigated. Using flow cytometry, we studied monocyte subset margination to the pulmonary microcirculation during subclinical endotoxemia in mice and investigated whether marginated monocytes contribute to lung injury in response to further septic stimuli. Subclinical low-dose i.v. LPS induced a rapid (within 2 h), large-scale mobilization of bone marrow Gr-1high monocytes and their prolonged margination to the lungs. With secondary LPS challenge, membrane TNF expression on these premarginated monocytes substantially increased, indicating their functional priming in vivo. Zymosan challenge produced small increases in pulmonary vascular permeability, which were markedly enhanced by the preadministration of low-dose LPS. The LPS-zymosan-induced permeability increases were effectively abrogated by pretreatment (30 min before zymosan challenge) with the platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in combination with the phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C inhibitor D609, suggesting the involvement of platelet-activating factor/ceramide-mediated pathways in this model. Depletion of monocytes (at 18 h after clodronate-liposome treatment) significantly attenuated the LPS-zymosan-induced permeability increase. However, restoration of normal LPS-induced Gr-1high monocyte margination to the lungs (at 48 h after clodronate-liposome treatment) resulted in the loss of this protective effect. These results demonstrate that mobilization and margination of Gr-1high monocytes during subclinical endotoxemia primes the lungs toward further septic stimuli and suggest a central role for this monocyte subset in the development of sepsis-related acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P O'Dea
- Department of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Han W, Joo M, Everhart MB, Christman JW, Yull FE, Blackwell TS. Myeloid cells control termination of lung inflammation through the NF-kappaB pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L320-7. [PMID: 19098124 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90485.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although acute lung inflammation in response to local or systemic infection involves myeloid and nonmyeloid cells, the interplay between different cell types remains poorly defined. Since NF-kappaB is a key transcription factor for innate immunity, we investigated whether dysregulated NF-kappaB activation in myeloid cells impacts inflammatory signaling in nonmyeloid cells and generation of neutrophilic lung inflammation in response to systemic endotoxemia. We generated bone marrow chimeras by fetal liver transplantation of cells deficient in IkappaBalpha or p50 into lethally irradiated NF-kappaB reporter transgenic mice. No differences were apparent between bone marrow chimeras in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus; however, following intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IkappaBalpha- or p50-deficient bone marrow chimeras showed increased NF-kappaB activation in nonhematopoietic cells, exaggerated neutrophilic inflammation, and higher mortality compared with untransplanted reporter mice and wild-type bone marrow chimeras. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from IkappaBalpha(-/-) or p50(-/-) exhibited increased NF-kappaB activation and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production after LPS treatment compared with wild-type cells, and coculture of BMDM with lung epithelial (A549) cells resulted in increased NF-kappaB activation in A549 cells and excess IL-8 production by these epithelial cells. These studies indicate an important role for inhibitory members of the NF-kappaB family acting specifically within myeloid cells to limit inflammatory responses in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee USA.
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29
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049409034997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Gut ischemia/reperfusion induced acute lung injury is an alveolar macrophage dependent event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 64:1196-200; discussion 1200-1. [PMID: 18469641 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31816c5ca6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of the lung alveolar macrophage (AM) as a mediator of acute lung injury (ALI) after lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has been suggested by animal experiments, it has not been determined whether AMs mediate ALI after intestinal I/R. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of AM elimination on ALI after intestinal I/R in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 90) were randomly divided into three groups: the clodronate-liposomes (CLOD-LIP) group received intratracheal treatment with CLOD-LIP; the liposomes (LIP) group received intratracheal treatment with LIP; and the nontreated (UNTREAT) group received no treatment. Twenty-four hours later each group was randomly divided into three subgroups: the intestinal I/R subgroup was subjected to 45-minute intestinal ischemia and 2-hour reperfusion; the laparotomy (LAP) subgroup was subjected to LAP and sham procedures; the control (CTR) subgroup received no treatment. At the end of reperfusion, ALI was quantitated in all the animals by the Evans blue dye (EBD) method. RESULTS ALI values are expressed as EBD lung leakage (microg EBD/g dry lung weight). EBD lung leakage values in the CLOD-LIP group were 32.59 +/- 12.74 for I/R, 27.74 +/- 7.99 for LAP, and 33.52 +/- 10.17 for CTR. In the LIP group, lung leakage values were 58.02 +/- 18.04 for I/R, 31.90 +/- 8.72 for LAP, and 27.17 +/- 11.48 for CTR. In the UNTREAT group, lung leakage values were 55.60 +/- 10.96 for I/R, 35.99 +/- 6.89 for LAP, and 30.83 +/- 8.41 for CTR. Within each group, LAP values did not differ from CTR values. However, in the LIP and UNTREAT groups, values for both the LAP and CTR subgroups were lower than values for the I/R subgroup (p < 0.001). The CLOD-LIP I/R subgroup value was less (p < 0.001) than the I/R subgroup values in the LIP and UNTREAT groups. These results indicated that I/R provokes ALI that can be prevented by CLOD-LIP treatment, and further suggested that AMs are essential for ALI occurrence induced by intestinal I/R in rats.
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Leiva M, Ruiz-Bravo A, Jimenez-Valera M. Effects of telithromycin in in vitro and in vivo models of lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. Chest 2008; 134:20-9. [PMID: 18403658 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketolide antibiotic telithromycin (TEL) exerts immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in a mouse model of septic shock. We studied the antiinflammatory activity of TEL in in vitro and in vivo models of airway inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS We measured the effects of TEL on the response of RAW 264.7 macrophages to LPS and of murine lung epithelial (MLE)-12 cells to supernatants of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, and apoptosis were determined. Acute airway inflammation was induced in untreated and TEL-treated BALB/c mice by nebulization with LPS. Total number of leukocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, the protein concentration, and nitrite and cytokine levels were determined in the BAL fluid. RESULTS TEL inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of MIP-2 and TNF-alpha by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the production of MIP-2 by MLE-12 epithelial cells to supernatants of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. NF-kappaB activation was inhibited and apoptosis was increased in both cell lines by TEL. The LPS-induced influx of neutrophils in BAL fluid was decreased by TEL pretreatment. TEL also reduced protein, nitrite, MIP-2, and TNF-alpha levels in the BAL fluid of LPS-nebulized animals. CONCLUSIONS We have provided evidence that TEL exerts potent antiinflammatory effects in LPS-induced airways injury. We propose that TEL acts in the early phase of inflammation by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators through NF-kappaB inhibition, and in the later phase through enhancement of inflammatory cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Leiva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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32
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Joo M, Kwon M, Sadikot RT, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Blackwell TS, Peebles RS, Urade Y, Christman JW. Induction and function of lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase in host immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2565-75. [PMID: 17675519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mainly expressed in neuronal cells, lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) is detected in the macrophages infiltrated to atherosclerotic plaques. However, the regulation and significance of L-PGDS expression in macrophages are unknown. Here, we found that treatment of macrophages with bacterial endotoxin (LPS) or Pseudomonas induced L-PGDS expression. Epigenetic suppression of L-PGDS expression in macrophages blunted a majority of PGD(2) produced after LPS treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that L-PGDS induction was regulated positively by AP-1, but negatively by p53. L-PGDS expression was detected in whole lung and alveolar macrophages treated with LPS or Pseudomonas. L-PGDS overexpressing transgenic mice improved clearance of Pseudomonas from the lung compared with nontransgenic mice. Similarly, intratracheal instillation of PGD(2) enhanced removal of Pseudomonas from the lung in mice. In contrast, L-PGDS knockout mice were impaired in their ability to remove Pseudomonas from the lung. Together, our results identify induction of L-PGDS expression by inflammatory stimuli or bacterial infection, the regulatory mechanism of L-PGDS induction, and the protective role of L-PGDS expression in host immune response. Our study suggests a potential therapeutic usage of L-PGDS or PGD(2) against Pseudomonas pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Line
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/biosynthesis
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/deficiency
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Lipocalins
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin D2/therapeutic use
- Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy
- Pseudomonas Infections/enzymology
- Pseudomonas Infections/genetics
- Pseudomonas Infections/immunology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/immunology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Gonzalez NC, Allen J, Blanco VG, Schmidt EJ, van Rooijen N, Wood JG. Alveolar macrophages are necessary for the systemic inflammation of acute alveolar hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1386-94. [PMID: 17656628 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00312.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar hypoxia (Fi(O(2)) 0.10) rapidly produces inflammation in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle, brain, and mesentery of rats. Dissociation between tissue Po(2) values and inflammation, plus the observation that plasma from hypoxic rats activates mast cells and elicits inflammation in normoxic tissues, suggest that the response to hypoxia is initiated when mast cells are activated by an agent released from a distant site and carried by the circulation. These experiments tested the hypothesis that this agent originates in alveolar macrophages (AM). Male rats were depleted of AM by tracheal instillation of clodronate-containing liposomes. Four days after treatment, AM recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage were <10% of control. Control rats received buffer-containing liposomes. As expected, alveolar hypoxia (Fi(O(2)) 0.10) in control rats increased leukocyte-endothelial adherence, produced degranulation of perivascular mast cells, and increased fluorescent albumin extravasation in the cremaster microcirculation. None of these effects was seen when AM-depleted rats were exposed to hypoxia. Plasma obtained from control rats after 5 min of breathing 10% O(2) elicited inflammation when applied to normoxic cremasters. In contrast, normoxic cremasters did not develop inflammation after application of plasma from hypoxic AM-depleted rats. Supernatant from AM cultured in 10% O(2) produced increased leukocyte-endothelial adherence, vasoconstriction, and albumin extravasation when applied to normoxic cremasters. Normoxic AM supernatant did not produce any of these responses. The effects of hypoxic supernatant were attenuated by pretreatment of the cremaster with the mast cell stabilizer cromolyn. These data support the hypothesis that AM are the source of the agent that initiates hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation by activating mast cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Brain/blood supply
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clodronic Acid/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Leukocytes/physiology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/physiology
- Male
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mesentery/blood supply
- Microcirculation/drug effects
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Pulmonary Alveoli/drug effects
- Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vasculitis/etiology
- Vasculitis/metabolism
- Vasculitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto C Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Martin EL, Sheikh TA, Leco KJ, Lewis JF, Veldhuizen RAW. Contribution of alveolar macrophages to the response of the TIMP-3 null lung during a septic insult. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L779-89. [PMID: 17586692 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00442.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) develop an emphysema-like phenotype involving increased pulmonary compliance, tissue degradation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. After a septic insult, they develop a further increase in compliance that is thought to be a result of heightened metalloproteinase activity produced by the alveolar macrophage, potentially modeling an emphysemic exacerbation. Therefore, we hypothesized that TIMP-3 null mice lacking alveolar macrophages would not be susceptible to the altered lung function associated with a septic insult. TIMP-3 null and wild-type (WT) mice were depleted of alveolar macrophages before the induction of a septic insult and assessed for alteration in lung mechanics, alveolar structure, metalloproteinase levels, and inflammation. The results showed that TIMP-3 null mice lacking alveolar macrophages were protected from sepsis-induced alterations in lung mechanics, particularly pulmonary compliance, a finding that was supported by changes in alveolar structure. Additionally, changes in lung mechanics involved primarily peripheral tissue vs. central airways as determined using the flexiVent system. From investigation into possible molecules that could cause these alterations, it was found that although several proteases and inflammatory mediators were increased during the septic response, only MMP-7 was attenuated after macrophage depletion. In conclusion, the alveolar macrophage is essential for the TIMP-3 null sepsis-induced compliance alterations. This response may be mediated in part by MMP-7 activity but occurs independently of inflammatory cytokine and/or chemokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Eyal FG, Hamm CR, Parker JC. Reduction in alveolar macrophages attenuates acute ventilator induced lung injury in rats. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1212-1218. [PMID: 17468847 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alveolar macrophages are the sentinel cell for activation of the inflammatory cascade when the lung is exposed to noxious stimuli. We investigated the role of macrophages in mechanical lung injury by comparing the effect of high-volume mechanical ventilation with or without prior depletion of macrophages. DESIGN AND SETTING Randomized sham-controlled animal study in anesthetized rats. METHODS Lung injury was induced by 15 min of mechanical ventilation (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) using high peak pressures and zero end-expiratory pressure. The mean tidal volume was 40+/-0.7 ml/kg. One group of animals was killed immediately after this period of volutrauma (HV), while in a second group normoventilation was continued for 2 h at a tidal volume less than 10 ml/kg (HV-LV). One-half of the animals were depleted of alveolar macrophages by pretreatment with intratracheal liposomal clodronate (CL2MDP). MEASUREMENTS Arterial blood gas, blood pressure. After kill: lung static pressure volume curves, bronchoalveolar fluid concentration for protein, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D). RESULTS During HV and HV+LV oxygenation, lung compliance, and alveolar stability were better preserved in animals pretreated with CL2MDP. In both groups W/D ratio was significantly greater in ventilated than in nonventilated animals (4.5+/-0.6), but the increase in W/D was significantly less in CL2MDP treated HV and HV-LV groups (6.1+/-0.4, 6.6+/-0.6) than in the similarly ventilated nontreated groups (8.7+/-0.2 and 9.2+/-0.5). CONCLUSIONS Alveolar macrophages participate in the early phase of ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien G Eyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's and Women's Hospital, University of South Alabama, 1700 Center Street, 36604, Mobile, AL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
| | - Charles R Hamm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - James C Parker
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Forbes A, Pickell M, Foroughian M, Yao LJ, Lewis J, Veldhuizen R. Alveolar macrophage depletion is associated with increased surfactant pool sizes in adult rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:637-45. [PMID: 17446406 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00995.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid-protein material that is essential for normal lung function. Maintaining normal and consistent alveolar amounts of surfactant is in part dependent on clearance of surfactant by alveolar macrophages (AM). The present study utilized a rat model of AM depletion to determine the impact on surfactant pool sizes and function over time. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and intratracheally instilled with PBS-liposomes (PBS-L) or dichloromethylene diphosphonic acid (DMDP) containing liposomes (DMDP-L) and were killed at various time points up to 21 days for compliance measurements, AM cell counts, and surfactant analysis. AM numbers were significantly decreased 1, 2, and 3 days after instillation in DMDP-L vs. PBS-L, with 72% depletion at 3 days. AM numbers returned to normal levels by 5 days. In DMDP-L rats, there was a rapid increase in surfactant-phospholipid pools, showing a ninefold increase in the amount of surfactant in the lavage 3 days after liposome instillation. Surfactant accumulation progressed up to 7 days, with pools normalizing by 21 days. The increase in surfactant was due to increases in both subfractions of surfactant, the large aggregates (LA) and small aggregates. Surfactant protein A levels, relative to LA phospholipids, were not increased. There was a decreased extent of surfactant conversion in vitro for LA from DMDP-L rats compared with controls. It is concluded that the procedure of AM depletion significantly affects surfactant metabolism. The increased endogenous surfactant must be considered when utilizing the AM depletion model to study the role of these cells during lung insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Forbes
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Sun L, Stoecklin G, Van Way S, Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Guo RF, Anderson P, Shanley TP. Tristetraprolin (TTP)-14-3-3 complex formation protects TTP from dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2a and stabilizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3766-77. [PMID: 17170118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a major cytokine produced by alveolar macrophages in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide. TNF-alpha secretion is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Post-transcriptional regulation occurs by modulation of TNF-alpha mRNA stability via the binding of tristetraprolin (TTP) to the adenosine/uridine-rich elements found in the 3'-untranslated region of the TNF-alpha transcript. Phosphorylation plays important roles in modulating mRNA stability, because activation of p38 MAPK by lipopolysaccharide stabilizes TNF-alpha mRNA. We hypothesized that the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates this signaling pathway. Our results show that inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid or small interference RNA significantly enhanced the stability of TNF-alpha mRNA. This result was associated with increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK-2). PP2A inhibition increased TTP phosphorylation and enhanced complex formation with chaperone protein 14-3-3. TTP physically interacted with PP2A in transfected mammalian cells. A functional consequence of TTP-14-3-3 complex formation appeared to be protection of TTP from dephosphorylation by inhibition of the binding of PP2A to phosphorylated TTP. Mutation of the MK-2 phosphorylation sites of TTP did not influence TNF-alpha adenosine/uridine-rich element binding and did not alter the increased TNF-alpha 3'-untranslated region-dependent luciferase activity induced by PP2A-small interference RNA silencing. Our data indicate that, although phosphorylation stabilizes TNF-alpha mRNA, PP2A regulates the mRNA stability by modulating the phosphorylation state of members of the p38/MK-2/TTP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Benoit A, Huang Y, Proctor J, Rowden G, Anderson R. Effects of alveolar macrophage depletion on liposomal vaccine protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:147-54. [PMID: 16792685 PMCID: PMC1941998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the identities and roles of antigen-presenting cells upon exposure to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we focused on elucidating the importance of alveolar macrophages in conferring protective immunity in mice administered a liposome-encapsulated recombinant fragment of the RSV G protein. Mice were depleted of alveolar macrophages by intranasal inoculation of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylenediphosphonic acid (DMDP). Mice depleted of alveolar macrophages prior to immunization developed reduced levels of serum RSV-neutralizing antibody and showed dramatically impaired protection against RSV challenge. The severity of interstitial inflammation was also markedly reduced in macrophage-depleted mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a pivotal role for alveolar macrophages during exposure to liposome-encapsulated RSV antigen in initiating both protective and histopathological responses against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benoit
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhao M, Fernandez LG, Doctor A, Sharma AK, Zarbock A, Tribble CG, Kron IL, Laubach VE. Alveolar macrophage activation is a key initiation signal for acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L1018-26. [PMID: 16861385 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00086.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a biphasic inflammatory process. Previous studies indicate that the later phase is neutrophil-dependent and that alveolar macrophages (AMs) likely contribute to the acute phase of lung I/R injury. However, the mechanism is unclear. AMs become activated and produce various cytokines and chemokines in many inflammatory responses, including transplantation. We hypothesize that AMs respond to I/R by producing key cytokines and chemokines and that depletion of AMs would reduce cytokine/chemokine expression and lung injury after I/R. To test this, using a buffer-perfused, isolated mouse lung model, we studied the impact of AM depletion by liposome-clodronate on I/R-induced lung dysfunction/injury and expression of cytokines/chemokines. I/R caused a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure, wet-to-dry weight ratio, vascular permeability, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 expression, as well as decreased pulmonary compliance, when compared with sham lungs. After AM depletion, the changes in each of these parameters between I/R and sham groups were significantly attenuated. Thus AM depletion protects the lungs from I/R-induced dysfunction and injury and significantly reduces cytokine/chemokine production. Protein expression of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 are positively correlated to I/R-induced lung injury, and AMs are a major producer/initiator of TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and MIP-2. We conclude that AMs are an essential player in the initiation of acute lung I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqing Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 801359, Charlottesville, 22908, USA.
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Farley KS, Wang LF, Razavi HM, Law C, Rohan M, McCormack DG, Mehta S. Effects of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase in murine septic lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L1164-72. [PMID: 16414981 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00248.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes importantly to septic pulmonary protein leak in mice with septic acute lung injury (ALI). However, the role of alveolar macrophage (AM) iNOS in septic ALI is not known. Thus we assessed the specific effects of AM iNOS in murine septic ALI through selective AM depletion (via intratracheal instillation of clodronate liposomes) and subsequent AM reconstitution (via intratracheal instillation of donor iNOS+/+ or iNOS−/− AM). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation, and ALI was assessed at 4 h: protein leak by the Evans blue (EB) dye method, neutrophil infiltration via myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and pulmonary iNOS mRNA expression via RT-PCR. In iNOS+/+ mice, AM depletion attenuated the sepsis-induced increases in pulmonary microvascular protein leak (0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.1 μg EB·g lung−1·min−1; P < 0.05) and MPO activity (37 ± 4 vs. 67 ± 8 U/g lung; P < 0.05) compared with that shown in non-AM-depleted mice. In AM-depleted iNOS+/+ mice, septic pulmonary protein leak was restored by AM reconstitution with iNOS+/+ AM (0.9 ± 0.3 μg EB·g lung−1·min−1) but not with iNOS−/− donor AM. In iNOS−/− mice, sepsis did not induce pulmonary protein leak or iNOS mRNA expression, despite increased pulmonary MPO activity. However, AM depletion in iNOS−/− mice and subsequent reconstitution with iNOS+/+ donor AM resulted in significant sepsis-induced pulmonary protein leak and iNOS expression. Septic pulmonary MPO levels were similar in all AM-reconstituted groups. Thus septic pulmonary protein leak is absolutely dependent on the presence of functional AM and specifically on iNOS in AM. AM iNOS-dependent pulmonary protein leak was not mediated through changes in pulmonary neutrophil influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Farley
- Centrre for Critical Illness Research, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, South St. Campus, 375 South Street, London, Ontario, Canada
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Jakubzick C, Tacke F, Llodra J, van Rooijen N, Randolph GJ. Modulation of dendritic cell trafficking to and from the airways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3578-84. [PMID: 16517726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the fate of latex (LX) particles that were introduced into mice intranasally. Macrophages acquired the vast majority of particles and outnumbered LX particle-bearing airway dendritic cells (DCs) by at least two orders of magnitude. Yet alveolar macrophages were refractory to migration to the draining lymph node (DLN), and all transport to the DLN could be ascribed to the few LX(+) airway DCs. Upon macrophage depletion, markedly greater numbers of DCs were recruited into the alveolar space. Consequently, the number of DCs that carried particles to the DLN was boosted by 20-fold. Thus, a so far overlooked aspect of macrophage-mediated suppression of airway DC function stems from the modulation of DC recruitment into the airway. This increase in DC recruitment permitted the development of a robust assay to quantify the subsequent migration of DCs to the DLN. Therefore, we determined whether lung DCs use the same molecules that skin DCs use during migration to DLNs. Like skin DCs, lung DCs used CCR7 ligands and CCR8 for emigration to DLN, but the leukotriene C(4) transporter multidrug resistance-related protein 1 did not mediate lung DC migration as it does in skin, indicating that pathways governing DC migration from different tissues partially differ in molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Nakamura T, Abu-Dahab R, Menger MD, Schäfer U, Vollmar B, Wada H, Lehr CM, Schäfers HJ. Depletion of alveolar macrophages by clodronate-liposomes aggravates ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:38-45. [PMID: 15653377 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury of various organs. Liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (clodronate-liposome) depletes local macrophages in vivo. However, the effect of this approach on alveolar macrophages in pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury has not yet been evaluated. METHODS Clodronate-liposomes in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) or HBSS alone were given intratracheally to anesthetized male Lewis rats in the clodronate or the control group (n = 6/each group). After 3 days, we subjected the lungs to ischemia (37 degrees C, 60 minutes) and reperfusion (60 minutes) in an isolated blood-perfused rat lung model. Analysis during reperfusion included gas exchange, hemodynamics, and airway mechanics. At the end of reperfusion, we determined leukocyte recruitment and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS In the clodronate group, 4 experiments had to be terminated within 10 minutes of reperfusion because of severe lung injury, whereas all lungs of the controls could be studied during the 60-minute reperfusion period (p < 0.05). Clodronate significantly decreased dynamic airway compliance (p < 0.05) and increased airway resistance. Besides a tendency toward greater pulmonary vascular resistance, this was associated with recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (p < 0.05) and increased MIP-2 concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal administration of liposome-encapsulated clodronate does not benefit, but aggravates, warm ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung, increasing MIP-2-associated alveolar neutrophil recruitment and airway mechanical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakamura
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg and Saarbrücken, Germany
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Elder A, Johnston C, Gelein R, Finkelstein J, Wang Z, Notter R, Oberdörster G. Lung inflammation induced by endotoxin is enhanced in rats depleted of alveolar macrophages with aerosolized clodronate. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:527-46. [PMID: 16019986 DOI: 10.1080/019021490944223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clodronate liposomes were given to rats via intratracheal inhalation to investigate the importance of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in inhaled endotoxin-induced lung injury. When AM depletion was maximal (87% to 90%), rats were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. Neither clodronate nor saline liposomes induced an influx of neutrophils (PMNs) into the lungs. However, depleted LPS-exposed rats had 5- to 8-fold higher numbers of lavage PMNs and greater lavage cell reactive oxygen species release compared to undepleted rats. Although AM depletion by itself did not significantly increase inflammatory cytokine expression in lung tissue, LPS-induced message levels for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were approximately 2-fold higher in AM-depleted rats compared to undepleted rats. These results indicate that cells other than AMs can recruit inflammatory cells into the lungs during acute LPS-induced injury and that AMs play an important suppressive role in the innate pulmonary inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Saito T, Yamamoto T, Kazawa T, Gejyo H, Naito M. Expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mouse. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 321:75-88. [PMID: 15902499 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, which include the toll-like receptors (TLRs), are considered to play an important role in the response against lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we performed a reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study, Western analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and RT-PCR-amplified in situ hybridization of TLR2 and TLR4 in the case of LPS-induced lung injury. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 increased in the lung rapidly after LPS inhalation and peaked at 24 h, followed by a gradual decrease. TLR2 and TLR4 expression was observed on the bronchial epithelium and tissue macrophages. In the early hours after inhalation of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled LPS, LPS was detected mainly on the bronchial epithelium and on a few of tissue macrophages. One day after inhalation, the LPS signals disappeared in the lungs of the mice, except for a few alveolar macrophages. The expression of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 was coincident with the signals of FITC-labeled LPS. Instillation of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate induced a significant decrease in alveolar macrophages. In the macrophage-depleted mice, however, expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA or protein was slightly suppressed in the lung after LPS inhalation. These data suggest that the bronchial epithelium and macrophages play crucial roles in LPS-induced lung injury through TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Saito
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori 1, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Hollingsworth JW, Chen BJ, Brass DM, Berman K, Gunn MD, Cook DN, Schwartz DA. The critical role of hematopoietic cells in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:806-13. [PMID: 15618460 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200407-953oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and selective recruitment of neutrophils into the airspace in response to LPS facilitates the clearance of bacterial pathogens. However, neutrophil infiltration can also participate in the development and progression of environmental airway disease. Previous data have revealed that Toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) is required for neutrophil recruitment to the lung after either inhaled or systemically administrated LPS from Escherichia coli. Although many cell types express tlr4, endothelial cell expression of tlr4 is specifically required to sequester neutrophils in the lung in response to systemic endotoxin. To identify the cell types requiring trl4 expression for neutrophil recruitment after inhaled LPS, we generated chimeric mice separately expressing tlr4 on either hematopoietic cells or on structural lung cells. Neutrophil recruitment into the airspace was completely restored in tlr4-deficient mice receiving wild-type bone marrow. By contrast, wild-type animals receiving tlr4-deficient marrow had dramatically reduced neutrophil recruitment. Moreover, adoptive transfer of wild-type alveolar macrophages also restored the ability of tlr4-deficient recipient mice to recruit neutrophils to the lung. These data demonstrate the critical role of hematopoietic cells and alveolar macrophages in initiating LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment from the vascular space to the airspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hollingsworth
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3221, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Everhart MB, Han W, Parman KS, Polosukhin VV, Zeng H, Sadikot RT, Li B, Yull FE, Christman JW, Blackwell TS. Intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate accelerates alveolar macrophage reconstitution following fetal liver transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:173-80. [PMID: 15563581 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate study of alveolar macrophages in vivo, we developed a method to rapidly and efficiently replace resident alveolar macrophages with macrophages of a different (donor) genotype. Chimeric mice were generated by lethal irradiation followed by fetal liver transplantation (FLT) using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic reporter mice as donors. Kinetics of peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) and alveolar macrophage reconstitution was determined 4 and 10 weeks post-FLT by quantifying the percentage of GFP+ cells. To enhance the recruitment of donor monocytes into the lung after FLT, mice were treated with intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate to deplete host alveolar macrophages at 6 weeks post-FLT. PBM reconstitution occurred by 4 weeks after FLT (85.7+/-1.6% of CD11b+/Gr-1+ monocytes were GFP+), and minimal alveolar macrophage repopulation was observed (9.5% GFP+). By 10 weeks following FLT, 48% of alveolar macrophages were GFP+ by immunostaining of macrophages on lung tissue sections, and 55.1 +/- 1.6% of lung lavage macrophages were GFP+ by fluorescein-activated cell sorter analysis. Clodronate treatment resulted in a significant increase in GFP+ alveolar macrophages 10 weeks after FLT. By immunostaining, 90% of macrophages were GFP+ on lung tissue sections and 87.5 +/- 1.1% GFP+ in lung lavage (compared with GFP-transgenic controls). The ability of newly recruited alveolar macrophages to clear Pseudomonas aeruginosa and activate nuclear factor-kappaB in response to Eschericia coli lipopolysaccharide demonstrated normal macrophage function. Optimizing this methodology provides an important tool for the study of specific genes and their contribution to alveolar macrophage function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brett Everhart
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA
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Elder ACP, Gelein R, Oberdörster G, Finkelstein J, Notter R, Wang Z. Efficient depletion of alveolar macrophages using intratracheally inhaled aerosols of liposome-encapsulated clodronate. Exp Lung Res 2004; 30:105-20. [PMID: 14972771 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490266510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) were depleted via intratracheal inhalation (ITIH) of clodronate-containing liposomes. AM depletion following ITIH delivery of clodronate liposomes was 33.2 +/- 14.2 on day 1, 88.1 +/- 6.2 on day 3, and 91.4 +/- 1.8 on day 4 relative to control rats given saline-containing liposomes. Almost all (approximately 99%) of the AMs remaining at the 3-day time point were peroxidase negative, suggesting that immature macrophages were not recruited from the circulation to replace those undergoing cell death on that day. Only 0.5% +/- 0.5% of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were neutrophils at this time (normalized to controls). Whole-body inhalation did not induce as much AM depletion at 3 days (37.6% +/- 10.1%) and required larger amounts of liposome-encapsulated clodronate compared to ITIH. Intratracheal instillation (as opposed to inhalation) of clodronate liposomes produced a significant inflammatory response characterized by the influx of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages. In subsequent pilot studies, the response to intratracheally instilled crystalline silica (75 microg) was found to be markedly reduced in rats depleted of AMs by the ITIH method. We conclude that ITIH of clodronate liposomes in rats is both efficient and useful for examining the role of AMs in pulmonary toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C P Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Skerrett SJ, Liggitt HD, Hajjar AM, Ernst RK, Miller SI, Wilson CB. Respiratory epithelial cells regulate lung inflammation in response to inhaled endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L143-52. [PMID: 15047567 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00030.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of respiratory epithelial cells in the inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin, we selectively inhibited NF-kappa B activation in the respiratory epithelium using a mutant I kappa B-alpha construct that functioned as a dominant negative inhibitor of NF-kappa B translocation (dnI kappa B-alpha). We developed two lines of transgenic mice in which expression of dnI kappa B-alpha was targeted to the distal airway epithelium using the human surfactant apoprotein C promoter. Transgene expression was localized to the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. After inhalation of LPS, nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B was evident in bronchiolar epithelium of nontransgenic but not of transgenic mice. This defect was associated with impaired neutrophilic lung inflammation 4 h after LPS challenge and diminished levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and KC in lung homogenates. Expression of TNF-alpha within bronchiolar epithelial cells and of VCAM-1 within peribronchiolar endothelial cells was reduced in transgenic animals. Thus targeted inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in distal airway epithelial cells impaired the inflammatory response to inhaled LPS. These data provide causal evidence that distal airway epithelial cells and the signals they transduce play a physiological role in lung inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Skerrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98104, USA.
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Lombry C, Edwards DA, Préat V, Vanbever R. Alveolar macrophages are a primary barrier to pulmonary absorption of macromolecules. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 286:L1002-8. [PMID: 14695119 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00260.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that a primary source of elimination of inhaled macromolecules after delivery to the lungs and before absorption into the systemic circulation owes to clearance by alveolar macrophages (AM). Depletion of AM by liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate is shown to cause severalfold enhancement in systemic absorption of IgG and human chorionic gonadotropin after intratracheal instillation in rats. Lowering the doses of IgG delivered to the lungs alleviates local degradation and results in a dramatic increase in systemic absorption of the protein as well. Chemical and physical means of minimizing uptake of macromolecules by AM are proposed as novel methods for enhancing protein absorption from the lungs. Such strategies may have important ramifications on the development of inhalation as an attractive mode of administration of therapeutic proteins to the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lombry
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ave. E. Mounier 73 UCL 73.20, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Naidu BV, Krishnadasan B, Farivar AS, Woolley SM, Thomas R, Van Rooijen N, Verrier ED, Mulligan MS. Early activation of the alveolar macrophage is critical to the development of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126:200-7. [PMID: 12878956 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(03)00390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Activation of the alveolar macrophage is critical to the development of nonischemic inflammatory lung injury. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the alveolar macrophage plays a similarly important role in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS The left lungs of male rats were rendered ischemic for 90 minutes and reperfused for up to 4 hours. Treated animals received liposome-encapsulated clodronate, which depletes alveolar macrophages. Injury was quantitated in terms of vascular permeability, tissue neutrophil accumulation, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocyte, chemokine, and cytokine content. Lung homogenates were also analyzed for nuclear translocation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB and activator of protein 1. RESULTS Depletion of alveolar macrophages reduced lung vascular permeability by 53% compared with that seen in control animals (permeability indices: 0.88 +/- 0.07 to 0.46 +/- 0.04, P <.001). The protective effects of alveolar macrophage depletion correlated with a 50% reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase content (0.62 +/- 0.07 to 0.33 +/- 0.03, P <.006) and marked reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocyte accumulation. Alveolar macrophage-depleted animals also demonstrated marked reductions of the elaboration of multiple proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in the lavage effluent and nuclear transcription factors in lung homogenates. CONCLUSION It is likely that the alveolar macrophage is the key early source of multiple proinflammatory mediators that orchestrate lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Depleting alveolar macrophages is protective against injury, supporting its central role in oxidant stress-induced cytokine and chemokine release and the subsequent development of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu V Naidu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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