The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in cell proliferation and cell death in human malignancies. Int J Cell Biol. 2010;2010:215158. [PMID: 20339581 PMCID: PMC2841246 DOI: 10.1155/2010/215158]

Daidzein effectively mitigates amyloid-β-induced damage in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and C6 glioma cells

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most debilitating form of dementia, characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ)-related toxic mechanisms such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of AD is influenced by environmental factors linked to lifestyle, including physical and mental inactivity, diet, and smoking, all of which have been associated with the severity of the disease and Aβ-related pathology. In this study, we used differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and C6 glioma cells to investigate the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of daidzein, a naturally occurring isoflavone, in the context of Aβ oligomer-related toxicity. We observed that pre-treatment with daidzein prevented Aβ-induced cell viability loss, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane potential decline in both SH-SY5Y and C6 cells. Furthermore, daidzein application reduced elevated levels of MAPK pathway proteins, pro-inflammatory molecules (cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-1β), and pyroptosis markers, including caspase-1 and gasdermin D, all of which were increased by Aβ exposure. These findings strongly suggest that daidzein alleviates inflammation and toxicity caused by Aβ oligomers. Our results indicate that daidzein could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD and other Aβ-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Insights into the cellular lipid cascade of prostate cells explored using infrared microspectroscopy

Background: Although prostate cancer (PCa) is the most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, there is geographical variance in both incidence and morbidity, with higher levels in developed "Western Diet" countries. In particular the high levels of the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), in Western diets has been shown to promote aggressive PCa in vitro. However the exact mechanism through which AA induces the aggressive phenotype has not been fully characterised. Methods: In this study Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging coupled with fluorescence microscopy (FM), is used to follow AA metabolism in PCa cell lines. This is achieved using partially deuterated AA, with a distinctive C-D stretch seen at 2251 cm-1 providing molecular specificity, coupled with Nile Red Fluorescence imaging. Results: We show that, invasive cell lines PC-3, LNCaP C4-2B and DU145 readily uptake and metabolise AA, producing prostaglandins via the COX-2 pathway. Inhibition of the COX-2 pathway with either NS938 or the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduces the invasive stimulus of AA and blocks its uptake. Conclusion: This demonstrates that FTIR imaging can be utilised to follow metabolomics processes within a PCa model and provide an insight to the molecular pathways underlying the cancer metabolome. Additionally, these works provide key insights into the rapid uptake of AA within certain invasive cell lines of prostate cancer, suggesting that AA exposure initiates early cellular responses prior to the uptake and processing of lipids within the cells.

Photodynamic anti-cancer therapy and arachidonic acid metabolism: State of the art in 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising and evolving modality in cancer treatment leveraging light-sensitive compounds known as photosensitizers to selectively induce cell death in malignant tissues through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review delves into the intricate mechanisms of PDT highlighting the pivotal role of photosensitizers and the resultant oxidative stress that damages cancer cells. It explores the versatile applications of PDT across various cancer types alongside the advantages and limitations inherent to this therapy. Recent technological advancements including improved photosensitizers and novel light delivery systems are also discussed. Additionally the review examines the critical role of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in cancer progression detailing the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 pathways and their contributions to tumor biology. By elucidating the interplay between PDT and AA metabolism the review underscores the potential of targeting AA metabolic pathways to enhance PDT efficacy. Finally it provides clinical and translational perspectives highlighting ongoing research and future directions aimed at optimizing PDT for improved cancer treatment outcomes.

Phytochemical profiling, in vitro analysis for anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory activities, structural elucidation and in silico evaluation of potential selective COX-2 and TNF-α inhibitor from Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle is a perennial aquatic plant, which exhibits nutritional as well as therapeutic properties. The present study has been carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities along with in silico evaluation of potential selective COX-2 and TNF-α inhibitors from methanolic extract of H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The potential therapeutic compounds have been identified by high-resolution GC-MS analysis. Its capacity to inhibit inflammatory responses using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells has been explored. The anti-inflammatory properties of the plant extract were investigated by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and reduced NO generation driven by LPS on stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Further investigation for the underlying molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of plant extract has been carried out by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches with COX-2 and TNF-α inhibitors ability against the most potent phytocompound phytol from the plant extract. To evaluate whether the extract causes any toxicity, the cytotoxicity test has been carried out with the Human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293), Mouse fibroblast (L929), human mesenchyme stem cells (hMSCs) and human breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10a). Ultimately, our findings suggest that the plant extract have great potential to reduce inflammation without causing any toxicity to normal cell.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Nrf2/cyclooxygenase 2 signaling in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis

Long-term exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has been linked to lung cancer, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a well-known inflammatory factor. However, the role and mechanism of COX-2 in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis are not clear yet. To address this question, we employed a mouse model exposed to Cr(VI) through intranasal instillation of particulate zinc chromate (ZnCrO4) for 12 weeks. Metabolomics and RNA-seq assays revealed enhanced activity of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosanoid metabolism pathway in lung tissues from mice exposed to Cr(VI). COX-2, the key enzyme of the AA/eicosanoid pathway, was significantly upregulated in Cr(VI)-exposed lung tissues, as well as in the Cr(VI)-induced transformed (Cr-T) cells compared to parental BEAS-2B (B2B) cells. We then employed multidisciplinary in vitro and in vivo functional assays to characterize the role of COX-2 in Cr(VI)-induced lung cancer. The results indicated that COX-2 functioned as an oncogene to promote the malignant transformation of B2B cells and enhance the proliferation, migration, tumor growth, and angiogenesis of Cr-T cells. Nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) was identified as a transcription factor for COX-2. Nrf2 was upregulated in response to Cr(VI) exposure and contributed to Cr(VI)-induced lung cancers, in part by upregulating COX-2 expression. Moreover, microRNA-379 (miR-379) was found to target COX-2 to inhibit its expression posttranscriptionally. MiR-379 was downregulated in Cr(VI)-exposed lung tissues and Cr-T cells, and ectopic miR-379 expression reduced Cr-T cell viability and migration, with partial reversal upon COX-2 restoration. In summary, our study revealed the oncogenic role of COX-2 and identified two novel regulatory mechanisms for COX-2 overexpression in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis.

Two-Step Cell Death Induction by the New 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol Analog and Its Modulation by Lysophosphatidylinositol in Human Breast Cancer Cells

2-arachnadoyl glycerol (2-AG) is one of the most common endocannabinoid molecules with anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and pro-proliferative effects on different types of tumors. Typically, it induces cell death via cannabinoid receptor 1/2 (CB1/CB2)-linked ceramide production. In breast cancer, ceramide is counterbalanced by the sphingosine-1-phosphate, and thus the mechanisms of 2-AG influence on proliferation are poorly understood. We evaluated the mechanism of the anti-proliferative action by 2-AG and the influence of lysophaosphatidylinositol (LPI) on it in six human breast cancer cell lines of different tumor degree (MCF-10A, MCF-7, BT-474, BT-20, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231) using resazurin test, inhibitor, blocker, and anti-oxidant analysis, and siRNA interference. To avoid acyl migration in 2-AG, we replaced it with the analog 2-arachidonoyl-1,3-difluoropropanol (2-ADFP) newly synthesized by us. Using a molecular docking approach, we showed that at the CB2 receptor, 2-ADFP and 2-AG were very close to each other. However, 2-ADFP demonstrated a stronger affinity towards CB1 in the antagonist-bound conformation. 2-ADFP was anti-proliferative in all the cell lines tested. The toxicity of 2-ADFP was enhanced by LPI. 2-ADFP activity was reduced or prevented by the CB2 and vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) blockers, inositol triphosphate receptor, CREB, and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, and by anti-oxidant addition. Together with the literature data, these results indicate CB2- and TRPV1-dependent COX-2 induction with concomitant cell death induction by the oxidized molecule's metabolites.

Anticancer Potential of Pineapple and its Bioactive Compound Bromelain

Various ailments have been treated with pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) throughout medicinal history. Pineapple and its bioactive compound bromelain possess health-promoting benefits. Detailed information on the chemotherapeutic activities of pineapple and its bioactive compound bromelain is provided in this review, which analyses the current literature regarding their therapeutic potential in cancer. Research on disease models in cell cultures is the focus of much of the existing research. Several studies have demonstrated the benefits of pineapple extract and bromelain for in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Preliminary animal model results show promise, but they must be translated into the clinical setting. Research on these compounds represents a promising future direction and may be well-tolerated.

Gold(I) Complexes Based on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives as Multi-Target Drugs against Colon Cancer

Targeting inflammation and the molecules involved in the inflammatory process could be an effective cancer prevention and therapy strategy. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory strategies, such as NSAIDs and metal-based drugs, has become a promising approach for preventing and treating cancer by targeting multiple pathways involved in tumor progression. The present work describes new phosphane gold(I) complexes derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as multitarget drugs against colon cancer. The antiproliferative effect of the most active complexes, [Au(L3)(JohnPhos)] (3b), [Au(L4)(CyJohnPhos)] (4a) and [Au(L4)(JohnPhos)] (4b) against colon cancer cells (Caco2-/TC7) seems to be mediated by the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1/2, modulation of reactive oxygen species levels by targeting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, the three complexes exhibit high selectivity index values toward noncancerous cells. The research highlights the importance of maintaining cellular redox balance and the role of TrxR in cancer cell survival.

Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.

Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated intestinal carcinogenesis: An update

Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation functions as a driving force in the journey to cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme involved in inflammatory signaling. While being transiently upregulated upon inflammatory stimuli, COX-2 has been found to be consistently overexpressed in human colorectal cancer and several other malignancies. The association between chronic inflammation and cancer has been revisited: cancer can arise when inflammation fails to resolve. Besides its proinflammatory functions, COX-2 also catalyzes the production of pro-resolving as well as anti-inflammatory metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids. This may account for the side effects caused by long term use of some COX-2 inhibitory drugs during the cancer chemopreventive trials. This review summarizes the latest findings highlighting the dual functions of COX-2 in the context of its implications in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer.

Lipophilic derivatives of EGCG as potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation

Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance, rendering diabetes management harder to accomplish. To tackle these myriads of challenges, researchers strive to explore innovative multifaceted treatment strategies, including inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolases. Herein, we report alkyl-ether EGCG derivatives as potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors that could simultaneously ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation. 4″-C18 EGCG, the most promising compound, showed multifold improvement in glycaemic management compared to acarbose, with 230-fold greater inhibition (competitive) of α-glucosidase (IC50 0.81 µM) and 3-fold better inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 3.74 µM). All derivatives showed stronger antioxidant activity (IC50 6.16-15.76 µM) than vitamin C, while acarbose showed none. 4″-C18 EGCG also downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and showed no significant cytotoxicity up to 50 µM in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), non-cancerous cell line, 3T3-L1 and HEK 293. The in silico binding affinity analysis of 4″-C18 EGCG with α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found to exhibit a good extent of interaction as compared to acarbose. In comparison to EGCG, 4″-Cn EGCG derivatives were found to remain stable in the physiological conditions even after 24 h. Together, the reported molecules demonstrated multifaceted antidiabetic potential inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolases, reducing oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are known to aggravate diabetes.

Bacillus sonorinses derived exopolysaccharide enhances cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and COX-2 down regulation in liver cancer cells

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious types of cancer that accounts for numerous cancer deaths worldwide. HCC is poorly prognosed and is a highly chemotherapy-resistant tumor. Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed. Exopolysaccharides (EPS-1) produced from the novel Bacillus sonorensis strain was found to exhibit chemopreventive effects against cancer.

Objective

Evaluating the anti-cancer cytotoxic effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS-1) produced by the newly studied Bacillus sonorensis strain SAmt2.

Methods

The cytotoxic activity was investigated through cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy analyses using flow cytometry technique. Also, the effect of EPS-1 on Huh7 release of COX-2 was examined using ELISA.

Results

Our results revealed that EPS-1exhibit an anti-proliferative effect on Huh7 cells through decreasing the percentage of cells at the S-phase and G2 phase, while increasing the cell population at the sub-G1 and G1 phases. Apoptosis analysis showed that EPS-1 increased necrotic and apoptotic cell fractions in EPS-1 treated Huh7. In addition, it induced significant autophagic cell death in the Huh7.Finally, antiproliferative and apoptosis induction results were supportedby ELISA assay results where the protein level of COX-2 was declined.

Conclusion

: In conclusion, EPS-1 derived from B. sonorensis SAmt2, is a promising proliferation inhibitor of Huh7 cells with potential anticancer effects.

Selective delivery of imaging probes and therapeutics to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus: Current strategies and beyond

To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca2+) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.

Pharmacogenomic study of gemcitabine efficacy in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: A multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study (GENESECT study)

BACKGROUND

Genetic polymorphisms of molecules are known to cause individual differences in the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. However, to date, germline mutations (but not somatic mutations) for anticancer drugs have not been adequately studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between germline polymorphisms of gemcitabine metabolic and transporter genes with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) response (decrease ≥50% from the pretreatment level at 8 weeks) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer who receive gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.

METHODS

This multicenter, prospective, observational study enrolled patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer patients who were receiving gemcitabine monotherapy or gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel combination chemotherapy. Thirteen polymorphisms that may be involved in gemcitabine responsiveness were genotyped, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association of these genotypes with CA 19-9 response and OS. The significance level was set at 5%.

RESULTS

In total, 180 patients from 11 hospitals in Japan were registered, and 159 patients whose CA 19-9 response could be assessed were included in the final analysis. Patients who had a CA 19-9 response had significantly longer OS (372 vs. 241 days; p = .007). RRM1 2464A>G and RRM2 175T>G polymorphisms suggested a weak association with CA 19-9 response and OS, but it was not statistically significant. COX-2 -765G>C polymorphism did not significantly correlate with CA 19-9 response but was significantly associated with OS (hazard ratio, 2.031; p = .019).

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic polymorphisms from the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine did not indicate a significant association with efficacy, but COX-2 polymorphisms involved in tumor cell proliferation might affect OS.

Sulindac exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects in uterine serous carcinoma cells

PURPOSE

Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a highly aggressive and frequently recurring subtype of endometrial cancer with limited treatment options for advanced or recurrent stages. Sulindac, a classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in several pre-clinical tumor models. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sulindac on cell proliferation and invasion in USC cells.

METHODS

Human USC cell lines ARK-1 and SPEC2 were treated with different concentrations of sulindac. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT and colony formation assays. ELISA assays measured cellular stress, cleaved caspase 3 activity, antioxidant ability, and adhesion. Cell cycle arrest was evaluated by Cellometer. The invasive capability was detected by wound healing assay. Western blotting was used to analyze the changes in protein expression induced by sulindac.

RESULTS

Exposure to sulindac decreased cellular viability in a dose-dependent manner in ARK-1 and SPEC2 cells. Sulindac effectively inhibited cell cycle progression, increased cellular stress, caused apoptosis, and reduced cell adhesion and invasion in USC cells. Additionally, sulindac decreased the expression of COX-2 and blocked phosphorylation of NF-κB induced by TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

Sulindac is a potential therapeutic agent for USC that deserves further exploration in pre-clinical studies and potentially future clinical trials.

Sex-dependent interaction of PTGS2 with miR-146a as risk factor for melanoma and the impact of sex hormones in gene expression in skin cells

Gender disparity in melanoma is a complex issue where sex hormones could be engaged. Differences in genetic variations are important in understanding the mechanisms of sex disparity in melanoma. Post-transcriptional regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2) mRNA occurs through a complex interplay of specific trans-acting RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. MiR-146a is a key player in melanoma, modulating immune responses and tumor microenvironment (TME). Polymorphisms in PTGS2 gene rs20415GC have been associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Epistasis between polymorphisms rs20415GC was investigated by genotyping 453 melanoma patients and 382 control individuals. The effects of testosterone and 17β-estradiol were analyzed in keratinocytes and two melanoma cell lines. The rs2910164GG showed a higher risk in the presence of the genotype rs20417CC in the male population. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol act differently on PTGS2 and miR-146a expression, depending on the cell type. Testosterone augments PTGS2 gene expression in keratinocytes and miR-146a in melanoma cells. While 17β-estradiol only increases miR-146a expression in HaCaT cells. The present study indicates a sex-specific relation between miR-146a and PTGS2 polymorphisms with melanoma cancer risk. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol act differently on the expression of PTGS2 and miR-146a depending on the skin cell type.

Advances in the anti-tumor mechanisms of saikosaponin D

Saikosaponin D, a saponin compound, is extracted from Bupleurum and is a principal active component of the plant. It boasts a variety of pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-tumor properties, drawing significant attention in anti-tumor research in recent years. Research indicates that saikosaponin D inhibits the proliferation of numerous tumor cells, curbing the progression of cancers such as liver, pancreatic, lung, glioma, ovarian, thyroid, stomach, and breast cancer. Its anti-tumor mechanisms largely involve inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, thwarting tumor-cell invasion, and modulating tumor cell autophagy. Moreover, saikosaponin D enhances the sensitivity to anti-tumor drugs and augments body immunity. Given its multi-faceted anti-tumor roles, saikosaponin D offers promising potential in anti-tumor therapy. This paper reviews recent studies on its anti-tumor effects, aiming to furnish new theoretical insights for clinical cancer treatments.

Repurposing celecoxib for colorectal cancer targeting via pH-triggered ultra-elastic nanovesicles: Pronounced efficacy through up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in DMH-induced tumorigenesis

Celecoxib (CLX), a selective inhibitor for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), has manifested potential activity against diverse types of cancer. However, low bioavailability and cardiovascular side effects remain the major challenges that limit its exploitation. In this work, we developed ultra-elastic nanovesicles (UENVs) with pH-triggered surface charge reversal traits that could efficiently deliver CLX to colorectal segments for snowballed tumor targeting. CLX-UENVs were fabricated via a thin-film hydration approach. The impact of formulation factors (Span 80, Tween 80, and sonication time) on the nanovesicular features was evaluated using Box-Behnken design, and the optimal formulation was computed. The optimum formulation was positively coated with polyethyleneimine (CLX-PEI-UENVs) and then coated with Eudragit S100 (CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs). The activity of the optimized nano-cargo was explored in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. Levels of COX-2, Wnt-2 and β-catenin were assessed in rats' colon. The diameter of the optimized CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs formulation was 253.62 nm, with a zeta potential of -23.24 mV, 85.64% entrapment, and 87.20% cumulative release (24 h). ES coating hindered the rapid release of CLX under acidic milieu (stomach and early small intestine) and showed extended release in the colon section. In colonic environments, the ES coating layer was removed due to high pH, and the charge on the nanovesicular corona was shifted from negative to positive. Besides, a pharmacokinetics study revealed that CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs had superior oral bioavailability by 2.13-fold compared with CLX suspension. Collectively, these findings implied that CLX-ES-PEI-UENVs could be a promising colorectal-targeted nanoplatform for effective tumor management through up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Molecular interactions between metformin and D-limonene inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in breast and liver cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a fatal disease that severely affects humans. Designing new anticancer strategies and understanding the mechanism of action of anticancer agents is imperative.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

In this study, we evaluated the utility of metformin and D-limonene, alone or in combination, as potential anticancer therapeutics using the human liver and breast cancer cell lines HepG2 and MCF-7.

STUDY DESIGN

An integrated systems pharmacology approach is presented for illustrating the molecular interactions between metformin and D-limonene.

METHODS

We applied a systems-based analysis to introduce a drug-target-pathway network that clarifies different mechanisms of treatment. The combination treatment of metformin and D-limonene induced apoptosis in both cell lines compared with single drug treatments, as indicated by flow cytometric and gene expression analysis.

RESULTS

The mRNA expression of Bax and P53 genes were significantly upregulated while Bcl-2, iNOS, and Cox-2 were significantly downregulated in all treatment groups compared with normal cells. The percentages of late apoptotic HepG2 and MCF-7 cells were higher in all treatment groups, particularly in the combination treatment group. Calculations for the combination index (CI) revealed a synergistic effect between both drugs for HepG2 cells (CI = 0.14) and MCF-7 cells (CI = 0.22).

CONCLUSION

Our data show that metformin, D-limonene, and their combinations exerted significant antitumor effects on the cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis and modulating the expression of apoptotic genes.

Progress in understanding of relationship between inflammation and tumors

Over the past decade, there has been clear evidence that inflammation plays a key role in tumorigenesis. Tumor extrinsic inflammation is caused by many factors, including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, etc., all of which can increase cancer risk and stimulate malignant progression. Conversely, inflammation inherent in cancer or caused by cancer can be triggered by cancer-initiating mutations and can promote malignant progression through recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Both exogenous and endogenous inflammation can lead to immunosuppression, thus providing a preferred opportunity for tumor development. Studies have confirmed that chronic inflammation is involved in various steps of tumorigenesis, including cell transformation, promotion, survival, prolifer-ation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Recent research has shed new light on the molecular and cellular circuits between inflammation and cancer. Two pathways have been preliminarily identified: Intrinsic and extrinsic. In the intrinsic pathway, genetic events leading to tumors initiate the expression of inflammatory related programs and guide the construction of the inflammatory microenvironment. In the extrinsic pathway, inflammatory conditions promote the development of cancer. This article reviews the recent progress in the understanding of the relationship between inflammation and tumors.

Preventive effects of chemical drugs on recurrence of colorectal adenomas: systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The onset of colorectal adenomas (CRAs) is significantly associated with colorectal cancer. The preventive effects of chemical drugs on the recurrence of CRAs have been evaluated in a large number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, there are still uncertainties about the relative effectiveness of such chemical drugs.

METHODS

We searched relevant RCTs published in six databases up to February 2023. The quality of the included studies was assessed by using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Review Manager 5.4. Pairwise comparison and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted using RStudio to compare the effects of chemical drugs on the recurrence of CRAs.

RESULTS

Forty-five high-quality RCTs were included. A total of 35 590 (test group: 20 822; control group: 14 768) subjects with a history of CRAs have been enrolled and randomized to receive placebo treatment or one of 24 interventions. Based on surface under the cumulative ranking values and NMA results, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) + Sulindac significantly reduced the recurrence of CRAs, followed by berberine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

CONCLUSION

DFMO + Sulindac is more effective in reducing the recurrence of CRAs but has a high risk of adverse events. Considering drug safety, tolerance, and compliance, berberine has a brighter prospect of clinical development. However, further studies are needed to verify our findings.

In silico screening, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel anticancer agents as potential COX-2 inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase enzyme is frequently overexpressed in various types of cancer and found to play a crucial role in poor prognosis in cancer patients. In current research, we have reported the new COX-2 inhibitors for cancer treatment using computer-aided drug design and experimental validation.

METHODS

A total of 12,795 compounds from the different databases were used to screen against the COX-2 enzyme. It perceived three new compounds with better binding affinity to the enzyme. Afterwards, physicochemical properties and in silico bioactivity were assessed for efficacy, safety, and structural features required for binding. The molecules were synthesized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. Later on, molecules were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity using MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SiHa cancer cell lines.

RESULTS

Compound ZINC5921547 and ZINC48442590 (4a, and 4b) reduced the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SiHa cells proliferation potently than parent compounds. The PG-E2 estimation shown, both compounds act through the COX-2 PGE2 axis. Compound 4a and 4b block the cell cycle at G1-S phase and induce cancer cell death.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that compounds 4a and 4b effectively promotes cancer cell death via COX-2 PGE2 axis, and further in vivo studies can be evaluated for development in both compounds as anticancer agents. The compilation of this information will help us to generate better outcome through robust computational methods. The high-quality experimental results may pave the way for identifying effective drug candidates for cancer treatment.

Molecular properties prediction, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of some pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one derivatives

Introduction

The anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of a novel series of eleven pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one analogues substituted at position 7 were assessed in the current study.

Methods

The physicochemical characteristics were studied using MolSoft software. The antiproliferative activity was investigated by MTT cell viability assay, and cell cycle analysis elucidated the antiproliferative mechanism of action. Western blot analysis examined the expression levels of key pro-apoptotic (Bax, p53) and pro-survival (Bcl-2) proteins. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the production levels of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 cells, and the expression levels of COX-2 enzyme in LPS-activated THP-1 cells. In addition, the gene expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3) was assessed by RT-qPCR.

Results

Compound 1 bearing a chlorine substituent displayed the highest cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cells where IC50 values of 49.35 ± 2.685 and 69.32 ± 3.186 µM, respectively, were achieved. Compound 1 increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins p53 and Bax while reducing the expression of pro-survival protein Bcl-2. Cell cycle analysis revealed that compound 1 arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Anti-inflammatory assessments revealed that compound 1 displayed the strongest inhibitory activity on NO production with IC50 of 29.94 ± 2.24 µM, and down-regulated the expression of COX-2. Compound 1 also induced a statistically significant decrease in the gene expression of various cytokines and chemokines.

Conclusion

These findings showed that the pyrimidine derivative 1 displayed potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties in vitro, and can be selected as a lead compound for further investigation.

Himalayan flora: targeting various molecular pathways in lung cancer

The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma. The vast diversity of phytocompounds herein can be explored for targeting the disease. This review delves into the multifaceted targets of lung cancer and explores the established phytochemicals with their specific molecular targets. It emphasizes comprehending the intricate pathways that govern effective therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. Through this exploration of Himalayan flora, this review seeks to illuminate potential breakthroughs in lung cancer management using natural compounds. The amalgamation of Himalayan plant-derived compounds with cautiously designed combined therapeutic approaches such as nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and synergistic therapy offers an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of lung cancer treatment by reducing the drug resistance and side effects and enabling an effective targeted delivery of drugs. Furthermore, additional studies are obligatory to understand the possible derivation of natural compounds used in current lung cancer treatment from plant species within the Himalayan region.

Fluorinated Benzofuran and Dihydrobenzofuran as Anti-Inflammatory and Potential Anticancer Agents

Benzofuran and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds are heterocycles of high value in medicinal chemistry and drug synthesis. Targeting inflammation in cancer associated with chronic inflammation is a promising therapy. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives in macrophages and in the air pouch model of inflammation, as well as their anticancer effects in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116. Six of the nine compounds suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation by inhibiting the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and decreased the secretion of the tested inflammatory mediators. Their IC₅₀ values ranged from 1.2 to 9.04 µM for interleukin-6; from 1.5 to 19.3 µM for Chemokine (C-C) Ligand 2; from 2.4 to 5.2 µM for nitric oxide; and from 1.1 to 20.5 µM for prostaglandin E₂. Three novel synthesized benzofuran compounds significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase activity. Most of these compounds showed anti-inflammatory effects in the zymosan-induced air pouch model. Because inflammation may lead to tumorigenesis, we tested the effects of these compounds on the proliferation and apoptosis of HCT116. Two compounds with difluorine, bromine, and ester or carboxylic acid groups inhibited the proliferation by approximately 70%. Inhibition of the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and concentration-dependent cleavage of PARP-1, as well as DNA fragmentation by approximately 80%, were described. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship suggested that the biological effects of benzofuran derivatives are enhanced in the presence of fluorine, bromine, hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl groups. In conclusion, the designed fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives are efficient anti-inflammatory agents, with a promising anticancer effect and a combinatory treatment in inflammation and tumorigenesis in cancer microenvironments.

Validating the anti-lymphoma pharmacodynamic actions of the endocannabinoids on canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma

AIMS

This study established the in vitro anti-lymphoma pharmacodynamic actions of the endocannabinoids (anandamide-AEA and 2-arachidonoylglycerol-2AG) on canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and human NHL cells.

MAIN METHODS

The expression of cannabinoid (CB₁ and CB₂) receptors in various canine NHL cells {1771, CLBL-1, CLL-1, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)} was studied using Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Anti-lymphoma cell viability assay was performed to assess the effect of endocannabinoids on various canine and human NHL cells (1771, CLBL-1, CLL-1, Ramos cells). The spectrophotometric and fluorometric procedures evaluated oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function markers. SAS® and Prism-V La Jolla, CA, USA, were used for statistical analysis.

KEY FINDINGS

The current study validated the presence of CB₁ and CB₂ receptors in the canine NHL cells. There was a significantly higher expression of CB₁ and CB₂ receptors in B-cell lymphoma (BCL) cells (1771, CLBL-1, Ramos) compared to canine T-cell lymphoma (TCL) cells (CL-1). AEA and 2AG dose and time-dependently exhibited significant but differential anti-lymphoma effects on canine and human NHL cells. Anti-lymphoma pharmacodynamic actions of the endocannabinoids in the canine 1771 NHL cells revealed a significant alteration in the markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and a decrease in mitochondrial function without altering the apoptotic markers.

SIGNIFICANCE

Establishing the anti-lymphoma pharmacodynamic actions of endocannabinoids may provide new therapeutic interventions and expedite cannabinoid research.

Chronic Inflammation's Transformation to Cancer: A Nanotherapeutic Paradigm

The body's normal immune response against any invading pathogen that causes infection in the body results in inflammation. The sudden transformation in inflammation leads to the rise of inflammatory diseases such as chronic inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disorders, and colorectal cancer (different types of cancer develop at the site of chronic infection and inflammation). Inflammation results in two ways: short-term inflammation i.e., non-specific, involves the action of various immune cells; the other results in long-term reactions lasting for months or years. It is specific and causes angiogenesis, fibrosis, tissue destruction, and cancer progression at the site of inflammation. Cancer progression relies on the interaction between the host microenvironment and tumor cells along with the inflammatory responses, fibroblast, and vascular cells. The two pathways that have been identified connecting inflammation and cancer are the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Both have their own specific role in linking inflammation to cancer, involving various transcription factors such as Nuclear factor kappa B, Activator of transcription, Single transducer, and Hypoxia-inducible factor, which in turn regulates the inflammatory responses via Soluble mediators cytokines (such as Interleukin-6, Hematopoietin-1/Erythropoietin, and tumor necrosis factor), chemokines (such as Cyclooxygenase-2, C-X-C Motif chemokines ligand-8, and IL-8), inflammatory cells, cellular components (such as suppressor cells derived from myeloid, tumor-associated macrophage, and acidophils), and promotes tumorigenesis. The treatment of these chronic inflammatory diseases is challenging and needs early detection and diagnosis. Nanotechnology is a booming field nowadays for its rapid action and easy penetration inside the infected destined cells. Nanoparticles are widely classified into different categories based on their different factors and properties such as size, shape, cytotoxicity, and others. Nanoparticles emerged as excellent with highly progressive medical inventions to cure diseases such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and others. Nanoparticles have shown higher binding capacity with the biomolecules in inflammation reduction and lowers the oxidative stress inside tissue/cells. In this review, we have overall discussed inflammatory pathways that link inflammation to cancer, major inflammatory diseases, and the potent action of nanoparticles in chronic inflammation-related diseases.

Design and Development of COX-II Inhibitors: Current Scenario and Future Perspective

Innate inflammation beyond a threshold is a significant problem involved in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and many other chronic conditions. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are key inflammatory markers as they catalyze prostaglandins production and are crucial for inflammation processes. While COX-I is constitutively expressed and is generally involved in "housekeeping" roles, the expression of the COX-II isoform is induced by the stimulation of different inflammatory cytokines and also promotes the further generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which affect the prognosis of various diseases. Hence, COX-II is considered an important therapeutic target for drug development against inflammation-related illnesses. Several selective COX-II inhibitors with safe gastric safety profiles features that do not cause gastrointestinal complications associated with classic anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence of cardiovascular side effects from COX-II inhibitors that resulted in the withdrawal of market-approved anti-COX-II drugs. This necessitates the development of COX-II inhibitors that not only exhibit inhibit potency but also are free of side effects. Probing the scaffold diversity of known inhibitors is vital to achieving this goal. A systematic review and discussion on the scaffold diversity of COX inhibitors are still limited. To address this gap, herein we present an overview of chemical structures and inhibitory activity of different scaffolds of known COX-II inhibitors. The insights from this article could be helpful in seeding the development of next-generation COX-II inhibitors.

Mellitin peptide quantification in seasonally collected crude bee venom and its anticancer effects on myelogenous K562 human leukaemia cell line

BACKGROUND

Apitherapy is an emerging field in cancer research, particularly in developing communities. The potency of Melittin (MEL), a major constituent in bee venom is accounted for the cytotoxic capacity against cancer cells. It is postulated that the genotype of bees and the time of venom collection influences its specific activity against certain types of cancer.

METHOD

Hereby, Jordanian crude bee venom (JCBV) was collected during different seasons of the year, specifically spring, summer and autumn and investigated for in vitro antitumour effects. Venom collected during springtime comprised the highest quantity of MEL in comparison to venom collected some other time. Springtime-collected JCBV extract and MEL were tested on an immortal myelogenous leukaemia cell line, namely K562 leukemic cells. Treated cells were examined for cell modality via flow cytometry analysis and cell death mediating gene expressions.

RESULTS

Springtime-collected JCBV extract and MEL showed an IC₅₀ of 3.7 ± 0.37 μg/ml and 1.84 ± 0.75 μg/ml, respectively. In comparison to JCBV and positive control, MEL-treated cells exhibited late apoptotic death with a moderate cellular arrest at G0/G1 and an increase of cell number at G2/M phase. Expression of NF-κB/MAPK14 axis was inhibited in MEL and JCBV-treated cells, as well as expression of c-MYC and CDK4. Moreover, marked upregulation in ABL1, JUN and TNF was observed. In conclusion, springtime-collected JCBV showed the highest content of MEL while both JCBV and pure MEL showed apoptotic, necrotic, and cell cycle arrest efficiency against K562 leukemic cells.

CONCLUSION

Integration of bee venom in chemotherapy needs more investigation and should be carefully translated into clinical use. During such translation, the correlation of bee genotype, collection time and concentration of MEL in CBV should be profiled.

PD-1 Independent Role of PD-L1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast malignancy characterized by a high proliferative rate and metastatic potential leading to treatment failure, relapse, and poor prognosis. Therefore, efforts are continuously being devoted to understanding its biology and identifying new potential targets. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immunosuppressive protein that inactivates T cells by binding to the inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). PD-L1 overexpression in cancer cells contributes to immune evasion and, subsequently, poor survival and prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Apart from its inhibitory impact on T cells, this ligand is believed to have an intrinsic role in cancer cells. This study was performed to clarify the PD-1 independent role of PD-L1 in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells by knocking out the PD-L1 using three designs of CRISPR-Cas9 lentiviral particles. Our study revealed that PD-L1 knockout significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model in vivo. PD-L1 knockout also decreased the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. We have shown that PD-L1 knockout MDA-MB-231 cells have low levels of p-Akt and p-ERK in addition to some of their downstream proteins, c-Fos, c-Myc, p21, survivin, and COX-2. Furthermore, PD-L1 knockout significantly decreased the expression of Snail and RhoA. This study shows the intrinsic role of PD-L1 in TNBC independently of its binding to PD-1 receptors on T cells. It may pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies using PD-L1 inhibitors alone and in combination to treat TNBC more effectively.

Indomethacin prevents TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells; evidence by Raman spectroscopy

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a very low survival rate due to the late detection and poor response to chemotherapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered an important step in tumor progression with regard to invasion and metastasis, and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling has been shown to play an important role in EMT. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, has any effect on TGF-β-induced EMT in pancreatic cancer cell line and analyze the changes in their molecular structures by Raman spectroscopy and other molecular techniques. Indomethacin treated Panc-1 cells were analyzed with Raman spectroscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence techniques after the induction of EMT with TGF-β. The exposure of Panc-1 cells to TGF-β resulted in characteristic morphological alterations of EMT, and indomethacin inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT through up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of N-cadherin and Snail expressions. Raman spectroscopy supported by principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the effects of both TGF-β and indomethacin. Raman spectra were further analyzed using the PCA-assisted vector machine algorithm and it was seen that the data could be classified with 97.6% accuracy. Our results suggest that indomethacin may have a significant effect on PDAC metastasis, and Raman spectroscopy was able to probe EMT-related changes and the efficacy of indomethacin in a short time and without the need for specific reagents compared to other molecular techniques.

Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and antilipidemic properties: novel bioactivities of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf

Background

The leaf of Ceylon cinnamon (true cinnamon) is traditionally claimed for a variety of health benefits. However, reported scientific information is scanty and needs urgent attention for value addition.

Methods

Ethanolic (95%) and Dichloromethane:Methanol (DM, 1:1 v/v) leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon were evaluated for a range of medically important bioactivities namely anti-inflammatory [nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA), superoxide scavenging activity (SCA), COX1 and COX2 inhibition], growth inhibition & cytotoxicity against MCF7, HePG2 and AN3CA carcinoma cell lines, glutathionase-S-transferase (GST) inhibition and antilipidemic (anti-HMG-CoA reductase, anti-lipase, anti-cholesterol esterase, and cholesterol micellization inhibition) properties in vitro (n = 3). Further, a range of bioactive compounds in both leaf extracts was also quantified (n = 3).

Results

Both leaf extracts had all the investigated bioactive compounds and possessed moderately potent bioactivities compared to the reference drugs used in the study. Ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) exhibited the highest activities (IC_50: μg/mL) for NOSA (40.26 ± 0.52), SCA (696.24 ± 40.02), cholesterol esterase inhibition (110.19 ± 1.55), cholesterol micellization inhibition (616.69 ± 7.09), GST inhibition (403.78 ± 2.70) and growth inhibition (GI₅₀: 144.84 ± 1.59-269.00 ± 0.51) & cytotoxicity (LC₅₀: 355.44 ± 9.38-717.71 ± 23.69) against studied cancer cell lines. In contrast, COX1 & COX2 (IC_50: 6.62 ± 0.85 and 44.91 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and HMG-CoA reductase & lipase inhibitory activities (36.72 ± 4.74 and 19.71 ± 0.97% inhibition at 200 and 600 μg/mL) were highest in DM extract. ELE also showed the highest quantities (0.81 ± 0.06-104.38 ± 1.79) of tested compounds (mg/g extract) where eugenol was the highest and gallic acid was the lowest among quantified.

Conclusion

Both leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon had all the tested bioactive compounds and possess all the investigated bioactivities. This is the 1st study to report all the investigated bioactivities of the leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon.

Development and Challenges of Diclofenac-Based Novel Therapeutics: Targeting Cancer and Complex Diseases

Simple Summary

Diclofenac is a widely used drug for its anti-inflammatory and pain alleviating properties. This review summarizes the current understanding about the drug diclofenac. The potential applications of diclofenac beyond its well-known anti-inflammatory properties for other diseases such as cancer are discussed, along with existing limitations.

Abstract

Diclofenac is a highly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that relieves inflammation, pain, fever, and aches, used at different doses depending on clinical conditions. This drug inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes, which are responsible for the generation of prostaglandin synthesis. To improve current diclofenac-based therapies, we require new molecular systematic therapeutic approaches to reduce complex multifactorial effects. However, the critical challenge that appears with diclofenac and other drugs of the same class is their side effects, such as signs of stomach injuries, kidney problems, cardiovascular issues, hepatic issues, and diarrhea. In this article, we discuss why defining diclofenac-based mechanisms, pharmacological features, and its medicinal properties are needed to direct future drug development against neurodegeneration and imperfect ageing and to improve cancer therapy. In addition, we describe various advance molecular mechanisms and fundamental aspects linked with diclofenac which can strengthen and enable the better designing of new derivatives of diclofenac to overcome critical challenges and improve their applications.

Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid Treatment in Non-Skull-Base Meningiomas: Impact on Tumor Proliferation and Seizure Burden

MIB-1 index is an important predictor of meningioma progression and was found to be correlated with COX-2 expression. However, the impact of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on MIB-1 index and clinical symptoms is unclear. Between 2009 and 2022, 710 patients with clinical data, tumor-imaging data, inflammatory laboratory (plasma fibrinogen, serum C-reactive protein) data, and neuropathological reports underwent surgery for primary cranial WHO grade 1 and 2 meningioma. ASA intake was found to be significantly associated with a low MIB-1 labeling index in female patients ≥ 60 years. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that female patients ≥ 60 years with a non-skull-base meningioma taking ASA had a significantly lower MIB-1 index (OR: 2.6, 95%: 1.0–6.6, p = 0.04). Furthermore, the intake of ASA was independently associated with a reduced burden of symptomatic epilepsy at presentation in non-skull-base meningiomas in both genders (OR: 3.8, 95%CI: 1.3–10.6, p = 0.03). ASA intake might have an anti-proliferative effect in the subgroup of elderly female patients with non-skull-base meningiomas. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory therapy seems to reduce the burden of symptomatic epilepsy in non-skull-base meningiomas. Further research is needed to investigate the role of anti-inflammatory therapy in non-skull-base meningiomas.

The Efficacy and Safety of Celecoxib in Addition to Standard Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, in addition to standard anticancer therapy. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of celecoxib-combined cancer therapy were systematically searched in PubMed and Embase databases. The endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free survival (DFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), pathological complete response (pCR), and adverse events (AEs). The results of 30 RCTs containing 9655 patients showed limited benefits in celecoxib-combined cancer therapy. However, celecoxib-combined palliative therapy prolonged PFS in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type patients (HR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.35–0.94). Moreover, despite a slight increase in thrombocytopenia (RR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.08–1.69), there was no increase in other toxicities. Celecoxib combined with adjuvant therapy indicated a better OS (HR = 0.850, 95%CI = 0.725–0.996). Furthermore, celecoxib plus neoadjuvant therapy improved the ORR in standard cancer therapy, especially neoadjuvant therapy (overall: RR = 1.13, 95%CI = 1.03–1.23; neoadjuvant therapy: RR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.09–1.44), but not pCR. Our study indicated that adding celecoxib to palliative therapy prolongs the PFS of EGFR wild-type patients, with good safety profiles. Celecoxib combined with adjuvant therapy prolongs OS, and celecoxib plus neoadjuvant therapy improves the ORR. Thus, celecoxib-combined cancer therapy may be a promising therapy strategy.

Recent advances in the development of celecoxib analogs as anticancer agents: A review

Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) designed to be a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, celecoxib demonstrated potent antitumor and chemopreventive effects in vitro, in vivo, and in patients. The mechanism of celecoxib's chemopreventive effect is still not fully identified, but it is assumed to be multifactorial. Celecoxib's anticancer activity has been described both as independent of and dependent on its COX-2 inhibitory activity. The current review summarizes the recent advances published between 2000 and 2022 on the structure-based optimization of celecoxib to develop compounds with promising anticancer activity. The structure-activity relationships of celecoxib analogs are discussed, which may be beneficial in the design and development of novel analogs as potent antiproliferative agents in the future.

Studying the potential of upregulated PTGS2 and VEGF-C besides hyper-methylation of PTGS2 promoter as biomarkers of Acute myeloid leukemia

Hereby, we aimed to investigate the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and Vascular Endothelial Factor-C (VEGF-C) besides the methylation of PTGS2 in AML patients. VEGF-C and PTGS2 expression analysis were evaluated in newly diagnosed AML patients and healthy controls by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR method. Also, PTGS2 methylation status was evaluated by Methylation-Sensitive High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis (MS-HRM). While 34% of patients were female, the mean age of the patients was 43.41 ± 17.60 years suffering mostly from M4 (48.21%) type of AML. Although methylation level between patients and controls was not significantly different, none of the normal controls showed methylation in the PTGS2 promoter. PTGS2 and VEGF-C levels were elevated in AML cases and correlated with WBC, Platelet, and Hemoglobin levels. The survival of patients with overexpressed VEGF-C and PTGS2 was poorer than others. It can be concluded that PTGS2 and especially VEGF-C expression but not PTGS2 methylation can be considered as diagnostic biomarkers for AML.

Age-related changes in testicular morphometry and function in Egyptian donkeys

This study aimed to assess the effects of age on testicular morphometry and function in donkeys. Testes and epididymides of 57 donkeys were harvested immediately after slaughtering. The donkeys were grouped: young (1-4 years-old, n=13); adult (5-15 years-old, n=25) and aged (>15 years-old, n=19). Each testis and epididymis were weighted separated. Testicular volume was calculated. Epididymal sperm was harvested by retrograde flushing method, and sperm parameters were evaluated. The testicular parenchyma was immunolabelled for BAX and COX2. Adult and aged donkeys had greater testicular weight and volume than young (P<0.05). Epididymal sperm concentration, motility, and viability were greater (P<0.05) in adults and aged (931.8±39.3 and 858.2±33.2× 10⁶ /mL) than in young animals (316.3±72.8× 10⁶ /mL). Aged donkeys had higher percentage of morphologic sperm defects than the other categories (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed the presence of age-related degenerative changes in testicular tissue of donkeys. Aged donkeys had higher COX2 protein expression than adult and young donkeys. BAX protein was overly expressed in adults than aged or young animals. In conclusion, advancement of age affects the testicular morphometry and function in donkeys.

Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular Modelling Studies of Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Candidates Targeting COX-2

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a novel therapeutic option targeting localized and metastatic NSCLC. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological activity characterization of naphthoquinone derivatives bearing selective anticancer activity to NSCLC via a COX-2 mediated pathway. The biological evaluation of compounds 9−16 showed promising structure-dependent anticancer activity on A549 cells in 2D and 3D models. Compounds were able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the A549 viability after 24 h of treatment in comparison to treated control. Compounds 9 and 16 bearing phenylamino and 4-hydroxyphenylamino substituents demonstrated the most promising anticancer activity and were able to induce mitochondrial damage and ROS formation. Furthermore, most promising compounds showed significantly lower cytotoxicity to non-cancerous Vero cells. The in silico ADMET properties revealed promising drug-like properties of compounds 9 and 16. Both compounds demonstrated favorable predicted GI absorption values, while only 16 was predicted to be permeable through the blood−brain barrier. Molecular modeling studies identified that compound 16 is able to interact with COX-2 in arachidonic acid site. Further studies are needed to better understand the safety and in vivo efficacy of compounds 9 and 16.

Indomethacin-based near-infrared photosensitizer for targeted photodynamic cancer therapy

Near-IR fluorescent sensitizers based on heptamethine cyanine (Cy820 and Cy820-IMC) were synthesized and their abilities to target and abolish tumor cells via photodynamic therapy (PDT) were explored. Some hepthamethine cyanine dyes can be transported into cancer cells via the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). In this study, we aimed to enhance the target ability of the sensitizer by conjugation Cy820 with indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to obtain Cy820-IMC that aimed to target cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which overexpresses in cancer cells. The results showed that Cy820-IMC internalized the cancer cells faster than Cy820 which was verified to be related to COX-2 level and OATPs. Based on PDT experiments, Cy820-IMC has higher photocytotoxicity index than Cy820, >7.13 and 4.90, respectively, implying that Cy820-IMC showed better PDT property than Cy820. However, Cy820 exhibits slightly higher normal-to-cancer cell toxicity ratio than Cy820-IMC, 6.58 and 3.63, respectively. Overall, Cy820-IMC has superior cancer targetability and enhanced photocytoxicity. These characteristics can be further improved towards clinically approved sensitizers for PDT.

Meloxicam can Potentiate the Therapeutic Effects of Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy on High-Grade Glioma Bearing Rats

The microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), a spatially micro-fractionated synchrotron radiotherapy, leads to better control of incurable high-grade glioma than that obtained upon homogeneous radiotherapy. We evaluated the effect of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to increase the MRT response. Survival of rats bearing intracranial 9L gliosarcoma treated with meloxicam and/or MRT (400 Gy, 50 μm-wide microbeams, 200 μm spacing) was monitored. Tumor growth was assessed on histological tissue sections and COX-2 transcriptomic expression was studied 1 to 25 days after radiotherapy. Meloxicam significantly extended the median survival of microbeam-irradiated rats (from +10.5 to +20 days). Dual treatment led to last survivors until D90 (D39 for the MRT group) and to tumor 9.5 times smaller than MRT alone. No significant modification of COX-2 expression was induced by MRT in normal and tumor tissues. The meloxicam reinforced the anti-tumor effect of MRT for glioma treatment. Although the mechanisms of interaction between meloxicam and MRT remain to be elucidated, the addition of this NSAID, easily implemented as a supplement to water for example, is a very favorable therapeutic regimen since it doubled the survival benefit compared to MRT alone.

The gut microbiota can orchestrate the signaling pathways in colorectal cancer

Current evidence suggests that bacteria contribute to the development of certain cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), partly by stimulating chronic inflammation. However, little is known about the bacterial impact on molecular pathways in CRC. Recent studies have demonstrated how specific bacteria can influence the major CRC-related pathways, i.e., Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, TGF-β, EGFR, mTOR, and p53. In order to advance the current understanding and facilitate the choice of pathways to investigate, we have systematically collected and summarized the current knowledge within bacterial altered major pathways in CRC. Several pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic bacterial species and their respective metabolites interfere with the major signaling pathways addressed in this review. Not surprisingly, some of these studies investigated known CRC drivers, such as Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides fragilis. Interestingly, some metabolites produced by bacterial species typically considered pathogenic, e.g., Vibrio cholera, displayed anti-tumorigenic activities, emphasizing the caution needed when classifying healthy and unhealthy microorganisms. The results collectively emphasize the complexity of the relationship between the microbiota and the tumorigenesis of CRC, and future studies should verify these findings in more realistic models, such as organoids, which constitute a promising platform. Moreover, future trials should investigate the clinical potential of preventive modulation of the gut microbiota regarding CRC development.

CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Knockout of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Inhibits Invasiveness in A2058 Melanoma Cells

The inducible isoenzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important hub in cellular signaling, which contributes to tumor progression by modulating and enhancing a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment, tumor growth, apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis and metastasis. In order to understand the role of COX-2 expression in melanoma, we investigated the functional knockout effect of COX-2 in A2058 human melanoma cells. COX-2 knockout was validated by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. When comparing COX-2 knockout cells to controls, we observed significantly reduced invasion, colony and spheroid formation potential in cell monolayers and three-dimensional models in vitro, and significantly reduced tumor development in xenograft mouse models in vivo. Moreover, COX-2 knockout alters the metabolic activity of cells under normoxia and experimental hypoxia as demonstrated by using the radiotracers [¹⁸F]FDG and [¹⁸F]FMISO. Finally, a pilot protein array analysis in COX-2 knockout cells verified significantly altered downstream signaling pathways that can be linked to cellular and molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis closely related to the enzyme. Given the complexity of the signaling pathways and the multifaceted role of COX-2, targeted suppression of COX-2 in melanoma cells, in combination with modulation of related signaling pathways, appears to be a promising therapeutic approach.

Date Palm as Source of Nutraceuticals for Health Promotion: a Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chronic diseases are problematic to health professional specially when using drugs throughout the course of life with un-tolerated side effects. Returning to nature through using nutraceuticals might have both protective and therapeutic effects. Date palm was claimed to be a good source of such nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients. The purpose of the present review was to spot light on the different phytochemicals, phytonutrients, and remedial effects of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in a goal to be utilized in form of nutraceuticals. The possible mechanisms of action of the remedial effects were among the aim of the study.

RECENT FINDINGS

A protein hydrolyzate prepared from date seed could prevent DNA mutation and susceptibility to cancer. In addition to cancer prevention, date palm fruit improved the treatment outcome of cancer pediatric patients and possesses anti-angiogenic activity as one of the important anticancer mechanisms of action. On the other hand, date seed extracts was recently reported to protect from ulcerative colitis. It seems that all the aforementioned remedial effect might be ascribed to immunoregulatory effect of date palm. These findings proposed that date palm is beneficial for health. Date palm fruit is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, energy, and easily digestible and absorbable sugars that instantaneously replenish and revitalize the body specially after fasting condition. Mineral contents in date fruits include potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. Diverse health claims were reported to belong to various parts of the tree including the edible part of fruits, the seeds, the leaves, spathe (an envelope-like structure that encloses male and female date palm flowers), and pollen grains due to the presence of different bioactive constituents. The main phytochemicals and phytonutrients reported in date palms are phenolic compounds, carotenoids, sterols, anthocyanins, and others. In folk medicine, date palm fruits are used for enhancing immunity and treating gastrointestinal tract disorders, edema, bronchitis, wound, cancer, as well as infectious diseases. However, the exact health benefits and remedial effects of date palm were not fully and deeply investigated. The present review focused on the bioactive constituents and the reported health benefits of date palm and proposed mechanism of action.

Herbal medicine AnoSpray suppresses proinflammatory cytokines COX-2 and RANTES in the management of hemorrhoids, acute anal fissures and perineal wounds

Hemorrhoids, anal fistula and fissure are common anorectal complications. Anorectal diseases are associated with severe pain, inflammation, swelling, itching and bleeding. These diseases may be managed with different medical treatments or surgical procedures, depending on their severity. Surgical procedures, however, are highly invasive and are associated with higher costs and the possibility of recurrence. In addition, surgical removal of fistula-in-ano leads to the formation of perineal wounds. Therefore, developing therapeutic interventions that are effective in alleviating inflammation and pain are desirable for the effective management of anorectal diseases. Herbal compounds have previously been indicated to suppress inflammation and pain in different pathological conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects elicited by a polyherbal formulation, AnoSpray^®, on the migration of inflammatory cells and on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in anorectal diseases. The effect of AnoSpray on cell viability and migration was studied using MTT and wound-migration assays, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of AnoSpray on the expression of the inflammatory cytokines regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and VEGF, as well as on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX)-2, were investigated using western blot analysis. The expression of RANTES and COX-2 in human hemorrhoid specimens was also analyzed to corroborate the in vitro findings. The results obtained revealed that AnoSpray did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects; however, it did lead to a significant suppression in the migration of RAW 264.7 and BJ cells. Furthermore, the results suggested that AnoSpray suppressed the expression of the inflammatory cytokines RANTES and VEGF, and also the expression of COX-2. In addition, RANTES and COX-2 were significantly downregulated in the clinical specimens of AnoSpray-treated hemorrhoids compared with the controls. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that AnoSpray may be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids, anal fissures and perineal wounds.

The toxicity of Aspidosperma subincanum to MCF7 cells is related to modulation of oxidative status and proinflammatory pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cancer is an inflammatory disease because carcinogenesis and tumor progression depend on intrinsic and extrinsic inflammatory pathways. Although species of the genus Aspidosperma are widely used to treat tumors, and there is ethnopharmacological evidence for traditional use of the species A. subincanum as an anti-inflammatory agent, its antineoplastic potential is unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate toxic effects of the indole alkaloid-rich fraction (IAF) of A. subincanum on the MCF7 cell line and identify some of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chromatographic analyses were performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of IAF were verified by MTT and clonogenic assays. Cell cycle alterations were analyzed by measuring DNA content, while propidium iodide and acridine orange staining was performed to determine the type of induced cell death. The expression of apoptosis markers and proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival pathways was analyzed by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, and ELISAs. Interference with redox status was investigated using a DCFH-DA probe and by measuring catalase activity.

RESULTS

Chromatographic analyses showed that IAF is a complex mixture containing indole alkaloids. IAF selectively exerted toxic and antiproliferative effects, elevating the Bax/Bcl-xL ratio and inducing apoptosis in MCF7 cells. IAF decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and increased catalase activity, while reducing the IL-8 level and suppressing COX-2 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

IAF induces apoptosis in MCF7 cells by suppressing COX-2 expression while reducing IL-8 levels and intracellular content of reactive oxygen species.

Aspirin impacts on stem cells: Implications for therapeutic targets

Despite the regenerative potential of stem cell therapy in pre-clinical investigations, clinical translation of cell-based therapy has not been completely clarified. In recent years, the importance of lifestyle, patient comorbidities, and prescribed medication has attracted more attention in the efficacy of cell therapy. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin is one of the most prevalent prescribed medications in the clinic for various disorders. Hence, aspirin treatment might affect the efficacy of stem cell therapy. In this regard, the current review focused on the impacts of aspirin on the viability, proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties of stem cells in vitro as well as in experimental animal models.