Oxidative stress in patients with Alzheimer's disease: effect of extracts of fermented papaya powder

Trojan Horse Delivery Strategies of Natural Medicine Monomers: Challenges and Limitations in Improving Brain Targeting

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, significantly impact patients' quality of life and impose substantial economic burdens on society. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the effective delivery of most therapeutic drugs, especially natural products, despite their potential therapeutic effects. The Trojan Horse strategy, using nanotechnology to disguise drugs as "cargo", enables them to bypass the BBB, enhancing targeting and therapeutic efficacy. This review explores the applications of natural products in the treatment of CNS diseases, discusses the challenges posed by the BBB, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of the Trojan Horse strategy. Despite the existing technical challenges, future research is expected to enhance the application of natural drugs in CNS treatment by integrating nanotechnology, improving delivery mechanisms, and optimizing targeting characteristics.

Fermented foods: Harnessing their potential to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis for mental health

Over the past two decades, whole food supplementation strategies have been leveraged to target mental health. In addition, there has been increasing attention on the ability of gut microbes, so called psychobiotics, to positively impact behaviour though the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Fermented foods offer themselves as a combined whole food microbiota modulating intervention. Indeed, they contain potentially beneficial microbes, microbial metabolites and other bioactives, which are being harnessed to target the microbiota-gut-brain axis for positive benefits. This review highlights the diverse nature of fermented foods in terms of the raw materials used and type of fermentation employed, and summarises their potential to shape composition of the gut microbiota, the gut to brain communication pathways including the immune system and, ultimately, modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Throughout, we identify knowledge gaps and challenges faced in designing human studies for investigating the mental health-promoting potential of individual fermented foods or components thereof. Importantly, we also suggest solutions that can advance understanding of the therapeutic merit of fermented foods to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via nanoparticle-loaded phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory and autophagy-inducing properties

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation linked to amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and phosphorylated tau (τ) protein in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Key elements in Aβ production and NFT assembly, like γ-secretase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, impaired proteosomal and autophagic pathways increase Aβ and τ aggregation, leading to neuronal damage. Conventional neuroinflammation drugs have limitations due to unidirectional therapeutic approaches and challenges in crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Clinical trials for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other therapeutics remain uncertain. Novel strategies addressing the complex pathogenesis and BBB translocation are needed to effectively tackle AD-related neuroinflammation.

PURPOSE

The current scenario demands for a much-sophisticated theranostic measures which could be achieved via customized engineering and designing of novel nanotherapeutics. As, these therapeutics functions as a double edge sword, having the efficiency of unambiguous targeting, multiple drug delivery and ability to cross BBB proficiently.

METHODS

Inclusion criteria involve selecting recent, English-language studies from the past decade (2013-2023) that explore the regulation of neuroinflammation in neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β, tau protein, nanoparticles, autophagy, and phytocompounds. Various study types, including clinical trials, experiments, and reviews, were considered. Exclusion criteria comprised non-relevant publication types, studies unrelated to Alzheimer's disease or phytocompounds, those with methodological flaws, duplicates, and studies with inaccessible data.

RESULTS

In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with specific phytocompounds and coated with an antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (anti-TfR) present on BBB. Thereafter, the engineered nanoparticles with the ability to efficiently traverse the BBB and interact with target molecules within the brain, could induce autophagy, a cellular process crucial for neuronal health, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. Henceforth, the proposed combination of desired phytocompounds, polymeric nanoparticles, and anti-TfR coating presents a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the brain, with potential implications in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

Comprehensive Insights into Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Herbal Approaches for Mitigating Neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and functional impairment. Despite extensive research, the exact etiology remains elusive. This review explores the multifaceted pathophysiology of AD, focusing on key hypotheses such as the cholinergic hypothesis, hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein and Amyloid β hypothesis, oxidative stress hypothesis, and the metal ion hypothesis. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Current treatment options for AD have limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative approaches, including herbal interventions. Cholinesterase inhibitors, targeting the cholinergic hypothesis, have shown modest efficacy in managing symptoms. Blocking Amyloid β (Aβ) and targeting hyperphosphorylated tau protein are under investigation, with limited success in clinical trials. Oxidative stress, implicated in AD pathology, has led to the investigation of antioxidants. Natural products, such as Punica granatum Linn, Radix Scutellariae, and Curcuma longa have demonstrated antioxidant properties, along with anti-inflammatory effects, offering potential neuroprotective benefits. Several herbal extracts, including Ginkgo biloba, Bacopa monnieri, and Withania somnifera, have shown promise in preclinical studies. Compounds like Huperzine A, Melatonin, and Bryostatin exhibit neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms, including cholinergic modulation and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the use of herbal drugs for AD management faces limitations, including standardization issues, variable bioavailability, and potential interactions with conventional medications. Additionally, the efficacy and safety of many herbal products remain to be established through rigorous clinical trials. This review also highlights promising natural products currently in clinical trials, such as Resveratrol and Homotaurine, and their potential impact on AD progression. DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, has shown cognitive benefits, while Nicotine is being explored for its neuroprotective effects. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the complex pathophysiology of AD and the exploration of herbal interventions offer a holistic approach for managing this devastating disease. Future research should address the limitations associated with herbal drugs and further evaluate the efficacy of promising natural products in clinical settings.

Biological Activity of Fermented Plant Extracts for Potential Dermal Applications

Fermented plant extracts (FPEs) are functional liquids formed as a result of the fermentation of fresh plants by microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi. The appropriate selection of plants, microorganism strains, and conditions under which the fermentation process is carried out is very important in terms of obtaining a suitable matrix of biologically active compounds with different biological properties. The purpose of this review is to provide verified data on the current knowledge acquired regarding the biological activity of FPEs for cosmetic use and dermal applications. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenic, and wound-healing activity of FPEs, as well as their potential dermal applications, will be described.

Advances in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on oral bacteria

With the global population undergoing demographic shift towards aging, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prominent neurodegenerative disorder that primarily afflicts individuals aged 65 and above, has increased across various geographical regions. This phenomenon is accompanied by a concomitant decline in immune functionality and oral hygiene capacity among the elderly, precipitating compromised oral functionality and an augmented burden of dental plaque. Accordingly, oral afflictions, including dental caries and periodontal disease, manifest with frequency among the geriatric population worldwide. Recent scientific investigations have unveiled the potential role of oral bacteria in instigating both local and systemic chronic inflammation, thereby delineating a putative nexus between oral health and the genesis and progression of AD. They further proposed the oral microbiome as a potentially modifiable risk factor in AD development, although the precise pathological mechanisms and degree of association have yet to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes current research on the relationship between oral bacteria and AD, describing the epidemiological and pathological mechanisms that may potentially link them. The purpose is to enrich early diagnostic approaches by incorporating emerging biomarkers, offering novel insights for clinicians in the early detection of AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of vaccination strategies and guidance for clinical pharmacotherapy. It proposes the development of maintenance measures specifically targeting oral health in older adults and advocates for guiding elderly patients in adopting healthy lifestyle habits, ultimately aiming to indirectly mitigate the progression of AD while promoting oral health in the elderly.

Does a pickle a day keep Alzheimer's away? Fermented food in Alzheimer's disease: A review

Fermented food is commonly viewed as healthy, mostly due to its probiotic and digestion-enhancing properties and recently it has been examined with regard to the development of new therapeutic and preventive measures for Alzheimer's disease. Fermented food has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and to alter the gut microbiota. However, the exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown and its connections to systemic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, as potential targets of fermented food, require further investigation. Therefore, to sum up the current knowledge, this article reviews recent research on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease with emphasis on the role of the gut-brain axis and studies examining the use of fermented foods. The analysis of the fermented food research includes clinical and preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies. The fermented food studies have shown promising effects on amyloid-β metabolism, inflammation, and cognitive impairment in animals and humans. Fermented food has great potential in developing new approaches to Alzheimer's disease treatment.

A Triterpenoid Lupeol as an Antioxidant and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Agent: Impacts on Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease illustrated by neuronal dysfunctions, leading to memory weaknesses and personality changes mostly in the aged population worldwide. The exact cause of AD is unclear, but numerous studies have addressed the involvement of oxidative stress (OS), induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), to be one of the leading causes in developing AD. OS dysregulates the cellular homeostasis, causing abnormal protein and lipid metabolism. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in modulating the antioxidant system and decreases the neuronal ROS level, thus playing an important therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in AD. Hence, medicinal herbs and their extracts have received global attention as a commercial source of antioxidants Lupeol. Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and has many biological functions. It is available in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. It has shown effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and higher blood-brain barrier permeability. Also, the binding and inhibitory potentials of Lupeol have been investigated and proved to be effective against certain receptor proteins and enzymes in AD studies by computational molecular docking approaches. Therefore, AD-related research has gained interest in investigating the therapeutic effects of Lupeol. However, despite its beneficial effects in AD, there is still a lack of research in Lupeol. Hence, we compiled in this analysis all preclinical research that looked at Lupeol as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for AD.

Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Community-Dwelling Adults of Various Ages: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Prospective Clinical Trial

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is a versatile therapeutic agent. H₂ gas inhalation is reportedly safe and has a positive impact on a range of illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we investigated the effects of 4 weeks of H₂ gas inhalation on community-dwelling adults of various ages. Fifty-four participants, including those who dropped out (5%), were screened and enrolled. The selected participants were treated as a single group without randomization. We evaluated the association between total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts and AD risk at individual levels after 4 weeks of H₂ gas inhalation treatment. The total and differential WBC counts were not adversely affected after H₂ gas inhalation, indicating that it was safe and well tolerated. Investigation of oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide showed that their levels decreased post-treatment. Furthermore, evaluation of dementia-related biomarkers, such as beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), amyloid beta (Aβ), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), T-tau, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6), showed that their cognitive condition significantly improved after treatment, in most cases. Collectively, our results indicate that H₂ gas inhalation may be a good candidate for improving AD with cognitive dysfunction in community-dwelling adults of different ages.

Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.

Nanocurcumin Improves Lipid Status, Oxidative Stress, and Function of the Liver in Aluminium Phosphide-Induced Toxicity: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Background

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanocurcumin and curcumin on liver transaminases, lipid profile, oxidant and antioxidant system, and pathophysiological changes in aluminium phosphide (ALP) induced hepatoxicity. Material and Methods. In this experimental study, thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups curcumin (Cur), nanocurcumin (Nanocur), ALP, ALP+Cur, and ALP+Nanocur. All treatments were performed by oral gavage for seven days. After treatment, animals were sacrificed, and liver and blood samples were taken. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were measured by photometric methods. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as parameters of oxidative stress and mRNA expression of the nonenzyme protein including Sirtuin 1 (STR1), Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and protein O3 (FOXO3), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as the enzyme protein in homogenized tissues have been investigated. A histologist analyzed liver tissue sections after staining with hematoxylin-eosin.

Results

In the aluminium phosphide group, there was a significant increase in MDA, ALT, AST, and AP and total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL; AST, ALT, total bilirubin, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, and MDA were significantly decreased; and HDL and TAC were significantly increased compared to ALP (P < 0.05). In the ALP+Nanocur group, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglyceride, and MDA were significantly decreased and HDL and TAC were increased significantly (P < 0.05). The effect of nanocurcumin on controlling serum levels of LDL, VLDL, triglyceride, and MDA in ALP-poisoned rats was significantly more than curcumin (P < 0.05). The ALP group had significant changes in genes SIRT1, FOXO1a, FOXO3a, CAT, and GPX compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Nanocurcumin mice expressed more SIRT1, FOXO1a, CAT, and GPX genes than controls, and curcumin-treated mice expressed more SIRT1 and FOXO1a genes (P < 0.05). Histopathological findings also indicated a more significant protective effect of nanocurcumin relative to curcumin against ALP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Conclusion

Nanocurcumin significantly protects the liver against aluminum phosphide toxicity. It is suggested that nanocurcumin-based drugs be developed to reduce the toxic effects of ALP in poisoned patients.

A Preliminary Assessment of the Nutraceutical Potential of Acai Berry (Euterpe sp.) as a Potential Natural Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by progressive neuronal atrophy and the loss of neuronal function as a consequence of multiple pathomechanisms. Current AD treatments primarily operate at a symptomatic level to treat a cholinergic deficiency and can cause side effects. Hence, there is an unmet need for healthier lifestyles to reduce the likelihood of AD as well as improved treatments with fewer adverse reactions. Diets rich in phytochemicals may reduce neurodegenerative risk and limit disease progression. The native South American palm acai berry (Euterpe oleraceae) is a potential source of dietary phytochemicals beneficial to health. This study aimed to screen the nutraceutical potential of the acai berry, in the form of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, for the ability to inhibit acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes and scavenge free radicals via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) or 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. In addition, this study aimed to quantify the acai berry's antioxidant potential via hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and the ability to reduce ferric ions. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were also determined. Acai aqueous extract displayed a concentration-dependent inhibition of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes. Both acai extracts displayed useful concentration-dependent free radical scavenging and antioxidant abilities, with the acai ethanolic extract being the most potent antioxidant and displaying the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. In summary, extracts of the acai berry contain nutraceutical components with anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant capabilities and may therefore provide a beneficial dietary component that limits the pathological deficits evidenced in AD.

Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Fermented Foods and Their Effects on Alzheimer’s Disease

The focus on managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is shifting towards prevention through lifestyle modification instead of treatments since the currently available treatment options are only capable of providing symptomatic relief marginally and result in various side effects. Numerous studies have reported that the intake of fermented foods resulted in the successful management of AD. Food fermentation is a biochemical process where the microorganisms metabolize the constituents of raw food materials, giving vastly different organoleptic properties and additional nutritional value, and improved biosafety effects in the final products. The consumption of fermented foods is associated with a wide array of nutraceutical benefits, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolemic properties. Due to their promising health benefits, fermented food products have a great prospect for commercialization in the food industry. This paper reviews the memory and cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective potential of fermented food products on AD, the recently commercialized fermented food products in the health and food industries, and their limitations. The literature reviewed here demonstrates a growing demand for fermented food products as alternative therapeutic options for the prevention and management of AD.

Hyperphosphorylated Human Tau Accumulates at the Synapse, Localizing on Synaptic Mitochondrial Outer Membranes and Disrupting Respiration in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy

Neurogenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), represent a growing public health challenge in aging societies. Tauopathies, a subset of neurodegenerative disorders that includes AD, are characterized by accumulation of fibrillar and hyperphosphorylated forms of microtubule-associated protein tau with coincident mitochondrial abnormalities and neuronal dysfunction. Although, in vitro, tau impairs axonal transport altering mitochondrial distribution, clear in vivo mechanisms associating tau and mitochondrial dysfunction remain obscure. Herein, we investigated the effects of human tau on brain mitochondria in vivo using transgenic htau mice at ages preceding and coinciding with onset of tauopathy. Subcellular proteomics combined with bioenergetic assessment revealed pathologic forms of tau preferentially associate with synaptic over non-synaptic mitochondria coinciding with changes in bioenergetics, reminiscent of an aged synaptic mitochondrial phenotype in wild-type mice. While mitochondrial content was unaltered, mitochondrial maximal respiration was impaired in synaptosomes from htau mice. Further, mitochondria-associated tau was determined to be outer membrane-associated using the trypsin protection assay and carbonate extraction. These findings reveal non-mutant human tau accumulation at the synapse has deleterious effects on mitochondria, which likely contributes to synaptic dysfunction observed in the context of tauopathy.

MYO-Inositol In Fermented Sugar Matrix Improves Human Macrophage Function

SCOPE

Reactive oxygen species production by innate immune cells plays a central role in host defense against invading pathogens at wound-site. A weakened hos-defense results in persistent infection leading to wound chronicity. Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP), a complex sugar matrix, bolstered respiratory burst activity and improved wound healing outcomes in chronic wound patients. The objective of the current study was to identify underlying molecular factor/s responsible for augmenting macrophage host defense mechanisms following FPP supplementation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In depth LC-MS/MS analysis of cells supplemented with FPP led to identification of myo-inositol as a key determinant of FPP activity towards improving macrophage function. Myo-inositol, in quantities that is present in FPP, significantly improved macrophage respiratory burst and phagocytosis via de novo synthesis pathway of ISYNA1. Additionally, myo-inositol transporters, HMIT and SMIT1, played a significant role in such activity. Blocking these pathways using siRNA attenuated FPP-induced improved macrophage host defense activities. FPP supplementation emerges as a novel approach to increase intracellular myo-inositol levels. Such supplementation also modified wound microenvironment in chronic wound patients to augment myo-inositol levels in wound fluid.

CONCLUSION

These observations indicate that myo-inositol in FPP influences multiple aspects of macrophage function critical for host defense against invading pathogens. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Preventive and Therapeutic aspects of Fermented Foods

In recent times, the status of some fermented foods which are considered as functional foods that confer health benefits in certain disease conditions has grown rapidly. The health benefits of fermented foods are due to the presence of probiotic microbes and the bioactive compound formed during fermentation. Microbes involved and metabolites produced by them are highly species-specific and contribute to the authenticity of the fermented foods. Several studies pertaining to the effect of fermented foods on various disease conditions have been conducted in recent years using both animal models and clinical trials on humans. This review focuses on the impact of fermented foods on conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, gastrointestinal disorder, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Ellagic Acid Modulates the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene via Superoxide Dismutase Regulation in the Entorhinal Cortex in an Experimental Alzheimer's Model

Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still increasing worldwide. The development of (AD) is related to oxidative stress and genetic factors. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of ellagic acid (EA) on the entorhinal cortex (ERC), which plays a major role in episodic memory, in the brains of an AD rat model. AD was induced using AlCl3 (50 mg/kg orally for 4 weeks). Rats were divided into four groups: control, AD model, EA (treated with 50 mg/kg EA orally for 4 weeks), and ADEA (AD rats treated with EA after AlCl3 was stopped) groups. All rats were investigated for episodic memory using the novel object recognition test (NORT), antioxidant serum biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, histopathology of the ERC, and quantitative PCR for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene. EA therapy in AD rats significantly increased the discrimination index for NORT and the levels of SOD, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity. Lipid peroxidation products were decreased, and the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the ERC sections were reduced after EA administration. The decrease in ERC thickness in the AD group, caused by caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and neurotoxicity due to amyloid precursor protein, was modulated by the increased SOD mRNA expression. Adjustment of the ERC antioxidant environment and decreased oxidative stress under EA administration enhanced SOD expression, resulting in the modulation of amyloid precursor protein toxicity and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, thereby restoring episodic memory.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil consumption from Mild Cognitive Impairment patients attenuates oxidative and nitrative stress reflecting on the reduction of the PARP levels and DNA damage

Oxidative/nitrative stress that results from the unbalance of the overproduction/clearance of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/NOS), originated from a variety of endo- and/or exo-genous sources, can have detrimental effects on DNA and is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An excellent marker of oxidative DNA lesions is 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) while of nitrative stress the enzyme NOS2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2). Under massive oxidative stress, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) enzyme activity, responsible for restoration of DNA damage, is augmented, DNA repair enzymes are recruited, and cell survival/or death is ensued through PARP-1 activation, which is correlated positively with neurodegenerative diseases. In this biochemical study the levels of PARP-1, 8-oxo-dG, and NOS2, Aβ1-42, and p-tau in their sera determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment participated in MICOIL clinical trial, were daily administered with 50 ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) for one year. All MCI patients' biomarkers that had consumed EVOO were tantamount to those of healthy participants, contrary to MCI patients who were not administered. EVOO administration in MCI patients resulted in the restoration of DNA damage and of the well-established "hallmarks" AD biomarkers, thanks probably to its antioxidant properties exhibiting a therapeutic potentiality against AD. Molecular docking simulations of the EVOO constituents on the crystal structure of PARP-1 and NOS-2 target enzymes were also employed, to study in silico the ability of the compounds to bind to these enzymes and explain the observed in vitro activity. In silico analysis has proved the binding of EVOO constituents on PARP-1and NOS-2 enzymes and their interaction with crucial amino acids of the active sites. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03362996. MICOIL GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03362996.

Probiotics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND & AIM

Probiotics in the gut have been suggested to have a beneficial effect on anxiety response and depressive disorder. Hence we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effects of probiotics associated with or without pharmacological or psychological therapies in patients with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms or disorders.

METHODS

We conducted searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest, LILACS, and Web of Science up to February 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of probiotics associated with or without pharmacological or psychological therapies for patient-important outcomes including relief of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms, cognitive functions, adverse events and quality of life. We used the GRADE approach to rate the overall certainty of the evidence by outcome. The protocol of the systematic review was registered with PROPSERO and published under the number CRD4202016329.

RESULTS

16 RCTs including 1,125 patients proved eligible. Results suggested a significant improvement in using Beck Depression Index (MD, -3.20 [95% CI, -5.91 to -0.49], p = 0.02; I² = 21%, p = 0.28) for depression symptoms and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (MD, -6.88 [95% CI, -12.35 to -1.41], p = 0.01; I² = 24%, p = 0.25) for anxiety with overall certainty in evidence rated as moderate and low, respectively. However, Depression Scale (DASS-Depression) (MD, 2.01 [95% CI, -0.80 to 4.82], p = 0.16; I² = 0%, p = 0.62), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRAS) (MD, -2,41 [95% CI, -10,55 to 5,72], p = 0,56; I² = 87%, p = 0,006), Anxiety scale (DASS-Anxiety) (MD, 0.49 [95% CI, -4.05 to 5.02], p = 0.83; I² = 74%, p = 0.05), and Stress Scale (DASS-Stress) (MD, 0.84 [95% CI, -2.64 to 4.33], p = 0.64; I² = 34%, p = 0.22) showed no significant decrease in the relief of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of probiotics compared to placebo with overall certainty in evidence rated as very low for all outcomes. We also found no differences in the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) (MD, -3.21 [95% CI, -6.50 to 0.08], p = 0.06; I² = 0%, p = 0.88) with overall certainty in evidence rated as low. Results suggested a non-statistically significantly effect of probiotics in the adverse events outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The current review suggests that probiotics may improve symptoms of depression and anxiety in clinical patients. However, given the limitations in the included studies, RCTs with long-term follow-up and large sample sizes are needed.

Evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in naproxen-induced gastric lesions in rat

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of mango peel and pulp on oxidative damage in a naproxen-induced gastric injury rat model. The extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP methods), and the phenolic profile was investigated with UPLC-QToF-MS^E . Gastric damage was evaluated in vivo by assessing the membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) content), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity, and glutathione (GSH) content. Mango peel and pulp contained high contents of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics (69.50-5.287.70 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g), carotenoids (651.30-665.50 μg/100 g), and vitamin C (21.59-108.19 mg/100 g). UPLC-QToF-MSE analysis identified 17 phenol compounds, including gallotannins, glycosylated flavonoids, and xanthone. The hydroalcoholic extracts of mango peel and pulp (LPe and LPu, respectively) significantly reduced the MPO activity and MDA content. In addition to preventing naproxen-induced GSH decline, LPe (30 mg/kg) and LPu (10 mg/kg) restored its content to normal levels. LPe and LPu neutralized the oxidizing agents triggered by naproxen and reduced the severity of gastric lesions owing to their antioxidant properties.

Ameliorative Role of Nutraceuticals on Neurodegenerative Diseases Using the Drosophila melanogaster as a Discovery Model to Define Bioefficacy

Neurodegeneration is the destruction of neurons, and once the neurons degenerate they can't revive. This is one of the most concerned health conditions among aged population, more than ∼70% of the elderly people are suffering from neurodegeneration. Among all of the neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Poly-glutamine disease (Poly-Q) are the major one and affecting most of the people around the world and posing excessive burden on the society. In order to understand this disease in non-human animal models it is pertinent to examine in model organism and various animal model are being used for such diseases like rat, mice and non-vertebrate model like Drosophila. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best animal proven by several eminent scientist and had received several Nobel prizes for uncovering mechanism of human related genes and highly efficient model for studying neurodegenerative diseases due to its great affinity with human disease-related genes. Another factor is also employed to act as therapeutic or preventive method that is nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals are functional natural compounds with antioxidant properties and had extensively showed the neuroprotective effect in different organisms. These nutraceuticals having antioxidant properties act through scavenging free radicals or by increasing endogenous cellular antioxidant defense molecules. For the best benefit, we are trying to utilize these nutraceuticals, which will have no or negligible side effects. In this review, we are dealing with various types of such nutraceuticals which have potent value in the prevention and curing of the diseases related to neurodegeneration.HighlightsNeurodegeneration is the silently progressing disease which shows its symptoms when it is well rooted.Many chemical drugs (almost all) have only symptomatic relief with side effects.Potent mechanism of neurodegeneration and improvement effect by nutraceuticals is proposed.Based on the Indian Cuisine scientists are trying to find the medicine from the food or food components having antioxidant properties.The best model to study the neurodegenerative diseases is Drosophila melanogaster.Many nutraceuticals having antioxidant properties have been studied and attenuated various diseases are discussed.

The pleiotropic beneficial intervention of olive oil intake on the Alzheimer's disease onset via fibrinolytic system

The daily consumption of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) in Mediterranean nutrition is tightly associated with lower frequency of many diseases' appearance, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fibrinolytic system is already assumed to be involved in AD pathophysiology through various factors, especially plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a2-antiplasmin (α2ΑP) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We, here, present a biochemical study, as a continuation of a clinical trial of a cohort of 84 participants, focusing on the pleiotropic effect of the annual EVOO consumption on the fibrinolytic factors of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients. The levels of all these fibrinolytic factors, measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, were reduced in the serum of MCI patients annually administered with EVOO, versus not treated MCI patients, as well as AD patients. The well-established AD hallmarks (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 species, tau, and p-tau) of MCI patients' group, annually administered with EVOO, were restored to levels equal to those of the cognitively-healthy group; in contrast to those patients not being administered, and their AD hallmarks levels increased at the end of the year. Moreover, one of the EVOO annual consumption multimodal effects on the MCI patients focused on the levels of an oxidative stress trademark, malondialdehyde (MDA), which displayed also a visible quenching; On the other hand, an increase exhibited in the MCI patients not consuming EVOO one year after, was attributed to the lack of the EVOO anti-oxidative properties. These outcomes are exploitable towards the establishment of natural products like EVOO, as a preventive remedy fighting this neurodegenerative disorder, AD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03362996 MICOIL gov Identifier: NCT03362996.

Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review

Simple Summary

This review highlights the medicinal benefits of a natural remedy, the Carica papaya extracts and its phytochemicals. In this review, the potential of Carica papaya against various conditions, including cancer, inflammation, aging, healing of the skin, and lifelong diseases has been summarized and discussed. In short, more research and development should focus on this natural remedy that can potentially act as a prophylaxis against chronic diseases.

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a result of disruption in the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in which subsequently impacting on redox signaling, causing cell and tissue damages. It leads to a range of medical conditions including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases and cancers but these conditions can be managed properly with the aid of antioxidants. This review features various studies to provide an overview on how Carica papaya help counteract oxidative stress via various mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties and eventually improving the management of various oxidative stress-related health conditions. Carica papaya is a topical plant species discovered to contain high amounts of natural antioxidants that can usually be found in their leaves, fruits and seeds. It contains various chemical compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant properties including caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, papain, benzyl isothiocyanate (BiTC), and kaempferol. Therefore, it can counteract pro-oxidants via a number of signaling pathways that either promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes or reduce ROS production. These signaling pathways activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms that protect the body against both intrinsic and extrinsic oxidative stress. To conclude, Carica papaya can be incorporated into medications or supplements to help manage the health conditions driven by oxidative stress and further studies are needed to investigate the potential of its chemical components to manage various chronic diseases.

The Immunopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease Is Related to the Composition of Gut Microbiota

The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria can influence brain and immune system function by the production of lipopolysaccharides and amyloid. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome induces local and consecutively systemic immune-mediated inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines then trigger neuroinflammation and finally neurodegeneration. Immune-mediated oxidative stress can lead to a deficiency of vitamins and essential micronutrients. Furthermore, the wrong composition of gut microbiota might impair the intake and metabolization of nutrients. In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) significant alterations of the gut microbiota have been demonstrated. Standard Western diet, infections, decreased physical activity and chronic stress impact the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. A higher abundancy of "pro-inflammatory" gut microbiota goes along with enhanced systemic inflammation and neuroinflammatory processes. Thus, AD beginning in the gut is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. Modulation of gut microbiota by Mediterranean diet, probiotics and curcumin can slow down cognitive decline and alter the gut microbiome significantly. A multi-domain intervention approach addressing underlying causes of AD (inflammation, infections, metabolic alterations like insulin resistance and nutrient deficiency, stress) appears very promising to reduce or even reverse cognitive decline by exerting positive effects on the gut microbiota.

Antioxidants and Neuron-Astrocyte Interplay in Brain Physiology: Melatonin, a Neighbor to Rely on

This manuscript is a review focused onto the role of astrocytes in the protection of neurons against oxidative stress and how melatonin can contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. The first part of the review is dedicated to the dependence of neurons on astrocytes by terms of survival under oxidative stress conditions. Additionally, the effects of melatonin against oxidative stress in the brain and its putative role in the protection against diseases affecting the brain are highlighted. The effects of melatonin on the physiology of neurons and astrocytes also are reviewed.

Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease

A new epoch is emerging with intense research on nutraceuticals, i.e., "food or food product that provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of diseases", such as Alzheimer's disease. Nutraceuticals act at different biochemical and metabolic levels and much evidence shows their neuroprotective effects; in particular, they are able to provide protection against mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, toxicity of β-amyloid and Tau and cell death. They have been shown to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota significantly contributing to the discovery that differential microorganisms composition is associated with the formation and aggregation of cerebral toxic proteins. Further, the routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been elucidated, thus establishing a modulatory role of diet-induced epigenetic changes of gut microbiota in shaping the brain. This review examines recent scientific literature addressing the beneficial effects of some natural products for which mechanistic evidence to prevent or slowdown AD are available. Even if the road is still long, the results are already exceptional.

Revalorization of bioactive compounds from tropical fruit by-products and industrial applications by means of sustainable approaches

Tropical fruits trade is on the rise due to the claimed health benefits related with their consumption. Functional activities are exerted by the presence of bioactive compounds which could be used for prevention or amelioration diseases. However, the occurrence of bioactive compounds is found mainly in non-edible fraction of tropical fruits which are usually discarded. Therefore, the revalorization of tropical fruits by-products as source of functional compounds is on the cutting-edge research. The implementation of this challenge not only allows the enhancement of the tropical fruits by-products management, but also the production of value-added products. This review compiles the latest comprehensive information about the revalorization of bioactive compounds from tropical fruits by-products. A revision of the sustainable green technologies used for the isolation of valuable compounds has been carried out as well as the current food, functional, cosmeceutical and bioenergetics industrial applications of bioactive compounds extracted from tropical fruits by-products.

Bioactive compounds with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of hop extracts

The aim of this study is to simultaneously evaluate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the hop extracts by different solvents. Hop water extract (HWE) and hop ethanol extracts (HEEs) were prepared by extracting hop pellets with hot water at 90 °C and ethanol solutions (55%, 75%, and 95%), respectively. Bioactive compound such as α-acid, β-acid, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents were determined. All the HEEs showed higher anti-oxidative activities than the HWEs. The HEEs showing the highest anti-oxidative activities are different in the experiments with different free radicals. For anti-inflammatory activities, both the HWE and HEEs decreased NO productions. HWE decreased TNF-α and IL-6 secretion but showed no effect on IL-1β, while HEEs decreased IL-1β and IL-6 secretion but increased TNF-α secretion. Except for TNF-α secretion, the HEEs showed higher anti-inflammatory activities than the HWE. Future work is to explore the possible mechanism to improve the ethanol extraction procedure.

Thirty years of translational research in Mobility Medicine: Collection of abstracts of the 2020 Padua Muscle Days

More than half a century of skeletal muscle research is continuing at Padua University (Italy) under the auspices of the Interdepartmental Research Centre of Myology (CIR-Myo), the European Journal of Translational Myology (EJTM) and recently also with the support of the A&CM-C Foundation for Translational Myology, Padova, Italy. The Volume 30(1), 2020 of the EJTM opens with the collection of abstracts for the conference "2020 Padua Muscle Days: Mobility Medicine 30 years of Translational Research". This is an international conference that will be held between March 18-21, 2020 in Euganei Hills and Padova in Italy. The abstracts are excellent examples of translational research and of the multidimensional approaches that are needed to classify and manage (in both the acute and chronic phases) diseases of Mobility that span from neurologic, metabolic and traumatic syndromes to the biological process of aging. One of the typical aim of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation is indeed to reduce pain and increase mobility enough to enable impaired persons to walk freely, garden, and drive again. The excellent contents of this Collection of Abstracts reflect the high scientific caliber of researchers and clinicians who are eager to present their results at the PaduaMuscleDays. A series of EJTM Communications will also add to this preliminary evidence.

The effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

In the current meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders were assessed.

METHODS

The following databases were search up to February 2019: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google scholar and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

RESULTS

Twelve studies were included in the current meta-analysis. The findings demonstrated that probiotic supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): -9.60; 95 % CI: -10.08, -9.11]. In addition, a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: -1.59; 95 % CI: -2.22, -0.97), interleukin 10 (IL-10) (WMD: -0.29; 95 % CI: -0.48, -0.11) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (WMD: -0.38; 95 % CI: -0.63, -0.13) was found after probiotics supplementation. No significant change was seen in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score (WMD: -11.17; 95 % CI: -24.99, 2.65), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (WMD: -0.12; 95 % CI: -0.20, -0.05), IL-1B (WMD: -0.34; 95 % CI: -1.43, 0.74), IL-6 (WMD: 0.03; 95 % CI: -0.32, 0.38), nitric oxide (NO) (WMD: -0.54; 95 % CI: -2.16, 1.08), glutathione (GSH) (WMD: 46.79; 95 % CI: -17.25, 110.83) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (WMD: 15.21; 95 % CI: -59.96, 90.37) after probiotics supplementation.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that taking probiotic by patients with psychiatric disorders had beneficial effects on HAMD, CRP, IL-10 and MDA levels, but it did not affect BDI score, other markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Beneficial Effects of Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP®) Supplementation on Redox Balance and Aging in a Mouse Model

In recent decades much attention has been paid to how dietary antioxidants may positively affect the human health, including the beneficial effects of fermented foods and beverages. Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP^®) has been shown to represent a valuable approach to obtain systemic antioxidants effect. In this study, we wanted to verify whether FPP^® had a clear and scientifically supported in vivo anti-aging effect together with the induction of a systemic antioxidant reaction. To this purpose we daily treated a mouse model suitable for aging studies (C57BL/6J) with FPP^®-supplemented water from either the 6th weeks (early treatment) or the 51th weeks (late treatment) of age as compared to mice receiving only tap water. After 10 months of FPP^® treatment, we evaluated the telomerase activity, antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species ROS plasmatic levels and the telomeres length in the bone marrow and ovaries in both mice groups. The results showed that the daily FPP^® assumption induced increase in telomeres length in bone marrow and ovary, together with an increase in the plasmatic levels of telomerase activity, and antioxidant levels, with a decrease of ROS. Early treatment resulted to be more effective, suggesting a potential key role of FPP^® in preventing the age-related molecular damages.

Antioxidant Properties of Unripe Carica papaya Fruit Extract and Its Protective Effects against Endothelial Oxidative Stress

It has been proven that high consumption of fruit and vegetable lowers the risks of cardiovascular and other oxidative stress-related diseases. Here we evaluated the effects of a tropical fruit, unripe Carica papaya (UCP), on endothelial protection against oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂. The antioxidant properties of UCP were investigated using the assays of FRAP and ORAC and specific ROS scavenging activities (H₂O₂, O₂^•−, OH^•, HOCl). Cytoprotective property was tested in human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 with respect to cell survival, intracellular ROS levels, antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPX), survival/stress signaling (AKT, JNK, p38), and nuclear signaling (Nrf2, NF-kB). UCP processed high antioxidant activity and scavenging activity against H₂O₂> OH^•> O₂^•−> HOCl, respectively. UCP improved cell survival in the milieu of ROS reduction. While SOD was increased by UCP, CAT activity was enhanced when cells were challenged with H₂O₂. UCP had no impact on H₂O₂-activated AKT, JNK, and p38 signaling but significantly decreased nuclear NF-κB levels. The overactivation of Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress was constrained by UCP. In conclusion, UCP protected endothelial cells against oxidative damage through intracellular ROS reduction, enhanced CAT activity, suppression of NF-kB, and prohibition of Nrf2 dysregulation. Thus, UCP might be a candidate for development of nutraceuticals against CVD and oxidative-related diseases and conditions.

Natural Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related with the increase of age and it is the main cause of dementia in the world. AD affects cognitive functions, such as memory, with an intensity that leads to several functional losses. The continuous increase of AD incidence demands for an urgent development of effective therapeutic strategies. Despite the extensive research on this disease, only a few drugs able to delay the progression of the disease are currently available. In the last years, several compounds with pharmacological activities isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, revealed to have beneficial effects for the treatment of AD, targeting different pathological mechanisms. Thus, a wide range of natural compounds may play a relevant role in the prevention of AD and have proven to be efficient in different preclinical and clinical studies. This work aims to review the natural compounds that until this date were described as having significant benefits for this neurological disease, focusing on studies that present clinical trials.

Introduction of amino moiety enhances the inhibitory potency of 1-tetralone chalcone derivatives against LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species production in RAW 264.7 macrophages

The design and synthesis of a series of thirty-two halogenated 1-tetralone or 6-amino-1-tetralone chalcone derivatives was achieved by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. It was observed that the introduction of amino moiety into 1-tetralone skeleton greatly increased the inhibitory potency compared to corresponding 1-tetralone chalcones. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 18 which consists of 6-amino-1-tetralone skeleton together with o-fluorobenzylidene showed the most potent ROS inhibitory effect with IC₅₀ value of 0.25 ± 0.13 µM. SAR analysis revealed that amino moiety at the 6th position of 1-tetralone chalcones have an important role for exerting the greater ROS inhibitory potency in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages than those exhibited by 1-tetralone chalcones alone.

Oral Administration of Fermented Papaya (FPP®) Controls the Growth of a Murine Melanoma through the In Vivo Induction of a Natural Antioxidant Response

Prolonged oxidative stress may play a key role in tumor development. Antioxidant molecules are contained in many foods and seem to have a potential role in future anti-tumor strategies. Among the natural antioxidants the beneficial effect of Fermented Papaya (FPP^®) is well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orally administered FPP^® in either the prevention or treatment of a murine model of melanoma. The tumor growth was analyzed together with the blood levels of both oxidants (ROS) and anti-oxidants (SOD-1 and GSH). The results showed that FPP^® controlled tumor growth, reducing the tumor mass of about three to seven times vs. untreated mice. The most significant effect was obtained with sublingual administration of FPP^® close to the inoculation of melanoma. At the time of the sacrifice none of mice treated with FPP^® had metastases and the subcutaneous tumors were significantly smaller and amelanotic, compared to untreated mice. Moreover, the FPP^® anti-tumor effect was consistent with the decrease of total ROS levels and the increase in the blood levels of GSH and SOD-1. This study shows that a potent anti-oxidant treatment through FPP^® may contribute to both preventing and inhibiting tumors growth.

Oral Brain-Targeted Microemulsion for Enhanced Piperine Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: In Vitro Appraisal, In Vivo Activity, and Nanotoxicity

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has no cure till now. Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid characterized by memory-enhancing properties but challenging oral delivery obstacles. The objectives of this study are as follows: preparation of microemulsion (ME) as a proposed oral PIP nanocarrier for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and testing its safety on the brain and other internal organs. This study employs bioactive surfactants in the common safe doses to improve PIP targeting to the brain. Selected ME systems encompassed Caproyl 90 (oil)/Tween 80/Cremophor RH 40 (surfactant) and Transcutol HP (co-surfactant). The particle size of the prepared formulations was less than 150 nm with negative zeta potential. The in vivo results showed a superior effect of ME over free PIP. Colchicine-induced brain toxicity results showed the safety of ME on brain cells. Nevertheless, toxicological results showed a potential ME nephrotoxicity. Oral microemulsion increased PIP efficacy and enhanced its delivery to the brain resulting in better therapeutic outcome compared to the free drug. However, the toxicity of this nanosystem should be carefully taken into consideration on chronic use.

Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced by several endogenous and exogenous processes, and their negative effects are neutralized by antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress occurs from the imbalance between RONS production and these antioxidant defenses. Aging is a process characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. The oxidative stress theory of aging is based on the hypothesis that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of RONS-induced damages. At the same time, oxidative stress is involved in several age-related conditions (ie, cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer), including sarcopenia and frailty. Different types of oxidative stress biomarkers have been identified and may provide important information about the efficacy of the treatment, guiding the selection of the most effective drugs/dose regimens for patients and, if particularly relevant from a pathophysiological point of view, acting on a specific therapeutic target. Given the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions and aging, antioxidant therapy could positively affect the natural history of several diseases, but further investigation is needed to evaluate the real efficacy of these therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of literature on this complex topic of ever increasing interest.

Harnessing the Power of Microbiome Assessment Tools as Part of Neuroprotective Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine Interventions

An extensive body of evidence documents the importance of the gut microbiome both in health and in a variety of human diseases. Cell and animal studies describing this relationship abound, whilst clinical studies exploring the associations between changes in gut microbiota and the corresponding metabolites with neurodegeneration in the human brain have only begun to emerge more recently. Further, the findings of such studies are often difficult to translate into simple clinical applications that result in measurable health outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the literature on a select set of faecal biomarkers from a clinician’s perspective. This practical review aims to examine key physiological processes that influence both gastrointestinal, as well as brain health, and to discuss how tools such as the characterisation of commensal bacteria, the identification of potential opportunistic, pathogenic and parasitic organisms and the quantification of gut microbiome biomarkers and metabolites can help inform clinical decisions of nutrition and lifestyle medicine practitioners.

Structural and immunological characterization of hydroxyl radical modified human IgG: Clinical correlation in rheumatoid arthritis

Structural alterations in proteins under oxidative stress have been widely implicated in the immuno-pathology of various disorders. This study has evaluated the extent of damage in the conformational characteristics of IgG by hydroxyl radical (OH) and studied its implications in the immuno-pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using various biophysical and biochemical techniques, changes in aromatic microenvironment of the IgG and the protein aggregation became evident after treatment with OH. The SDS-PAGE study confirmed the protein aggregation while far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy (Far-UV CD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) inferred towards the alterations in secondary structure of IgG under OH stress. Dynamic light scattering showed that the modification increased the hydrodynamic radius and polydispersity of IgG. The free arginine and lysine content reduced upon modification. OH induced aggregation was confirmed by enhanced thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence and red shift in the congo red (CR) absorbance. The study on experimental animals reiterates the earlier findings of enhanced immunogenicity of OH treated IgG (OH-IgG) compared to that of native IgG. OH-IgG strongly interacted with the antibodies derived from the serum of 80 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The overwhelming and strong tendency of OH-IgG to bind the antibodies derived from the serum of RA patients points towards the modification of IgG under patho-physiological conditions in RA that generate neo-epitopes and eventually cause the generation of auto antibodies that circulate in the patient sera. Further studies on this aspect may possibly lead to the development of a biomarker for RA.

Inhibitory Activity of Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin in BALB/c Mouse through Oral Administration of Fermented Barks of Alnus sibirica

Phytochemical isolation of fermented Alnus sibirica (FAS) which was produced by using Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis, exhibited multiple and different composition compared with the original plant. Anti-allergic contact dermatitis (anti-ACD)/anti-atopic dermatitis (anti-AD) activities (visual observation and regulation of Th₁/Th₂ cytokines and IgE in blood) of FAS and the barks of Alnus sibirica extract (AS) and the two diarylheptanoids, hirsutenone (1) and muricarpon B (2), which are major components of FAS, were measured in vitro and in vivo. FAS, AS and the two compounds showed potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-ACD and anti-AD activity. In particular, FAS showed more potent biological activity than AS. Thus, fermentation might be a prominent way to enhance the biological activity compared with the original plant. In addition, compounds (1) and (2) might be developed as functional materials or herbal medicines for ACD and AD.

Modulatory Effect of Fermented Papaya Extracts on Mammary Gland Hyperplasia Induced by Estrogen and Progestin in Female Rats

Fermented papaya extracts (FPEs) are obtained by fermentation of papaya by Aspergillus oryzae and yeasts. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of FPEs on mammary gland hyperplasia induced by estrogen and progestogen. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including a control group, an FPE-alone group, a model group, and three FPE treatment groups (each receiving 30, 15, or 5 ml/kg FPEs). Severe mammary gland hyperplasia was induced upon estradiol benzoate and progestin administration. FPEs could improve the pathological features of the animal model and reduce estrogen levels in the serum. Analysis of oxidant indices revealed that FPEs could increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the mammary glands and serum of the animal models, and decrease the proportion of cells positive for the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxo-dG in the mammary glands. Additionally, estradiol benzoate and progestin altered the levels of serum biochemical compounds such as aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as hepatic oxidant indices such as SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG). These indices reverted to normal levels upon oral administration of a high dose of FPEs. Taken together, our results indicate that FPEs can protect the mammary glands and other visceral organs from oxidative damage.

Distinct Mechanisms Underlying Resveratrol-Mediated Protection from Types of Cellular Stress in C6 Glioma Cells

The polyphenolic phytostilbene, trans-resveratrol, is found in high amounts in several types and tissues of plants, including grapes, and has been proposed to have beneficial effects in the central nervous system due to its activity as an antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to identify the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of resveratrol under conditions of oxidative stress or DNA damage, induced by the extracellularly applied oxidant, tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide, or UV-irradiation, respectively. In C6 glioma cells, a model system for glial cell biology and pharmacology, resveratrol was protective against both types of insult. Prevention of tau protein cleavage and of the formation of neurofibrillary tangles were identified as mechanisms of action of resveratrol-mediated protection in both paradigms of cellular damage. However, depending on the type of insult, resveratrol exerted its protective activity differentially: under conditions of chemically induced oxidative stress, inhibition of caspase activity, while with DNA damage, resveratrol regulated tau phosphorylation at Ser⁴²². Results advance our understanding of resveratrol’s complex impact on cellular signaling pathway and contribute to the notion of resveratrol’s role as a pleiotropic therapeutic agent.

A 2-year Double-Blind RCT Follow-up Study with Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP) Modulating Key Markers in Middle-Age Subjects with Clustered Neurodegenerative Disease-Risk Factors

In recent years a number of studies have reported the significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative disease. There is accumulating evidence that the interplay of combined genetic and environmental risk factors (from diet to life style to pollutants) to intrinsic age-related oxi-inflammatory changes may be advocated for to explain the pandemic of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years a specific Fermented Papaya Preparation (FPP) has been shown to significantly affect a number of redox signalling abnormalities in a variety of chronic diseases and as well in aging mechanisms either on experimental and on clinical ground. The aim of the present study was to evaluate FPP use in impending metabolic disease patients with potentially neurodegenerative disease clustered risk factors. The study population consisted of 90 patients aged 45-65 years old, with impending metabolic syndrome and previously selected as to be ApoE4 genotype negative. By applying a RCT, double-blind method, one group received FPP 4.5 g twice a day (the most common dosage utilized in prior clinical studies) while the other received an oral antioxidant cocktail (trans-resveratrol, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C). Then, after 21 month treatment period, a selected heavy metal chelator was added at the dosage of 3 g/nocte for the final 3 months study treatment. The parameters tested were: routine tests oxidized LDL-cholesterol, anti-oxidised LDL, Cyclophilin-A (CyPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and CyPA gene expression. From this study it would appear that FPP, unlike the control antioxidant, significantly decreased oxidized-LDL and near normalizing the anti-Ox-LDL/Ox-LDL ratio (p<0.001) although unaffecting the lipid profile per sè. Moreover, only FPP decreased cyclophilin-A plasma level and plasminogen activator-inhibitor (p<0.01) together with downregulating cyclophilin-A gene expression (p<0.01). Insulin resistance was only mildly improved. Heavy metals gut clearance proved to be effectively enhanced by the chelator (p<0.01) and this was not affected by any of the nutraceuticals, nor it added any further benefit to the biological action of FPP.

A Review of Fermented Foods with Beneficial Effects on Brain and Cognitive Function

Around the world, fermentation of foods has been adopted over many generations, primarily due to their commercial significance with enriched flavors and high-profile nutrients. The increasing application of fermented foods is further promoted by recent evidence on their health benefits, beyond the traditionally recognized effects on the digestive system. With recent advances in the understanding of gut-brain interactions, there have also been reports suggesting the fermented food's efficacy, particularly for cognitive function improvements. These results are strengthened by the proposed biological effects of fermented foods, including neuroprotection against neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species. This paper reviews the beneficial health effects of fermented foods with particular emphasis on cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects. With an extensive review of fermented foods and their potential cognitive benefits, this paper may promote commercially feasible applications of fermented foods as natural remedies to cognitive problems.

The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease: A Mini Review

Neurodegenerative diseases affect not only the life quality of aging populations, but also their life spans. All forms of neurodegenerative diseases have a massive impact on the elderly. The major threat of these brain diseases includes progressive loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), impairments in the movement, Parkinson's disease (PD), and the inability to walk, talk, and think, Huntington's disease (HD). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are highlighted as a central feature of brain degenerative diseases. Oxidative stress, a condition that occurs due to imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant status, has been known to play a vital role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, PD, and HD. A large number of studies have utilized oxidative stress biomarkers to investigate the severity of these neurodegenerative diseases and medications are available, but these only treat the symptoms. In traditional medicine, a large number of medicinal plants have been used to treat the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive studies scientifically validated the beneficial effect of natural products against neurodegenerative diseases using suitable animal models. This short review focuses the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and HD and the protective efficacy of natural products against these diseases.

Redox Imbalance and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential molecules for many physiological functions and act as second messengers in a large variety of tissues. An imbalance in the production and elimination of ROS is associated with human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years the notion that neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by chronic viral infections, which may result in an increase of neurodegenerative diseases progression, emerged. It is known in literature that enhanced viral infection risk, observed during neurodegeneration, is partly due to the increase of ROS accumulation in brain cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, occurring during the progression of neurodegeneration, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the role of influenza, herpes simplex virus type-1, and retroviruses infection in ROS/RNS-mediated Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).