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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Alomar SY, Resanović R, Milovanović Z, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Franca TCC, Wu W, Kuča K. Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview. Toxicology 2023; 492:153549. [PMID: 37209941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radmila Resanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, 434023 Jingzhou, Hubei, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Srinivasan B, Ghosh S, Webb P, Griswold SP, Xue KS, Wang JS, Mehta S. Assessing an aflatoxin exposure biomarker: Exploring the interchangeability and correlation between venous and capillary blood samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114396. [PMID: 36154854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dietary aflatoxins has been recognized as a potential threat to child nutrition and growth, in addition to being a known carcinogen. The ability to accurately assess concentration of aflatoxin in the blood of at-risk individuals is therefore very important to inform public health policies and on-the-ground programs around the world. Venous blood is frequently used to quantify biomarkers of exposure such as AFB1-lysine adducts. However, venous blood collection methods are invasive, requiring highly trained staff, which makes this method challenging to implement, especially in resource-limited settings. In contrast, capillary blood collection by fingerprick is less invasive and has the potential for application in point-of-need monitoring. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the correlation and interchangeability of capillary and venous human blood samples in the quantification of AFB1-lysine adduct concentration. A total of 72 venous and capillary blood samples were collected from 36 women of reproductive age (16-49 years) in northern Uganda. All sample specimens were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to compare AFB1-lysine concentrations between venous and capillary sample pairs. Bland-Altman analysis of albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine data-bias was -0.023 pg/mg-albumin and the 95% limits of agreement were 0.51 to -0.56 pg/mg-albumin for log-transformed data. There was a positive correlation between albumin-normalized venous and capillary AFB1-lysine concentrations with r of 0.71 (p < .0001). A lack of any accepted clinical cutoff for aflatoxin exposure makes definition of an 'acceptable' limit for statistical analysis and comparison of methods challenging. Our data suggests a positive correlation between albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine concentrations in venous and capillary sample pairs, but relatively weak agreement and interchangeability based on Bland-Altman analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Srinivasan
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy P Griswold
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Sabbioni G, Castaño A, Esteban López M, Göen T, Mol H, Riou M, Tagne-Fotso R. Literature review and evaluation of biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods for chemicals selected in the research program Human Biomonitoring for the European Union (HBM4EU). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107458. [PMID: 36179646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are potentially exposed to a large amount of chemicals present in the environment and in the workplace. In the European Human Biomonitoring initiative (Human Biomonitoring for the European Union = HBM4EU), acrylamide, mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1), diisocyanates (4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and pyrethroids were included among the prioritized chemicals of concern for human health. For the present literature review, the analytical methods used in worldwide biomonitoring studies for these compounds were collected and presented in comprehensive tables, including the following parameter: determined biomarker, matrix, sample amount, work-up procedure, available laboratory quality assurance and quality assessment information, analytical techniques, and limit of detection. Based on the data presented in these tables, the most suitable methods were recommended. According to the paradigm of biomonitoring, the information about two different biomarkers of exposure was evaluated: a) internal dose = parent compounds and metabolites in urine and blood; and b) the biologically effective = dose measured as blood protein adducts. Urine was the preferred matrix used for deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and pyrethroids (biomarkers of internal dose). Markers of the biological effective dose were determined as hemoglobin adducts for diisocyanates and acrylamide, and as serum-albumin-adducts of aflatoxin B1 and diisocyanates. The analyses and quantitation of the protein adducts in blood or the metabolites in urine were mostly performed with LC-MS/MS or GC-MS in the presence of isotope-labeled internal standards. This review also addresses the critical aspects of the application, use and selection of biomarkers. For future biomonitoring studies, a more comprehensive approach is discussed to broaden the selection of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Research and Transfer Service, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Airolo, Switzerland; Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (IPASUM), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, The National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France.
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Renaud JB, Walsh JP, Sumarah MW. Optimization of Aflatoxin B1-Lysine Analysis for Public Health Exposure Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100672. [PMID: 36287941 PMCID: PMC9606987 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent human carcinogen produced by several species of Aspergillus mainly found on nuts and maize. Exposures in parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia can be at multiples, sometimes orders of magnitude above tolerable daily levels. Although human exposure to aflatoxin can be estimated by analysis of the diet, only determination of the serum albumin aflatoxin adduct provides a health-relevant exposure measure. The lack of a reference serum limits interlaboratory method validation and data comparisons. In this study, we synthetically produced AFB1-dialdehyde and covalently coupled it to serum albumin in human serum. This synthetic produced aflatoxin-serum reference material was used in conjunction with isotopically labelled internal standards to evaluate sample digestion methods. This showed using sufficient Pronase in the digestion step was critical to ensure complete proteolytic digestion, which occurs within 4 h. Increasing the digestion temperature from 37 °C to 50 °C also provided a benefit to the overall analysis. In addition, the use of dried blood spots and Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) were investigated showing samples stored with VAMS produced equivalent results to serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| | - Jacob P Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
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Lamichhane A, Webb P, Andrews-Trevino J, Pokharel A, Acharya S, Shrestha R, Davis D, Baral K, Wang JS, Xue K, Paudel K, Ghosh S. Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct among infants in Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1557-1565. [PMID: 35444268 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by naturally occurring fungi on food, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is carcinogenic, immunotoxic and hepatotoxic. This study assesses the relationship between AFB1 in Nepali infants at 12 months of age and their diet at 9 and 12 months of age. METHODS The study used data collected from 1329 infants enrolled in the AflaCohort Study. Aflatoxin exposure was assessed at 12 months using serum AFB1-lysine pg/mg albumin biomarker measured using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescent detection. Dietary data were collected using food frequency questionnaire. We conducted ordinary least squares and quantile regression analyses with backward elimination to assess lagged (9-month diet and 12-month AFB1) and contemporaneous (12-month diet and 12-month AFB1) associations. RESULTS Eighty-one percent of children at 12 months had detectable levels of serum AFB1-lysine (geometric mean: 0.79 pg/mg albumin, 95% CI: 0.74-0.83). The levels ranged from 0.4 to 85 pg/mg albumin. Dietary diversity at 9 and 12 months were not associated with serum AFB1-lysine levels. Consumption of fish and groundnuts at both 9 and 12 months and infant formula and cauliflower at 9 months were associated with higher serum AFB1-lysine while consumption of bananas and mangoes at 12 months were negatively associated with serum AFB1-lysine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of detectable AFB1-lysine among infants, and possible links to their dietary patterns argues for more urgent research into which foods in children's diets are most contaminated, and into optimal entry points in the food chain that would allow for effective actions to minimize exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Lamichhane
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Patrick Webb
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Andrews-Trevino
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashish Pokharel
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sudikshya Acharya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robin Shrestha
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale Davis
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Helen Keller International, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Baral
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathy Xue
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Shibani Ghosh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Renaud JB, Walsh JP, Sumarah MW. Simplified Synthesis and Stability Assessment of Aflatoxin B 1-Lysine and Aflatoxin G 1-Lysine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010056. [PMID: 35051035 PMCID: PMC8780103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and G1 (AFG1) are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate crops such as maize and groundnuts worldwide. The broadly accepted method to assess chronic human aflatoxin exposure is by quantifying the amount of aflatoxin adducted to human serum albumin. This has been reported using ELISA, HPLC, or LC-MS/MS to measure the amount of AFB1-lysine released after proteolysis of serum albumin. LC-MS/MS is the most accurate method but requires both isotopically labelled and unlabelled AFB1-lysine standards, which are not commercially available. In this work, we report a simplified synthetic route to produce unlabelled, deuterated and 13C6 15N2 labelled aflatoxin B1-lysine and for the first-time aflatoxin G1-lysine. Additionally, we report on the stability of these compounds during storage. This simplified synthetic approach will make the production of these important standards more feasible for laboratories performing aflatoxin exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
| | - Jacob P. Walsh
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.B.R.); (M.W.S.)
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Shimamura Y, Okuda A, Ichikawa K, Inagaki R, Ito S, Honda H, Masuda S. Factors Influencing the Formation of Chemical-Hemoglobin Adducts. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010002. [PMID: 35051044 PMCID: PMC8780222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts have been used as biomarkers for the internal exposure to chemicals. Simultaneous exposure to chemicals that bond with the N-terminal valine of Hb to form adducts, such as glycidol, acrylamide, and glucose, may affect the formation of the individual Hb adducts. In this study, various factors influencing the formation of chemical–Hb adducts were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo systems. In the in vitro assays, the formation of glycidol– and acrylamide–Hb adducts was altered in the presence of glucose, serum albumin, and other chemicals. In contrast, in the in vivo experiments, glycidol– and acrylamide–Hb adduct formation was unchanged in mice exposed to glycidol and acrylamide. The interaction between glycidol and acrylamide with residues other than the N-terminal valine of Hb was analyzed using the protein thermal shift assay. Glycidol and acrylamide also interacted with amino acid residues other than the N-terminal valine of Hb. The presence of other blood components, such as amino acids, may affect the formation of chemical–Hb adducts. Further research is expected to elucidate the remaining unknown factors that affect the formation of chemical–Hb adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Akina Okuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Kenya Ichikawa
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, KAO Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.O.); (K.I.); (R.I.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-264-5528
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Environmental exposure and clinical correlates of hepatocellular carcinoma in New York City: a case only study. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 33:153-159. [PMID: 34498221 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the U.S., Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence rates have increased. We aimed to determine whether environmental exposure plays a role in the high incidence of HCC observed in New York City. We conducted a hospital-based case only study to examine the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-albumin adducts and the distribution of adducts by different characteristics of HCC patients. Blood samples were collected from 155 HCC patients for biomarker analyses. We observed that about 46% and 49% of cases had detectable AFB1- and PAH-albumin adducts, respectively. There were significant differences between AFB1-albumin adducts and selected factors such as HCV infection status (p = 0.04), diabetes (p = 0.03) and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage (p = 0.02). Cases with detectable PAH-albumin adducts had a smoking history compared with those with nondetectable levels (p = 0.04). The level of AFB1-albumin adducts was positively correlated with plasma bilirubin (rs = 0.32, p < 0.0001) and adiponectin concentrations (rs = 0.28, p = 0.0005). The level of aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts was negatively associated with blood albumin concentration (rs = - 0.28, p = 0.0009) and plasma DNA LINE-1 methylation (rs = - 0.16, p = 0.04). Our study provides additional evidence that environmental exposures including to aflatoxin might drive the high incidence of HCC observed in the New York City.
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Turesky RJ. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in humans. Genes Environ 2021; 43:29. [PMID: 34271992 PMCID: PMC8284014 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) form during the high-temperature cooking of meats, poultry, and fish. Some HAAs also arise during the combustion of tobacco. HAAs are multisite carcinogens in rodents, inducing cancer of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, mammary, and prostate glands. HAAs undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine groups to produce the proposed reactive intermediate, the heteroaryl nitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in DNA damage and genotoxicity. Humans efficiently convert HAAs to these reactive intermediates, resulting in HAA protein and DNA adduct formation. Some epidemiologic studies have reported an association between frequent consumption of well-done cooked meats and elevated cancer risk of the colorectum, pancreas, and prostate. However, other studies have reported no associations between cooked meat and these cancer sites. A significant limitation in epidemiology studies assessing the role of HAAs and cooked meat in cancer risk is their reliance on food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to gauge HAA exposure. FFQs are problematic because of limitations in self-reported dietary history accuracy, and estimating HAA intake formed in cooked meats at the parts-per-billion level is challenging. There is a critical need to establish long-lived biomarkers of HAAs for implementation in molecular epidemiology studies designed to assess the role of HAAs in health risk. This review article highlights the mechanisms of HAA formation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, the metabolism of several prominent HAAs, and the impact of critical xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on biological effects. The analytical approaches that have successfully biomonitored HAAs and their biomarkers for molecular epidemiology studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Scott J Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Development and Limitations of Exposure Biomarkers to Dietary Contaminants Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050314. [PMID: 33924868 PMCID: PMC8147022 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that frequently contaminate cereal crops globally, presenting exposure hazards to humans and livestock in many settings. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates for epidemiological studies, making validated exposure biomarkers better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. While biomarkers of exposure have served important roles for understanding the public health impact of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AF), the science of biomarkers must continue advancing to allow for better understanding of mycotoxins' roles in the etiology of disease and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. This review will discuss mycotoxin biomarker development approaches over several decades for four toxins of significant public health concerns, AFs, fumonisins (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OTA). This review will also highlight some knowledge gaps, key needs and potential pitfalls in mycotoxin biomarker interpretation.
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Nabwire Wangia-Dixon R, Xue KS, Alcala J, Quach THT, Song X, Tang L, Ombaka J, Githanga DP, Anzala OA, Wang JS. Nutrition and growth outcomes are affected by aflatoxin exposures in Kenyan children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2123-2134. [PMID: 33026957 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin exposure, malnutrition and growth impairment in children present significant public health problems in low- and middle-income countries. Recent epidemiology studies show that exposure to aflatoxins through dietary sources in early life contributes to growth retardation among children. However, the findings remain inconclusive due to limited comparative studies in high versus low aflatoxin exposure regions. This cross-sectional study presents aflatoxin exposure levels among children aged 6 to 12 years, and further evaluates the association between aflatoxin exposure levels, malnutrition and growth impairment in Kenya, East Africa. AFB1-lysine adducts are validated biomarkers of exposure and were quantified using HPLC with fluorescence detection. All children (n = 746) had detectable levels of AFB1-lysine adducts in serum, range 0.65-518.9 pg/mg albumin with a geometric mean (GM) of 10.5 (95%CI 9.4-11.7) pg/mg albumin. The Geometric Means (GM) of AFB1-lysine adducts were 14.0 (95%CI 12.5, 15.7) pg/mg albumin and 8.2 (95%CI 7.6, 8.8) pg/mg albumin (p-value < 0.001), among children recruited from Makueni and Siaya Counties, respectively. While the study confirms higher human exposure levels in Makueni county, it provides an initial data set for aflatoxin exposure levels among children recruited from Siaya County. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, farming practices, and household dietary patterns, increasing one unit of log AFB1-lysine was associated with decreasing Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) by -0.13, p-value = 0.019 among all children aged 6-12 years. Among children 6 to 9 years, WAZ decreases by -0.11 (-0.54, -0.01), p-value = 0.049. Additional growth parameters Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) do not reach statistical significance. HAZ decreases by -0.08, p-value = 0.337 and WHZ decreases by -0.17, p-value = 0.437 with every increase in log AFB1-lysine. These data suggest that efforts must be put in place to control for aflatoxin exposure in order to achieve better growth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Siyu Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Alcala
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Trang Ho Thu Quach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Ombaka
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University , Maseno, Kenya
| | - David Peter Githanga
- Peadiatrics, Cardiology and Child Health, Nairobi Hospital , Nairobi, Kenya.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Aggrey Anzala
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya.,KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA
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12
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Aflatoxin exposure was not associated with childhood stunting: results from a birth cohort study in a resource-poor setting of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:3361-3370. [PMID: 32618233 PMCID: PMC8314919 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic aflatoxin exposure has been associated with childhood stunting (length-for-age/height-for-age < -2 sd), while data lacks for Bangladesh, a country with substantial burden of childhood stunting. This paper examined the association between aflatoxin exposure and childhood stunting in a slum setting of Dhaka city. DESIGN In this MAL-ED aflatoxin birth cohort study, plasma samples were assayed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct (AFB1-lys) by MS at 7, 15, 24 and 36 months of age for 208, 196, 173 and 167 children to assess chronic aflatoxin exposure. Relationship between aflatoxin exposure and anthropometric measures was examined by mixed-effects logistic regression models. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted in Mirpur, Dhaka, where children were followed from birth to 36 months. RESULTS Prevalence of stunting increased from 21 % at 7 months to 49 % at 36 months of age. Mean AFB1-lys concentrations at 7, 15, 24 and 36 months were 1·30 (range 0·09-5·79), 1·52 (range 0·06-6·35), 3·43 (range 0·15-65·60) and 3·70 (range 0·09-126·54) pg/mg albumin, respectively, and the percentage of children with detectable AFB1-lys was 10, 21, 18 and 62 %, respectively. No association was observed between aflatoxin exposure and stunting in multivariable analyses. Factors associated with childhood stunting were age, low birth weight, maternal height, stool myeloperoxidase and number of people sleeping in one room. CONCLUSIONS A relatively lower exposure to aflatoxin may not influence the linear growth of children. This finding indicates a threshold level of exposure for linear growth deficit and further investigation in other areas where higher concentrations of aflatoxin exposure exist.
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13
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Axelrod T, Eltzov E, Marks RS. Capture-Layer Lateral Flow Immunoassay: A New Platform Validated in the Detection and Quantification of Dengue NS1. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10433-10440. [PMID: 32426600 PMCID: PMC7226885 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is the most successful point-of-care testing (POCT) method to date. In the case of clinical biomarkers that require quantification, it remains a challenge to quantitate those biomarkers using the lateral flow immunoassay remains a challenge due to the cost of the reader and possibly the type of marker used. In the present work, a new concept of a platform LFIA device configuration is proposed in which different, aligned membrane components, some already existing in the classical lateral flow immunoassay, and the others created with special new functions in the present device. As the sample containing the target analyte passes through the aforementioned membranes, the target analyte will initially interact with a target-specific antibody-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thereafter, the newly formed immunocomplex will diffuse through a proprietary capture membrane (that ensures that the nontarget-bound antibodies do not continue further and thus remain "captured" to that specific area). This is done by having the target molecules (or components thereof) immobilized onto the said capture layer. The target-bound immunocomplexes will then be allowed by the system configuration to continue further to the last layer, where the signal will be generated and quantified. Thus, in the absence of the target analyte in the sample, the free antibodies will be filtered at the capture layer by preimmobilized analyte molecules, thus preventing a false positive signal to occur. We validated the concept in the detection of dengue NS1 protein in view of making a triage test. The sample containing NS1 will first meet HRP-conjugated NS1-specific antibodies and become attached, thus producing an NS1-specific antibody-HRP immunocomplex. The sample then flows through the blocking layer, where the immunocomplex is unchallenged and thus allowed to reach the last "absorbent" pad, incorporating the substrate for the HRP marker. In the case of a positive test, a signal is generated, that is proportional to the amount of immunocomplexes (and therefore the NS1 concentration), and then analyzed and measured at the absorbent pad. Any unbound anti-NS1 antibody will be stopped at the blocking matrix by preimmobilized NS1, so there will be no false positive. As this study is the initial study of a novel configuration, much of the work comprised of optimization steps, such as determining the required NS1 membrane-immobilization concentration and the required target-specific capture antibody concentration. Our immunoassay was tested with spiked buffer and serum samples to mimic the clinical conditions, with a range of NS1 concentrations, and was found, at this time, to be fivefold more sensitive than a gold standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (5 ng mL-1) performed in our laboratory. This method shows another form of LFIA that has the potential to be quantitative (at least semiquantitative), albeit not solving the reader cost; however, unlike the regular LFIA, we do not use nanobeads but instead enzymes, allowing, in theory, greater sensitivity, while retaining the one-step procedure. The test is accurate and has low production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Axelrod
- Department
of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Department
of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Robert S. Marks
- Department
of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- National
Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- The
Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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14
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Zha YH, Zhou Y. Functional nanomaterials based immunological detection of aflatoxin B1: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Accordingly, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective techniques for detection of AFB1 is in urgent demand for food safety and the health of consumers. In this review, we report the current state of immunoassay formats and development, mainly based on nanomaterials for determination of AFB1. Following an introduction of the field, the microplate-, membrane- and microelectrode-based immunoassays are described. The relevant mechanisms, sensitivities, superiorities and deficiencies of each format are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the future development of nanomaterials-based immunoassays for AFB1 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Zha
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China P.R
| | - Y. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China P.R
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China P.R
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15
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Marko D, Oswald IP, Piersma A, Routledge M, Schlatter J, Baert K, Gergelova P, Wallace H. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06040. [PMID: 32874256 PMCID: PMC7447885 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain-based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while 'liquid milk' and 'fermented milk products' were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in-line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.
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16
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Arce-López B, Lizarraga E, Vettorazzi A, González-Peñas E. Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E147. [PMID: 32121036 PMCID: PMC7150965 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, b) the analytical methodologies developed and c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
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17
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Mahfuz M, Alam MA, Fahim SM, Gazi MA, Raihan MJ, Hossain M, Egner PA, Bessong PO, Petri WA, Groopman JD, Ahmed T. Aflatoxin exposure in children living in Mirpur, Dhaka: data from MAL-ED companion study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:655-662. [PMID: 30185944 PMCID: PMC6760605 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to aflatoxin is implicated in growth faltering of children. Despite the high burden of childhood stunting in urban Bangladesh, there are no data on long-term exposure to aflatoxin. This study aimed to explore aflatoxin exposure levels in a group of children followed longitudinally. The current study used data and biospecimens collected during 2010-2014 as part of the MAL-ED birth cohort study in an urban slum of Mirpur, Dhaka where children were followed from birth to 36 months. AFB1-lysine adduct concentrations were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry from plasma samples collected at 7, 15, 24, and 36 months of age. The limit of detection was 0.5 pg of AFB1-lys/mg albumin. In 744 plasma samples, the geometric mean of AFB1-lysine/mg albumin was 1.07 pg (range 0.04-123.5 pg/mg albumin). The proportion of children with detectable aflatoxin exposure was 10.1, 20.9, 17.9, and 61.7% for 7, 15, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Reduction in breastfeeding prevalence (80% at 24 months vs. 38% in 36 months) corresponded with the high-level detection of AFB1-lysine at the age of 36 months. AFB1-lysine concentrations were the highest at the end of monsoon. This study reveals that 62% of children in slum settlement were exposed to aflatoxin by the end of the third year of life. High aflatoxin exposure was detected at the end of rainy season and with the introduction of family food. These findings suggest interventions to ameliorate the problem of chronic aflatoxin exposure including childhood stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Ashraful Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Mohammad Fahim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amran Gazi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jyoti Raihan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Muttaquina Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Patricia A Egner
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | | | - John D Groopman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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18
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Aamir Qureshi M, Javed S. Structural dynamics studies on the binding of aflatoxin B 1 to chicken egg albumin using spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3144-3155. [PMID: 31378144 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1652690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, a mycotoxin produced by large number of Aspergillus species including Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, has been described as the most potent carcinogenic mycotoxin. In this study, we have used a multiple spectroscopic and molecular docking approach to investigate the interaction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) with chicken egg albumin (CEA). Fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopic techniques were employed to gain insight into the conformational changes in CEA in the presence of AFB1. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed ligand-induced quenching in the fluorescence emission spectra of CEA upon binding with AFB1. Hyperchromic effect was observed in case of the ground state complex formation between CEA and AFB1 by UV-Vis spectroscopy. To gain further comprehension into the site of binding of AFB1 to CEA, competitive site marker displacement assay was performed using warfarin site marker. The magnitude of ΔG value calculated from fluorescence-based method was negative which confirmed spontaneous process. The results obtained suggest that the binding is enthalpy driven and van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds are stabilizing the AFB1-CEA complex. Three-dimensional fluorescence studies also confirmed the quenching in the fluorescence intensity around tryptophan residues in CEA. Circular dichroism assessment revealed reduction in the alpha helical content of CEA in the presence of AFB1. Molecular docking studies showed hydrophobic interaction, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonds as major forces present in interaction between CEA and AFB1. The overall study confirms conformational and structural alteration in the protein due to binding of AFB1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aamir Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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19
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Carlsson H, Rappaport SM, Törnqvist M. Protein Adductomics: Methodologies for Untargeted Screening of Adducts to Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin in Human Blood Samples. High Throughput 2019; 8:E6. [PMID: 30857166 PMCID: PMC6473736 DOI: 10.3390/ht8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction products of electrophiles in vivo can be measured as adducts to the abundant proteins, hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA), in human blood samples. During the last decade, methods for untargeted screening of such adducts, called "adductomics", have used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect large numbers of previously unknown Hb and HSA adducts. This review presents methodologies that were developed and used in our laboratories for Hb and HSA adductomics, respectively. We discuss critical aspects regarding choice of target protein, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, data evaluation, and strategies for identification of detected unknown adducts. With this review we give an overview of these two methodologies used for protein adductomics and the precursor electrophiles that have been elucidated from the adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Carlsson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen M Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Kamala A, Shirima C, Jani B, Bakari M, Sillo H, Rusibamayila N, De Saeger S, Kimanya M, Gong Y, Simba A. Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Tanzania during 2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In June 2016, an outbreak of an unknown disease was reported to affect clusters of families in two regions of the central part of Tanzania. A rapid epidemiological survey was conducted in the affected villages, with a detailed house-to-house survey in selected households. A total of 68 cases occurred between 14 May and 14 November 2016, of which 20 died, making a case fatality rate of 30%. Over 50% of the cases were below the age of 15 years. The cases presented with jaundice (n=60), abdominal pain (n=59), vomiting (n=56), diarrhoea (n=34) and ascites (n=32). The responsible food item appeared to be home grown maize. The rate ratio indicated that the occurrence of illnesses was associated with ingestion of food contaminated with high levels of aflatoxins (contamination range: 10-51,100 μg/kg and 2.4-285 μg/kg for case and control households, respectively). Serum aflatoxin biomarker indicated that cases were more likely to have higher than 1000 pg/mg aflatoxin-albumin adduct level in their sera compared to controls (Odds Ratio = 13.5; 95% confidence intervals = 1.5-165.3; range of aflatoxin-albumin adduct level = 36- 32,800 pg/mg for cases and 10-4020 pg/mg for controls). Beside aflatoxins, maize samples were also contaminated with high levels of fumonisins (range of contamination; 945-12,630 μg/kg) with 8 of 10 samples analysed from case households co-contaminated with both toxins at levels above the maximum limit of 5 or 10 μg/kg set for AFB1 or total aflatoxins and 2,000 μg/kg for fumonisins. Clinical presentation and high levels of aflatoxin in food samples coupled with high levels of serum aflatoxin-albumin adducts among the cases support the causal role of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kamala
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Shirima
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - B. Jani
- World Health Organization, P.O. Box 9292, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M. Bakari
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 743, 40478 Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - H. Sillo
- Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - N. Rusibamayila
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 743, 40478 Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - S. De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - M. Kimanya
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Y.Y. Gong
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A. Simba
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 743, 40478 Dodoma, Tanzania
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21
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Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1127-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- Dept. of Food Safety; National Inst. of Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Acad. of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center; Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100093 People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
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McMillan A, Renaud JB, Burgess KMN, Orimadegun AE, Akinyinka OO, Allen SJ, Miller JD, Reid G, Sumarah MW. Aflatoxin exposure in Nigerian children with severe acute malnutrition. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:356-362. [PMID: 29175577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin exposure is an important public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa as well as parts of Latin America and Asia. In addition to hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic aflatoxin exposure is believed to play a role in childhood growth impairment. The most reliable biomarker of chronic aflatoxin exposure is the aflatoxin-albumin adduct, as measured by ELISA or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In this report, we have used high resolution LC-MS/MS with IDMS to quantitate AFB1-lysine in an extremely vulnerable population of Nigerian children suffering from severe acute malnutrition. To increase the sensitivity and reliability of the analyses, a labelled AFB1-13C615N2-lysine internal standard was synthesized. AFB1-lysine concentrations in this population ranged between 0.2 and 59.2 pg/mg albumin, with a median value of 2.6 pg/mg albumin. AFB1-lysine concentrations were significantly higher in stunted children (median = 4.6 pg/mg) compared to non-stunted (1.2 pg/mg), as well as in children with severe acute malnutrition (4.3 pg/mg) compared to controls (0.8 pg/mg). The median concentrations were also higher in children with kwashiorkor (6.3 pg/mg) compared to those suffering from marasmus (0.9 pg/mg). This is the first report of the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantitate AFB1-lysine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McMillan
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin M N Burgess
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adebola E Orimadegun
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Child Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun O Akinyinka
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Child Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Stephen J Allen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Rondanelli M, Talluri J, Peroni G, Donelli C, Guerriero F, Ferrini K, Riggi E, Sauta E, Perna S, Guido D. Beyond Body Mass Index. Is the Body Cell Mass Index (BCMI) a useful prognostic factor to describe nutritional, inflammation and muscle mass status in hospitalized elderly?: Body Cell Mass Index links in elderly. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:934-939. [PMID: 28408051 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of Body Cell Mass Index (BCMI) as a prognostic index of (mal)nutrition, inflammation and muscle mass status in the elderly. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study has been conducted on 114 elderly patients (80 women and 34 men), with mean age equal to 81.07 ± 6.18 years. We performed a multivariate regression model by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) framework. We detected the effects over a Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) stratification, by performing a multi-group multivariate regression model (via SEM) in two MNA nutritional strata, less and bigger (or equal) than 17. RESULTS BCMI had a significant effect on albumin (β = +0.062, P = 0.001), adjusting for the other predictors of the model as Body Mass Index (BMI), age, sex, fat mass and cognitive condition. An analogous result is maintained in MNA<17 stratum. BMI has confirmed to be a solid prognostic factor for both free fat mass (FFM) (β = +0.480, P < 0.001) and Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) (β = +0.265, P < 0.001), assessed by DXA. BCMI also returned suggestive evidences (0.05 < P < 0.10) for both the effect on FFM and on SMI in overall sample. CONCLUSIONS The main result of this study is that the BCMI, compared to BMI, proved to be significantly related to an important marker as albumin in geriatric population. Then, assessing the BCMI could be a valuable, inexpensive, easy to perform tool to investigate the inflammation status of elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Talluri
- Research and Clinical Investigation Department, Akern, Pontassieve, Italy
| | - Gabriella Peroni
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Donelli
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Krizia Ferrini
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emilia Riggi
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sauta
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Guido
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, Pavia, Italy; University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Pavia, Italy
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Aflatoxin exposure during the first 36 months of life was not associated with impaired growth in Nepalese children: An extension of the MAL-ED study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172124. [PMID: 28212415 PMCID: PMC5315312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin common in many foods, has been associated with child growth impairment in sub-Saharan Africa. To improve our understanding of growth impairment in relation to aflatoxin and other risk factors, we assessed biospecimens collected in Nepalese children at 15, 24, and 36 months of age for aflatoxin exposure. Children (N = 85) enrolled in the Bhaktapur, Nepal MAL-ED study encompassed the cohort analysed in this study. Exposure was assessed through a plasma biomarker of aflatoxin exposure: the AFB1-lysine adduct. The aflatoxin exposures in the study participants were compared to anthropometrics at each time period (length-for-age [LAZ], weight-for-age [WAZ], and weight-for-length [WLZ] z-scores), growth trajectories over time, age, and breastfeeding status. Results demonstrated chronic aflatoxin exposure in this cohort of children, with a geometric mean of 3.62 pg AFB1-lysine/mg albumin. However, the chronic aflatoxin exposure in this cohort was not significantly associated with anthropometric z-scores, growth trajectories, age, or feeding status, based on the available time points to assess aflatoxin exposure. Low mean levels of aflatoxin exposure and infrequent occurrence of stunting, wasting, or underweight z-score values in this cohort are possible contributing factors to a lack of evidence for an association. Further research is needed to examine whether a threshold dose of aflatoxin exists that could induce child growth impairment.
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Sabbioni G, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring Human Albumin Adducts: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:332-366. [PMID: 27989119 PMCID: PMC5241710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum albumin (Alb) is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Alb reacts with many carcinogens and/or their electrophilic metabolites. Studies conducted over 20 years ago showed that Alb forms adducts with the human carcinogens aflatoxin B1 and benzene, which were successfully used as biomarkers in molecular epidemiology studies designed to address the role of these chemicals in cancer risk. Alb forms adducts with many therapeutic drugs or their reactive metabolites such as β-lactam antibiotics, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and antiretroviral therapy drugs. The identification and characterization of the adduct structures formed with Alb have served to understand the generation of reactive metabolites and to predict idiosyncratic drug reactions and toxicities. The reaction of candidate drugs with Alb is now exploited as part of the battery of screening tools to assess the potential toxicities of drugs. The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) enabled the identification and quantification of multiple types of Alb xenobiotic adducts in animals and humans during the past three decades. In this perspective, we highlight the history of Alb as a target protein for adduction to environmental and dietary genotoxicants, pesticides, and herbicides, common classes of medicinal drugs, and endogenous electrophiles, and the emerging analytical mass spectrometry technologies to identify Alb-toxicant adducts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland
- Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology, CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie
und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Mitchell NJ, Riley RT, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Wu F. Chronic aflatoxin exposure in children living in Bhaktapur, Nepal: Extension of the MAL-ED study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:106-111. [PMID: 26732375 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin common in maize and groundnuts, has been associated with childhood stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. In an effort to further our understanding of growth impairment in relation to mycotoxins and other risk factors, biospecimens from a cohort of children enrolled in the Bhaktapur, Nepal MAL-ED study were assessed for aflatoxin exposure at 15, 24, and 36 months of age. Exposure was assessed through a well-established serum biomarker, the AFB1-lysine adduct. In this manuscript, the levels of aflatoxin exposure in the Nepal cohort were compared with those observed in aflatoxin studies, with child growth parameters as a health outcome. Results from this preliminary analysis demonstrated chronic aflatoxin exposure in children residing in Bhaktapur with a geometric mean of 3.62 pg AFB1-lysine/mg albumin. The range of exposure in this population is similar to those in African populations where associations with aflatoxin biomarkers and poor child growth have been observed. Future work will analyze the relationships between aflatoxin levels, growth, and other risk factors collected by the MAL-ED study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronald T Riley
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, National Poultry Disease Research Center, R.B. Russell Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia A Egner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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27
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Kleinstreuer NC, Sullivan K, Allen D, Edwards S, Mendrick DL, Embry M, Matheson J, Rowlands JC, Munn S, Maull E, Casey W. Adverse outcome pathways: From research to regulation scientific workshop report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:39-50. [PMID: 26774756 PMCID: PMC11027510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) helps to organize existing knowledge on chemical mode of action, starting with a molecular initiating event such as receptor binding, continuing through key events, and ending with an adverse outcome such as reproductive impairment. AOPs can help identify knowledge gaps where more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, aid in chemical hazard characterization, and guide the development of new testing approaches that use fewer or no animals. A September 2014 workshop in Bethesda, Maryland considered how the AOP concept could improve regulatory assessments of chemical toxicity. Scientists from 21 countries, representing industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and special interest groups, attended the workshop, titled Adverse Outcome Pathways: From Research to Regulation. Workshop plenary presentations were followed by breakout sessions that considered regulatory acceptance of AOPs and AOP-based tools, criteria for building confidence in an AOP for regulatory use, and requirements to build quantitative AOPs and AOP networks. Discussions during the closing session emphasized a need to increase transparent and inclusive collaboration, especially with disciplines outside of toxicology. Additionally, to increase impact, working groups should be established to systematically prioritize and develop AOPs. Multiple collaborative projects and follow-up activities resulted from the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Edwards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Michelle Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Munn
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Maull
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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28
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Visual and microplate detection of aflatoxin B2 based on NaCl-induced aggregation of aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Groopman JD, Egner PA, Schulze KJ, Wu LSF, Merrill R, Mehra S, Shamim AA, Ali H, Shaikh S, Gernand A, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, West KP, Christian P. Aflatoxin exposure during the first 1000 days of life in rural South Asia assessed by aflatoxin B₁-lysine albumin biomarkers. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:184-9. [PMID: 25308602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen, occurring from mold growth that contaminates staple grains in hot, humid environments. In this investigation, aflatoxin B1-lysine albumin biomarkers were measured by mass spectrometry in rural South Asian women, during the first and third trimester of pregnancy, and their children at birth and at two years of age. These subjects participated in randomized community trials of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in Sarlahi District, southern Nepal and Gaibandha District in northwestern Bangladesh. Findings from the Nepal samples demonstrated exposure to aflatoxin, with 94% detectable samples ranging from 0.45 to 2939.30 pg aflatoxin B1-lysine/mg albumin during pregnancy. In the Bangladesh samples the range was 1.56 to 63.22 pg aflatoxin B1-lysine/mg albumin in the first trimester, 3.37 to 72.8 pg aflatoxin B1-lysine/mg albumin in the third trimester, 4.62 to 76.69 pg aflatoxin B1-lysine/mg albumin at birth and 3.88 to 81.44 pg aflatoxin B1-lysine/mg albumin at age two years. Aflatoxin B1-lysine adducts in cord blood samples demonstrated that the fetus had the capacity to convert aflatoxin into toxicologically active compounds and the detection in the same 2-year-old children illustrates exposure over the first 1000 days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Patricia A Egner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lee S-F Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca Merrill
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sucheta Mehra
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abu A Shamim
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hasmot Ali
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alison Gernand
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Subarna K Khatry
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven C LeClerq
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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30
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Ezekiel CN, Warth B, Ogara IM, Abia WA, Ezekiel VC, Atehnkeng J, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Tayo GO, Krska R, Bandyopadhyay R. Mycotoxin exposure in rural residents in northern Nigeria: a pilot study using multi-urinary biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:138-145. [PMID: 24583186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A pilot, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in eight rural communities in northern Nigeria to investigate mycotoxin exposures in 120 volunteers (19 children, 20 adolescents and 81 adults) using a modern LC-MS/MS based multi-biomarker approach. First morning urine samples were analyzed and urinary biomarker levels correlated with mycotoxin levels in foods consumed the day before urine collection. A total of eight analytes were detected in 61/120 (50.8%) of studied urine samples, with ochratoxin A, aflatoxin M1 and fumonisin B1 being the most frequently occurring biomarkers of exposure. These mycotoxin biomarkers were present in samples from all age categories, suggestive of chronic (lifetime) exposures. Rough estimates of mycotoxin intake suggested some exposures were higher than the tolerable daily intake. Overall, rural consumer populations from Nasarawa were more exposed to several mixtures of mycotoxins in their diets relative to those from Kaduna as shown by food and urine biomarker data. This study has shown that mycotoxin co-exposure may be a major public health challenge in rural Nigeria; this calls for urgent intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria; Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Isaac M Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Grace O Tayo
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- Pathology/Mycotoxin Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Pottenger LH, Andrews LS, Bachman AN, Boogaard PJ, Cadet J, Embry MR, Farmer PB, Himmelstein MW, Jarabek AM, Martin EA, Mauthe RJ, Persaud R, Preston RJ, Schoeny R, Skare J, Swenberg JA, Williams GM, Zeiger E, Zhang F, Kim JH. An organizational approach for the assessment of DNA adduct data in risk assessment: case studies for aflatoxin B1, tamoxifen and vinyl chloride. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:348-91. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.873768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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33
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Raman Spectroscopic and Mass Spectrometric Determination of Aflatoxins. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Song S, Sioen I, De Saeger S. Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: a case study in Cameroon. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 57-58:50-59. [PMID: 23669720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate mycotoxin exposure in children (n=220, aged 1.5-4.5years) from high mycotoxin contamination regions of Cameroon and to examine the association between the mycotoxin levels (in total 18 analytes) and several socio-demographic factors and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Cameroon with 220 children. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were detected in 160/220 (73%) urine samples. There were significant differences in the mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A (p=0.01) and β-zearalenol (p=0.017) between the two agro-ecological zones investigated. Likewise significant differences were observed in the mean levels of aflatoxin M1 (p=0.001) across the weaning categories of these children. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M1 detected in the urine of the partially breastfed children (1.43ng/mL) was significantly higher (p=0.001) than those of the fully weaned children (0.282ng/mL). Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of deoxynivalenol (3.0ng/mL) and fumonisin B1 (0.59ng/mL) detected in the urine of the male children was significantly (p value 0.021 for deoxynivalenol and 0.004 for fumonisin B1) different from the levels detected in the urine of female children; 0.71ng/mL and 0.01ng/mL for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 respectively. In this study, there was no association between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and the mycotoxin concentrations detected in the urine of these children. However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that children in Cameroon under the age 5 are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances such as fumonisin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A through breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind carried out in West Africa to determine multi-mycotoxin exposure in infants.
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The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:162-79. [PMID: 22651937 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241200008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M(1), aflatoxin-N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin-albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.
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Exposure measurement of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites in human body fluids. A short review. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:79-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Leong YH, Rosma A, Latiff AA, Izzah AN. Associations of serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct level with socio-demographic factors and aflatoxins intake from nuts and related nut products in Malaysia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:368-72. [PMID: 22230243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are one of the major risk factors in the multi-factorial etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the information on aflatoxins exposure is very important in the intervention planning in order to reduce the dietary intake of aflatoxins, especially among the children. This study investigated the relationship between aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) lysine adduct levers in serum and socio-demographic factors and dietary intake of aflatoxins from nuts and nut products in Penang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional field study was conducted in five districts of Penang. A survey on socio-demographic characteristics was administered to 364 healthy adults from the three main ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian). A total of 170 blood samples were successfully collected and tested for the level of AFB(1)-lysine adduct. 97% of the samples contained AFB(1)-lysine adduct above the detection limit of 0.4 pg/mg albumin and ranged from 0.20 to 23.16 pg/mg albumin (mean±standard deviation=7.67±4.54 pg/mg albumin; median=7.12 pg/mg albumin). There was no significant association between AFB(1)-lysine adduct levels with gender, district, education level, household number and occupation when these socio-demographic characteristics were examined according to high or low levels of AFB(1)-lysine. However, participants in the age group of 31-50 years were 3.08 times more likely to have high AFB(1) levels compared to those aged between 18 and 30 years (P=0.026). Significant difference (P=0.000) was found among different ethnic groups. Chinese and Indian participants were 3.05 and 2.35 times more likely to have high AFB(1) levels than Malay. The result of AFB(1)-lysine adduct suggested that Penang adult population is likely to be exposed to AFB(1) but at a level of less than that needed to cause direct acute illness or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hui Leong
- Doping Control Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Wogan GN, Kensler TW, Groopman JD. Present and future directions of translational research on aflatoxin and hepatocellular carcinoma. A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 29:249-57. [PMID: 21623489 PMCID: PMC4659374 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.563370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aflatoxins were discovered in toxic peanut meal causing "turkey X" disease, which killed large numbers of turkey poults, ducklings and chicks in the UK in the early 1960s. Extracts of toxic feed induced the symptoms in experimental animals, and purified metabolites with properties identical to aflatoxins B(1) and G(1) (AFB(1) and AFG(1)) were isolated from Aspergillus flavus cultures. Structure elucidation of aflatoxin B(1) was accomplished and confirmed by total synthesis in 1963. AFB(1) is a potent liver carcinogen in rodents, non-human primates, fish and birds, operating through a genotoxic mechanism involving metabolic activation to an epoxide, formation of DNA adducts and, in humans, modification of the p53 gene. Aflatoxins are unique among environmental carcinogens, in that elucidation of their mechanisms of action combined with molecular epidemiology provides a foundation for quantitative risk assessment; extensive evidence confirms that contamination of the food supply by AFB(1) puts an exposed population at increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Molecular biomarkers to quantify aflatoxin exposure in individuals were essential to link aflatoxin exposure with liver cancer risk. Biomarkers were validated in populations with high HCC incidence in China and The Gambia, West Africa; urinary AFB(1)-N (7)-Guanine excretion was linearly related to aflatoxin intake, and levels of aflatoxin-serum albumin adducts also reflected aflatoxin intake. Two major cohort studies employing aflatoxin biomarkers identified their causative role in HCC etiology. Results of a study in Shanghai men strongly support a causal relationship between HCC risk and the presence of biomarkers for aflatoxin and HBV infection, and also show that the two risk factors act synergistically. Subsequent cohort studies in Taiwan confirm these results. IARC classified aflatoxin as a Group 1 human carcinogen in 1993, based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals indicating the carcinogenicity of naturally occurring mixtures of aflatoxins, aflatoxin B(1), G(1) and M(1). Aflatoxin biomarkers have also been used to show that primary prevention to reduce aflatoxin exposure can be achieved by low-technology approaches at the subsistence farm level in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, in residents of Qidong, China, oral dosing with chlorophyllin, a chlorophyll derivative, prior to each meal led to significant reduction in aflatoxin-DNA biomarker excretion, supporting the feasibility of preventive measures to reduce HCC risk in populations experiencing unavoidable aflatoxin exposure. The systematic, comprehensive approach used to create the total aflatoxin database justifies optimism for potential success of preventive interventions to ameliorate cancer risk attributable to aflatoxin exposure. This strategy could serve as a template for the development, validation and application of molecular and biochemical markers for other carcinogens and cancers as well as other chronic diseases resulting from environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald N Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Kensler TW, Roebuck BD, Wogan GN, Groopman JD. Aflatoxin: a 50-year odyssey of mechanistic and translational toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S28-48. [PMID: 20881231 PMCID: PMC3043084 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery 50 years ago, the aflatoxins have become recognized as ubiquitous contaminants of the human food supply throughout the economically developing world. The adverse toxicological consequences of these compounds in populations are quite varied because of a wide range of exposures leading to acute effects, including rapid death, and chronic outcomes such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, emerging studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Aflatoxin exposures have also been demonstrated to multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) illustrating the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive. Aflatoxin biomarkers of internal and biologically effective doses have been integral to the establishment of the etiologic role of this toxin in human disease through better estimates of exposure, expanded knowledge of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and as tools for implementing and evaluating preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Rubino FM, Pitton M, Di Fabio D, Colombi A. Toward an "omic" physiopathology of reactive chemicals: thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:725-84. [PMID: 19127566 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and degenerative diseases are major causes of morbidity and death, derived from the permanent modification of key biopolymers such as DNA and regulatory proteins by usually smaller, reactive molecules, present in the environment or generated from endogenous and xenobiotic components by the body's own biochemical mechanisms (molecular adducts). In particular, protein adducts with organic electrophiles have been studied for more than 30 [see, e.g., Calleman et al., 1978] years essentially for three purposes: (a) as passive monitors of the mean level of individual exposure to specific chemicals, either endogenously present in the human body or to which the subject is exposed through food or environmental contamination; (b) as quantitative indicators of the mean extent of the individual metabolic processing which converts a non-reactive chemical substance into its toxic products able to damage DNA (en route to cancer induction through genotoxic mechanisms) or key proteins (as in the case of several drugs, pesticides or otherwise biologically active substances); (c) to relate the extent of protein modification to that of biological function impairment (such as enzyme inhibition) finally causing the specific health damage. This review describes the role that contemporary mass spectrometry-based approaches employed in the qualitative and quantitative study of protein-electrophile adducts play in the discovery of the (bio)chemical mechanisms of toxic substances and highlights the future directions of research in this field. A particular emphasis is given to the measurement of often high levels of the protein adducts of several industrial and environmental pollutants in unexposed human populations, a phenomenon which highlights the possibility that a number of small organic molecules are generated in the human organism through minor metabolic processes, the imbalance of which may be the cause of "spontaneous" cases of cancer and of other degenerative diseases of still uncharacterized etiology. With all this in mind, it is foreseen that a holistic description of cellular functions will take advantage of new analytical methods based on time-integrated metabolomic measurements of a new biological compartment, the "adductome," aimed at better understanding integrated organism response to environmental and endogenous stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano at Ospedale San Paolo, v. Antonio di Rudinì 8, Milano I-20142, Italy.
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Shephard GS. Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shephard GS. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1246-56. [PMID: 18608489 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802036222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, occur widely on many staple foods and cause a broad range of detrimental health effects in animals and humans. As a consequence, maximum tolerated levels (MTLs) have been legislated in many countries. However, in developing countries where food safety compliance can be low and significant levels of the food supply are locally consumed by the producers or purchased at local markets, more comprehensive strategies are required. In this regard, risk analysis with its components of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication, is an important tool in dealing with food safety issues. Risk assessment for aflatoxin B(1) in Africa has been performed using the carcinogenic potency, established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and applying it to typical food products and consumption across the continent, to illustrate the significant health implications caused by the intake of high levels of contaminated foods. Highlighted in this assessment is the fact that even low levels of contamination, which might of themselves fall within legislated limits, can have serious health implications due to high levels of consumption, i.e. meeting a MTL does not of itself guarantee food safety. Recent developments have highlighted the growth retardation and immune suppression caused by aflatoxin exposure in human populations in west Africa. Using the limited data available on both these health effects, a first step has been taken to incorporate them into a risk assessment paradigm quantifying the risk of immunosuppression, malnutrition and stunting in children exposed to aflatoxins and highlighting again how excessive consumption of foods meeting MTLs can carry significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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McCoy LF, Scholl PF, Sutcliffe AE, Kieszak SM, Powers CD, Rogers HS, Gong YY, Groopman JD, Wild CP, Schleicher RL. Human aflatoxin albumin adducts quantitatively compared by ELISA, HPLC with fluorescence detection, and HPLC with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1653-7. [PMID: 18628416 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential to the conduct of epidemiologic studies examining aflatoxin exposure and the risk of heptocellular carcinoma, impaired growth, and acute toxicity has been the development of quantitative biomarkers of exposure to aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B(1). In this study, identical serum sample sets were analyzed for aflatoxin-albumin adducts by ELISA, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (HPLC-f), and HPLC with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). The human samples analyzed were from an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak in Kenya in 2004 (n = 102) and the measured values ranged from 0.018 to 67.0, nondetectable to 13.6, and 0.002 to 17.7 ng/mg albumin for the respective methods. The Deming regression slopes for the HPLC-f and ELISA concentrations as a function of the IDMS concentrations were 0.71 (r(2) = 0.95) and 3.3 (r(2) = 0.96), respectively. When the samples were classified as cases or controls, based on clinical diagnosis, all methods were predictive of outcome (P < 0.01). Further, to evaluate assay precision, duplicate samples were prepared at three levels by dilution of an exposed human sample and were analyzed on three separate days. Excluding one assay value by ELISA and one assay by HPLC-f, the overall relative SD were 8.7%, 10.5%, and 9.4% for IDMS, HPLC-f, and ELISA, respectively. IDMS was the most sensitive technique and HPLC-f was the least sensitive method. Overall, this study shows an excellent correlation between three independent methodologies conducted in different laboratories and supports the validation of these technologies for assessment of human exposure to this environmental toxin and carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie F McCoy
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Barocci S, Ciuti F, Pecorelli I, Eleuteri AM, Spina M, Fioretti E, Angeletti M. Biosensor-Based Screening Method for the Detection of Aflatoxins B1−G1. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9250-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801612w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Barocci
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciuti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivan Pecorelli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Spina
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evandro Fioretti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy, and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, Perugia, Italy
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45
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Scholl PF, Groopman JD. Long-term stability of human aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1436-9. [PMID: 18559559 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of the aflatoxin B(1)-lysine serum albumin adduct in human blood samples is the most facile biomarker for the assessment of chronic exposure to aflatoxin B(1). Many technologies have been developed for the measurement of this protein adduct including immunoassays, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, and a newly developed isotope-dilution mass spectrometry method. Irrespective of the technology used to determine this adduct level, an important question remains about the long-term stability of this damage product in stored samples. To address this issue, 19 human serum samples that had been previously analyzed for the aflatoxin B(1)-lysine adduct by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence in 1989 were re-analyzed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry after storage at -80 degrees C. The adduct concentrations measured by these two techniques were identical within 4% over the range 5 to 100 pg of aflatoxin B(1)-lysine/mg albumin. In addition, the specific chemical structure of the aflatoxin B(1)-lysine adduct in human samples was confirmed for the first time by collision-induced dissociation full scan mass spectrometry analysis of the protonated adduct molecular ion. These results illustrate that the aflatoxin B(1)-lysine serum albumin adduct can be stable in human serum stored at -80 degrees C since 1989, and this provides confidence for the measurement of this biomarker in repository samples from epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Scholl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103, USA
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46
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Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Wild CP. Protective interventions to prevent aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis in developing countries. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29:187-203. [PMID: 17914931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive in economically developing countries; consequently, we need to design intervention strategies for prevention that are practicable for these high-risk populations. The adverse health consequences of aflatoxins in populations are quite varied, eliciting acute effects, such as rapid death, and chronic outcomes, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, a number of epidemiological studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Thus, the magnitude of the problem is disseminated across the entire spectrum of age, gender, and health status in the population. The aflatoxins multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which illustrates the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. Thus other aflatoxin interactions, which likely contribute to the disease burden, still remain to be identified. Therefore, many diverse and appropriate strategies for disease prevention are needed to decrease the incidence of aflatoxin carcinogenesis in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Johnson DN, Egner PA, Obrian G, Glassbrook N, Roebuck BD, Sutter TR, Payne GA, Kensler TW, Groopman JD. Quantification of urinary aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde metabolites formed by aflatoxin aldehyde reductase using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:752-60. [PMID: 18266327 DOI: 10.1021/tx700397n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aflatoxin B 1 aldehyde reductases (AFARs), inducible members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, convert aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde derived from the exo- and endo-8,9-epoxides into a number of reduced alcohol products that might be less capable of forming covalent adducts with proteins. An isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of the metabolites, C-8 monoalcohol, dialcohol, and C-6a monoalcohol, was developed to ascertain their possible role as urinary biomarkers for application to chemoprevention investigations. This method uses a novel (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 dialcohol internal standard, synthesized from (13)C 17-aflatoxin B 1 biologically produced by Aspergillus flavus. Chromatographic standards of the alcohols were generated through sodium borohydride reduction of the aflatoxin B 1 dialdehyde. This method was then explored for sensitivity and specificity in urine samples of aflatoxin B 1-dosed rats that were pretreated with 3 H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione to induce the expression of AKR7A1, a rat isoform of AFAR. One of the two known monoalcohols and the dialcohol metabolite were detected in all urine samples. The concentrations were 203.5 +/- 39.0 ng of monoalcohol C-6a/mg of urinary creatinine and 10.0 +/- 1.0 ng of dialcohol/mg of creatinine (mean +/- standard error). These levels represented about 8.0 and 0.4% of the administered aflatoxin B 1 dose that was found in the urine at 24 h, respectively. Thus, this highly sensitive and specific isotope dilution method is applicable to in vivo quantification of urinary alcohol products produced by AFAR. Heretofore, the metabolic fate of the 8,9-epoxides that are critical for aflatoxin toxicities has been measured by biomarkers of lysine-albumin adducts, hepatic and urinary DNA adducts, and urinary mercapturic acids. This urinary detection of the alcohol products directly contributes to the goal of mass balancing the fate of the bioreactive 8,9-epoxides of AFB 1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise N Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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48
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Tang L, Tang M, Xu L, Luo H, Huang T, Yu J, Zhang L, Gao W, Cox SB, Wang JS. Modulation of aflatoxin biomarkers in human blood and urine by green tea polyphenols intervention. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:411-7. [PMID: 18192689 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in modulating aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) biomarkers, a total of 352 serum samples and 352 urine samples collected from a 3 month chemoprevention trial with 500 mg GTPs, 1000 mg GTPs and a placebo were measured for AFB(1)-albumin adducts (AFB-AA), aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) and aflatoxin B(1)-mercapturic acid (AFB-NAC). Levels of AFB-AA at baseline were comparable for all three dose groups (P = 0.506). No significant differences were observed in AFB-AA levels in the placebo group over the 3 month period (P = 0.252). However, a significant reduction in AFB-AA levels was observed in the 500 mg group (P = 0.002). A marginally significant reduction in AFB-AA levels was also found in the 1000 mg group over the 3 month intervention period (P = 0.051). An analysis using a mixed-effects model indicated that the reduction in AFB-AA levels over time was dose and time dependent (dose-time interaction P = 0.049). There were no significant differences in median AFM(1) levels among the three study groups at the baseline (P = 0.832), 1 month (P = 0.188) and 3 months (P = 0.132) of the GTP intervention; however, reduction of 42 and 43% in median AFM(1) levels, as compared with the placebo, were found in 500 mg (P = 0.096) and 1000 mg (P = 0.072) groups at 3 months of the intervention. Significant elevations in median AFB-NAC levels and the ratio of AFB-NAC:AFM(1) were found in both 500 and 1000 mg groups compared with the placebo group at both 1 month (P < 0.001) and 3 months (P < 0.001) of GTPs intervention. These results demonstrate that GTPs effectively modulate AFB(1) metabolism and metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
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