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Wyczanska M, Rohling J, Keller U, Benz MR, Kirschning C, Lange-Sperandio B. TLR2 mediates renal apoptosis in neonatal mice subjected experimentally to obstructive nephropathy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294142. [PMID: 38015955 PMCID: PMC10684073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract obstruction during renal development leads to inflammation, tubular apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. Toll like receptors (TLRs) expressed on leukocytes, myofibroblasts and renal cells play a central role in acute inflammation. TLR2 is activated by endogenous danger signals in the kidney; its contribution to renal injury in early life is still a controversial topic. We analyzed TLR2 for a potential role in the neonatal mouse model of congenital obstructive nephropathy. Inborn obstructive nephropathies are a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in children. Thus, newborn Tlr2-/- and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were subjected to complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham-operation on the 2nd day of life. The neonatal kidneys were harvested and analyzed at days 7 and 14 of life. Relative expression levels of TLR2, caspase-8, Bcl-2, Bax, GSDMD, GSDME, HMGB1, TNF, galectin-3, α-SMA, MMP-2, and TGF-β proteins were quantified semi-quantitatively by immunoblot analyses. Tubular apoptosis, proliferation, macrophage- and T-cell infiltration, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were analyzed immunohistochemically. Neonatal Tlr2-/- mice kidneys exhibited less tubular and interstitial apoptosis as compared to those of WT C57BL/6 mice after UUO. UUO induced neonatally did trigger pyroptosis in kidneys, however to similar degrees in Tlr2-/- and WT mice. Also, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, tubular proliferation, as well as macrophage and T-cell infiltration were unremarkable. We conclude that while TLR2 mediates apoptosis in the kidneys of neonatal mice subjected to UUO, leukocyte recruitment, interstitial fibrosis, and consequent neonatal obstructive nephropathy might lack a TLR2 involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wyczanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Rohling
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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La Russa D, Barberio L, Marrone A, Perri A, Pellegrino D. Caloric Restriction Mitigates Kidney Fibrosis in an Aged and Obese Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1778. [PMID: 37760081 PMCID: PMC10525959 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction is an effective intervention to protract healthspan and lifespan in several animal models from yeast to primates, including humans. Caloric restriction has been found to induce cardiometabolic adaptations associated with improved health and to delay the onset and progression of kidney disease in different species, particularly in rodent models. In both aging and obesity, fibrosis is a hallmark of kidney disease, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key process that leads to fibrosis and renal dysfunction during aging. In this study, we used an aged and obese rat model to evaluate the effect of long-term (6 months) caloric restriction (-40%) on renal damage both from a structural and functional point of view. Renal interstitial fibrosis was analyzed by histological techniques, whereas effects on mesenchymal (N-cadherin, Vimentin, Desmin and α-SMA), antioxidant (SOD1, SOD2, Catalase and GSTP1) inflammatory (YM1 and iNOS) markers and apoptotic/cell cycle (BAX, BCL2, pJNK, Caspase 3 and p27) pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis. Our results clearly showed that caloric restriction promotes cell cycle division and reduces apoptotic injury and fibrosis phenotype through inflammation attenuation and leukocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we highlight the beneficial effects of caloric restriction to preserve elderly kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Laura Barberio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Anna Perri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
- LARSO (Analysis and Research on Oxidative Stress Laboratory), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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McElhinney K, Irnaten M, O’Brien C. p53 and Myofibroblast Apoptosis in Organ Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076737. [PMID: 37047710 PMCID: PMC10095465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis represents a dysregulated, maladaptive wound repair response that results in progressive disruption of normal tissue architecture leading to detrimental deterioration in physiological function, and significant morbidity/mortality. Fibrosis is thought to contribute to nearly 50% of all deaths in the Western world with current treatment modalities effective in slowing disease progression but not effective in restoring organ function or reversing fibrotic changes. When physiological wound repair is complete, myofibroblasts are programmed to undergo cell death and self-clearance, however, in fibrosis there is a characteristic absence of myofibroblast apoptosis. It has been shown that in fibrosis, myofibroblasts adopt an apoptotic-resistant, highly proliferative phenotype leading to persistent myofibroblast activation and perpetuation of the fibrotic disease process. Recently, this pathological adaptation has been linked to dysregulated expression of tumour suppressor gene p53. In this review, we discuss p53 dysregulation and apoptotic failure in myofibroblasts and demonstrate its consistent link to fibrotic disease development in all types of organ fibrosis. An enhanced understanding of the role of p53 dysregulation and myofibroblast apoptosis may aid in future novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic strategies in organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan McElhinney
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
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Pila P, Chuammitri P, Patchanee P, Pringproa K, Piyarungsri K. Evaluation of Bcl-2 as a marker for chronic kidney disease prediction in cats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1043848. [PMID: 36699321 PMCID: PMC9870326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1043848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent condition in elderly cats. Bcl-2 is linked to kidney disease through the processes of apoptosis and fibrosis. The purpose of this study is to examine Bcl-2 levels in CKD and clinically healthy age-matched cats in order to evaluate the relationship between Bcl-2 levels, signalment, and blood parameters in cats with CKD. The circulating levels of Bcl-2 were determined using an immunoassay in twenty-four CKD cats and eleven clinically healthy age-matched cats by the utilization of the general linear model (GLM), Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), ROC curves, the Cox hazard model, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. These were all conducted in order to explore Bcl-2 levels and their connection with other variables. The Bcl-2 immunohistochemical intensity was graded in each glomerulus and tubulointerstitium. McNemar's test was performed in order to compare the expression of Bcl-2 in the two renal tissue sites. The circulating Bcl-2 of CKD cats was significantly lower than those of clinically healthy age-matched cats (P = 0.034). The presence of circulating Bcl-2 (P < 0.01) and the severity of CKD (P = 0.02) were both linked with the survival time of cats with CKD. The area under the curve (AUC) of Bcl-2 for detection of CKD was 0.723. In cats, decreased circulating Bcl-2 was associated with increased blood BUN, creatinine levels, and CKD severity. Bcl-2 protein expression was reduced in the renal tissues of CKD cats as the disease progressed, resulting in a decrease in their survival time. This study demonstrated that Bcl-2 may be effective in diagnosing feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattiya Pila
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prapas Patchanee
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Kakanang Piyarungsri ✉
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Zhao M, Qi Q, Liu S, Huang R, Shen J, Zhu Y, Chai J, Zheng H, Wu H, Liu H. MicroRNA-34a: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895242. [PMID: 35795649 PMCID: PMC9250967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can occur in many organs, and severe cases leading to organ failure and death. No specific treatment for fibrosis so far. In recent years, microRNA-34a (miR-34a) has been found to play a role in fibrotic diseases. MiR-34a is involved in the apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence, also regulates TGF-β1/Smad signal pathway, and negatively regulates the expression of multiple target genes to affect the deposition of extracellular matrix and regulate the process of fibrosis. Some studies have explored the efficacy of miR-34a-targeted therapies for fibrotic diseases. Therefore, miR-34a has specific potential for the treatment of fibrosis. This article reviews the important roles of miR-34a in fibrosis and provides the possibility for miR-34a as a novel therapeutic target in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Handan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huangan Wu, ; Huirong Liu,
| | - Huirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huangan Wu, ; Huirong Liu,
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Gao M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li M, Che X, Cui X, Wang M, Xiong Y. Steamed Panax notoginseng attenuates renal anemia in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114941. [PMID: 35007683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen is a medicinal herb used to treat blood disorders since ancient times, of which the steamed form exhibits the anti-anemia effect and acts with a "blood-tonifying" function according to the traditional use. However, its pharmacological effect and mechanism on alleviating renal anemia (RA) are still unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY The study aims to investigate the effect of steamed Panax notoginseng (SPN) to attenuate RA and its underlying mechanism based on the model of adenine-induced RA mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy mice were randomly divided into seven groups of ten: the control group, model group, the erythropoietin (EPO) group, the Fufang E'jiao Jiang (FEJ) group, the high-dose steamed PN (H-SPN) group, the middle-dose steamed PN (M-SPN) group, and the low-dose steamed PN (L-SPN) group. The adenine induction RA model was applied to assess the "blood enriching" function of SPN. The blood routine indexes, erythrocyte fragility, pathologic morphology of kidney tissue and the expression levels of related cytokines and proteins in the mice were detected after 3-week administration with SPN and positive drugs. RESULTS Our study provided evidences that SPN could ameliorate RA. Compared with the control group, SPN could attenuate RA by significantly increasing the numbers of peripheral blood cells (p < 0.01), improving the erythrocyte fragility (p < 0.01), and restoring the expression of EPO mRNA in the kidneys and EPO receptor mRNA in bone marrow nucleated cells. The expression of TGF-β1 mRNA was declined and the expression of HGF mRNA was significantly increased in a dose-dependent way after the treatment of SPN. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the kidneys were significantly increased. In contrast, there was a highly significant decrease in the expression of Bax (p < 0.01), following SPN treatment. CONCLUSION SPN could alleviate RA by promoting the overall hematopoiesis and inhibiting the progress of renal injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, 650217, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands.
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Chen CM, Lin CY, Chung YP, Liu CH, Huang KT, Guan SS, Wu CT, Liu SH. Protective Effects of Nootkatone on Renal Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Fibrosis in a Unilateral Ureteral Obstructive Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113921. [PMID: 34836176 PMCID: PMC8621682 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nootkatone is one of the major active ingredients of Alpiniae oxyphyllae, which has been used as both food and medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhea, ulceration, and enuresis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether nootkatone treatment ameliorated the progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and clarified its underlying mechanisms in an obstructive nephropathy (unilateral ureteral obstructive; UUO) mouse model. Our results revealed that nootkatone treatment preventively decreased the pathological changes and significantly mitigated the collagen deposition as well as the protein expression of fibrotic markers. Nootkatone could also alleviate oxidative stress-induced injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal cell apoptotic death in the kidneys of UUO mice. These results demonstrated for the first time that nootkatone protected against the progression of CKD in a UUO mouse model. It may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate for CKD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Yao-Pang Chung
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11041, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11041, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-T.W.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 7525) (C.-T.W.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 88605) (S.-H.L.)
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-T.W.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 7525) (C.-T.W.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 88605) (S.-H.L.)
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Preconditioning Upregulates Heme OxyGenase-1 and Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Protein Expression in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Induced Postischemic Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031382. [PMID: 33573145 PMCID: PMC7866496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Pathogenesis of postischemic AKI involves hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress, inflammation process, calcium ion overloading, apoptosis and necrosis. Up to date, therapeutic approaches to treat AKI are extremely limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) preconditioning on citoprotective enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins expression, in postischemic AKI induced in normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The animals were randomly divided into six experimental groups: SHAM-operated Wistar rats (W-SHAM), Wistar rats with induced postischemic AKI (W-AKI) and Wistar group with HBO preconditioning before AKI induction (W-AKI + HBO). On the other hand, SHR rats were also divided into same three groups: SHR-SHAM, SHR-AKI and SHR-AKI + HBO. We demonstrated that HBO preconditioning upregulated HO-1 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, in both Wistar and SH rats. In addition, HBO preconditioning improved glomerular filtration rate, supporting by significant increase in creatinine, urea and phosphate clearances in both rat strains. Considering our results, we can also say that even in hypertensive conditions, we can expect protective effects of HBO preconditioning in experimental model of AKI.
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Chen CM, Chung YP, Liu CH, Huang KT, Guan SS, Chiang CK, Wu CT, Liu SH. Withaferin A protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney of a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153352. [PMID: 33007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withaferin A is a functional ingredient of a traditional medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, which has been broadly used in India for protecting against chronic diseases. This bioactive steroidal lactone possesses multiple functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems worldwide with the high complication, morbidity, and mortality rates. The detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of withaferin A on CKD progression still remain to be clarified. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether withaferin A treatment ameliorates the development of renal fibrosis and its related mechanisms in a CKD mouse model. METHODS A mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to mimic the progression of CKD. Male adult C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 3 mg/kg/day withaferin A for 14 consecutive days after UUO surgery. Candesartan (5 mg/kg/day) was used as a positive control. RESULTS Both Withaferin A and candesartan treatments significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes and collagen deposition in the UUO kidneys. Withaferin A could significantly reverse the increases in the protein levels of pro-fibrotic factors (fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin), inflammatory signaling molecules (phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB-p65, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2), and cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis, and infiltration of neutrophils in the UUO kidneys. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules (GRP78, GRP94, ATF4, CHOP, phosphorylated eIF2α, and cleaved caspase 12) were increased in the kidneys of UUO mice, which could be significantly reversed by withaferin A treatment. CONCLUSION Withaferin A protects against the CKD progression that is, at least in part, associated with the moderation of ER stress-related apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidneys of CKD. Withaferin A may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Pang Chung
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Small-Dose Sunitinib Modulates p53, Bcl-2, STAT3, and ERK1/2 Pathways and Protects against Adenine-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110397. [PMID: 33212804 PMCID: PMC7698013 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of numerous pharmacological agents may be limited due to their nephrotoxicity and associated kidney injury. The aim of our study is to test the hypothesis that the blockade of tyrosine kinase-linked receptors signaling protects against chemically induced nephrotoxicity. To test our hypothesis, we investigated sunitinib as an inhibitor for tyrosine kinase signaling for both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) against adenine-induced nephrotoxicity. Four groups of adult male Swiss albino mice were investigated: normal group, adenine group, sunitinib group, and the adenine+sunitinib group that received concurrent administration for both adenine and sunitinib. Kidney function and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. Tubular injury and histopathological changes were examined. Renal expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), the tumor suppressor p53, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (phospho-STAT3) were measured. The results obtained showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in kidney function and antioxidant biomarkers in the adenine+sunitinib group. Kidney fibrosis and tubular injury scores were significantly (p < 0.05) less in the adenine+sunitinib group and that of p53 expression as well. Furthermore, sunitinib decreased (p < 0.5) renal levels of TGF-β1, p-ERK1/2, and phospho-STAT3 while elevating Bcl-2 expression score. In conclusion, sunitinib diminished adenine-induced nephrotoxicity through interfering with profibrogenic pathways, activating anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and possessing potential antioxidant capabilities.
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Sulistiyowati I, Yunus J, Sari DCR, Arfian N. Upregulation of p16, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA Expression Associated with Epithelial Apoptosis and Myofibroblast Proliferation in Kidney Fibrosis Model in Mice. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 27:37-44. [PMID: 32788839 PMCID: PMC7409565 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence may play a role in the development of kidney fibrosis, but its specific association with apoptosis or proliferation have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on proliferation, cellular senescence and apoptosis in kidney fibrosis. METHODS A unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) procedure was performed to induce kidney fibrosis in 24 Swiss mice (3 months old, 30 g-40 g). Mice were sacrificed on day 3 (UUO3, n = 6), day 7 (UUO7, n = 6) and day 14 (UUO14, n = 6). Sham operation (SO) procedures were performed on the control group. The expression of Bcl-2, p16 and Bax mRNA was quantified with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with anti-Bcl-2 and p53 antibodies was used to determine the localisation of proliferation and apoptosis. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test (P < 0.05). RESULTS RT-PCR analysis showed higher mRNA expression of Bcl-2, p16 and Bax in the UUO groups compared with SO group (P < 0.05). Immunostaining showed that Bcl-2 and p53 expression in tubular epithelium in the UUO groups, except Bcl-2 expression was found in interstitial areas of UUO14 group. CONCLUSION Senescence in UUO might be associated with epithelial apoptosis and myofibroblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike Sulistiyowati
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia
| | - Junaedy Yunus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nur Arfian
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract
Pathology findings of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) are reviewed to establish histologic criteria for a diagnosis of EPS. The typical macroscopic finding is a cocoon-like encapsulation of the entire intestine. This encapsulation is frequently accompanied by fibrin deposition, focal bleeding on the peritoneum, and various quantities of bloody ascites. A thin membrane on the visceral peritoneum contributes to the formation of the intestinal encapsulation. Histologically, the membrane is composed mainly of organized fibrin, probably derived from plasma exudation from the peritoneal microvasculature. The peritoneal fibroblasts appear swollen and exhibit an increased level of cellularity, accompanied by expression of various activation and proliferation markers. According to the “two-hit” theory of EPS pathogenesis, deterioration of the peritoneum as a result of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) procedure (the first “hit”) and superimposition of inflammatory stimuli such as infectious peritonitis (the second “hit”) are thought to play key roles in the pathogenesis of EPS. Based on histologic examination of peritoneal biopsy specimens, the detection of fibrin deposition and fibroblast phenotypic alteration were proposed as important findings for early diagnosis of EPS. Persistent inflammatory changes are also predictive of the future onset of EPS. Careful histologic evaluation of peritoneal biopsy specimens, combined with laparoscopic observations after withdrawal of PD, is required for the early diagnosis and treatment of EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Honda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Marchenko IА, Babiichuk LO, Mishyna MM, Makieieva NI, Zubov PM. Peculiarities of leukocyte apoptosis modulation in children with pyelonephritis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the leading places among inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract of children belongs to pyelonephritis, the course of which presents in most cases as a severe infectious disease threatening the patient’s life, which is the main reason for development of chronic kidney failure. This study was conducted to compare apoptosis stages in peripheral blood of children of different age categories with pyelonephritis depending on etiological factor and complications. The problem of mechanisms underlying immune system misregulation, especially functional activity of leukocytes in children with pyelonephritis, have not been explored in recent years. Assessment of leukocytes (neutrophils) apoptosis stages in peripheral blood of children of different age categories with pyelonephritis depending on complications and etiological factor was the aim of present study. The children's peripheral blood samples were analysed and assessed using a flow cytofluorimeter. The present study demonstrates an increase of the level of apoptotic cells at an early stage of apoptosis in children of all age categories with chronic pyelonephritis, which can be explained by associations of a wide range of pathogens and the presence of sequelae. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the late stage of apoptosis is observed in children aged 1 month – 8 years, in children 8–18 years, the amount of apoptotic cells is reduced by 1.5 times. The study of apoptosis stages allows complete characterization of the dynamics of the apoptotic process and supplementation of the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis in children. Such studies will make it possible to affect apoptosis modulation to regulate or correct it and encourage the finding of innovative solutions in the treatment related to influence on the immune response. We conclude that enhancement of peripheral blood leukocyte apoptosis in chronic form of pyelonephritis especially in young children is due to the polyetiology of this form of pyelonephritis and the development of complications.
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Kaeidi A, Taghipour Z, Allahtavakoli M, Fatemi I, Hakimizadeh E, Hassanshahi J. Ameliorating effect of troxerutin in unilateral ureteral obstruction induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:879-888. [PMID: 31900517 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induces renal injury and troxerutin attenuates the inflammatory parameters and decreases oxidative stress. Accordingly, this study explored the renoprotective effect of troxerutin in UUO-induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly separated into five groups (n = 8): control, UUO, and three UUO groups treated with troxerutin (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg). UUO-induced and vehicle/troxerutin administration was continued for 3 days. Then serum creatinine, mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal perfusion pressure (RPP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as some oxidative stress parameters were measured in the left kidney. The immunoblotting method was applied to evaluate the cleaved caspase-3 Bax, Bcl-2, and TNF-α proteins level. The hematoxylin and eosin method was used to assess the kidney tissue damage score (KTDS). In 3 days, UUO significantly increased serum creatinine level, KTDS, RVR, MDA, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and TNF-α protein levels (p < 0.05); and decreased RBF, TAC, SOD, catalase, GPx activity levels and Bcl-2 protein expression level in the left kidney (p < 0.05). Troxerutin (100 mg/kg) significantly attenuates the indicators alteration induced by UUO. Our findings represented that the renoprotective effect of troxerutin may be related to its anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and RBF improver properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, 77175-835, Rafsanjan, 7719617996, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghipour
- Department of Anatomy, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, 77175-835, Rafsanjan, 7719617996, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassanshahi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, 77175-835, Rafsanjan, 7719617996, Iran. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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15
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Kaeidi A, Sahamsizadeh A, Allahtavakoli M, Fatemi I, Rahmani M, Hakimizadeh E, Hassanshahi J. The effect of oleuropein on unilateral ureteral obstruction induced-kidney injury in rats: the role of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1371-1379. [PMID: 31873871 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induces kidney injury. Oleuropein as a major compound of olive leaves modulates the inflammatory parameters and decreases oxidative stress. Accordingly, we evaluate the renoprotective effect of oleuropein against 3-day UUO rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8) including control, UUO and UUO + oleuropein groups (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). UUO model was induced by left ureter ligation and continued for 3-day. Rats were treated synchronic daily for 3-day, then mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal perfusion pressure (RPP), renal blood flow (RBF), serum creatinine level, and also superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (in the obstructed kidney) were measured. The western blotting method was applied to evaluate the Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and TNF-α proteins expression level. The hematoxylin and eosin method was applied to evaluate the kidney tissue damage score (KTDS). UUO significantly increased RVR, KTDS, and MDA, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, serum creatinine and TNF-α protein levels (P < 0.05), and also significantly decreased RBF, SOD, and GPx and Bcl-2 protein expression levels (P < 0.001) in the obstructed kidney and oleuropein (200 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the changes induced by UUO. Our findings showed that oleuropein has a renoprotective effect against 3-day UUO. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects may be related to its antioxidative stress, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, P.O. Box:77175-835, 7719617996, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Sahamsizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, P.O. Box:77175-835, 7719617996, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, P.O. Box:77175-835, 7719617996, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iman Fatemi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, P.O. Box:77175-835, 7719617996, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rahmani
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Khalije Fars Blvd., Pistachio Co. Street, P.O. Box:77175-835, 7719617996, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Li H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Xu H, Xu Y, Ling K. Microvesicles containing miR-34a induce apoptosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells and participate in renal interstitial fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2310-2316. [PMID: 30867715 PMCID: PMC6396007 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Function and potential mechanism of microvesicles (MVs) containing microRNA34a in renal interstitial fibrosis were investigated. A rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established by unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO). Rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) was used to explore the effect of MVs containing microRNA-34a on tubular epithelial cells during fibrosis, which were secreted by tubulointerstitial fibroblasts. Regardless of the UUO renal interstitial fibrosis model, or the TGF-β1-treated renal tubular epithelial cells, microRNA-34a was increased in the MVs secreted by tubulointerstitial fibroblasts. miR-34a could be transmitted through the damaged tubule basement membrane to proximal tubular epithelial cells, where it induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2, further aggravating renal interstitial fibrosis. MicroRNA-34a secreted by damaged renal interstitial fibroblasts can promote renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and participate in renal interstitial fibrosis by inhibiting Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Kai Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
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Tunçdemir M, Büyükçolpan Mirzataş E, Uzun H. Renoprotective potential of quercetin in experimental diabetic nephropathy: assesing antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.25000/acem.452530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Schumann-Bischoff A, Schmitz J, Scheffner I, Schmitt R, Broecker V, Haller H, Bräsen JH, Gwinner W. Distinct morphological features of acute tubular injury in renal allografts correlate with clinical outcome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F701-F710. [PMID: 29638160 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00189.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute tubular injury (ATI) is common in renal allografts and is related to inferior long-term allograft function. However, it is unknown which of the morphological features of ATI can predict outcome and how they should be graded. Here, we examine features of ATI systematically in protocol biopsies and biopsies for cause to define the most predictive features. Analyses included 521 protocol biopsies taken at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo after transplantation and 141 biopsies for cause from 204 patients. Features of ATI included brush border loss, tubular epithelial lucency, flattening, pyknosis, nuclei loss, and luminal debris, each graded semiquantitatively. Additional immunohistochemical stainings were performed for markers of cell injury (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), cell death [cleaved caspase-3, fatty acid-coenzyme A ligase 4 (FACL4)], and proliferation (Ki-67). Interobserver reliability was good for pyknosis, flattening, and brush border loss and poor for lucency, nuclei loss, and luminal debris. In protocol biopsies between 6 wk and 6 mo, the degree of ATI remained virtually unchanged. Biopsies for cause had generally higher injury scores. Deceased donor source, delayed graft function, ganciclovir/valganciclovir treatment, and urinary tract infection correlated with ATI. The degree of pyknosis, flattening, and brush border loss correlated best with impaired allograft function. FACL4 expression was observed in areas of ATI. Only patients with Ki-67 expression showed stable or improved allograft function in the longitudinal assessment. Reliable assessment of ATI is possible by semiquantitative grading of tubular epithelial cell brush border loss, flattening, and pyknosis. Examination of Ki-67 expression can help determine the potential for recovery from this damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schumann-Bischoff
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Irina Scheffner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Verena Broecker
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Hermann Haller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jan H Bräsen
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Wilfried Gwinner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Yang M, Zhuang YY, Wang WW, Zhu HP, Zhang YJ, Zheng SL, Yang YR, Chen BC, Xia P, Zhang Y. Role of Sirolimus in renal tubular apoptosis in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1433-1442. [PMID: 30443162 PMCID: PMC6216060 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.26954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubule cell apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the progression of chronic renal diseases. The previous study indicates that Sirolimus is effective on unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis. However, the role of Sirolimus in renal tubular apoptosis induced by UUO has not yet been addressed. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Sirolimus in renal tubular apoptosis induced by UUO. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, sham-operated rats, and after which unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was performed: non-treated and sirolimus-treated (1mg/kg). After 4, 7 and 14 d, animals were sacrificed and blood, kidney tissue samples were collected for analyses. Histologic changes and interstitial collagen were determined microscopically following HE and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of PCNA was investigated using immunohistochemistry and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were investigated using Western blot in each group. Tubular apoptotic cell deaths were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Sirolimus administration resulted in a significant reduction in tubulointerstitial fibrosis scores. After UUO, there was an increase in tubular and interstitial apoptosis in untreated controls as compared to Sirolimus treatment rats (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in obstructed kidney was characterized by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses demonstrating that sirolimus treatment significantly reduced PCNA, Bax, caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 expression compared to those observed in controls (P<0.05), whereas, Bcl-2 in the obstructed kidney were decreased in untreated controls compared to Sirolimus treatment rats subjected to the same time course of obstruction (P<0.05). We demonstrated a marked renoprotective effect of sirolimus by inhibition of UUO-induced renal tubular apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Yang-Yang Zhuang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Hai-Ping Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Yan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Sao-Ling Zheng
- Transplantation centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Yi-Rrong Yang
- Transplantation centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Bi-Cheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325015, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Transplantation centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
| | - Yan Zhang
- Transplantation centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 325015
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Steiger S, Kumar SV, Honarpisheh M, Lorenz G, Günthner R, Romoli S, Gröbmayr R, Susanti HE, Potempa J, Koziel J, Lech M. Immunomodulatory Molecule IRAK-M Balances Macrophage Polarization and Determines Macrophage Responses during Renal Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1440-1452. [PMID: 28701510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of various innate immune receptors results in IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1/IRAK-4-mediated signaling and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IL-6, or TNF-α, all of which are implicated in tissue injury and elevated during tissue remodeling processes. IRAK-M, also known as IRAK-3, is an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in intrarenal macrophages. Innate immune activation contributes to both acute kidney injury and tissue remodeling that is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study assessed the contribution of macrophages in CKD and the role of IRAK-M in modulating disease progression. To evaluate the effect of IRAK-M in chronic renal injury in vivo, a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was employed. The expression of IRAK-M increased within 2 d after UUO in obstructed compared with unobstructed kidneys. Mice deficient in IRAK-M were protected from fibrosis and displayed a diminished number of alternatively activated macrophages. Compared to wild-type mice, IRAK-M-deficient mice showed reduced tubular injury, leukocyte infiltration, and inflammation following renal injury as determined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and intrarenal mRNA expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Taken together, these results strongly support a role for IRAK-M in renal injury and identify IRAK-M as a possible modulator in driving an alternatively activated profibrotic macrophage phenotype in UUO-induced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Steiger
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Santhosh V Kumar
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Mohsen Honarpisheh
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Lorenz
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Roman Günthner
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Simone Romoli
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Gröbmayr
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Heni-Eka Susanti
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lech
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80366 Munich, Germany; .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Xin G, Zhou G, Zhang X, Wang W. Potential role of upregulated microRNA‑146b and ‑21 in renal fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2863-2867. [PMID: 28714020 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the progression of renal fibrosis. Dataset GSE42716 of miRNAs extracted from kidneys from mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and mice without UUO was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The Limma package was used to identify differential expression between mice with and without UUO. Renal disease‑related miRNAs were predicted based on the miRWalk database. Thereafter, candidate miRNAs were screened by taking the intersection of differentially expressed miRNAs and predicted miRNAs, followed by screening of target genes using miRWalk and transcription factors using the TransmiR database. An integrative regulatory network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Enrichment analysis of target genes was also performed. In total, 76 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in kidneys with UUO compared with the normal samples based on dataset and 9 miRNAs were identified as related to renal disease from the miRWalk database. A Venn diagram revealed two overlapping upregulated miRNAs; miR‑146b and miR‑21. Transcription factor NFKB1 may activate miR‑146b and AKT may activate miR‑21. In addition, miR‑21 had a regulatory effect on IFNG expression and miR‑146b may regulate the expression of BCL2, PTEN and IFNG. Furthermore, target genes of miR‑146b and miR‑21 were significantly enriched in 14 Gene Ontology terms including regulation of cell proliferation (e.g., BCL2, PTEN and IFNG). Overexpression of miR‑21 may be activated by AKT2 and contribute to renal fibrosis by negatively regulating IFNG expression. Furthermore, miR‑146b may be activated by NFKB1 and subsequently reduce the expression of BCL2, PTEN and IFNG in the progression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Xin
- Department of Nephrology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhao Q, Yang Y, Wang C, Hou Y, Chen H. ATP5B and ETFB metabolic markers in children with congenital hydronephrosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5111-5115. [PMID: 27840937 PMCID: PMC5355659 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital obstructive nephropathy is the primary cause of chronic renal failure in children. Disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism may be a primary factor underlying tubular cell apoptosis in hydronephrosis. The β-F1-ATPase (ATP5B) and electron transfer flavoprotein β subunit (ETFB) metabolic markers are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism in other diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether ATP5B and ETFB are represented in the hydronephrotic kidney, and whether they are associated with the progression of hydronephrosis. The cohort examined consisted of 20 children with hydronephrosis, graded III and IV using the Society for Fetal Urology grading system, and a control group consisting of 20 patients with nephroblastoma. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses were used to investigate the differential expression of genes and proteins in the two groups. The gene and protein expression levels of ATP5B and ETFB were upregulated in the hydronephrosis group. Correlation analyses revealed negative correlations between ATP5B, ETFB protein and split renal function (SRF). Receiver-operator curve analysis found a diagnostic profile of the ETFB protein in identifying children with hydronephrosis with abnormal SRF (<45%). These results suggested that increasing levels of ATP5B and ETFB were associated with worsening renal injury. ATP5B and ETFB may be novel markers in hydronephrosis and require further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Changlin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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O'Connor M, Patil R, Yu J, Hickey R, Premanand K, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Benedetti E, Bartholomew A. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Synergize with 635, 532, and 405 nm Laser Wavelengths in Renal Fibrosis: A Pilot Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:556-563. [PMID: 27244220 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address whether a single treatment of one of three visible light wavelengths, 635, 532, and 405 nm (constant wave, energy density 2.9 J/m2), could affect the hallmarks of established renal fibrosis and whether these wavelengths could facilitate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) beneficence. BACKGROUND DATA Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem with only 20% receiving care worldwide. Kidneys with compromised function have ongoing inflammation, including increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, peritubular capillary loss, tubular atrophy, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Promising studies have highlighted the significant potential of MSC-based strategies to mitigate fibrosis; however, reversal of established fibrosis has been problematic, suggesting that methods to potentiate MSC effects require further development. Laser treatments at visible wavelengths have been reported to enhance mitochondrial potential and available cellular ATP, facilitate proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. We hypothesized that laser-delivered energy might provide wavelength-specific effects in the fibrotic kidney and enhance MSC responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Renal fibrosis, established in C57BL6 mice following 21 days of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), was treated with one of three wavelengths alone or with autologous MSC. Mitochondrial activity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokines were measured 24 h later. RESULTS Wavelengths 405, 532, and 635 nm all significantly synergized with MSC to enhance mitochondrial activity and reduce apoptosis. Proliferative activity was observed in the renal cortices following combined treatment with the 532 nm laser and MSC; endothelial proliferation increased in response to the 635 nm laser alone and to the combined effects of MSC and the 405 nm wavelength. Reductions of transforming growth factor-β were observed with 532 nm alone and when combined with MSC. CONCLUSIONS Specific wavelengths of laser energy appear to induce different responses in renal fibrotic tissue. These findings support further study in the development of a customized laser therapy program of combined wavelengths to optimize MSC effects in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Connor
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rachana Patil
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiangzhou Yu
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard Hickey
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kavitha Premanand
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andre Kajdacsy-Balla
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Enrico Benedetti
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,3 Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amelia Bartholomew
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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Jang HS, Padanilam BJ. Simultaneous deletion of Bax and Bak is required to prevent apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F540-50. [PMID: 26180237 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00170.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular injury and apoptosis are key mediators of the development of kidney fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. However, the molecular mechanism by which tubular apoptotic cell death leads to kidney fibrosis is poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the roles of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak), two crucial proteins involved in intrinsic apoptotic cell death, in the progression of kidney fibrosis. Mice with proximal tubule-specific Bax deletion, systemic deletion of Bak, and dual deletion of Bax and Bak were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Dual deficiency of Bax and Bak inhibited tubular apoptosis and atrophy. Consistent with decreased tubular injury, dual ablation of Bax and Bak suppressed UUO-induced inflammation and kidney fibrosis with decreased tubular cell cycle arrest, expression of fibrogenic and inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in the kidney. Bax or Bak deficiency was insufficient to prevent apoptosis and all other aforementioned malevolent effects, suggesting compensatory mediation by each other in the respective signaling pathways. These data suggest that dual ablation of Bax and Bak in the kidney is required to prevent UUO-induced tubular apoptosis and the consequent kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Zhou Y, Xiong M, Niu J, Sun Q, Su W, Zen K, Dai C, Yang J. Secreted fibroblast-derived miR-34a induces tubular cell apoptosis in fibrotic kidney. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4494-506. [PMID: 25107369 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cell apoptosis contributes to tubulointerstitial fibrosis but its regulation remains unclear. Here, in fibrotic kidney induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), we demonstrate that miR-34a is markedly upregulated in tubulointerstitial spaces and microvesicles isolated from obstructed kidney. However, miR-34a is not de novo synthesized by proximal tubular epithelial cells but by fibroblasts after incubation with TGF-β1. miR-34a is markedly upregulated in microvesicles isolated from the cell culture medium of TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. These microvesicles act as a vector for delivery of upregulated miR-34a from fibroblasts to tubular cells. The fibroblast-derived miR-34a-containing microvesicles induce the apoptosis of tubular cells. The exogenous miR-34a regulates tubular apoptosis by modulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, injection of exogenous miR-34a-containing microvesicles enhances tubular cell apoptosis in mice. This study suggests that secreted fibroblast miR-34a transported by microvesicles induces tubular cell apoptosis in obstructed kidney. This study reveals a new mechanism whereby microvesicle-mediated communication of miRNA between fibroblasts and tubular cells is involved in regulating tubular cell apoptosis, which might provide new therapeutic targets for renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Mingxia Xiong
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jing Niu
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Weifang Su
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
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Emerging urinary markers of renal injury in obstructive nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:303298. [PMID: 25101270 PMCID: PMC4101977 DOI: 10.1155/2014/303298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of obstruction on renal function are the consequence of many factors that profoundly alter all components of glomerular function. Besides the acute effects on glomerular filtration rate and tubule function, a chronic obstruction induces tubular and interstitial injury that results from the activation of different pathways. The progression of tubulointerstitial injury leads to chronic renal damage characterized by tubular atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis. Obstructive nephropathy is an evolving disease in which the renal damage continues even after relief of the obstruction. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the time of relief is the most important factor in predicting long-term renal function deterioration. In this setting, the EGF/MCP-1 ratio, urinary NGAL, and urinary KIM-1 are useful early biomarkers of progressive renal damage and could have a potential role in predicting the long-term renal outcome. This minireview summarizes the role of these emerging urinary biomarkers of obstructive nephropathy based on the current understanding of the pathophysiology of renal injury.
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27
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Kurdián M, Herrero-Fresneda I, Lloberas N, Gimenez-Bonafe P, Coria V, Grande MT, Boggia J, Malacrida L, Torras J, Arévalo MA, González-Martínez F, López-Novoa JM, Grinyó J, Noboa O. Delayed mTOR inhibition with low dose of everolimus reduces TGFβ expression, attenuates proteinuria and renal damage in the renal mass reduction model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32516. [PMID: 22427849 PMCID: PMC3299670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunosuppressive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are widely used in solid organ transplantation, but their effect on kidney disease progression is controversial. mTOR has emerged as one of the main pathways regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of delayed inhibition of mTOR pathway with low dose of everolimus on progression of renal disease and TGFβ expression in the 5/6 nephrectomy model in Wistar rats. Methods This study evaluated the effects of everolimus (0.3 mg/k/day) introduced 15 days after surgical procedure on renal function, proteinuria, renal histology and mechanisms of fibrosis and proliferation. Results Everolimus treated group (EveG) showed significantly less proteinuria and albuminuria, less glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis, fibroblast activation cell proliferation, when compared with control group (CG), even though the EveG remained with high blood pressure. Treatment with everolimus also diminished glomerular hypertrophy. Everolimus effectively inhibited the increase of mTOR developed in 5/6 nephrectomy animals, without changes in AKT mRNA or protein abundance, but with an increase in the pAKT/AKT ratio. Associated with this inhibition, everolimus blunted the increased expression of TGFβ observed in the remnant kidney model. Conclusion Delayed mTOR inhibition with low dose of everolimus significantly prevented progressive renal damage and protected the remnant kidney. mTOR and TGFβ mRNA reduction can partially explain this anti fibrotic effect. mTOR can be a new target to attenuate the progression of chronic kidney disease even in those nephropathies of non-immunologic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Kurdián
- Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inmaculada Herrero-Fresneda
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Lloberas
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pepita Gimenez-Bonafe
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas II, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Coria
- Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María T. Grande
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Boggia
- Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joan Torras
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Arévalo
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco González-Martínez
- Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José M. López-Novoa
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josep Grinyó
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Noboa
- Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Progression of fibrosis involves interstitial hypercellularity, matrix accumulation, and atrophy of epithelial structures, resulting in loss of normal function and ultimately organ failure. There is common agreement that the fibroblast/myofibroblast is the cell type most responsible for interstitial matrix accumulation and consequent structural deformations associated with fibrosis. During wound healing and progressive fibrotic events, fibroblasts transform into myofibroblasts acquiring smooth muscle features, most notably the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and synthesis of mesenchymal cell-related matrix proteins. In renal disease, glomerular mesangial cells also acquire a myofibroblast phenotype and synthesize the same matrix proteins. The origin of interstitial myofibroblasts during fibrosis is a matter of debate, where the cells are proposed to derive from resident fibroblasts, pericytes, perivascular adventitial, epithelial, and/or endothelial sources. Regardless of the origin of the cells, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is the principal growth factor responsible for myofibroblast differentiation to a profibrotic phenotype and exerts its effects via Smad signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt/protein kinase B. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important roles in progression of fibrosis. ROS are derived from a variety of enzyme sources, of which the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase family has been identified as a major source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation in the cardiovasculature and kidney during health and disease. Recent evidence indicates that the NAD(P)H oxidase homolog Nox4 is most accountable for ROS-induced fibroblast and mesangial cell activation, where it has an essential role in TGF-β1 signaling of fibroblast activation and differentiation into a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype and matrix production. Information on the role of ROS in mesangial cell and fibroblast signaling is incomplete, and further research on myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis is warranted.
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Antiapoptotic effect of angiotensin-II type-1 receptor blockade in renal tubular cells of hyperoxaluric rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 38:71-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-010-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mizuguchi Y, Chen J, Seshan SV, Poppas DP, Szeto HH, Felsen D. A novel cell-permeable antioxidant peptide decreases renal tubular apoptosis and damage in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1545-53. [PMID: 18784263 PMCID: PMC2584902 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00395.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is characterized by decreases in renal function, increased interstitial fibrosis, tubular apoptosis, and cellular infiltration. It has been suggested that inhibition of tubular apoptosis may protect against renal damage in obstruction. We have recently developed a series of peptides which are concentrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane and prevent cell death. These peptides are also active in vivo, in myocardial infraction, ischemic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models. We therefore used SS-31, a prototype of these peptides, and assessed its effects on renal damage and oxidative stress in a 14-day obstruction model. SS-31 (1 or 3 mg/kg) or saline was given 1 day before and throughout the 14 days of obstruction. Kidneys were harvested and assessed for apoptosis (terminal transferase-dUTP-nick-end labeling, caspase 3 expression), fibrosis (trichrome staining), macrophage infiltration, fibroblast expression (immunoperoxidase), and oxidative damage (8-OH deoxyguanosine and heme oxygenase-1 expression), cytokines, and signaling pathways (transforming growth factor-beta, CCR-1, p38-MAPK, NF-kappaB). SS-31 significantly attenuated the effects of obstruction on all aspects of renal damage which were examined, with both the 1 and 3 mg/kg doses showing efficacy. We noted increased oxidative stress in obstruction, which was also attenuated by SS-31 treatment. Signaling via NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK pathways were both affected by SS-31 treatment. This study provides a proof of concept that peptides which protect mitochondria in vitro can provide protection from renal damage in a UUO model. The mechanism by which protection is afforded requires further studies both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Mizuguchi
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Medical College, 1300 York Ave., Box 94, New York, NY 10021, USA
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31
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Topcu SO, Celik S, Erturhan S, Erbagci A, Yagci F, Ucak R. Verapamil prevents the apoptotic and hemodynamic changes in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction. Int J Urol 2008; 15:350-5. [PMID: 18380827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.01992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstruction of the urinary tract has marked effects on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and tubular function. Moreover, ureteral obstruction results in an injury response that can progress to irreversible renal fibrosis and tubular atrophy by apoptosis. METHODS We examined the effect of a calcium channel blocker (verapamil) on renal functions and the abundance of apoptotic (p53, Fas, proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) markers 1 week after Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO). RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that UUO was markedly associated with up-regulation in the expression of p53 (1550 +/- 82 vs 100 +/- 23%), Fas (657 +/- 48 vs 100 +/- 31%), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (945 +/- 70 vs 100 +/- 17% of sham levels). Administration of verapamil normalized the up-regulation of apoptotic markers p53 (724 +/- 116 vs 1550 +/- 82%); Fas (162 +/- 38 vs 657 +/- 48%) and PCNA (353 +/- 54 vs 945 +/- 70%). Furthermore, tubular diameter, as an important marker for detecting tubular atrophy was significantly decreased compared to those in UUO rabbits. The percent area of interstitial fibrosis in UUO kidneys was significantly greater than that in Verapamil-treated kidneys. Importantly, Verapamil reduced the development of interstitial fibrosis in UUO rabbits. We measured the GFR and renal blood flow in UUO. Short-term Verapamil challenge partially prevented the decrease in GFR (non-treated UUO: 62 +/- 14; Verapamil + UUO: 119 +/- 7; Sham: 127 +/- 23 microL x min(-1) x kg body wt(-1), P < 0.05) and renal blood flow (non-treated UUO: 1.1 +/- 0.4; Verapamil + UUO: 5.0 +/- 0.2; sham: 6.3 +/- 0.2 mL x min(-1) x kg body wt(-1), P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Verapamil significantly prevents impairment in renal function and also prevents the up-regulation of p53, Fas, and PCNA during UUO, demonstrating a marked renoprotective effect of Verapamil treatment in conditions with urinary tract obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru O Topcu
- Department of Urology, Sahinbey Hospital, University of Gaziantep Medical School, TR-2770 Kolejtepe, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Mao H, Li Z, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhuang S, An X, Zhang B, Chen W, Nie J, Wang Z, Borkan SC, Wang Y, Yu X. HSP72 attenuates renal tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F202-14. [PMID: 18417540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00468.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heat shock protein 72 kDa (HSP72) protects tubular epithelium from a variety of acute insults, its role in chronic renal injury and fibrosis is poorly characterized. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HSP72 reduces apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), important contributors to tubular cell injury in vitro and in vivo. In rats, orally administered geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an agent that selectively induces HSP72, markedly reduced both apoptosis and cell proliferation in tubular epithelium and decreased both interstitial fibroblast accumulation and collagen I deposition after unilateral ureteric obstruction, a model of chronic renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and dysfunction. In cultured renal NRK52E cells, exposure to TGF-beta1 induced EMT and apoptosis, major causes of renal fibrosis and tubular atrophy, respectively. Exposure to a pan-caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-FMK) prevented TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis but did not reduce EMT. In contrast, selective HSP72 expression in vitro inhibited EMT caused by TGF-beta1 as indicated by preserving the E-cadherin expression level and alpha-smooth muscle actin induction. Small interfering RNA directed against HSP72 blocked the cytoprotective effects of HSP72 overexpression on EMT in TGF-beta1-exposed cells. Taken together, our data indicate that HSP72 ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy by inhibiting both renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Stratta P, Canavese C, Fenoglio R, Priolo G, Grillo A, Aimo G, Quaglia M, Pagni R. Dual effect of methylprednsolone pulses on apoptosis of peripheral leukocytes in patients with renal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:647-59. [PMID: 17026850 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that change in apoptosis may modulate the natural story of illness, and that many drugs may act through modulation of apoptosis, but the role of steroids in acting through apoptosis in different settings, including renal diseases, has still to be elucidated. We studied the in vivo effects of steroids by oral assumption (10 to 25 mg/deltacortene) or by intravenous pulses (300 to 1000 mg/dose) on apoptosis and cellular subsets of peripheral lymphocytes, by evaluating DNA-fragmentation and lymphocyte subsets in 79 subjects: 22 controls and 57 patients with various renal diseases (25 Lupus-GN, 19 membranous-GN (MGN), 6 rapidly progressive-GN (RPGN), 2 acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 5 on chronic dialysis. Baseline apoptosis was present in 1/22 (4.5%) of controls, 3/25 (12%) SLE, 2/6 (33.3%) RPGN and 10/19 (52.6%) MGN. A significant decrease in CD3+CD8+ cell count and a significant increase of the CD3+CD4/CD3+CD8+ ratio were found in apoptosis-positive subjects. DNA fragmentation did not change after oral steroids, paralleling a 22 to 32% decrease in total lymphocytes. Following intravenous methylprednisolone pulses, a deeper drop of all lymphocyte subsets was observed, while DNA fragmentation turned from present to absent in 2 MGN, but not in 2 RPGN, and from absent to present in 1 ARF and 1 SLE, independently of the dosage. We demonstrated that the presence of apoptosis in renal diseases is associated with decreased CD3+CD8+ cell count. Furthermore, steroid intravenous pulses, besides inducing a profound decrease in lymphocyte subsets, do exert a dual effect on baseline leukocyte apoptosis, eventually leading to a reversal of baseline patterns, either turning from negative to positive or from positive to negative. Oral steroid therapy did not influence baseline apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stratta
- Nephrology and Transplantation, Amedeo Avogadro University, Maggiore Hospital and Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) Novara, Italy.
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Docherty NG, O'Sullivan OE, Healy DA, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RWG. Evidence that inhibition of tubular cell apoptosis protects against renal damage and development of fibrosis following ureteric obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F4-13. [PMID: 16339963 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00045.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureteric obstruction is frequently encountered in primary care urology and can lead to damage to the ipsilateral kidney. Relief of all types of obstruction generally leads to the normalization of any deterioration in renal function noted at diagnosis. However, some evidence from animal models suggests that obstruction can cause progressive deleterious effects on renal function and blood pressure control, especially in the presence of preexisting pathologies such as essential hypertension. The last 10 years have seen a proliferation of studies in rodents wherein complete unilateral ureteric obstruction has been used as a model of renal fibrosis. However, the relevance of the findings to human obstructive uropathy has, in many cases, not been the primary aim. In this review, we outline the major events linking damage to the renal parenchyma and cell death to the evolution of fibrosis following obstruction. Special focus is given to the role of apoptosis as a major cause of cell death during and post-complete ureteric obstruction. Several interventions that reduce tubular apoptosis are discussed in terms of their ability to prevent subsequent progression to end-organ damage and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Docherty
- Department of Surgery, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Univ. College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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Ozaltin F, Besbas N, Bakkaloglu A, Gucer S, Topaloglu R, Ozen S, Kale G, Caglar M. Apoptosis and proliferation in childhood acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:1572-7. [PMID: 15965768 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-005-1985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by glomerular hypercellularity that can be caused by many different etiologies and pathogenetic mechanisms. A balance between cell birth by mitosis and cell death by apoptosis is crucial. In this study, apoptosis and the regenerative activity (Ki67/apoptosis index) were investigated in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Thirty-five children with biopsy-proven acute proliferative glomerulonephritis and five controls with MCD were studied retrospectively. According to the clinical outcome, patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n =21) were patients with normal renal functions at follow-up; group 2 (n =8) were patients with end-stage renal failure or those who died. Immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cells (Ki67) was done. In situ end labeling of DNA was used to evaluate apoptosis. Glomerular cell apoptosis was 45% in the patients with acute proliferative glomerulonephritis and 3% in controls ( p <0.001). Apoptotic cells were identified in the tubulointerstitial compartment with higher and heavier immunostaining in patients than controls (p =0.001). Tubular proliferative index (= tubular proliferation/tubular apoptosis ratio) was significantly higher in group 1 patients than in group 2 patients (2.03+/-2% versus 0.32+/-0.6%, p =0.002). Tubulointerstitial regenerative ratio (=tubular proliferation/interstitial proliferation ratio) was significantly higher in controls than in patients (3.4+/-1.9 versus 1.52+/-0.8, p =0.01). In addition, it was significantly increased in group 1 patients when compared with those in group 2 patients (1.89+/-0.8 versus 0.73+/-0.2, p =0.001). Since 17 patients presented with postinfectious proliferative glomerulonephritis, which is known to exhibit better course, we also evaluated those parameters in patients with postinfectious proliferative glomerulonephritis separately. We found statistically significant differences only in the tubulointerstitial regenerative ratio, which was higher in postinfectious cases when compared with those in other cases [1.60 interquartile range (IQR) 1.54 versus 1.22 IQR 1.26, respectively, p =0.003]. In conclusion, tubular proliferative index and tubulointerstitial regenerative ratio might be useful parameters for predicting final functional outcome in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Further studies, however, are still needed to clarify the importance of these histopathological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozaltin
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Pat B, Yang T, Kong C, Watters D, Johnson DW, Gobe G. Activation of ERK in renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction: modulation by antioxidants. Kidney Int 2005; 67:931-43. [PMID: 15698432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent in vitro model of oxidative stress-induced renal fibrosis demonstrated that activated or phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK) played a role in apoptosis of renal fibroblasts, but not tubular epithelium where it promoted cell growth and survival. The present study utilized an in vivo model of renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to examine the relationship between pERK, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation in renal fibroblast and tubular epithelial cells, in comparison with the in vitro results. METHODS UUO was induced in rats for 0 (controls, untreated), 6, and 24 hours, 2, 4, and 7 days (N= 4), and tissue analyzed for fibrotic characteristics using microscopy and special stains, Western immunoblots and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Controls and UUO animals were also treated with vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or fluvastatin to assess any antioxidant effect on attenuation of fibrosis and pERK expression. RESULTS Azan stain and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), collagen III, and fibronectin expression confirmed development of UUO-induced fibrosis. Oxidative stress markers heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) confirmed oxidative stress at all UUO time points. Tubular epithelial and interstitial mitosis and apoptosis were significantly increased over controls at 2 to 7 days after UUO (P < 0.01). The pERK/ERK ratio increased significantly at 1 to 7 days of UUO in comparison with controls (three- to fivefold, P < 0.05). There was a significant spatiotemporal correlation between pERK and tubular epithelial proliferation (P < 0.001). pERK occasionally colocalized with apoptotic cells (dual labeling) in the interstitium but not in the tubular epithelium. Fluvastatin was the only treatment that attenuated fibrosis (decreased alpha-SMA, fibronectin, tubular epithelial apoptosis) and it also significantly decreased expression of 8-OHdG at 2 and 7 days (P < 0.05). It was associated with decreased pERK at 7 days, compared with UUO alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Promotion of tubular epithelial proliferation and survival, and interstitial cell apoptosis, may minimize renal fibrosis after UUO. In the present study, both were linked spatially and temporally with increased pERK expression. Fluvastatin treatment attenuated UUO-induced fibrosis via an antioxidant and pERK-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Verzola D, Gandolfo MT, Salvatore F, Villaggio B, Gianiorio F, Traverso P, Deferrari G, Garibotto G. Testosterone promotes apoptotic damage in human renal tubular cells. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1252-61. [PMID: 15086464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is a mode of cell death that participates in the kidney physiologic remodeling processes and is thought to contribute to cell loss and kidney structural damage in chronic renal diseases. Gender is one factor which contributes to accelerated nephron loss, with progression more rapid in men than in women in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic renal diseases. Mechanisms by which androgens may cause higher rate of progression of chronic renal diseases in men are poorly explored. METHODS In this study, to investigate the role of androgens on apoptotic damage and its associated mechanisms, we examined the effects of testosterone (T) (0.1 nmol/L to 1 micromol/L) on apoptosis, and apoptosis-related proteins in a proximal human tubule cell line (HK-2 cells). Additional experiments were performed in primary cultures of proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Cells were grown to subconfluence in normal growth medium, and apoptotic damage was induced by serum deprivation for 24 to 48 hours. Cycloheximide, flutamide (a T-receptor antagonist), 17-beta estradiol, or caspase inhibitors were added to cultures that were successively processed for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) analysis, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, immunofluorescence, or immunoblots to identify effects and apoptotic pathways that could be modulating cell survival. RESULTS Both morphologic analysis by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and TUNEL showed that physiologic T levels (1 to 10 nmol/L) induced a significant increase in apoptosis both in HK-2 cells and PTECs. In both types of cell lines pretreatment with the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide prevented the T-induced apoptosis. T-induced apoptosis was enhanced by treatment with cycloheximide and prevented by 17beta-estradiol. Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and Fas-associating death domain containing protein (FADD) were clearly up-regulated within 48 hours of T treatment in HK-2 cells. Also, T significantly increased the expression of Bax protein (P < 0.01 vs. control) (an effect which was blocked by flutamide), and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Western blot analysis showed that caspase-3 was activated. Moreover, cleavage into an 85-kD poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) terminal breakdown product was detectable. The changes in cellular morphology induced by T at 48 hours were no longer observed after the addition of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 inhibitors to the culture medium. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T increases the permissiveness of proximal tubule kidney cells to apoptotic effects by triggering an apoptotic pathway involving caspase activation, Fas up-regulation, and FasL expression, thus potentially interacting with mechanisms of cell loss which have been already shown to be activated in chronic renal diseases. This is consistent with a role for T in promoting renal injury in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verzola
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Urology Division, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Zhang G, Kim H, Cai X, López-Guisa JM, Alpers CE, Liu Y, Carmeliet P, Eddy AA. Urokinase receptor deficiency accelerates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:1254-71. [PMID: 12707394 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000064292.37793.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase cellular receptor (uPAR) recognizes the N-terminal growth factor domain of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and is expressed by several cell types. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that uPAR regulates the renal fibrogenic response to chronic injury. Groups of uPAR wild-type (+/+) and deficient (-/-) mice were investigated between 3 and 14 d after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham surgery. Not detected in normal kidneys, uPAR mRNA was expressed in response to UUO in the +/+ mice. By in situ hybridization, uPAR mRNA transcripts were detected in renal tubules and interstitial cells of the obstructed uPAR+/+ kidneys. The severity of renal fibrosis, based on the measurement of total collagen (13.5 +/- 1.5 versus 9.8 +/- 1.0 microg/mg kidney on day 14; -/- versus +/+) and interstitial area stained by Masson trichrome (22 +/- 4% versus 14 +/- 3% on day 14; -/- versus +/+) was significantly greater in the uPAR-/- mice. In the absence of uPAR, renal uPA activity was significantly decreased compared with the wild-type animals after UUO (62 +/- 20 versus 135 +/- 13 units at day 3 UUO; 74 +/- 17 versus 141 +/- 16 at day 7 UUO; 98 +/- 20 versus 165 +/- 10 at day 14 UUO; -/- versus +/+). In contrast, renal expression of several genes that regulate plasmin activity were similar in both genotypes, including uPA, tPA, PAI-1, protease nexin-1, and alpha2-antiplasmin. Worse renal fibrosis in the uPAR-/- mice appears to be TGF-beta-independent, as TGF-beta activity was actually reduced by 65% in the -/- mice despite similar renal TGF-beta1 mRNA levels. Significantly lower levels of the major 2.3-kb transcript and the 69-kd active protein of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a known anti-fibrotic growth factor, in the uPAR-/- mice suggests a potential link between HGF and the renoprotective effects of uPAR. These data suggest that renal uPAR attenuates the fibrogenic response to renal injury, an outcome that is mediated in part by urokinase-dependent but plasminogen-independent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Zhang G, Kim H, Cai X, Lopez-Guisa JM, Carmeliet P, Eddy AA. Urokinase receptor modulates cellular and angiogenic responses in obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:1234-53. [PMID: 12707393 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000064701.70231.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Given that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) is known to play a role in cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis, the present study was designed to evaluate the role of uPAR in the regulation of the phenotypic composition of interstitial cells (macrophages, myofibroblasts, capillaries) in response to chronic renal injury. Groups of uPAR wild-type (+/+) and knockout (-/-) mice were investigated between 3 and 14 d after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham surgery (n = 8 mice per group). The density of F4/80+ interstitial macrophages (Mphi) was significantly lower in the -/- mice (3.3 +/- 0.4 versus 6.9 +/- 1.7% area at day 3 UUO; 10.8 +/- 1.6 versus 15.7 +/- 1.0% at day 14 UUO; -/- versus +/+). In contrast, in the -/- mice there were significantly more alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA)-positive cells (12.9 +/- 3.2 versus 7.8 +/- 1.5% area at day 3 UUO; 21.0 +/- 4.7 versus 9.7 +/- 1.9% at day 14 UUO) and CD34-positive endothelial cells (8.4 +/- 1.9 versus 4.0 +/- 1.1% area at day 14 UUO). These differences were associated with significantly more interstitial fibrosis in the -/- mice based on Sirius red staining (4.6 +/- 0.9 versus 2.3 +/- 0.9% area at 14 d UUO). Absence of the uPAR scavenger receptor was associated with significantly greater accumulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein (PAI-1) (20.5 +/- 3.5 versus 9.1 +/- 2.9% area, day 14 UUO) and vitronectin protein (2.4 +/- 1.1 versus 0.9 +/- 0.4% area, day 14 UUO). By immunostaining alphaSMA+ cells, CD34+ cells, vitronectin and PAI-1 co-localized to the same tubulointerstitial area. The number of apoptotic cells increased in response to UUO but was significantly higher in the -/- mice (2.0 +/- 0.2 versus 1.2 +/- 0.2 per 100 tubulointerstitial cells, day 14 UUO) while the number of proliferating cells was significantly lower in the uPAR-/- mice. These data suggest that uPAR deficiency suppresses renal Mphi recruitment, but the absence of this scavenger receptor actually accentuates the fibrogenic response, likely due in part to the delayed clearance of angiogenic/profibrotic molecules such as PAI-1 and decreased receptor-associated uPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Dai C, Yang J, Liu Y. Transforming growth factor-beta1 potentiates renal tubular epithelial cell death by a mechanism independent of Smad signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12537-45. [PMID: 12560323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300777200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular atrophy resulting from epithelial cell loss is one of the characteristic features in the development of chronic renal interstitial fibrosis. Although the trigger(s) and mechanism for tubular cell loss remain undefined, the hyperactive transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 signaling has long been suspected to play an active role. Here we demonstrate that although TGF-beta1 did not induce cell death per se, it dramatically potentiated renal tubular cell apoptosis initiated by other death cues in vitro. Pre-incubation of human kidney epithelial cells (HKC) with TGF-beta1 markedly promoted staurosporine-induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGF-beta1 dramatically accelerated the cleavage and activation of pro-caspase-9, but not pro-caspase-8, in HKC cells. This event was followed by an accelerated activation of pro-caspase-3. To elucidate the mechanism underlying TGF-beta1 promotion of tubular cell death, we investigated the signaling pathways activated by TGF-beta1. Both Smad-2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase were rapidly activated by TGF-beta1, as demonstrated by the early induction of phosphorylated Smad-2 and p38 MAP kinase, respectively. We found that overexpression of inhibitory Smad-7 completely abolished Smad-2 phosphorylation and activation induced by TGF-beta1 but did not inhibit TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. However, suppression of p38 MAP kinase with chemical inhibitor SC68376 not only abolished p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation but also obliterated apoptosis induced by TGF-beta1. These results suggest that hyperactive TGF-beta1 signaling potentiates renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis by a Smad-independent, p38 MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Dai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Zoetis T, Hurtt ME. Species comparison of anatomical and functional renal development. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2003; 68:111-20. [PMID: 12866702 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Zoetis
- Millstone Biomedical Associates, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Gao X, Mae H, Ayabe N, Takai T, Oshima K, Hattori M, Ueki T, Fujimoto J, Tanizawa T. Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy retards the progression of chronic obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002; 62:1238-48. [PMID: 12234294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2002.kid579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is characterized by progressive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Rupture of the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis plays a critical role in renal atrophy. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine function on cell survival and tissue regeneration. We studied the effects and possible mechanisms of HGF gene therapy on tubular cell survival and anti-fibrosis in chronic obstructed nephropathy. METHODS An in vivo transfection procedure of repeatedly transducing skeletal muscles with the HGF gene using liposomes containing the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ liposome) was tested on UUO rats. Expression of HGF and c-Met were examined by in situ hybridization, ELISA, or immunohistochemical staining. Interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were evaluated by Masson's Trichrome staining, alpha-smooth muscle actin and ED-1 immunostaining. Cell survival indices including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL method. RESULTS After HVJ-HGF gene transfer, endogenous HGF and c-Met were up-regulated in UUO kidneys. Renal fibrosis, macrophage infiltration and tubular atrophy were suppressed both at day 14 and 28 after UUO (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Tubular cell proliferation was activated while apoptosis was inhibited, especially at the late stage of UUO. Bcl-2 was enhanced in the HGF-transfected UUO rats, while no changes of Bcl-xL and Bax were found. CONCLUSIONS In vivo HGF gene transfection retards the progression of chronic obstructed nephropathy and protects tubular cell survival in the long-term UUO model. Bcl-2 rather than Bcl-xL or Bax may contribute to the anti-apoptotic function of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Clancy RM, Askanase AD, Kapur RP, Chiopelas E, Azar N, Miranda-Carus ME, Buyon JP. Transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts, a fetal factor in anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2156-63. [PMID: 12165545 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The signature lesion of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block (CHB) is fibrosis of the conducting tissue. To date, participation of myofibroblasts in the cascade to injury has been unexplored. The importance of myofibroblast/macrophage cross-talk is demonstrated by the novel finding of these cell types in the heart of a neonate dying of CHB. This clue to pathogenesis prompted consideration of the mechanism by which maternal anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La Abs initiate an inflammatory response and promote fibrosis. Isolated cardiocytes from 16-24 wk abortuses were rendered apoptotic by exposure to poly (2-) hydroxyethylmethacrylate; flow cytometry confirmed surface expression of Ro/La. Apoptotic cardiocytes were incubated with affinity-purified Abs to 52 and 60 kDa Ro from CHB mothers (opsonized) or IgG fractions from healthy donors (nonopsonized). Macrophages cultured with opsonized apoptotic cardiocytes expressed proinflammatory markers, supported by a three-fold increase in active alpha(V)beta(3) integrin. Fetal cardiac fibroblasts exposed to supernatants obtained from macrophages incubated with opsonized apoptotic cardiocytes (but not nonopsonized) dramatically increased expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMAc). The "opsonized" supernatant reversed an inhibitory effect of the "nonopsonized" supernatant on proliferation of fibroblasts (120 vs 69%, p < 0.05). Parallel experiments examined the effects of two cytokines and their neutralizing Abs on fibroblasts. TGFbeta1 increased SMAc staining but decreased proliferation. TNF-alpha did not affect either readout. Addition of anti-TGFbeta1 Abs to the "opsonized" supernatant blocked SMAc expression but increased proliferation, while anti-TNF-alpha blocking Abs had no effects. These data suggest that transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to a scarring phenotype is a pathologic process initiated by maternal Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Clancy
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Li C, Yang CW, Ahn HJ, Kim WY, Park CW, Park JH, Lee MJ, Yang JH, Kim YS, Bang BK. Colchicine decreases apoptotic cell death in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 139:364-71. [PMID: 12066135 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2002.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine has been shown to prevent kidney injury in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity; however, the mechanisms of its action are undetermined. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether colchicine prevents cyclosporine-induced kidney injury by decreasing kidney-cell apoptosis. We also sought to determine whether such an antiapoptotic effect was related to Bcl-2/Bax protein and caspase3 activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats kept on a salt-depleted diet (0.05% sodium) were treated daily for 28 days with cyclosporine (15 mg/kg in 1 mL/kg olive-oil vehicle), colchicine (30 microg/kg in 100% ethanol, diluted with sterile saline solution to a final concentration of 30 microg/mL), or both cyclosporine and colchicine. Kidney function, histomorphologic findings, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling assay, expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, and caspase-3 enzymatic activity were compared for the different treatment groups. Compared with the vehicle-treated rats, rats given cyclosporine showed a decline in creatinine clearance rate, an increase in serum creatinine concentration, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and an increase in the number of apoptotic cells (all P <.01). Concomitant administration of colchicine significantly reversed all the above parameters (all P <.05). The decreased expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax protein seen in cyclosporine-treated rat kidneys were significantly increased after colchicine treatment, accompanying a suppression of caspase-3 activity (P <.05). Furthermore, the decreased apoptotic cell death was closely correlated with improved renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (r = 0.583, P <.05). These findings strongly suggest that a renoprotective effect of colchicine on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity is coassociated with a decrease in apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Korea
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El-Koraie AF, Baddour NM, Adam AG, El Kashef EH, El Nahas AM. Role of stem cell factor and mast cells in the progression of chronic glomerulonephritides. Kidney Int 2001; 60:167-72. [PMID: 11422748 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and tissue fibrosis. However, the role of MC in the development of renal fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. Stem cell factor (SCF; the ligand for MC c-kit receptor) is thought to attract and activate MCs. METHODS The intensity of MC infiltration and SCF expression in renal biopsies from 56 patients with different forms of primary and secondary glomerulonephritis and five controls were investigated by immunohistochemistry, using a monoclonal anti-human MC tryptase antibody and a polyclonal antihuman SCF antibody. RESULTS A large number of MCs were detected in the renal interstitium of the diseased kidneys. Immunostainable SCF was detected in tubular as well as interstitial cells. MC infiltration was significantly higher in glomerulonephritis (16.9 +/- 10.2 cells/field) compared with controls (2.8 +/- 2.1 cells/field, P = 0.03). Similarly, immunostainable SCF was 0.6 +/- 0.3% for controls and 3.3 +/- 2.1% in the glomerulonephritis group (P = 0.02). MC infiltration was highly correlated with SCF expression in diseased kidneys (r = 0.93, P = 0.0001). Double immunostain showed them to colocalize in some interstitial cells. Analysis of MC proliferation [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positivity] and apoptosis (in situ end labeling of DNA) showed these cells to be terminally differentiated. Both MCs and SCF were correlated with interstitial fibrosis (R = 0.71 for MC and R = 0.62 for SCF, P = 0.0001) and interstitial alpha-smooth muscle actin (R = 0.69 for MC and R = 0.60 for SCF P = 0.0001). Using regression analysis, the number of MC infiltration was found to be a very powerful determinant of interstitial fibrosis in the glomerulonephritis group (R2 = 91.4%). CONCLUSION MCs as an infiltrating hematopoietic cell and its growth factor (SCF) seem to be up-regulated in glomerulonephritis, and may play a role in the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F El-Koraie
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital Trust, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
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