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Bo Y, Lu Q, Li B, Sha R, Yu H, Miao C. The role of platelets in central hubs of inflammation: A literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38115. [PMID: 38728509 PMCID: PMC11081549 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles in inflammation beyond their traditional involvement in haemostasis. This review consolidates knowledge on platelets as critical players in inflammatory responses. This study did an extensive search of electronic databases and identified studies on platelets in inflammation, focusing on molecular mechanisms, cell interactions, and clinical implications, emphasizing recent publications. Platelets contribute to inflammation via surface receptors, release of mediators, and participation in neutrophil extracellular trap formation. They are implicated in diseases like atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sepsis, highlighting their interaction with immune cells as pivotal in the onset and resolution of inflammation. Platelets are central to regulating inflammation, offering new therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Future research should explore specific molecular pathways of platelets in inflammation for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bo
- College of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Lu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR of China
| | - Beilei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Sha
- School of Economics and Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Haodong Yu
- School of Economic Crime Investigation, Jiangxi Police Academy, Nanchang, China
| | - Chuhan Miao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR of China
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2
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Wurtzel JGT, Lazar S, Askari S, Zhao X, Severa J, Ayombil F, Michael JV, Camire RM, McKenzie SE, Stalker TJ, Ma P, Goldfinger LE. Plasma growth factors maintain constitutive translation in platelets to regulate reactivity and thrombotic potential. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1550-1566. [PMID: 38163324 PMCID: PMC10982986 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mechanisms of proteostasis in anucleate circulating platelets are unknown and may regulate platelet function. We investigated the hypothesis that plasma-borne growth factors/hormones (GFHs) maintain constitutive translation in circulating platelets to facilitate reactivity. Bio-orthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed constitutive translation of a broad-spectrum translatome in human platelets dependent upon plasma or GFH exposure, and in murine circulation. Freshly isolated platelets from plasma showed homeostatic activation of translation-initiation signaling pathways: phosphorylation of p38/ERK upstream kinases, essential intermediate MNK1/2, and effectors eIF4E/4E-BP1. Plasma starvation led to loss of pathway phosphorylation, but it was fully restored with 5-minute stimulation by plasma or GFHs. Cycloheximide or puromycin infusion suppressed ex vivo platelet GpIIb/IIIa activation and P-selectin exposure with low thrombin concentrations and low-to-saturating concentrations of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) or thromboxane analog but not convulxin. ADP-induced thromboxane generation was blunted by translation inhibition, and secondary-wave aggregation was inhibited in a thromboxane-dependent manner. Intravenously administered puromycin reduced injury-induced clot size in cremaster muscle arterioles, and delayed primary hemostasis after tail tip amputation but did not delay neither final hemostasis after subsequent rebleeds, nor final hemostasis after jugular vein puncture. In contrast, these mice were protected from injury-induced arterial thrombosis and thrombin-induced pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), and adoptive transfer of translation-inhibited platelets into untreated mice inhibited arterial thrombosis and PE. Thus, constitutive plasma GFH-driven translation regulates platelet G protein-coupled receptor reactivity to balance hemostasis and thrombotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G. T. Wurtzel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sophia Lazar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shayan Askari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jenna Severa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Francis Ayombil
- Division of Hematology and the Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James V. Michael
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rodney M. Camire
- Division of Hematology and the Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven E. McKenzie
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy J. Stalker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peisong Ma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence E. Goldfinger
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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3
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Sim MM, Mollica MY, Alfar HR, Hollifield M, Chung DW, Fu X, Gandhapudi S, Coenen DM, Prakhya KS, Mahmood DFD, Banerjee M, Peng C, Li X, Thornton AC, Porterfield JZ, Sturgill JL, Sievert GA, Barton-Baxter M, Zheng Z, Campbell KS, Woodward JG, López JA, Whiteheart SW, Garvy BA, Wood JP. Unfolded Von Willebrand Factor Binds Protein S and Reduces Anticoagulant Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.08.579463. [PMID: 38370737 PMCID: PMC10871343 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.08.579463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein S (PS), the critical plasma cofactor for the anticoagulants tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and activated protein C (APC), circulates in two functionally distinct pools: free (anticoagulant) or bound to complement component 4b-binding protein (C4BP) (anti-inflammatory). Acquired free PS deficiency is detected in several viral infections, but its cause is unclear. Here, we identified a shear-dependent interaction between PS and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) by mass spectrometry. Consistently, plasma PS and VWF comigrated in both native and agarose gel electrophoresis. The PS/VWF interaction was blocked by TFPI but not APC, suggesting an interaction with the C-terminal sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) region of PS. Microfluidic systems, mimicking arterial laminar flow or disrupted turbulent flow, demonstrated that PS stably binds VWF as VWF unfolds under turbulent flow. PS/VWF complexes also localized to platelet thrombi under laminar arterial flow. In thrombin generation-based assays, shearing plasma decreased PS activity, an effect not seen in the absence of VWF. Finally, free PS deficiency in COVID-19 patients, measured using an antibody that binds near the C4BP binding site in SHBG, correlated with changes in VWF, but not C4BP, and with thrombin generation. Our data suggest that PS binds to a shear-exposed site on VWF, thus sequestering free PS and decreasing its anticoagulant activity, which would account for the increased thrombin generation potential. As many viral infections present with free PS deficiency, elevated circulating VWF, and increased vascular shear, we propose that the PS/VWF interaction reported here is a likely contributor to virus-associated thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Molly Y. Mollica
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
| | - Hammodah R. Alfar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Melissa Hollifield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Dominic W. Chung
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Siva Gandhapudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Daniëlle M. Coenen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Meenakshi Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Chi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Xian Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | - James Z. Porterfield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jamie L. Sturgill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Gail A. Sievert
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Campbell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jerold G. Woodward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - José A. López
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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4
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Zhou Y, Dong J, Wang M, Liu Y. New insights of platelet endocytosis and its implication for platelet function. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 10:1308170. [PMID: 38264257 PMCID: PMC10803655 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1308170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis constitutes a cellular process in which cells selectively encapsulate surface substances into endocytic vesicles, also known as endosomes, thereby modulating their interaction with the environment. Platelets, as pivotal hematologic elements, play a crucial role not only in regulating coagulation and thrombus formation but also in facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis. Functioning as critical components in the circulatory system, platelets can internalize various endosomal compartments, such as surface receptors, extracellular proteins, small molecules, and pathogens, from the extracellular environment through diverse endocytic pathways, including pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. We summarize recent advancements in platelet endocytosis, encompassing the catalog of cargoes, regulatory mechanisms, and internal trafficking routes. Furthermore, we describe the influence of endocytosis on platelet regulatory functions and related physiological and pathological processes, aiming to offer foundational insights for future research into platelet endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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5
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Salzmann M, Gibler P, Haider P, Brekalo M, Plasenzotti R, Filip T, Nistelberger R, Hartmann B, Wojta J, Hengstenberg C, Podesser BK, Kral-Pointner JB, Hohensinner PJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce persistent lung tissue damage via thromboinflammation without altering virus resolution in a mouse coronavirus model. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:188-198. [PMID: 37748582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During infection, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with severity of pulmonary diseases such as acute respiratory disease syndrome. NETs induce subsequent immune responses, are directly cytotoxic to pulmonary cells, and are highly procoagulant. Anticoagulation treatment was shown to reduce in-hospital mortality, indicating thromboinflammatory complications. However, data are sparsely available on the involvement of NETs in secondary events after virus clearance, which can lead to persistent lung damage and postacute sequelae with chronic fatigue and dyspnea. OBJECTIVES This study focuses on late-phase events using a murine model of viral lung infection with postacute sequelae after virus resolution. METHODS C57BL/6JRj mice were infected intranasally with the betacoronavirus murine coronavirus (MCoV, strain MHV-A95), and tissue samples were collected after 2, 4, and 10 days. For NET modulation, mice were pretreated with OM-85 or GSK484 and DNase I were administered intraperitoneally between days 2 to 5 and days 4 to 7, respectively. RESULTS Rapid, platelet-attributed thrombus formation was followed by a second, late phase of thromboinflammation. This phase was characterized by negligible virus titers but pronounced tissue damage, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage, and presence of NETs. Inhibition of NETs during the acute phase did not impact virus burden but decreased lung cell apoptosis by 67% and oxidative stress by 94%. Prevention of neutrophil activation by immune training before virus infection reduced damage by 75%, NETs by 31%, and pulmonary thrombi by 93%. CONCLUSION NETs are detrimental inducers of tissue damage during respiratory virus infection but do not contribute to virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Salzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrizia Gibler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mira Brekalo
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Core facility laboratory animal breeding and husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Filip
- Core facility laboratory animal breeding and husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Nistelberger
- Core facility laboratory animal breeding and husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Control, AGES, Mödling, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia B Kral-Pointner
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research and Translational Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Alfar HR, Nthenge-Ngumbau DN, Saatman KE, Whiteheart SW. EcoHIV-Infected Mice Show No Signs of Platelet Activation. Viruses 2023; 16:55. [PMID: 38257755 PMCID: PMC10819473 DOI: 10.3390/v16010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets express several surface receptors that could interact with different viruses. To understand the mechanisms of HIV-1's interaction with platelets, we chose the EcoHIV model. While EcoHIV is an established model for neuroAIDS, its effects on platelets are ill-defined. Our results indicate that EcoHIV behaves differently from HIV-1 and is cleared from circulation after 48 h post-infection. The EcoHIV course of infection resembles an HIV-1 infection under the effects of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) since infected mice stayed immunocompetent and the virus was readily detected in the spleen. EcoHIV-infected mice failed to become thrombocytopenic and showed no signs of platelet activation. One explanation is that mouse platelets lack the EcoHIV receptor, murine Cationic Amino acid Transporter-1 (mCAT-1). No mCAT-1 was detected on their surface, nor was any mCAT-1 mRNA detected. Thus, mouse platelets would not bind or become activated by EcoHIV. However, impure virus preparations, generated by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation, do activate platelets, suggesting that nonspecific PEG-precipitates may contain other platelet activators (e.g., histones and cell debris). Our data do not support the concept that platelets, through general surface proteins such as DC-SIGN or CLEC-2, have a wide recognition for different viruses and suggest that direct platelet/pathogen interactions are receptor/ligand specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammodah R. Alfar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Dominic Ngima Nthenge-Ngumbau
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (D.N.N.-N.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (D.N.N.-N.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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7
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Hranjec T, Mayhew M, Rogers B, Solomon R, Hurst D, Estreicher M, Augusten A, Nunez A, Green M, Malhotra S, Katz R, Rosenthal A, Hennessy S, Pepe P, Sawyer R, Arenas J. Diagnosis and treatment of coagulopathy using thromboelastography with platelet mapping is associated with decreased risk of pulmonary failure in COVID-19 patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2023; 34:508-516. [PMID: 37831624 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients may require antithrombotic and/or anti-inflammatory medications. We hypothesized that individualized anticoagulant (AC) management, based on diagnosis of coagulopathy using thromboelastography with platelet mapping (TEG-PM), would decrease the frequency of pulmonary failure (PF) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV), mitigate thrombotic and hemorrhagic events, and, in-turn, reduce mortality. METHODS Hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients, age 18 or older, with escalating oxygen requirements were included. Prospective and supplemental retrospective chart reviews were conducted during a 2-month period. Patients were stratified into two groups based on clinician-administered AC treatment: TEG-PM guided vs. non-TEG guided. RESULTS Highly-elevated inflammatory markers (D-dimer, C-reactive protein, ferritin) were associated with poor prognosis but did not distinguish coagulopathic from noncoagulopathic patients. TEG-guided AC treatment was used in 145 patients vs. 227 treated without TEG-PM guidance. When managed by TEG-PM, patients had decreased frequency of PF requiring MV (45/145 [31%] vs. 152/227 [66.9%], P < 0.0001), fewer thrombotic events (2[1.4%] vs. 39[17.2%], P = 0.0019) and fewer hemorrhagic events (6[4.1%] vs. 24[10.7%], P = 0.0240), and had markedly reduced mortality (43[29.7%] vs. 142[62.6%], P < 0.0001). Platelet hyperactivity, indicating the need for antiplatelet medications, was identified in 75% of TEG-PM patients. When adjusted for confounders, empiric, indiscriminate AC treatment (not guided by TEG-PM) was shown to be an associated risk factor for PF requiring MV, while TEG-PM guided management was associated with a protective effect (odds ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.08-0.4). CONCLUSIONS Following COVID-19 diagnosis, AC therapies based on diagnosis of coagulopathy using TEG-PM were associated with significantly less respiratory decompensation, fewer thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, and improved likelihood of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjasa Hranjec
- Department of Surgery, Bronson Methodist Hospital
- Department of Surgery, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood
| | - Mackenzie Mayhew
- Florida International University, Miami, Florida
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Rachele Solomon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood
| | | | | | | | - Aaron Nunez
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Melissa Green
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Shivali Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood, Florida
| | | | | | - Sara Hennessy
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Paul Pepe
- Metropolitan Emergency Medical Services, Medical Directors Coalition Global Hdqtrs, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Sawyer
- Department of Surgery, Bronson Methodist Hospital
- Department of Surgery, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Juan Arenas
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Regional Hospital, Hollywood
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8
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Joshi S, Prakhya KS, Smith AN, Chanzu H, Zhang M, Whiteheart SW. The complementary roles of VAMP-2, -3, and -7 in platelet secretion and function. Platelets 2023; 34:2237114. [PMID: 37545110 PMCID: PMC10564522 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2237114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelet secretion requires Soluble N-ethylmaleimide Sensitive Attachment Protein Receptors (SNAREs). Vesicle SNAREs/Vesicle-Associated Membrane Proteins (v-SNAREs/VAMPs) on granules and t-SNAREs in plasma membranes mediate granule release. Platelet VAMP heterogeneity has complicated the assessment of how/if each is used and affects hemostasis. To address the importance of VAMP-7 (V7), we analyzed mice with global deletions of V3 and V7 together or platelet-specific deletions of V2, V3, and global deletion of V7. We measured the kinetics of cargo release, and its effects on three injury models to define the context-specific roles of these VAMPs. Loss of V7 minimally affected dense and α granule release but did affect lysosomal release. V3-/-7-/- and V2Δ3Δ7-/- platelets showed partial defects in α and lysosomal release; dense granule secretion was unaffected. In vivo assays showed that loss of V2, V3, and V7 caused no bleeding or occlusive thrombosis. These data indicate a role for V7 in lysosome release that is partially compensated by V3. V7 and V3, together, contribute to α granule release, however none of these deletions affected hemostasis/thrombosis. Our results confirm the dominance of V8. When it is present, deletion of V2, V3, or V7 alone or in combination minimally affects platelet secretion and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Joshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Alexis N. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Harry Chanzu
- GenScript USA Inc., 860 Centennial Ave. Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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9
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Awamura T, Nakasone ES, Gangcuangco LM, Subia NT, Bali AJ, Chow DC, Shikuma CM, Park J. Platelet and HIV Interactions and Their Contribution to Non-AIDS Comorbidities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1608. [PMID: 38002289 PMCID: PMC10669125 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic cell fragments that circulate in the blood, where they are involved in regulating hemostasis. Beyond their normal physiologic role, platelets have emerged as versatile effectors of immune response. During an infection, cell surface receptors enable platelets to recognize viruses, resulting in their activation. Activated platelets release biologically active molecules that further trigger host immune responses to protect the body against infection. Their impact on the immune response is also associated with the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the site of infection. They can also aggregate with leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, to immobilize pathogens and prevent viral dissemination. Despite their host protective role, platelets have also been shown to be associated with various pathophysiological processes. In this review, we will summarize platelet and HIV interactions during infection. We will also highlight and discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediators, how they interact with immune cells, and the multifaceted responsibilities of platelets in HIV infection. Furthermore, we will give an overview of non-AIDS comorbidities linked to platelet dysfunction and the impact of antiretroviral therapy on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Awamura
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Nakasone
- University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Louie Mar Gangcuangco
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Natalie T. Subia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Aeron-Justin Bali
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Dominic C. Chow
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Juwon Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
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10
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Sevilya Z, Kuzmina A, Cipok M, Hershkovitz V, Keidar-Friedman D, Taube R, Lev EI. Differential platelet activation through an interaction with spike proteins of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 56:538-547. [PMID: 37736784 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications, which contribute to high short-term mortality. Patients with COVID-19 demonstrate enhanced platelet turnover and reactivity, which may have a role in the development of thrombotic events and disease severity. Evidence has suggested direct interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and platelets, resulting in platelets activation. Here, we compare the effect of various SARS-CoV-2 spike variants on platelet activation. Engineered lentiviral particles were pseudotyped with spike SARS-CoV-2 variants and incubated with Platelet Rich Plasma obtained from healthy individuals. The pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting the wild-type Wuhan-Hu spike protein stimulated platelets to increase expression of the surface CD62P and activated αIIbβ3 markers by 3.5 ± 1.2 and 3.3 ± 0.7 fold, respectively (P = 0.004 and 0.003). The Delta variant induced much higher levels of platelet activation; CD62P expression was increased by 6.6 ± 2.2 fold and activated αIIbβ3 expression was increased by 5.0 ± 1.5 fold (P = 0.005 and 0.026, respectively). The Omicron BA.1 and the Alpha variants induced the lowest level of activation; CD62P expression was increased by 1.7 ± 0.4 and 1.6 ± 0.9 fold, respectively (P = 0.003 and 0.008), and activated αIIbβ3 expression by 1.8 ± 1.1 and 1.6 ± 0.8, respectively (P = 0.003 and 0.001). The Omicron BA.2 variant induced an increase of platelets activation comparable to the Wuhan-Hu (2.8 ± 1.2 and 2.1 ± 1.3 fold for CD62P and activated αIIbβ3 markers, respectively). The results obtained for various COVID-19 variants are in correlation with the clinical severity and mortality reported for these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Sevilya
- Cardiology Department, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel.
| | - Alona Kuzmina
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Cipok
- Hematology Laboratory, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Vera Hershkovitz
- Hematology Laboratory, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | | | - Ran Taube
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Eli I Lev
- Cardiology Department, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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11
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Garcia C, Compagnon B, Ribes A, Voisin S, Vardon-Bounes F, Payrastre B. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection affects blood platelets, a comparative analysis with Delta variant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231576. [PMID: 37828997 PMCID: PMC10565689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In November 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern has emerged and is currently dominating the COVID-19 pandemic over the world. Omicron displays a number of mutations, particularly in the spike protein, leading to specific characteristics including a higher potential for transmission. Although Omicron has caused a significant number of deaths worldwide, it generally induces less severe clinical signs compared to earlier variants. As its impact on blood platelets remains unknown, we investigated platelet behavior in severe patients infected with Omicron in comparison to Delta. Methods Clinical and biological characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron (n=9) or Delta (n=11) variants were analyzed. Using complementary methods such as flow cytometry, confocal imaging and electron microscopy, we examined platelet activation, responsiveness and phenotype, presence of virus in platelets and induction of selective autophagy. We also explored the direct effect of spike proteins from the Omicron or Delta variants on healthy platelet signaling. Results Severe Omicron variant infection resulted in platelet activation and partial desensitization, presence of the virus in platelets and selective autophagy response. The intraplatelet processing of Omicron viral cargo was different from Delta as evidenced by the distribution of spike protein-positive structures near the plasma membrane and the colocalization of spike and Rab7. Moreover, spike proteins from the Omicron or Delta variants alone activated signaling pathways in healthy platelets including phosphorylation of AKT, p38MAPK, LIMK and SPL76 with different kinetics. Discussion Although SARS-CoV-2 Omicron has different biological characteristics compared to prior variants, it leads to platelet activation and desensitization as previously observed with the Delta variant. Omicron is also found in platelets from severe patients where it induces selective autophagy, but the mechanisms of intraplatelet processing of Omicron cargo, as part of the innate response, differs from Delta, suggesting that mutations on spike protein modify virus to platelet interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Garcia
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Baptiste Compagnon
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Voisin
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Vardon-Bounes
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
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12
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Lakerveld AJ, van Erp EA, van Kasteren PB. Binding of respiratory syncytial virus particles to platelets does not result in their degranulation in vitro. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000481.v3. [PMID: 37601435 PMCID: PMC10436017 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000481.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. The mechanisms behind severe RSV disease are incompletely understood, but a dysregulated immune response probably plays an important role. Platelets are increasingly being recognized as immune cells and are involved in the pathology of several viruses. The release of chemokines from platelets upon activation may attract, for example, neutrophils to the site of infection, which is a hallmark of RSV pathology. In addition, since RSV infections are sometimes associated with cardiovascular events and platelets express several known RSV receptors, we investigated the effect of RSV exposure on platelet degranulation. Washed human platelets were incubated with sucrose-purified RSV particles. P-selectin and CD63 surface expression and CCL5 secretion were measured to assess platelet degranulation. We found that platelets bind and internalize RSV particles, but this does not result in degranulation. Our results suggest that platelets do not play a direct role in RSV pathology by releasing chemokines to attract inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J. Lakerveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B. van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Cox D. Sepsis - it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210219. [PMID: 37350961 PMCID: PMC10282552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is accompanied by thrombocytopenia and the severity of the thrombocytopenia is associated with mortality. This thrombocytopenia is characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Many of the pathogens, both bacterial and viral, that cause sepsis also directly activate platelets, which suggests that pathogen-induced platelet activation leads to systemic thrombosis and drives the multi-organ failure of DIC. In this paper we review the mechanisms of platelet activation by pathogens and the evidence for a role for anti-platelet agents in the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by dysregulated thrombosis and coagulation that can increase mortality in patients. Platelets are fast responders to pathogen presence, alerting the surrounding immune cells and contributing to thrombosis and intravascular coagulation. The SARS-CoV-2 genome has been found in platelets from patients with COVID-19, and its coverage varies according to the method of detection, suggesting direct interaction of the virus with these cells. Antibodies against Spike and Nucleocapsid have confirmed this platelet-viral interaction. This review discusses the immune, prothrombotic, and procoagulant characteristics of platelets observed in patients with COVID-19. We outline the direct and indirect interaction of platelets with SARS-CoV-2, the contribution of the virus to programmed cell death pathway activation in platelets and the consequent extracellular vesicle release. We discuss platelet activation and immunothrombosis in patients with COVID-19, the effect of Spike on platelets, and possible activation of platelets by classical platelet activation triggers as well as contribution of platelets to complement activation. As COVID-19-mediated thrombosis and coagulation are still not well understood in vivo, we discuss available murine models and mouse adaptable strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sciaudone
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Heather Corkrey
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- Innate Immunity (F.H.). University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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15
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Ma X, Liang J, Zhu G, Bhoria P, Shoara AA, MacKeigan DT, Khoury CJ, Slavkovic S, Lin L, Karakas D, Chen Z, Prifti V, Liu Z, Shen C, Li Y, Zhang C, Dou J, Rousseau Z, Zhang J, Ni T, Lei X, Chen P, Wu X, Shaykhalishahi H, Mubareka S, Connelly KA, Zhang H, Rotstein O, Ni H. SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Its Variants Can Induce Platelet Activation and Clearance: Implications for Antibody Therapy and Vaccinations against COVID-19. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0124. [PMID: 37223472 PMCID: PMC10202384 DOI: 10.34133/research.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is an ongoing global health burden. Severe cases of COVID-19 and the rare cases of COVID-19 vaccine-induced-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia (VITT) are both associated with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Both infection and vaccination utilize the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. We found that intravenous injection of recombinant RBD caused significant platelet clearance in mice. Further investigation revealed the RBD could bind platelets, cause platelet activation, and potentiate platelet aggregation, which was exacerbated in the Delta and Kappa variants. The RBD-platelet interaction was partially dependent on the β3 integrin as binding was significantly reduced in β3-/- mice. Furthermore, RBD binding to human and mouse platelets was significantly reduced with related αIIbβ3 antagonists and mutation of the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) integrin binding motif to RGE (arginine-glycine-glutamate). We developed anti-RBD polyclonal and several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and identified 4F2 and 4H12 for their potent dual inhibition of RBD-induced platelet activation, aggregation, and clearance in vivo, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in Vero E6 cells. Our data show that the RBD can bind platelets partially though αIIbβ3 and induce platelet activation and clearance, which may contribute to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia observed in COVID-19 and VITT. Our newly developed mAbs 4F2 and 4H12 have potential not only for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen but also importantly for therapy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jady Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Preeti Bhoria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aron A. Shoara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel T. MacKeigan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Khoury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sladjana Slavkovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisha Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Karakas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Viktor Prifti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenze Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuchong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Dou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zack Rousseau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pingguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hamed Shaykhalishahi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease,
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim A. Connelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology,
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease,
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Division of Critical Care Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ori Rotstein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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de Vries F, Huckriede J, Wichapong K, Reutelingsperger C, Nicolaes GAF. The role of extracellular histones in COVID-19. J Intern Med 2023; 293:275-292. [PMID: 36382685 PMCID: PMC10108027 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had spread from China and, within 2 months, became a global pandemic. The infection from this disease can cause a diversity of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with an increased risk of vascular hyperpermeability, pulmonary inflammation, extensive lung damage, and thrombosis. One of the host defense systems against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Numerous studies on this disease have revealed the presence of elevated levels of NET components, such as cell-free DNA, extracellular histones, neutrophil elastase, and myeloperoxidase, in plasma, serum, and tracheal aspirates of severe COVID-19 patients. Extracellular histones, a major component of NETs, are clinically very relevant as they represent promising biomarkers and drug targets, given that several studies have identified histones as key mediators in the onset and progression of various diseases, including COVID-19. However, the role of extracellular histones in COVID-19 per se remains relatively underexplored. Histones are nuclear proteins that can be released into the extracellular space via apoptosis, necrosis, or NET formation and are then regarded as cytotoxic damage-associated molecular patterns that have the potential to damage tissues and impair organ function. This review will highlight the mechanisms of extracellular histone-mediated cytotoxicity and focus on the role that histones play in COVID-19. Thereby, this paper facilitates a bench-to-bedside view of extracellular histone-mediated cytotoxicity, its role in COVID-19, and histones as potential drug targets and biomarkers for future theranostics in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram Huckriede
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Scherlinger M, Richez C, Tsokos GC, Boilard E, Blanco P. The role of platelets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41577-023-00834-4. [PMID: 36707719 PMCID: PMC9882748 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are characterized by excessive and uncontrolled inflammation and thrombosis, both of which are responsible for organ damage, morbidity and death. Platelets have long been known for their role in primary haemostasis, but they are now also considered to be components of the immune system and to have a central role in the pathogenesis of IMIDs. In patients with IMIDs, platelets are activated by disease-specific factors, and their activation often reflects disease activity. Here we summarize the evidence showing that activated platelets have an active role in the pathogenesis and the progression of IMIDs. Activated platelets produce soluble factors and directly interact with immune cells, thereby promoting an inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, platelets participate in tissue injury and promote abnormal tissue healing, leading to fibrosis. Targeting platelet activation and targeting the interaction of platelets with the immune system are novel and promising therapeutic strategies in IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Scherlinger
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre de référence des maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares RESO, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire UMR_S 1109, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christophe Richez
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre de référence des maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares RESO, Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcept, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Blanco
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcept, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunogénétique, FHU ACRONIM, Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Bordeaux, France.
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18
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Xu M, Du R, Xing W, Chen X, Wan J, Wang S, Xiong L, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R, Geng H. Platelets derived citrullinated proteins and microparticles are potential autoantibodies ACPA targets in RA patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1084283. [PMID: 36761728 PMCID: PMC9902922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullinated neoepitopes have emerged as key triggers of autoantibodies anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) synthesis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Apart from their critical role in homeostasis and thrombosis, platelets have a significant contribution to inflammation as well. Although anuclear in nature, platelets have an intricate post-translational modification machinery. Till now, citrullination in platelets and its contribution to trigger autoantibodies ACPA production in RA is an unexplored research direction. Herein, we investigated the expression of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes and citrullinated proteins/peptides in the human platelets and platelet derived microparticles (PDP). Both PAD4 mRNA and protein, but not the other PAD isoforms, are detectable in the human platelets. With a strict filtering criterion,108 citrullination sites present on 76 proteins were identified in the human platelets, and 55 citrullinated modifications present on 37 different proteins were detected in the PDPs. Among them, some are well-known citrullinated autoantigens associated with RA. Citrullinated forms of thrombospondin-1, β-actin, and platelet factor-4 (also known as CXCL4) are highly immunogenic and bound by autoantibodies ACPA. Furthermore, ACPA from RA sera and synovial fluids recognized citrullinated proteins from platelets and significantly activated them as evidenced by P-selectin upregulation and sCD40 L secretion. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of citrullinated autoantigens in platelets and PDPs, thus could serve as potential targets of ACPA in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenping Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueting Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital affiliated to Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Williams B, Zhu J, Zou L, Chao W. Innate immune TLR7 signaling mediates platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation in murine bacterial sepsis. Platelets 2022; 33:1251-1259. [PMID: 35920588 PMCID: PMC9833650 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in sepsis and is associated with higher mortality. Activated platelets express CD62P, which facilitates platelet-leukocyte aggregate (PLA) formation and contributes to thrombocytopenia in sepsis. We have reported that thrombocytopenia in murine sepsis is partly attributable to TLR7 signaling, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that TLR7 mediates platelet activation and PLA formation during sepsis. In vitro, whole blood from WT mice treated with loxoribine, a TLR7 agonist, exhibited a dose-dependent increase in activated platelets compared to the control (PBS with 0.05% DMSO) or loxoribine-treated TLR7-/- whole blood. In a murine model of sepsis, there was a significant increase in platelet activation and PLA formation 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as evidenced by double positive expression of CD41+/CD62P+ and CD45+/CD62P+, respectively. The sepsis-induced PLA formation was significantly attenuated in TLR7-/- mice. Finally, in ex-vivo experiments, plasma isolated from septic mice induced WT platelet activation, but such effect was significantly attenuated in platelets deficient of TLR7. These findings demonstrate a pivotal role of TLR7 signaling in platelet activation and PLA formation during bacterial sepsis.
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20
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Jankauskaite L, Malinauskas M, Snipaitiene A. Effect of stimulated platelets in COVID-19 thrombosis: Role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1037369. [PMID: 36312286 PMCID: PMC9614055 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1037369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since early 2020, SARS-CoV-2-induced infection resulted in global pandemics with high morbidity, especially in the adult population. COVID-19 is a highly prothrombotic condition associated with subsequent multiorgan failure and lethal outcomes. The exact mechanism of the prothrombotic state is not well understood and might be multifactorial. Nevertheless, platelets are attributed to play a crucial role in COVID-19-associated thrombosis. To date, platelets' role was defined primarily in thrombosis and homeostasis. Currently, more focus has been set on their part in inflammation and immunity. Moreover, their ability to release various soluble factors under activation as well as internalize and degrade specific pathogens has been highly addressed in viral research. This review article will discuss platelet role in COVID-19-associated thrombosis and their role in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Multiple studies confirmed that platelets display a hyperactivated phenotype in COVID-19 patients. Critically ill patients demonstrate increased platelet activation markers such as P-selectin, PF4, or serotonin. In addition, platelets contain acetylcholine and express α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAchR). Thus, acetylcholine can be released under activation, and α7nAchR can be stimulated in an autocrine manner and support platelet function. α7 receptor is one of the most important mediators of the anti-inflammatory properties as it is associated with humoral and intrinsic immunity and was demonstrated to contribute to better outcomes in COVID-19 patients when under stimulation. Hematopoietic α7nAchR deficiency increases platelet activation and, in experimental studies, α7nAchR stimulation can diminish the pro-inflammatory state and modulate platelet reactiveness via increased levels of NO. NO has been described to inhibit platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. In addition, acetylcholine has been demonstrated to decrease platelet aggregation possibly by blocking the e p-38 pathway. SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been found to be similar to neurotoxins which can bind to nAChR and prevent the action of acetylcholine. Concluding, the platelet role in COVID-19 thrombotic events could be explained by their active function in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jankauskaite
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania,*Correspondence: Lina Jankauskaite
| | - Mantas Malinauskas
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Snipaitiene
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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21
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Wall I, Boulat V, Shah A, Blenman KRM, Wu Y, Alberts E, Calado DP, Salgado R, Grigoriadis A. Leveraging the Dynamic Immune Environment Triad in Patients with Breast Cancer: Tumour, Lymph Node, and Peripheral Blood. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4505. [PMID: 36139665 PMCID: PMC9496983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the anti-tumour response to breast cancer, the primary tumour, the peripheral blood, and the lymph nodes each play unique roles. Immunological features at each site reveal evidence of continuous immune cross-talk between them before, during and after treatment. As such, immune responses to breast cancer are found to be highly dynamic and truly systemic, integrating three distinct immune sites, complex cell-migration highways, as well as the temporal dimension of disease progression and treatment. In this review, we provide a connective summary of the dynamic immune environment triad of breast cancer. It is critical that future studies seek to establish dynamic immune profiles, constituting multiple sites, that capture the systemic immune response to breast cancer and define patient-selection parameters resulting in more significant overall responses and survival rates for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobelle Wall
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Victoire Boulat
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aekta Shah
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kim R. M. Blenman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yin Wu
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Elena Alberts
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Cancer Bioinformatics, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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22
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Chen Z, Liu P, Xia X, Wang L, Li X. The underlying mechanisms of cold exposure-induced ischemic stroke. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155514. [PMID: 35472344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that cold exposure is to some extent a potential risk factor for ischemic stroke. At present, although the mechanism by which cold exposure induces ischemic stroke is not fully understood, some potential mechanisms have been mentioned. First, the seasonal and temperature variability of cerebrovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation) may be involved. Moreover, the activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system and their downstream signaling pathways (pro-inflammatory AngII, activated platelets, and dysfunctional immune cells) are also major contributors. Finally, the influenza epidemics induced by cold weather are also influencing factors that cannot be ignored. This article is the first to systematically and comprehensively describe the underlying mechanism of cold-induced ischemic stroke, aiming to provide more preventive measures and medication guidance for stroke-susceptible individuals in cold season, and also provide support for the formulation of public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peilin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Gawelek KL, Padera R, Connors J, Pinkus GS, Podznyakova O, Battinelli EM. Cardiac megakaryocytes in SARS-CoV-2 positive autopsies. Histopathology 2022; 81:600-624. [PMID: 35925828 PMCID: PMC9538948 DOI: 10.1111/his.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thromboembolic phenomena are an important complication of infection by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Increasing focus on the management of the thrombotic complications of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has led to further investigation into the role of platelets, and their precursor cell, the megakaryocyte, during the disease course. Previously published postmortem evaluations of patients who succumbed to COVID‐19 have reported the presence of megakaryocytes in the cardiac microvasculature. Our series evaluated a cohort of autopsies performed on SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive patients in 2020 (n = 36) and prepandemic autopsies performed in early 2020 (n = 12) and selected to represent comorbidities common in cases of severe COVID‐19, in addition to infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disease and thromboembolic phenomena. Cases were assessed for the presence of cardiac megakaryocytes and correlated with the presence of pulmonary emboli and laboratory platelet parameters and inflammatory markers. Cardiac megakaryocytes were detected in 64% (23/36) of COVID‐19 autopsies, and 40% (5/12) prepandemic autopsies, with averages of 1.77 and 0.84 megakaryocytes per cm2, respectively. Within the COVID‐19 cohort, autopsies with detected megakaryocytes had significantly higher platelet counts compared with cases throughout; other platelet parameters were not statistically significant between groups. Although studies have supported a role of platelets and megakaryocytes in the response to viral infections, including SARS‐CoV‐2, our findings suggest cardiac megakaryocytes may be representative of a nonspecific inflammatory response and are frequent in, but not exclusive to, COVID‐19 autopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Gawelek
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Connors
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geraldine S Pinkus
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga Podznyakova
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Battinelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Wu M, Zhao X, Zhu X, Shi J, Liu L, Wang X, Xie M, Ma C, Hu Y, Sun J. Functional analysis and expression profile of human platelets infected by EBV in vitro. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 102:105312. [PMID: 35667565 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation is commonly detected after infection by multiple viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), H1N1 influenza, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Ebola virus (EBV), and Dengue virus (DENV). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the human transcribed genome, but the biology of platelet ncRNAs is largely unexplored. In this study, we performed microarray profiling to characterize the expression profile of human platelets infected with EBV in vitro after 2 h. A total of 187 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) displayed differences, of which 114 were upregulated and 73 were downregulated; 78 microRNAs (miRNAs) showed differences, including 73 upregulated and 5 downregulated; 808 mRNAs displayed differences, among which 367 were upregulated and 441 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis mostly related to G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in cell metabolism and immune-related response. A ceRNA network was established based on predicting regulatory pairs in differentially expressed genes, in which hsa-miR-6877-3p had the highest regulatory capability (degree = 31), FAM230A was the lncRNA with the highest regulatory capability (degree = 28). According to the EBV related miRNA regulation network, it revealed that ebv-miR-BART19-3p had the most target genes and BRWD1, FAM126B, TFRC and JMY were the genes most regulated by EBV-related miRNAs. After overlapping the three networks, we found that the EIFAK2 gene was strongly correlated with autologous ncRNAs, including hsa-miR-1972, hsa-miR-504-3p and hsa-miR-6825-5p, as well as with EBV ncRNAs, including EBER1, EBER2, miR-BART7-3p and miR-BART16. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the expression profiling of ncRNAs and their functions in platelets activated by EBV in vitro, and paves the way to further study on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiutao Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiandong Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Mengxin Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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25
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Sim MM, Banerjee M, Myint T, Garvy BA, Whiteheart SW, Wood JP. Total Plasma Protein S Is a Prothrombotic Marker in People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:463-471. [PMID: 35616596 PMCID: PMC9246910 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection is associated with multiple procoagulant changes and increased thrombotic risk. Possible mechanisms for this risk include heigthened expression of procoagulant tissue factor (TF) on circulating monocytes, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles and/or acquired deficiency of protein S (PS), a critical cofactor for the anticoagulant protein C (PC). PS deficiency occurs in up to 76% of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). As increased ex vivo plasma thrombin generation is a strong predictor of mortality, we investigated whether PS and plasma TF are associated with plasma thrombin generation. METHODS We analyzed plasma samples from 9 healthy controls, 17 PLWH on first diagnosis (naive), and 13 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Plasma thrombin generation, total and free PS, PC, C4b-binding protein, and TF activity were measured. RESULTS We determined that the plasma thrombin generation assay is insensitive to PS, because of a lack of PC activation, and developed a modified PS-sensitive assay. Total plasma PS was reduced in 58% of the naive and 38% of the ART-treated PLWH samples and correlated with increased thrombin generation in the modified assay. Conversely, plasma TF was not increased in our patient population, suggesting that it does not significantly contribute to ex vivo plasma thrombin generation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that reduced total plasma PS contributes to the thrombotic risk associated with HIV-1 infection and can serve as a prothrombotic biomarker. In addition, our refined thrombin generation assay offers a more sensitive tool to assess the functional consequences of acquired PS deficiency in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Meenakshi Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thein Myint
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Bluegrass Care Clinic, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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26
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Ebeyer-Masotta M, Eichhorn T, Weiss R, Lauková L, Weber V. Activated Platelets and Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mediate COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:914891. [PMID: 35874830 PMCID: PMC9299085 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.914891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as central players in thromboembolic complications associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Platelets bridge hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses by their ability to sense pathogens via various pattern recognition receptors, and they respond to infection through a diverse repertoire of mechanisms. Dysregulated platelet activation, however, can lead to immunothrombosis, a simultaneous overactivation of blood coagulation and the innate immune response. Mediators released by activated platelets in response to infection, such as antimicrobial peptides, high mobility group box 1 protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4), and PF4+ extracellular vesicles promote neutrophil activation, resulting in the release of neutrophil extracellular traps and histones. Many of the factors released during platelet and neutrophil activation are positively charged and interact with endogenous heparan sulfate or exogenously administered heparin via electrostatic interactions or via specific binding sites. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of platelets and platelet-derived EVs in the pathogenesis of immunothrombosis, and we discuss the potential of extracorporeal therapies using adsorbents functionalized with heparin to deplete platelet-derived and neutrophil-derived mediators of immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ebeyer-Masotta
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Lucia Lauková
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
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27
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Ogweno G. Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in platelet functions in HIV/AIDS is due to the high incidence of microvascular thrombosis in these individuals. A lot of laboratory data have been generated regarding platelet functions in this population. The tests demonstrate platelet hyperactivity but decreased aggregation, though results are inconsistent depending on the study design. Antiretroviral treatments currently in use display complex interactions. Many studies on platelet functions in these patients have been for research purposes, but none have found utility in guiding drug treatment of thrombosis.
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28
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Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Bai M, Gu H, Li X. Metal-organic frameworks as a therapeutic strategy for lung diseases. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5666-5695. [PMID: 35848605 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung diseases remain a global burden today. Lower respiratory tract infections alone cause more than 3 million deaths worldwide each year and are on the rise every year. In particular, with coronavirus disease raging worldwide since 2019, we urgently require a treatment for lung disease. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have a broad application prospect in the biomedical field due to their remarkable properties. The unique properties of MOFs allow them to be applied as delivery materials for different drugs; diversified structural design endows MOFs with diverse functions; and they can be designed as various MOF-drug synergistic systems. This review concentrates on the synthesis design and applications of MOF based drugs against lung diseases, and discusses the possibility of preparing MOF-based inhalable formulations. Finally, we discuss the chances and challenges of using MOFs for targeting lung diseases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Mengting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Huang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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29
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Platelet activation and partial desensitization are associated with viral xenophagy in patients with severe COVID-19. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3884-3898. [PMID: 35789374 PMCID: PMC9068266 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During severe COVID-19, platelets get activated and become partly desensitized through mechanisms involving glycoprotein shedding. Platelets from patients with severe COVID-19 internalize SARS-CoV-2 and develop viral xenophagy.
Mild thrombocytopenia, changes in platelet gene expression, enhanced platelet functionality, and presence of platelet-rich thrombi in the lung have been associated with thromboinflammatory complications of patients with COVID-19. However, whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gets internalized by platelets and directly alters their behavior and function in infected patients remains elusive. Here, we investigated platelet parameters and the presence of viral material in platelets from a prospective cohort of 29 patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit. A combination of specific assays, tandem mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry indicated high levels of protein and lipid platelet activation markers in the plasma from patients with severe COVID-19 associated with an increase of proinflammatory cytokines and leukocyte-platelets interactions. Platelets were partly desensitized, as shown by a significant reduction of αIIbβ3 activation and granule secretion in response to stimulation and a decrease of surface GPVI, whereas plasma from patients with severe COVID-19 potentiated washed healthy platelet aggregation response. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 particles in a significant fraction of platelets as confirmed by immunogold labeling and immunofluorescence imaging of Spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Compared with platelets from healthy donors or patients with bacterial sepsis, platelets from patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited enlarged intracellular vesicles and autophagolysosomes. They had large LC3-positive structures and increased levels of LC3II with a co-localization of LC3 and Spike, suggesting that platelets can digest SARS-CoV-2 material by xenophagy in critically ill patients. Altogether, these data show that during severe COVID-19, platelets get activated, become partly desensitized, and develop a selective autophagy response.
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30
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Desai C, Koupenova M, Machlus KR, Sen Gupta A. Beyond the thrombus: Platelet-inspired nanomedicine approaches in inflammation, immune response, and cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1523-1534. [PMID: 35441793 PMCID: PMC9321119 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The traditional role of platelets is in the formation of blood clots for physiologic (e.g., in hemostasis) or pathologic (e.g., in thrombosis) functions. The cellular and subcellular mechanisms and signaling in platelets involved in these functions have been extensively elucidated and new knowledge continues to emerge, resulting in various therapeutic developments in this area for the management of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events. Nanomedicine, a field involving design of nanoparticles with unique biointeractive surface modifications and payload encapsulation for disease-targeted drug delivery, has become an important component of such therapeutic development. Beyond their traditional role in blood clotting, platelets have been implicated to play crucial mechanistic roles in other diseases including inflammation, immune response, and cancer, via direct cellular interactions, as well as secretion of soluble factors that aid in the disease microenvironment. To date, the development of nanomedicine systems that leverage these broader roles of platelets has been limited. Additionally, another exciting area of research that has emerged in recent years is that of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) that can directly and indirectly influence physiological and pathological processes. This makes PEVs a unique paradigm for platelet-inspired therapeutic design. This review aims to provide mechanistic insight into the involvement of platelets and PEVs beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, and to discuss the current state of the art in the development of platelet-inspired therapeutic technologies in these areas, with an emphasis on future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Desai
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kellie R. Machlus
- Department of SurgeryVascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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31
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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Huang DY, Wang GM, Ke ZR, Zhou Y, Yang HH, Ma TL, Guan CX. Megakaryocytes in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2022; 301:120602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ghasemzadeh M, Ahmadi J, Hosseini E. Platelet-leukocyte crosstalk in COVID-19: How might the reciprocal links between thrombotic events and inflammatory state affect treatment strategies and disease prognosis? Thromb Res 2022; 213:179-194. [PMID: 35397313 PMCID: PMC8969450 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-leukocyte crosstalk is commonly manifested by reciprocal links between thrombosis and inflammation. Platelet thrombus acts as a reactive matrix that recruits leukocytes to the injury site where their massive accumulation, activation and migration promote thrombotic events while triggering inflammatory responses. As a life-threatening condition with the associations between inflammation and thrombosis, COVID-19 presents diffuse alveolar damage due to exaggerated macrophage activity and cytokine storms. These events, together with direct intracellular virus invasion lead to pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, cell membranes disruption, severe endothelial injury, and thrombosis. The developing pre-alveolar thrombus provides a hyper-reactive milieu that recruits circulating leukocytes to the injury site where their activation contributes to thrombus stabilization and thrombosis propagation, primarily through the formation of Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). NET fragments can also circulate and deposit in further distance where they may disseminate intravascular thrombosis in severe cases of disease. Thrombi may also facilitate leukocytes migration into alveoli where their accumulation and activation exacerbate cytokine storms and tissue damage, further complicating the disease. Based on these mechanisms, whether an effective anti-inflammatory protocol can prevent thrombotic events, or on the other hand; efficient antiplatelet or anticoagulant regimens may be associated with reduced cytokine storms and tissue damage, is now of interests for several ongoing researches. Thus shedding more light on platelet-leukocyte crosstalk, the review presented here discusses the detailed mechanisms by which platelets may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, especially in severe cases where their interaction with leukocytes can intensify both inflammatory state and thrombosis in a reciprocal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Corresponding authors at: Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Hemmat Exp. Way, Next to the Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Corresponding authors at: Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Hemmat Exp. Way, Next to the Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Garcia C, Compagnon B, Poëtte M, Gratacap MP, Lapébie FX, Voisin S, Minville V, Payrastre B, Vardon-Bounes F, Ribes A. Platelet Versus Megakaryocyte: Who Is the Real Bandleader of Thromboinflammation in Sepsis? Cells 2022; 11:1507. [PMID: 35563812 PMCID: PMC9104300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are mainly known for their key role in hemostasis and thrombosis. However, studies over the last two decades have shown their strong implication in mechanisms associated with inflammation, thrombosis, and the immune system in various neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. During sepsis, platelets amplify the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at the site of infection and contribute to the elimination of pathogens. In certain conditions, these mechanisms can lead to thromboinflammation resulting in severe organ dysfunction. Here, we discuss the interactions of platelets with leukocytes, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and endothelial cells during sepsis. The intrinsic properties of platelets that generate an inflammatory signal through the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome are discussed. As an example of immunothrombosis, the implication of platelets in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is documented. Finally, we discuss the role of megakaryocytes (MKs) in thromboinflammation and their adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Garcia
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Baptiste Compagnon
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Michaël Poëtte
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - François-Xavier Lapébie
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sophie Voisin
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Vincent Minville
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Fanny Vardon-Bounes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
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35
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Schrottmaier WC, Schmuckenschlager A, Pirabe A, Assinger A. Platelets in Viral Infections - Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856713. [PMID: 35419008 PMCID: PMC9001014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often associated with platelet activation and haemostatic complications. In line, low platelet counts represent a hallmark for poor prognosis in many infectious diseases. The underlying cause of platelet dysfunction in viral infections is multifaceted and complex. While some viruses directly interact with platelets and/or megakaryocytes to modulate their function, also immune and inflammatory responses directly and indirectly favour platelet activation. Platelet activation results in increased platelet consumption and degradation, which contributes to thrombocytopenia in these patients. The role of platelets is often bi-phasic. Initial platelet hyper-activation is followed by a state of platelet exhaustion and/or hypo-responsiveness, which together with low platelet counts promotes bleeding events. Thereby infectious diseases not only increase the thrombotic but also the bleeding risk or both, which represents a most dreaded clinical complication. Treatment options in these patients are limited and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to prevent adverse outcome. This review summarizes the current literature on platelet-virus interactions and their impact on viral pathologies and discusses potential intervention strategies. As pandemics and concomitant haemostatic dysregulations will remain a recurrent threat, understanding the role of platelets in viral infections represents a timely and pivotal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Zaid Y, Merhi Y. Implication of Platelets in Immuno-Thrombosis and Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863846. [PMID: 35402556 PMCID: PMC8990903 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-described hemostatic function, platelets are active participants in innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammation and immunity are closely related to changes in platelet reactions and enhanced platelet function in thrombo-inflammation, as well as in microbial and virus infections. A platelet’s immune function is incompletely understood, but an important balance exists between its protective and pathogenic responses and its thrombotic and inflammatory functions. As the mediator of vascular homeostasis, platelets interact with neutrophils, bacteria and virus by expressing specific receptors and releasing granules, transferring RNA, and secreting mitochondria, which controls hemostasis and thrombosis, infection, and innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the involvement of platelets during immuno-thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, The Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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37
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Li QR, Xu HZ, Xiao RC, Liu Y, Tang JM, Li J, Yu TT, Liu B, Li LG, Wang MF, Han N, Xu YH, Wang C, Komatsu N, Zhao L, Peng XC, Li TF, Chen X. Platelets are highly efficient and efficacious carriers for tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:937-949. [PMID: 35319321 PMCID: PMC8956315 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2053762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to prove the concept of tumor-targeted drug delivery mediated by platelets. Doxorubicin (DOX) attached to nanodiamonds (ND-DOX) was investigated as the model payload drug of platelets. In vitro experiments first showed that ND-DOX could be loaded in mouse platelets in a dose-dependent manner with a markedly higher efficiency and capacity than free DOX. ND-DOX-loaded platelets (Plt@ND-DOX) maintained viability and ND-DOX could be stably held in the platelets for at least 4 hr. Next, mouse Lewis lung cancer cells were found to activate Plt@ND-DOX and thereby stimulate cargo unloading of Plt@ND-DOX. The unloaded ND-DOX was taken up by co-cultured cancer cells which consequently exhibited loss of viability, proliferation suppression and apoptosis. In vivo, Plt@ND-DOX displayed significantly prolonged blood circulation time over ND-DOX and DOX in mice, and Lewis tumor grafts demonstrated infiltration, activation and cargo unloading of Plt@ND-DOX in the tumor tissue. Consequently, Plt@ND-DOX effectively reversed the growth of Lewis tumor grafts which exhibited significant inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Importantly, Plt@ND-DOX displayed a markedly higher therapeutic potency than free DOX but without the severe systemic toxicity associated with DOX. Our findings are concrete proof of platelets as efficient and efficacious carriers for tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery with the following features: 1) large loading capacity and high loading efficiency, 2) good tolerance of cargo drug, 3) stable cargo retention and no cargo unloading in the absence of stimulation, 4) prolonged blood circulation time, and 5) excellent tumor distribution and tumor-activated drug unloading leading to high therapeutic potency and few adverse effects. Platelets hold great potential as efficient and efficacious carriers for tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Cheng Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Ming Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Liu-Gen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mei-Fang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ning Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yong-Hong Xu
- Institute of Ophthalmological Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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38
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Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Shen JP, Martch SL, Maitra A, Kopetz S, Honn KV, Sood AK. Of vascular defense, hemostasis, cancer, and platelet biology: an evolutionary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:147-172. [PMID: 35022962 PMCID: PMC8754476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established considerable expertise in studying the role of platelets in cancer biology. From this expertise, we were keen to recognize the numerous venous-, arterial-, microvascular-, and macrovascular thrombotic events and immunologic disorders are caused by severe, acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. With this offering, we explore the evolutionary connections that place platelets at the center of hemostasis, immunity, and adaptive phylogeny. Coevolutionary changes have also occurred in vertebrate viruses and their vertebrate hosts that reflect their respective evolutionary interactions. As mammals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial life and the heavy blood loss associated with placentalization-based live birth, platelets evolved phylogenetically from thrombocytes toward higher megakaryocyte-blebbing-based production rates and the lack of nuclei. With no nuclei and robust RNA synthesis, this adaptation may have influenced viral replication to become less efficient after virus particles are engulfed. Human platelets express numerous receptors that bind viral particles, which developed from archetypal origins to initiate aggregation and exocytic-release of thrombo-, immuno-, angiogenic-, growth-, and repair-stimulatory granule contents. Whether by direct, evolutionary, selective pressure, or not, these responses may help to contain virus spread, attract immune cells for eradication, and stimulate angiogenesis, growth, and wound repair after viral damage. Because mammalian and marsupial platelets became smaller and more plate-like their biophysical properties improved in function, which facilitated distribution near vessel walls in fluid-shear fields. This adaptation increased the probability that platelets could then interact with and engulf shedding virus particles. Platelets also generate circulating microvesicles that increase membrane surface-area encounters and mark viral targets. In order to match virus-production rates, billions of platelets are generated and turned over per day to continually provide active defenses and adaptation to suppress the spectrum of evolving threats like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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39
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Bote J, Corkrey HA, Koupenova M. Human Platelets and Influenza Virus: Internalization and Platelet Activation. Platelets 2022; 33:184-191. [PMID: 34369285 PMCID: PMC8821732 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1961710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza infection has long been associated with prothrombotic outcomes in patients and platelets are the blood component predominantly responsible for thrombosis. In this review, we outline what is known about influenza interaction with human platelets, virion internalization, and viral RNA sensing, and the consequent impact on platelet function. We further discuss activation of platelets by IgG-influenza complexes and touch upon mechanisms of environmental platelet activation that relate to prothrombotic outcomes in patients during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Bote
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Heather A. Corkrey
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA,Corresponding Author: Milka Koupenova, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368 Plantation St, S7-1041, Worcester, MA 01605, Tel: (774) 455-6646,
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40
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Rondina MT. Editorial: special review series on viruses and platelets. Platelets 2022; 33:174-175. [PMID: 34937498 PMCID: PMC8881311 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.2020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Rondina
- Author for correspondence: Matthew Rondina, MD, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, Room 4220, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,
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41
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Whiteheart SW. Platelet-HIV: interactions and their implications. Platelets 2022; 33:208-211. [PMID: 35086429 PMCID: PMC8881393 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.2019695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While it is clear that platelets interact with viruses, the ramifications and mechanisms of those interactions are still being defined for each type of viral infection. HIV/AIDS+ represents a potentially unique example of how viremia affects platelets since the increasing efficacy of antiretroviral therapeutics (ART) has made it a chronic disease that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this opinion article, we discuss some of the open questions about how platelets interact with HIV. What happens to a virion once it binds a platelet? What is the nature of virus-induced platelet activation? Are platelets a normal part of the immune response to viremia that has been co-opted to increase the spread of HIV? The answers to these and similar questions will help define how platelet-directed therapeutics might be used in treating HIV/AIDS+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington KY, USA,Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA,To whom correspondence should be directed: Sidney W. Whiteheart, Ph.D., Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B361 BBSRB, 741 S Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA, Tel: 859-257-4882, Fax: 859-257-2283,
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Maugeri N, De Lorenzo R, Clementi N, Antonia Diotti R, Criscuolo E, Godino C, Tresoldi C, Angels For Covid-BioB Study Group B, Bonini C, Clementi M, Mancini N, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA. Unconventional CD147-dependent platelet activation elicited by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:434-448. [PMID: 34710269 PMCID: PMC8646617 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet activation and thrombotic events characterizes COVID-19. OBJECTIVES To characterize platelet activation and determine if SARS-CoV-2 induces platelet activation. PATIENTS/METHODS We investigated platelet activation in 119 COVID-19 patients at admission in a university hospital in Milan, Italy, between March 18 and May 5, 2020. Sixty-nine subjects (36 healthy donors, 26 patients with coronary artery disease, coronary artery disease, and seven patients with sepsis) served as controls. RESULTS COVID-19 patients had activated platelets, as assessed by the expression and distribution of HMGB1 and von Willebrand factor, and by the accumulation of platelet-derived (plt) extracellular vesicles (EVs) and HMGB1+ plt-EVs in the plasma. P-selectin upregulation was not detectable on the platelet surface in a fraction of patients (55%) and the concentration of soluble P-selectin in the plasma was conversely increased. The plasma concentration of HMGB1+ plt-EVs of patients at hospital admission remained in a multivariate analysis an independent predictor of the clinical outcome, as assessed using a 6-point ordinal scale (from 1 = discharged to 6 = death). Platelets interacting in vitro with SARS-CoV-2 underwent activation, which was replicated using SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-viral particles and purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunits. Human platelets express CD147, a putative coreceptor for SARS-CoV-2, and Spike-dependent platelet activation, aggregation and granule release, release of soluble P-selectin and HMGB1+ plt-EVs abated in the presence of anti-CD147 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Hence, an early and intense platelet activation, which is reproduced by stimulating platelets in vitro with SARS-CoV-2, characterizes COVID-19 and could contribute to the inflammatory and hemostatic manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Maugeri
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca De Lorenzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Antonia Diotti
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cosmo Godino
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Molecular Haematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bonini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Molecular Haematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Classically, platelets have been described as the cellular blood component that mediates hemostasis and thrombosis. This important platelet function has received significant research attention for >150 years. The immune cell functions of platelets are much less appreciated. Platelets interact with and activate cells of all branches of immunity in response to pathogen exposures and infection, as well as in response to sterile tissue injury. In this review, we focus on innate immune mechanisms of platelet activation, platelet interactions with innate immune cells, as well as the intersection of platelets and adaptive immunity. The immune potential of platelets is dependent in part on their megakaryocyte precursor providing them with the molecular composition to be first responders and immune sentinels in initiating and orchestrating coordinated pathogen immune responses. There is emerging evidence that extramedullary megakaryocytes may be immune differentiated compared with bone marrow megakaryocytes, but the physiological relevance of immunophenotypic differences are just beginning to be explored. These concepts are also discussed in this review. The immune functions of the megakaryocyte/platelet lineage have likely evolved to coordinate the need to repair a vascular breach with the simultaneous need to induce an immune response that may limit pathogen invasion once the blood is exposed to an external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605,Correspondence:Milka Koupenova, PhD, UMass Chan Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368 Plantation St, AS7-1041, Worcester, MA 01605, phone: 774-455-6646, , Craig N. Morrell, DVM, PhD, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, phone: 585-276-7693,
| | - Alison Livada
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Correspondence:Milka Koupenova, PhD, UMass Chan Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368 Plantation St, AS7-1041, Worcester, MA 01605, phone: 774-455-6646, , Craig N. Morrell, DVM, PhD, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, phone: 585-276-7693,
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44
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Barrett TJ, Bilaloglu S, Cornwell M, Burgess HM, Virginio VW, Drenkova K, Ibrahim H, Yuriditsky E, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Lifshitz M, Xia Liang F, Alejo J, Smith G, Pittaluga S, Rapkiewicz AV, Wang J, Iancu-Rubin C, Mohr I, Ruggles K, Stapleford KA, Hochman J, Berger JS. Platelets contribute to disease severity in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:3139-3153. [PMID: 34538015 PMCID: PMC8646651 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heightened inflammation, dysregulated immunity, and thrombotic events are characteristic of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Given that platelets are key regulators of thrombosis, inflammation, and immunity they represent prime candidates as mediators of COVID-19-associated pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to understand the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the platelet phenotype via phenotypic (activation, aggregation) and transcriptomic characterization. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a cohort of 3915 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we analyzed blood platelet indices collected at hospital admission. Following adjustment for demographics, clinical risk factors, medication, and biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis, we find platelet count, size, and immaturity are associated with increased critical illness and all-cause mortality. Bone marrow, lung tissue, and blood from COVID-19 patients revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions in megakaryocytes and platelets. Characterization of COVID-19 platelets found them to be hyperreactive (increased aggregation, and expression of P-selectin and CD40) and to have a distinct transcriptomic profile characteristic of prothrombotic large and immature platelets. In vitro mechanistic studies highlight that the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with megakaryocytes alters the platelet transcriptome, and its effects are distinct from the coronavirus responsible for the common cold (CoV-OC43). CONCLUSIONS Platelet count, size, and maturity associate with increased critical illness and all-cause mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Profiling tissues and blood from COVID-19 patients revealed that SARS-CoV-2 virions enter megakaryocytes and platelets and associate with alterations to the platelet transcriptome and activation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Barrett
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Seda Bilaloglu
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Macintosh Cornwell
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hannah M Burgess
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vitor W Virginio
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamelia Drenkova
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Homam Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eugene Yuriditsky
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yin Aphinyanaphongs
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Lifshitz
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Xia Liang
- DART Microscopy Laboratory, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Alejo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Smith
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy V Rapkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, New York University Langone Health, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camelia Iancu-Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelly Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith Hochman
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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45
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Ricke DO. Models for SARS-CoV-2 associated thrombocytopenia associated with hemophagocytic histiocytes. Med Hypotheses 2021; 157:110700. [PMID: 34673371 PMCID: PMC8511625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A subset of COVID-19 patients is experiencing secondary immune thrombocytopenia, also called immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 associated thrombocytopenia is unknown. Very rare cases of vaccine induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT) are occurring associated with COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 VIPIT is associated with autoantibodies targeting platelet factor 4 (PF4) for COVID-19 adenovirus vaccines. Herein, four models for hemophagocytic histocytes contributions to the etiology of thrombocytopenia associated with SARS-CoV-2 are proposed. One of the models proposes potential involvement of hemophagocytic histocytes targeting platelets bound by autoantibodies consistent with observed PF4 autoantibodies in COVID-19 VIPIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell O Ricke
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02420, USA.
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46
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Wood B, Padula MP, Marks DC, Johnson L. Cryopreservation alters the immune characteristics of platelets. Transfusion 2021; 61:3432-3442. [PMID: 34636427 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreserved platelets are under clinical evaluation as they offer improvements in shelf-life and potentially hemostatic effectiveness. However, the effect of cryopreservation on characteristics related to the immune function of platelets has not been examined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Buffy coat derived platelets were cryopreserved at -80°C using 5%-6% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, n = 8). Paired testing was conducted pre-freeze (PF), post-thaw (PT0), and after 24 h of post-thaw storage at room temperature (PT24). The concentration of biological response modifiers (BRMs) in the supernatant was measured using commercial ELISAs and surface receptor abundance was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cryopreservation resulted in increased RANTES, PF4, and C3a but decreased IL-1β, OX40L, IL-13, IL-27, CD40L, and C5a concentrations in the supernatant, compared to PF samples. C4a, endocan, and HMGB1 concentrations were similar between the PF and PT0 groups. The abundance of surface-expressed P-selectin, siglec-7, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 was increased PT0; while CD40, CLEC2, ICAM-2, and MHC-I were decreased, compared to PF. The surface abundance of CD40L, B7-2, DC-SIGN, HCAM, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 was unchanged by cryopreservation. Following 24 h of post-thaw storage, all immune associated receptors and TLRs increased to levels higher than observed on PF and PT0 platelets. CONCLUSION Cryopreservation alters the immune phenotype of platelets. Understanding the clinical implications of the observed changes in BRM release and receptor abundance are essential, as they may influence the likelihood of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wood
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
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47
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Fard MB, Fard SB, Ramazi S, Atashi A, Eslamifar Z. Thrombosis in COVID-19 infection: Role of platelet activation-mediated immunity. Thromb J 2021; 19:59. [PMID: 34425822 PMCID: PMC8380864 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombosis plays an important role in the Coronavrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection-related complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocardial infarction. Multiple factors such as oxygen demand injuries, endothelial cells injury related to infection, and plaque formation. Main body Platelets obtained from the patients may have severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, showing that the increased activation potential recommends platelet can be hyper-activated in severely ill SARS-CoV-2 cases. Platelets contain multiple receptors that interact with specific ligands. Pathogen’s receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptor, C-type lectin receptor family, glycoprotein (GP) such as GPαIIbβ3 and GPIbα which allow pathogens to interact with platelets. Platelet TLRs and NOD2 are involved in platelet activation and thrombosis. Accordingly, TLRs are critical receptors that could recognize various endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns and exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs are considered as important components in the activation of innate immunity response against pathogenic and non-pathogenic components like damaged tissues. TLRs-1,-2,-4,-6,-7 expression on or within platelets has been reported previously. Various PAMPs were indicated to be capable of binding to platelet-TLRs and inducing both the activation and promotion of downstream proinflammatory signaling cascade. Conclusion It is possible that the increased TLRs expression and TLR-mediated platelets activation during COVID-19 may enhance vascular and coronary thrombosis. It may be hypothesized using TLRs antagonist and monoclonal antibody against P-selectin, as the marker of leukocyte recruitment and platelet activation, besides viral therapy provide therapeutic advances in fighting against the thrombosis related complications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahin Ramazi
- Department of biophysics, faculty of biological sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Stem cell and tissue engineering research center, Shahroud university of medical sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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48
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Ebermeyer T, Cognasse F, Berthelot P, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelet Innate Immune Receptors and TLRs: A Double-Edged Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157894. [PMID: 34360659 PMCID: PMC8347377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review will provide an overview of platelet functions. Indeed, stress signals may induce platelet apoptosis through proapoptotis or hemostasis receptors, necrosis, and even autophagy. Platelets also interact with immune cells and modulate immune responses in terms of activation, maturation, recruitment and cytokine secretion. This review will also show that platelets, thanks to their wide range of innate immune receptors, and in particular toll-like receptors, and can be considered sentinels actively participating in the immuno-surveillance of the body. We will discuss the diversity of platelet responses following the engagement of these receptors as well as the signaling pathways involved. Finally, we will show that while platelets contribute significantly, via their TLRs, to immune response and inflammation, these receptors also participate in the pathophysiological processes associated with various pathogens and diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Ebermeyer
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 25 bd Pasteur, F-42100 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Team GIMAP, CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, U1111, UMR5308, F-69007 Lyon, France;
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Therapeutics, INNOVTE, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence:
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49
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Cox D. Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Platelet Interactions in COVID-19 and Vaccine-Related Thrombosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708665. [PMID: 34290613 PMCID: PMC8287727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is clear that COVID-19 is more than a pneumonia and is associated with a coagulopathy and multi-organ failure. While the use of anti-coagulants does reduce the incidence of pulmonary emboli, it does not help with survival. This suggests that the coagulopathy is more likely to be platelet-driven rather than thrombin-driven. There is significant evidence to suggest that SARS-CoV-2 virions directly interact with platelets to trigger activation leading to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. I propose a model of multiple interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and platelets that has many similarities to that with Staphylococcus aureus and Dengue virus. As platelet activation and thrombosis are major factors in poor prognosis, therapeutics that target the platelet-SARS-CoV-2 interaction have potential in treating COVID-19 and other virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Abstract
The association between inflammation, infection, and venous thrombosis has long been recognized; yet, only in the last decades have we begun to understand the mechanisms through which the immune and coagulation systems interact and reciprocally regulate one another. These interconnected networks mount an effective response to injury and pathogen invasion, but if unregulated can result in pathological thrombosis and organ damage. Neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets interact with each other and the endothelium in host defense and also play critical roles in the formation of venous thromboembolism. This knowledge has advanced our understanding of both human physiology and pathophysiology, as well as identified mechanisms of anticoagulant resistance and novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the contributions of inflammation and infection to venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Colling
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin E. Tourdot
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Laboratory of Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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