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Ali I, Zhang H, Zaidi SAA, Zhou G. Understanding the intricacies of cellular senescence in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102273. [PMID: 38492810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the largest cause of mortality and disability globally, surpassing communicable diseases, and atherosclerosis is the main contributor to this epidemic. Aging is intimately linked to atherosclerosis development and progression, however, the mechanism of aging in atherosclerosis is not well known. To emphasize the significant research on the involvement of senescent cells in atherosclerosis, we begin by outlining compelling evidence that indicates various types of senescent cells and SASP factors linked to atherosclerotic phenotypes. We subsequently provide a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms through which cellular senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Further, we cover that senescence can be identified by both structural changes and several senescence-associated biomarkers. Finally, we discuss that preventing accelerated cellular senescence represents an important therapeutic potential, as permanent changes may occur in advanced atherosclerosis. Together, the review summarizes the relationship between cellular senescence and atherosclerosis, and inspects the molecular knowledge, and potential clinical significance of senescent cells in developing senescent-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Ali
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Guangqian Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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Guo J, Ning Y, Pan D, Wu S, Gao X, Wang C, Guo L, Gu Y. Identification of potential hub genes and regulatory networks of smoking-related endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis using bioinformatics analysis. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:1781-1794. [PMID: 38073349 DOI: 10.3233/thc-230796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction, the earliest stage of atherosclerosis, can be caused by smoking, but its molecular mechanism requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to use bioinformatics analysis to identify potential mechanisms involved in smoking-related atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction. METHODS The transcriptome data used for this bioinformatics analysis were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GSE137578 and GSE141136 datasets were used to identify common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs) in endothelial cells treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and tobacco. The co-DEGs were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) databases. Additionally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to visualize their interactions and screen for hub genes. GSE120521 dataset was used to verify the expression of hub genes in unstable plaques. The miRNA expression profile GSE137580 and online databases (starBase 2.0, TargetScan 8.0 and DGIdb v4.2.0) were used to predict the related non-coding RNAs and drugs. RESULTS A total of 232 co-DEGs were identified, including 113 up-regulated genes and 119 down-regulated genes. These DEGs were primarily enriched in detrimental autophagy, cell death, transcription factors, and cytokines, and were implicated in ferroptosis, abnormal lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways. Ten hub genes were screened from the constructed PPI network, including up-regulated genes such as FOS, HMOX1, SQSTM1, PTGS2, ATF3, DDIT3, and down-regulated genes MCM4, KIF15, UHRF1, and CCL2. Importantly, HMOX1 was further up-regulated in unstable plaques (p= 0.034). Finally, a regulatory network involving lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-hub genes and drug-hub genes was established. CONCLUSION Atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction is associated with smoking-induced injury. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified potential mechanisms and provided potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julong Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yachan Ning
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dikang Pan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sensen Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiang Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianrui Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, He Y, Dong W, Jia M, Yang C, Wang J. DDIT3 aggravates pulpitis by modulating M1 polarization through EGR1 in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110328. [PMID: 37235961 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), a stress response gene, engages in the physiological and pathological processes of organisms, whereas its impact on pulpitis has not been defined yet. It has been demonstrated that macrophage polarization has a significant impact on inflammation. This research intends to investigate the effect of DDIT3 on the inflammation of pulpitis and macrophage polarization. C57BL/6J mice were used to model experimental pulpitis at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h after pulp exposure, with untreated mice as the control. The progression of pulpitis was visible histologically, and DDIT3 showed a trend of initially upward and downward later. Compared with wild-type mice, inflammatory cytokines and M1 macrophages were reduced, while M2 macrophages were increased in DDIT3 knockout mice. In RAW264.7 cells and bone borrow-derived macrophages, DDIT3 was found to enhance M1 polarization while impair M2 polarization. Targeted knockdown of early growth response 1 (EGR1) could rescue the blocking effect of DDIT3 deletion on M1 polarization. In conclusion, our results indicated that DDIT3 could exacerbate inflammation of pulpitis through the regulation of macrophage polarization, and DDIT3 could promote M1 polarization by inhibiting EGR1. It provides a new target for pulpitis treatment and tissue regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Ying He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wei Dong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Meie Jia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Chang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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Zhou X, Tang Y, Cao T, Ning L, Li Y, Xie X, Hu Y, He B, Peng B, Liu S. Treponema pallidum lipoprotein Tp0768 promotes the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells to vascular endothelial cells through stress of the endoplasmic reticulum and the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:86-100. [PMID: 36480422 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell injury is a key factor in the spread of infection and pathogenicity of Treponema pallidum. The migration and adhesion reaction mediated by T. pallidum lipoprotein plays an important role. This study aimed to systematically explore the migration and adhesion effect of T. pallidum lipoprotein Tp0768 and its molecular mechanism. Stimulating vascular endothelial cells with Tp0768 increased the expression of ICAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-8. Moreover, it promoted the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells to vascular endothelial cells. Our results revealed that Tp0768 promoted the THP-1 cells migrating and adhering to vascular endothelial cells by the PERK and IRE-1α pathways of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We further demonstrated that the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) reduced the mRNA levels of ICAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-8 induced by Tp0768. Also, the adhesion rate of THP-1 cells to endothelial cells decreased. After inhibiting ER stress, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was weakened, and the mRNA level of HIF-1α was also significantly downregulated. Our results indicated that T. pallidum lipoprotein Tp0768 promoted the migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells to vascular endothelial cells through ER stress and NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ting Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lichang Ning
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yibao Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bisha He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Binfeng Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Li W, Jin K, Luo J, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu R, Jiao L, Wang T, Yang G. NF-κB and its crosstalk with endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988266. [PMID: 36204587 PMCID: PMC9530249 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common cardiovascular disease with complex pathogenesis, in which multiple pathways and their interweaving regulatory mechanism remain unclear. The primary transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role in AS via modulating the expression of a series of inflammatory mediators under various stimuli such as cytokines, microbial antigens, and intracellular stresses. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by the disrupted synthesis and secretion of protein, links inflammation, metabolic signals, and other cellular processes via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both NF-κB and ER stress share the intersection regarding their molecular regulation and function and are regarded as critical individual contributors to AS. In this review, we summarize the multiple interactions between NF-κB and ER stress activation, including the UPR, NLRP3 inflammasome, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which have been ignored in the pathogenesis of AS. Given the multiple links between NF-κB and ER stress, we speculate that the integrated network contributes to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of AS. This review aims to provide an insight into these interactions and their underlying roles in the progression of AS, highlighting potential pharmacological targets against the atherosclerotic inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jiao,
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
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Paracrine signal emanating from stressed cardiomyocytes aggravates inflammatory microenvironment in diabetic cardiomyopathy. iScience 2022; 25:103973. [PMID: 35281739 PMCID: PMC8905320 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial inflammation contributes to cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients through incompletely defined underlying mechanisms. In both human and time-course experimental samples, diabetic hearts exhibited abnormal ER, with a maladaptive shift over time in rodents. Furthermore, as a cardiac ER dysfunction model, mice with cardiac-specific p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) deletion exhibited heightened myocardial inflammatory response in diabetes. Mechanistically, maladaptive ER stress-induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) is a novel transcriptional regulator of cardiac high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). Cardiac stress-induced release of HMGB1 facilitates M1 macrophage polarization, aggravating myocardial inflammation. Therapeutically, sequestering the extracellular HMGB1 using glycyrrhizin conferred cardioprotection through its anti-inflammatory action. Our findings also indicated that an intact cardiac ER function and protective effects of the antidiabetic drug interdependently attenuated the cardiac inflammation-induced dysfunction. Collectively, we introduce an ER stress-mediated cardiomyocyte-macrophage link, altering the macrophage response, thereby providing insight into therapeutic prospects for diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Wang X, Wei W, Wu J, Kang L, Wu S, Li J, Shen Y, You J, Ye Y, Zhang Q, Zou Y. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Activation of C/EBP Homologous Protein in Aortic Regurgitation-Induced Cardiac Remodeling in Mice. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:340-349. [PMID: 34426929 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a volume overload disease causing eccentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and eventually heart failure. There is currently no approved drug to treat patients with AR. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis is involved in many cardiovascular diseases, but whether they also participate in AR-induced heart failure is still elusive. In this study, we found ER stress activation in myocardial samples from patients with AR. With a unique murine model of AR which induced eccentric cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, we also found aggravation of cardiac ER stress and apoptosis, as evidenced by a reduction of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and an increase of caspase-3 cleavage. We then examined the signaling effectors involved in ER-initiated apoptosis and found volume overload specifically activated C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), but not caspase-12 or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Interestingly, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor, improved cardiac function, and suppressed ER stress, apoptosis, and CHOP. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of CHOP inhibited cardiac Bcl-2/Bax ratio reduction and caspase-3 activation and rescued cardiac dysfunction. In summary, our findings suggest that ER stress-CHOP signaling is involved in the development of volume overload cardiac hypertrophy induced by AR through promoting cardiomyocytes apoptosis and provide a previously unrecognized target in heart failure induced by volume overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Le Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuangquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiaozhoushi People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266300, China
| | - Jiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jieyun You
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Che X, Xiao Q, Song W, Zhang H, Sun B, Geng N, Tao Z, Shao Q, Pu J. Protective Functions of Liver X Receptor α in Established Vulnerable Plaques: Involvement of Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Macrophage Apoptosis and Efferocytosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018455. [PMID: 33969692 PMCID: PMC8200716 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver X receptor (LXR) belongs to the metabolic nuclear receptor superfamily, which plays a critical regulatory role in vascular physiology/pathology. However, effects of systemic LXR activation on established vulnerable plaques and the potential isotype‐specific role involved remain unclear. Methods and Results The 8‐week‐old male apolipoprotein E−/− mice went through carotid branch ligation and renal artery constriction, combined with a high‐fat diet. Plaques in the left carotid artery acquired vulnerable features 4 weeks later, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging scans and histological analysis. From that time on, mice were injected intraperitoneally daily with PBS or GW3965 (10 mg/kg per day) for an additional 4 weeks. Treatment with LXR agonists reduced the lesion volume by 52.61%, compared with the vehicle group. More important, a profile of less intraplaque hemorrhage detection and necrotic core formation was found. These actions collectively attenuated the incidence of plaque rupture. Mechanistically, reduced lesional apoptosis, enhanced efferocytosis, and alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in the process. Furthermore, genetic ablation of LXRα, but not LXRβ, blunted the protective effects of LXR on the endoplasmic reticulum stress–elicited C/EBP‐homologous protein pathway in peritoneal macrophages. In concert with the LXRα‐predominant role in vitro, activated LXR failed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and correct the acquired cellular anomalies in LXRα−/− apolipoprotein E−/− mice. Conclusions Our results revealed that LXRα mediates the capacity of LXR activation to stabilize vulnerable plaques and prevent plaque rupture via amelioration of macrophage endoplasmic reticulum stress, lesional apoptosis, and defective efferocytosis. These findings might expand the application scenarios of LXR therapeutics for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Che
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qingqing Xiao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Song
- Cardiovascular Department of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hengyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Radiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Na Geng
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenyu Tao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qin Shao
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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Dymkowska D. The involvement of autophagy in the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis: The role of mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:131-147. [PMID: 33412335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial mitochondria play important signaling roles critical for the regulation of various cellular processes, including calcium signaling, ROS generation, NO synthesis or inflammatory response. Mitochondrial stress or disturbances in mitochondrial function may participate in the development and/or progression of endothelial dysfunction and could precede vascular diseases. Vascular functions are also strictly regulated by properly functioning degradation machinery, including autophagy and mitophagy, and tightly coordinated by mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum responses to stress. Within this review, current knowledge related to the development of cardiovascular disorders and the importance of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and degradation mechanisms in vascular endothelial functions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dymkowska
- The Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur str. 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Luo M, Opoku E, Traughber CA, Hai Q, Robinet P, Berisha S, Smith JD. Soat1 mediates the mouse strain effects on cholesterol loading-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and CHOP expression in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158825. [PMID: 33031913 PMCID: PMC7686275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that AKR vs. DBA/2 mouse bone marrow derived macrophages have higher levels of free cholesterol and lower levels of esterified cholesterol after cholesterol loading, and that AKR, but not DBA/2, macrophages induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression after cholesterol loading. We earlier determined that the free and esterified cholesterol level effect is due to a truncation in the sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (Soat1) gene, encoding acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1). Here we examined the mechanism for the differential induction of CHOP by cholesterol loading. CHOP was induced in both strains after incubation with tunicamycin, indicating both strains have competent endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. CHOP was induced when DBA/2 macrophages were cholesterol loaded in the presence of an ACAT inhibitor, indicating that the difference in free cholesterol levels were responsible for this strain effect. This finding was confirmed in macrophages derived from DBA/2 embryonic stem cells. Cholesterol loading of Soat1 gene edited cells, mimicking the AKR allele, led to increased free cholesterol levels and restored CHOP induction. The upstream pathway of free cholesterol induced endoplasmic reticulum stress was investigated; and, RNA-dependent protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α protein kinase (IRE1α) pathways were required for maximal CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuel Opoku
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Alicia Traughber
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine -Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Qimin Hai
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peggy Robinet
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stela Berisha
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine -Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Navas-Madroñal M, Castelblanco E, Camacho M, Consegal M, Ramirez-Morros A, Sarrias MR, Perez P, Alonso N, Galán M, Mauricio D. Role of the Scavenger Receptor CD36 in Accelerated Diabetic Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197360. [PMID: 33028031 PMCID: PMC7583063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus entails increased atherosclerotic burden and medial arterial calcification, but the precise mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the implication of CD36 in inflammation and calcification processes orchestrated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under hyperglycemic and atherogenic conditions. We examined the expression of CD36, pro-inflammatory cytokines, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, and mineralization-regulating enzymes by RT-PCR in human VSMCs, cultured in a medium containing normal (5 mM) or high glucose (22 mM) for 72 h with or without oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (24 h). The uptake of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-fluorescently (DiI) labeled oxLDL was quantified by flow cytometry and fluorimetry and calcification assays were performed in VSMC cultured in osteogenic medium and stained by alizarin red. We observed induction in the expression of CD36, cytokines, calcification markers, and ER stress markers under high glucose that was exacerbated by oxLDL. These results were confirmed in carotid plaques from subjects with diabetes versus non-diabetic subjects. Accordingly, the uptake of DiI-labeled oxLDL was increased after exposure to high glucose. The silencing of CD36 reduced the induction of CD36 and the expression of calcification enzymes and mineralization of VSMC. Our results indicate that CD36 signaling is partially involved in hyperglycemia and oxLDL-induced vascular calcification in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Diabetes Complications/genetics
- Diabetes Complications/metabolism
- Diabetes Complications/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Glucose/adverse effects
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Navas-Madroñal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Consegal
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Anna Ramirez-Morros
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Maria Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Center for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulina Perez
- Department of Angiology & Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Health Sciences Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Nuria Alonso
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, University Hospital and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - María Galán
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.N.-M.); (M.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research on Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (D.M.); Tel.: +34-93-556-56-22 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-61 (D.M.); Fax: +34-93-556-55-59 (M.G.); +34-93-556-56-02 (D.M.)
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12
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Xue CD, Chen Y, Ren JL, Zhang LS, Liu X, Yu YR, Tang CS, Qi YF. Endogenous intermedin protects against intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Peptides 2019; 121:170131. [PMID: 31408662 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contributes to intimal hyperplasia following vascular injury, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a critical role. Intermedin (IMD) is a vascular paracrine/autocrine peptide exerting numerous beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. IMD overexpression could alleviate intimal hyperplasia. Here, we investigated whether endogenous IMD protects against intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. The mouse left common carotid-artery ligation-injury model was established to induce intimal hyperplasia using IMD-/-mice and C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) was used to stimulate the proliferation of VSMC. IMD-/- mice displayed exacerbated intimal hyperplasia induced by complete ligation of the left carotid artery at 14 d and 28 d compared to WT mice. However, IMD-deficiency had no effect on blood pressure, plasma triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels in mice. Furthermore, VSMCs derived from IMD-/- mice showed increased cell proliferation and dramatically elevated levels of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), ATF6 mRNA under PDGF-BB treatment compared to WT mice-derived VSMCs. In addition, exogenous administration of IMD significantly attenuated PDGF-BB-induced cell proliferation and GRP78, phosphorylase-inositol requiring enzyme 1α, ATF4, and ATF6 protein levels. Thus, endogenous IMD may counteract ERS to exert protective role in response to vascular injury and IMD is expected to be a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 4
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism
- Animals
- Becaplermin/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Hyperplasia/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Primary Cell Culture
- Signal Transduction
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ding Xue
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Ling Ren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin-Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao-Shu Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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13
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Nakada Y, Onoue K, Nakano T, Ishihara S, Kumazawa T, Nakagawa H, Ueda T, Nishida T, Soeda T, Okayama S, Watanabe M, Kawakami R, Saito Y. AST-120, an Oral Carbon Absorbent, Protects against the Progression of Atherosclerosis in a Mouse Chronic Renal Failure Model by Preserving sFlt-1 Expression Levels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15571. [PMID: 31666542 PMCID: PMC6821698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1), an endogenous antagonist of the proatherogenic cytokine placental growth factor, is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to atherosclerotic progression. In this study, we investigated the effect of AST-120, an oral carbon adsorbent which can remove uremic toxins, on sFlt-1 expression levels and atherosclerosis progression. Atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice underwent a 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 NR) or a sham operation (sham) at 8 weeks of age and were then treated or not with oral AST-120 for 12 weeks. sFlt-1 expression levels and the degree of atherosclerosis were assessed at 22 weeks of age in each of the four groups (sham; n = 7, 5/6 NR; n = 10, sham + AST-120: n = 8, 5/6 NR + AST-120; n = 8). The expression levels of sFlt-1 mRNA in the kidney were significantly lower in the 5/6 NR group than in the sham group, but AST-120 treatment prevented this decrease in sFlt-1 levels. Similarly, the atherosclerotic plaque area of the thoracoabdominal aorta was significantly larger in the 5/6 NR group than in the sham group, and AST-120 treatment prevented this increase in atherosclerosis. AST-120 could, therefore, be used as a therapeutic to treat atherosclerosis in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Nakada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kenji Onoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Satomi Ishihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kumazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Nishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tsunenari Soeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Rika Kawakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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14
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ER Stress Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Novel Mechanism of Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3462530. [PMID: 31687078 PMCID: PMC6800950 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3462530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle that regulates several fundamental cellular processes, and ER dysfunction has implications for many intracellular events. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellularly produced macromolecular complex that can trigger pyroptosis and inflammation, and its activation is induced by a variety of signals. ER stress has been found to affect NLRP3 inflammasome activation through multiple effects including the unfolded protein response (UPR), calcium or lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Intriguingly, the role of ER stress in inflammasome activation has not attracted a great deal of attention. In addition, increasing evidence highlights that both ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation contribute to atherosclerosis (AS). AS is a common cardiovascular disease with complex pathogenesis, and the precise mechanisms behind its pathogenesis remain to be determined. Both ER stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome have emerged as critical individual contributors of AS, and owing to the multiple associations between these two events, we speculate that they contribute to the mechanisms of pathogenesis in AS. In this review, we aim to summarize the molecular mechanisms of ER stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the cross talk between these two pathways in AS in the hopes of providing new pharmacological targets for AS treatment.
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15
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Serrano RL, Yu W, Graham RM, Bryan RL, Terkeltaub R. A vascular smooth muscle cell X-box binding protein 1 and transglutaminase 2 regulatory circuit limits neointimal hyperplasia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212235. [PMID: 30943188 PMCID: PMC6447169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia, stimulated by injury and certain vascular diseases, promotes artery obstruction and tissue ischemia. In vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs), multiple modulators of protein handling machinery regulate intimal hyperplasia. These include elements of the VSMC unfolded protein response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (UPRER), and transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which catalyzes post-translational protein modification. Previous results for deficiency of UPRER-specific mediator XBP1, and of TG2, have been significant, but in multiple instances contradictory, for effects on cultured VSMC function, and, using multiple models, for neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Here, we engineered VSMC-specific deficiency of XBP1, and studied cultured VSMCs, and neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid artery ligation in vivo. Intimal area almost doubled in Xbp1fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice 21 days post-ligation. Cultured murine Xbp1 deficient VSMCs migrated more in response to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) than control VSMCs, and had an increased level of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (Ire1α), a PDGF receptor-binding UPRER transmembrane endonuclease whose substrates include XBP1. Cultured XBP1-deficient VSMCs demonstrated decreased levels of TG2 protein, in association with increased TG2 polyubiquitination, but with increased TG transamidation catalytic activity. Moreover, IRE1α, and TG2-specific transamidation cross-links were increased in carotid artery neointima in Xbp1fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice. Cultured TG2-deficient VSMCs had decreased XBP1 associated with increased IRE1α, and increased migration in response to PDGF. Neointimal hyperplasia also was significantly increased in Tgm2fl/fl SM22α-CRE+ mice at 21 days after carotid ligation. In conclusion, a VSMC regulatory circuit between XBP1 and TG2 limits neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L. Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Weifang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ru Liu- Bryan
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
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16
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Rizzetti DA, Corrales P, Piagette JT, Uranga-Ocio JA, Medina-Gomez G, Peçanha FM, Vassallo DV, Miguel M, Wiggers GA. Chronic mercury at low doses impairs white adipose tissue plasticity. Toxicology 2019; 418:41-50. [PMID: 30807803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The toxic effects of mercury (Hg) are involved in homeostasis of energy systems such as lipid and glucose metabolism, and white adipose tissue dysfunction is considered as a central mechanism leading to metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chronic inorganic Hg exposure at low doses on the lipid and glycemic metabolism. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and treated for 60 days with: saline solution, i.m. (Untreated) and mercury chloride, i.m. - 1st dose 4.6 μg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07 μg/kg/day - (Mercury). Histological analyses, Hg levels measurement and GRP78, CHOP, PPARα, PPARγ, leptin, adiponectin and CD11 mRNA expressions were performed in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and insulin plasma levels were also measured. RESULTS Hg exposure reduced the absolute and relative eWAT weights, adipocyte size, plasma insulin levels, glucose tolerance, antioxidant defenses and increased plasma glucose and triglyceride levels. In addition, CHOP, GRP78, PPARα, PPARγ, leptin and adiponectin mRNA expressions were increased in Hg-treated animals. No differences in Hg concentration were found in eWAT between the untreated and Hg groups. These results suggest that the reduction in adipocyte size is related to the impaired antioxidant defenses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the disrupted PPARs and adipokines mRNA expression induced by the metal in eWAT. These disturbances possibly induced a decrease in circulating insulin levels, an imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis mechanisms in eWAT, with an increase in fatty acids mobilization, a reduction in glucose uptake and an activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, leading to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS Hg is a powerful environmental WAT disruptor that influences signaling events and impairs metabolic activity and hormonal balance of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danize Aparecida Rizzetti
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Polytechnic School, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Corrales
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Antenas s/n, Alcorcón, Spain.
| | - Janaina Trindade Piagette
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Antenas s/n, Alcorcón, Spain.
| | - Franck Maciel Peçanha
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Dalton Valentim Vassallo
- Cardiac Electromechanical and Vascular Reactivity Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Marta Miguel
- Bioactivity and Food Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Giulia Alessandra Wiggers
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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17
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Vagus-macrophage-hepatocyte link promotes post-injury liver regeneration and whole-body survival through hepatic FoxM1 activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5300. [PMID: 30546054 PMCID: PMC6294142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver possesses a high regenerative capacity. Liver regeneration is a compensatory response overcoming disturbances of whole-body homeostasis provoked by organ defects. Here we show that a vagus-macrophage-hepatocyte link regulates acute liver regeneration after liver injury and that this system is critical for promoting survival. Hepatic Foxm1 is rapidly upregulated after partial hepatectomy (PHx). Hepatic branch vagotomy (HV) suppresses this upregulation and hepatocyte proliferation, thereby increasing mortality. In addition, hepatic FoxM1 supplementation in vagotomized mice reverses the suppression of liver regeneration and blocks the increase in post-PHx mortality. Hepatic macrophage depletion suppresses both post-PHx Foxm1 upregulation and remnant liver regeneration, and increases mortality. Hepatic Il-6 rises rapidly after PHx and this is suppressed by HV, muscarinic blockade or resident macrophage depletion. Furthermore, IL-6 neutralization suppresses post-PHx Foxm1 upregulation and remnant liver regeneration. Collectively, vagal signal-mediated IL-6 production in hepatic macrophages upregulates hepatocyte FoxM1, leading to liver regeneration and assures survival. The mechanisms underlying the regenerative capacity of the liver are not fully understood. Here, the authors show that the acute regenerative response to liver injury in mice is regulated by the communication involving the vagus nerve, macrophages, and hepatocytes, leading to hepatic FoxM1 activation and promotion of overall survival.
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18
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy via ER Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1967506. [PMID: 30150893 PMCID: PMC6087591 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1967506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis. To determine how periodontal infections contribute to endothelial dysfunction, we examined the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). P. gingivalis significantly suppressed the viability of HUVEC, induced DNA fragmentation and annexin V staining, and increased caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities. P. gingivalis also increased the expression of GADD153 and GRP78 and caspase-12 activity. Further, P. gingivalis induced autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3-II and Beclin-1 levels. The suppression of P. gingivalis-induced autophagy by silencing of LC3 with siRNA significantly increased P. gingivalis-induced apoptosis. ER stress inhibitor, salubrinal, suppressed apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting P. gingivalis-induced DNA fragmentation and LC3-II expression. These data suggest that P. gingivalis infection induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis followed by autophagic response that protects HUVEC from P. gingivalis-mediated apoptosis, potentially amplifying proatherogenic mechanisms in the perturbed vasculature.
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19
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Diedrichs DR, Gomez JA, Huang CS, Rutkowski DT, Curtu R. A data-entrained computational model for testing the regulatory logic of the vertebrate unfolded protein response. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1502-1517. [PMID: 29668363 PMCID: PMC6014097 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-09-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate unfolded protein response (UPR) is characterized by multiple interacting nodes among its three pathways, yet the logic underlying this regulatory complexity is unclear. To begin to address this issue, we created a computational model of the vertebrate UPR that was entrained upon and then validated against experimental data. As part of this validation, the model successfully predicted the phenotypes of cells with lesions in UPR signaling, including a surprising and previously unreported differential role for the eIF2α phosphatase GADD34 in exacerbating severe stress but ameliorating mild stress. We then used the model to test the functional importance of a feedforward circuit within the PERK/CHOP axis and of cross-regulatory control of BiP and CHOP expression. We found that the wiring structure of the UPR appears to balance the ability of the response to remain sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum stress and to be deactivated rapidly by improved protein-folding conditions. This model should serve as a valuable resource for further exploring the regulatory logic of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Diedrichs
- Department of Mathematics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Javier A Gomez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chun-Sing Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - D Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Rodica Curtu
- Department of Mathematics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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20
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Rutkowski DT. Liver function and dysfunction - a unique window into the physiological reach of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2018; 286:356-378. [PMID: 29360258 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) improves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding in order to alleviate stress. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that the UPR regulates processes well beyond those directly involved in protein folding, in some cases by mechanisms that fall outside the realm of canonical UPR signaling. These pathways are highly specific from one cell type to another, implying that ER stress signaling affects each tissue in a unique way. Perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the liver, which-beyond being a highly secretory tissue-is a key regulator of peripheral metabolism and a uniquely proliferative organ upon damage. The liver provides a powerful model system for exploring how and why the UPR extends its reach into physiological processes that occur outside the ER, and how ER stress contributes to the many systemic diseases that involve liver dysfunction. This review will highlight the ways in which the study of ER stress in the liver has expanded the view of the UPR to a response that is a key guardian of cellular homeostasis outside of just the narrow realm of ER protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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21
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Doran AC, Ozcan L, Cai B, Zheng Z, Fredman G, Rymond CC, Dorweiler B, Sluimer JC, Hsieh J, Kuriakose G, Tall AR, Tabas I. CAMKIIγ suppresses an efferocytosis pathway in macrophages and promotes atherosclerotic plaque necrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4075-4089. [PMID: 28972541 DOI: 10.1172/jci94735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying etiology of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a heterogeneous disease in which only a small fraction of lesions lead to heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. A distinct type of plaque containing large necrotic cores with thin fibrous caps often precipitates these acute events. Here, we show that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase γ (CaMKIIγ) in macrophages plays a major role in the development of necrotic, thin-capped plaques. Macrophages in necrotic and symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in humans as well as advanced atherosclerotic lesions in mice demonstrated activation of CaMKII. Western diet-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice with myeloid-specific deletion of CaMKII had smaller necrotic cores with concomitantly thicker collagen caps. These lesions demonstrated evidence of enhanced efferocytosis, which was associated with increased expression of the macrophage efferocytosis receptor MerTK. Mechanistic studies revealed that CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions lacking myeloid CaMKIIγ had increased expression of the transcription factor ATF6. We determined that ATF6 induces liver X receptor-α (LXRα), an Mertk-inducing transcription factor, and that increased MerTK expression and efferocytosis in CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages is dependent on LXRα. These findings identify a macrophage CaMKIIγ/ATF6/LXRα/MerTK pathway as a key factor in the development of necrotic atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Alan R Tall
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Alam S, Abdullah CS, Aishwarya R, Orr AW, Traylor J, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Pattillo CB, Bhuiyan MS. Sigmar1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced C/EBP-homologous protein expression in cardiomyocytes. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170898. [PMID: 28667101 PMCID: PMC5518542 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) is a ubiquitously expressed stress-inducible transcription factor robustly induced by maladaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses in a wide variety of cells. Here, we examined a novel function of Sigma 1 receptor (Sigmar1) in regulating CHOP expression under ER stress in cardiomyocytes. We also defined Sigmar1-dependent activation of the adaptive ER-stress pathway in regulating CHOP expression. We used adenovirus-mediated Sigmar1 overexpression as well as Sigmar1 knockdown by siRNA in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRCs); to induce ER stress, cardiomyocytes were treated with tunicamycin. Sigmar1-siRNA knockdown significantly increased the expression of CHOP and significantly induced cellular toxicity by sustained activation of ER stress in cardiomyocytes. Sigmar1 overexpression decreased the expression of CHOP and significantly decreased cellular toxicity in cells. Using biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments, we also defined the specific ER-stress pathway associated with Sigmar1-dependent regulation of CHOP expression and cellular toxicity. We found that Sigmar1 overexpression significantly increased inositol requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α) phosphorylation and increased spliced X-box-binding proteins (XBP1s) expression as well as nuclear localization. In contrast, Sigmar1 knockdown significantly decreased IRE1α phosphorylation and decreased XBP1s expression as well as nuclear transport. Taken together, these results indicate that Sigmar1-dependent activation of IRE1α-XBP1s ER-stress response pathways are associated with inhibition of CHOP expression and suppression of cellular toxicity. Hence, Sigmar1 is an essential component of the adaptive ER-stress response pathways eliciting cellular protection in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Chowdhury S Abdullah
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Richa Aishwarya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - James Traylor
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, U.S.A
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23
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Wang S, Zhang M, Liu Z, Yang W, Shi J, Dean V, Chen D. Relationship between CHOP/GADD153 and unstable human carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Br J Neurosurg 2017; 31:648-652. [PMID: 28513228 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2017.1327016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The signaling protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and corresponding growth-arrest-and-DNA-damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which can lead to apoptosis. Our study aims to elucidate the role of CHOP/GADD153 in unstable atherosclerotic (AS) plaque formation isolated from confounding factors such as diabetes mellitus, primary hyperlipidemia, autoimmune deficiencies/abnormalities, essential hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected carotid artery tissue samples from patients aged 50-80 years-old who received carotid endarterectomies (CEA) at our institution. We obtained fresh AS plaque samples during CEA and preserved the specimens immediately in the operating room with liquid nitrogen. Samples were categorized as stable or unstable AS plaques according to a six-stage histologic classification. CHOP/GADD153 expression was then examined with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 32 patients met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 24 (75.0%) classified as unstable lesions. The mean optical density ratio normalized to GAPDH for CHOP/GADD153 in stable and unstable groups was 0.357 ± 0.025 and 0.490 ± 0.027, respectively (p < .05). Positive immunostaining of CHOP/GADD153 was found in macrophages and smooth muscle cells of unstable AS plaques with a mean integrated optical density of 0.63 ± 0.03, compared to 0.17 ± 0.05 in the stable group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we were able to show significant elevation of CHOP/GADD153 in unstable plaques independent of other confounding factors that induce ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Zanhua Liu
- a Department of Neurology , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Wuyang Yang
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Victor Dean
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
| | - Dong Chen
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Dalian Municipal Central Hospital , Dalian , China
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24
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ER Stress Protein CHOP Mediates Insulin Resistance by Modulating Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarity. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2045-2057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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25
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Jia F, Wu C, Chen Z, Lu G, Sun J. Atorvastatin attenuates atherosclerotic plaque destabilization by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in hyperhomocysteinemic mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3574-80. [PMID: 26956896 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been suggested to play a role in the progression of plaque vulnerability and the occurrence of acute complications of coronary atherosclerosis. Atorvastatin is known to exert pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The present study aimed to examine the stabilizing effects of atorvastatin on vulnerable plaques within hyperhomocysteinemic apolipoprotein E‑deficient (ApoE‑/‑) mice, and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying ER stress in ApoE‑/‑ mice and macrophages. In the present study, ApoE‑/‑ mice were administrated methionine or atorvastatin, and were sacrificed after 2 months. Necrotic core size, collagen content and inflammatory cytokine infiltration were subsequently measured in the aortic lesions, in order to investigate plaque stability. Treatment with atorvastatin decreased the number and size of necrotic cores, increased collagen content, and downregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9 mRNA expression, as compared with the methionine group. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that atorvastatin administration prevented ER stress activation in aortic lesions of hyperhomocysteinemic mice. Furthermore, macrophages were challenged with homocysteine (Hcy) in the presence or absence of atorvastatin and thapsigargin (an ER stress inducer). Atorvastatin suppressed Hcy‑induced ER stress, and downregulated TNF‑α and MMP‑9 mRNA expression in the macrophages. Conversely, thapsigargin attenuated the inhibitory effects of atorvastatin against Hcy‑induced TNF‑α and MMP‑9 expression. These results indicated that hyperhomocysteinemia may promote atherosclerotic plaque development and instability. In addition, atorvastatin was able to improve atherosclerotic plaque stability in hyperhomocysteinemic mice by inhibiting ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Chunfang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
Proper tissue vascularization is vital for cellular function as it delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells and helps to clear cellular debris and metabolic waste products. Tissue angiogenesis occurs to satisfy energy requirements and cellular sensors of metabolic imbalance coordinate vessel growth. In this regard, the classical pathways of the unfolded protein response activated under conditions of ER stress have recently been described to generate angiomodulatory or angiostatic signals. This review elaborates on the link between angiogenesis and ER stress and discusses the implications for diseases characterized by altered vascular homeostasis, such as cancer, retinopathies, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Binet
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Neurology-Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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27
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Cai Z, Shen L, Ma H, Yang J, Yang D, Chen H, Wei J, Lu Q, Wang DW, Xiang M, Wang J. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated C/EBP Homologous Protein Activation in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Acute Viral Myocarditis. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:809-18. [PMID: 25985795 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) signaling is linked with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced acute viral myocarditis (AVMC) in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS AVMC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1000 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of CVB3 virus in mice. In AVMC mouse hearts (n=11), ER stress and CHOP were significantly activated, and were linked to the induction of proapoptotic signaling including reduction of Bcl-2, activation of Bax and caspase 3, compared with the controls (n=10), whereas these could be markedly blocked by ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid administration (n=11). Moreover, chemical inhibition of ER stress significantly attenuated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and prevented cardiac troponin I elevation, ameliorated cardiac dysfunction assessed by both hemodynamic and echocardiographic analysis, reduced viral replication, and increased survival rate after CVB3 inoculation. We further discovered that genetic ablation of CHOP (n=10) suppressed cardiac Bcl-2/Bax ratio reduction and caspase 3 activation, and prevented cardiomyotes apoptosis in vivo, compared with wild-type receiving CVB3 inoculation (n=10). Strikingly, CHOP deficiency exhibited dramatic protective effects on cardiac damage, cardiac dysfunction, viral replication, and promoted survival in CVB3-caused AVMC. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply the involvement of ER stress/CHOP signaling in CVB3-induced AVMC via proapoptotic pathways, and provide a novel strategy for AVMC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Li Shen
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Hong Ma
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Jin Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Du Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Han Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Jia Wei
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.)
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.).
| | - Jian'an Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Zhejiang Province and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.C., L.S., H.M., D.Y., H.C., M.X., J. Wang); Department of Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Transform Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China (J.Y.); Department of Pediatric Surgery (J. Wei) and Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine (D.W.W.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Q.L.).
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28
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Jo F, Jo H, Hilzendeger AM, Thompson AP, Cassell MD, Rutkowski DT, Davisson RL, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. Brain endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanistically distinguishes the saline-intake and hypertensive response to deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt. Hypertension 2015; 65:1341-8. [PMID: 25895586 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress has become an important mechanism in hypertension. We examined the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating the increased saline-intake and hypertensive effects in response to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. Intracerebroventricular delivery of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-reducing chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid did not affect the magnitude of hypertension, but markedly decreased saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt. Increased saline-intake returned after tauroursodeoxycholic acid was terminated. Decreased saline-intake was also observed after intracerebroventricular infusion of 4-phenylbutyrate, another chemical chaperone. Immunoreactivity to CCAAT homologous binding protein, a marker of irremediable endoplasmic reticulum stress, was increased in the subfornical organ and supraoptic nucleus of DOCA-salt mice, but the signal was absent in control and CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice. Electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum structure (decrease in membrane length, swollen membranes, and decreased ribosome numbers) in the subfornical organ consistent with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Subfornical organ-targeted adenoviral delivery of GRP78, a resident endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, decreased DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The increase in saline-intake in response to DOCA-salt was blunted in CCAAT homologous binding protein-deficient mice, but these mice exhibited a normal hypertensive response. We conclude that (1) brain endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates the saline-intake, but not blood pressure response to DOCA-salt, (2) DOCA-salt causes endoplasmic reticulum stress in the subfornical organ, which when attenuated by GRP78 blunts saline-intake, and (3) CCAAT homologous binding protein may play a functional role in DOCA-salt-induced saline-intake. The results suggest a mechanistic distinction between the importance of endoplasmic reticulum stress in mediating effects of DOCA-salt on saline-intake and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusakazu Jo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Hiromi Jo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Aline M Hilzendeger
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Anthony P Thompson
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Martin D Cassell
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - D Thomas Rutkowski
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Robin L Davisson
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology (F.J., H.J., A.M.H., J.L.G., C.D.S.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (A.P.T., M.D.C., D.T.R.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (J.L.G., C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (R.L.D.); and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.L.D.).
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Zhou AX, Wang X, Lin CS, Han J, Yong J, Nadolski MJ, Borén J, Kaufman RJ, Tabas I. C/EBP-Homologous Protein (CHOP) in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Regulates Their Proliferation in Aortic Explants and Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circ Res 2015; 116:1736-43. [PMID: 25872946 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myeloid-derived C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), an effector of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response, promotes macrophage apoptosis in advanced atherosclerosis, but the role of CHOP in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis is not known. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of CHOP in SM22α(+) VSMCs in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Chop(fl/fl) mice were generated and crossed into the Apoe(-/-) and SM22α-CreKI(+) backgrounds. SM22α-CreKI causes deletion of floxed genes in adult SMCs. After 12 weeks of Western-type diet feeding, the content of α-actin-positive cells in aortic root lesions was decreased in Chop(fl/fl)SM22α-CreKI(+)Apoe(-/-) versus control Chop(fl/fl)Apoe(-/-) mice, and aortic explant-derived VSMCs from the VSMC-CHOP-deficient mice displayed reduced proliferation. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a key suppressor of VSMC proliferation, was increased in lesions and aortic VSMCs from Chop(fl/fl)SM22α-CreKI(+)Apoe(-/-) mice, and silencing Klf4 in CHOP-deficient VSMCs restored proliferation. CHOP deficiency in aortic VSMCs increased KLF4 through 2 mechanisms mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress effector activating transcription factor 4: transcriptional induction of Klf4 mRNA and decreased proteasomal degradation of KLF4 protein. CONCLUSIONS These findings in SM22α-CHOP-deficient mice imply that CHOP expression in SM22α(+) VSMCs promotes cell proliferation by downregulating KLF4. The mechanisms involve newly discovered roles of CHOP in the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Xianghua Zhou
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.).
| | - Chyuan Sheng Lin
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Jaeseok Han
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Jing Yong
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Marissa J Nadolski
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Jan Borén
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.)
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.-X.Z., X.W., M.J.N., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (C.S.L., I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.-X.Z., J.B.); CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R and D, Mölndal, Sweden (A.-X.Z.); Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheon-an, South Korea (J.H.); and Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H., J.Y., R.J.K.).
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Dorweiler B, Grechowa I, Wallrath A, Vahl CF, Horke S. Activation of the proapoptotic unfolded protein response in plaques of the human carotid artery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48:248-57. [PMID: 25060744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze expression of keystone markers of apoptosis and the proapoptotic signaling pathway "unfolded protein response" (UPR) in rupture-prone plaques of the human carotid artery. METHODS Plaque specimens were obtained during endarterectomy for high-grade carotid stenosis, and were formalin-fixed. Ten specimens were identified that exhibited criteria of advanced rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques, and histological and immunohistological analysis of markers of apoptosis (cleaved Caspase-3, TUNEL) and UPR (KDEL, ATF3, CHOP, CHAC-1) was performed. In addition, co-localization of apoptosis and UPR-activation was assessed by double-immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mean size of the necrotic core was 44 ± 7% and the mean minimum/representative thicknesses of the fibrous cap were 129 ± 39 μm/280 ± 60 μm, respectively. Each specimen fulfilled at least two of the criteria for rupture-prone plaques. Semi-quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in cleaved Caspase-3-positive (1923 ± 93 cells/mm(2)) and TUNEL-positive cells (1387 ± 66 cells/mm(2)) when compared with control tissue. Furthermore, expression of UPR-markers KDEL, AFT3 and CHOP was significantly increased (1175 ± 40 cells/mm(2), 1971 ± 69 cells/mm(2) and 2173 ± 120 cells/mm(2), respectively). Co-localization of UPR-activation with apoptosis was confirmed by double-immunohistochemistry, and lesional macrophages were identified as the primary cell-type involved. CONCLUSION For the first time, activation of the proapoptotic signaling pathway UPR has been identified in advanced rupture-prone plaques of the human carotid artery. This provides additional evidence for adding UPR to the potential targets for controlling plaque apoptosis and thereby preventing plaque progression/rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dorweiler
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - I Grechowa
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Wallrath
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - C F Vahl
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Horke
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Palsamy P, Bidasee KR, Ayaki M, Augusteyn RC, Chan JY, Shinohara T. Methylglyoxal induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA demethylation in the Keap1 promoter of human lens epithelial cells and age-related cataracts. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:134-48. [PMID: 24746615 PMCID: PMC4410980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-related cataracts are a leading cause of blindness. Previously, we have demonstrated the association of the unfolded protein response with various cataractogenic stressors. However, DNA methylation alterations leading to suppression of lenticular antioxidant protection remains unclear. Here, we report the methylglyoxal-mediated sequential events responsible for Keap1 promoter DNA demethylation in human lens epithelial cells, because Keap1 is a negative regulatory protein that regulates the Nrf2 antioxidant protein. Methylglyoxal induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the unfolded protein response leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species before human lens epithelial cell death. Methylglyoxal also suppresses Nrf2 and DNA methyltransferases but activates the DNA demethylation pathway enzyme TET1. Bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing confirms the methylglyoxal-mediated Keap1 promoter DNA demethylation leading to overexpression of Keap1 mRNA and protein. Similarly, bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing shows that human clear lenses (n = 15) slowly lose 5-methylcytosine in the Keap1 promoter throughout life, at a rate of 1% per year. By contrast, diabetic cataractous lenses (n = 21) lose an average of 90% of the 5-methylcytosine regardless of age. Overexpressed Keap1 protein is responsible for decreasing Nrf2 by proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing Nrf2-dependent stress protection. This study demonstrates for the first time the associations of unfolded protein response activation, Nrf2-dependent antioxidant system failure, and loss of Keap1 promoter methylation because of altered active and passive DNA demethylation pathway enzymes in human lens epithelial cells by methylglyoxal. As an outcome, the cellular redox balance is altered toward lens oxidation and cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Palsamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Keshore R Bidasee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Masahiko Ayaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University, Tokyo 1698582, Japan
| | - Robert C Augusteyn
- Vision Cooperative Research Centre, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney 2052, Australia; Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Toshimichi Shinohara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Miyazaki-Anzai S, Masuda M, Demos-Davies KM, Keenan AL, Saunders SJ, Masuda R, Jablonski K, Cavasin MA, Kendrick J, Chonchol M, McKinsey TA, Levi M, Miyazaki M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress effector CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) regulates chronic kidney disease-induced vascular calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000949. [PMID: 24963104 PMCID: PMC4309099 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, the long‐awaited results of the Study of Heart and Renal Protection trial were reported. This large randomized clinical trial found that an extensive cholesterol‐lowering therapy through the combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe significantly reduced cardiovascular diseases in a wide range of patients with CKD. However, the mechanism by which this cholesterol‐lowering therapy reduces CKD‐dependent vascular diseases remains elusive. The objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of the oxysterol‐induced pro‐apoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) on the pathogenesis of CKD‐dependent cardiovascular diseases through endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. Methods and Results CKD increased levels of serum oxysterols such as 7‐ketocholesterol in human patients and ApoE−/− mice. Treatment with simvastatin plus ezetimibe strongly reduced levels of serum oxysterols and attenuated CKD‐dependent atherosclerosis, vascular cell death, vascular calcification, and cardiac dysfunction. This therapy also reduced aortic endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by CKD. The short hairpin RNA‐mediated knockdown of CHOP and activating transcription factor‐4 in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuated oxysterol‐induced mineralization, osteogenic differentiation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, CHOP deficiency protected ApoE−/− mice from CKD‐dependent vascular calcification, cardiac dysfunction, and vascular cell death. Conclusions These data reveal that the cholesterol‐lowering therapy of simvastatin plus ezetimibe attenuates CKD‐dependent vascular diseases through a reduction of oxysterol‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. CHOP plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CKD‐dependent vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Kimberly M Demos-Davies
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Audrey L Keenan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Sommer J Saunders
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Rumiko Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Kristen Jablonski
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Jessica Kendrick
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (K.M.D.D., M.A.C., T.A.M.K.)
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.)
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (S.M.A., M.M., A.L.K., S.J.S., R.M., K.J., J.K., M.C., M.L., M.M.) Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (M.M.)
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Serrano RL, Yu W, Terkeltaub R. Mono-allelic and bi-allelic ENPP1 deficiency promote post-injury neointimal hyperplasia associated with increased C/EBP homologous protein expression. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:493-502. [PMID: 24530784 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bi-allelic function-inactivating ENPP1 mutations cause artery media calcification (AMC) with associated severe myointimal hyperplasia in generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), whereas mono-allelic ENPP1 deficiency is phenotypically normal. Here, we tested if ENPP1 deficiency promotes abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-driven responses to injury, with or without calcification. The ER stress mediator C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) affects neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis, and has paradoxical effects on bone formation. Hence, we assessed relationships between ENPP1 and CHOP in VSMCs. METHODS We studied ENPP1-deficient mice and control littermates subjected to left carotid artery ligation, and isolated and studied VSMCs from these and Chop-/- mice, or with CHOP siRNA treatment. RESULTS Normal Enpp1-/+ mice, in addition to Enpp1-/- mice prior to AMC development, had accelerated neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid artery ligation at 7-8 weeks age. Neointimal hyperplasia was linked with robust artery media CHOP expression in situ, but with marked AMC only in injured Enpp1-/- arteries. Cultured, ENPP1-deficient and CHOP-deficient VSMCs had increased migration and proliferation to PDGF. Cultured Chop-/- VSMCs demonstrated increased Pi donor-induced calcification. CHOP was significantly increased in Pi donor treated Enpp1-/- and Enpp1-/+ cultured VSMCs. CHOP siRNA treatment of Enpp1-/- VSMCs increased calcification, associated with elevated expression of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and the master osteoblastic transcription factor RUNX2. CONCLUSIONS Both mono-allelic and bi-allelic ENPP1 deficiency promote dysregulated VSMC function, with robust lesion CHOP expression and enhanced neointimal hyperplasia after injury in vivo, but marked post-injury calcification limited to Enpp1-/- mice. Intimal hyperplasia in GACI appears regulated by biologic effects of ENPP1 deficiency other than calcification, including ER stress. VSMC CHOP excess in ENPP1 deficiency may primarily function to limit VSMC calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon L Serrano
- San Diego VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of California, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Weifang Yu
- San Diego VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of California, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- San Diego VA Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of California, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Shinozaki S, Chiba T, Kokame K, Miyata T, Kaneko E, Shimokado K. A deficiency of Herp, an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein, suppresses atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice by attenuating inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75249. [PMID: 24204574 PMCID: PMC3810372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herp was originally identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein in vascular endothelial cells. ER stress is induced in atherosclerotic lesions, but it is not known whether Herp plays any role in the development of atherosclerosis. To address this question, we generated Herp- and apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice (Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice) by crossbreeding Herp(-/-) mice and apoE(-/-) mice. Herp was expressed in the endothelial cells and medial smooth muscle cells of the aorta, as well as in a subset of macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice, while there was no expression of Herp in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice. The doubly deficient mice developed significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions than the apoE(-/-) mice at 36 and 72 weeks of age, whereas the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly different between the strains. The plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids were significantly lower in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice when they were eight and 16 weeks old. The gene expression levels of ER stress response proteins (GRP78 and CHOP) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) in the aorta were significantly lower in Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice than in apoE(-/-) mice, suggesting that Herp mediated ER stress-induced inflammation. In fact, peritoneal macrophages isolated from Herp-deficient mice and RAW264.7 macrophages in which Herp was eliminated with a siRNA expressed lower levels of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines when they were treated with tunicamycin. Herp deficiency affected the major mediators of the unfolded protein response, including IRE1 and PERK, but not ATF6. These findings suggest that a deficiency of Herp suppressed the development of atherosclerosis by attenuating the ER stress-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Shinozaki
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Chiba
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- Information Center, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimokado
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wang YI, Bettaieb A, Sun C, DeVerse JS, Radecke CE, Mathew S, Edwards CM, Haj FG, Passerini AG, Simon SI. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein modulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression via differential regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78322. [PMID: 24205197 PMCID: PMC3804477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) from hypertriglyceridemic subjects exacerbate endothelial inflammation and promote monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall. We have recently reported that TGRL isolated from human blood after a high-fat meal can elicit a pro- or anti-atherogenic state in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), defined as up- or down-regulation of VCAM-1 expression in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation, respectively. A direct correlation was found between subjects categorized at higher risk for cardiovascular disease based upon serum triglycerides and postprandial production of TGRL particles that increased VCAM-1-dependent monocyte adhesion to inflamed endothelium. To establish how TGRL metabolism is linked to VCAM-1 regulation, we examined endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Regardless of its atherogenicity, the rate and extent of TGRL internalization and lipid droplet formation by HAEC were uniform. However, pro-atherogenic TGRL exacerbated ER membrane expansion and stress following TNFα stimulation, whereas anti-atherogenic TGRL ameliorated such effects. Inhibition of ER stress with a chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid decreased TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression and abrogated TGRL's atherogenic effect. Activation of ER stress sensors PKR-like ER-regulated kinase (PERK) and inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), and downstream effectors including eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (sXBP1) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), directly correlated with the atherogenic activity of an individual's TGRL. Modulation of ER stress sensors also correlated with changes in expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a transcription factor of Vcam-1 responsible for regulation of its expression. Moreover, knockdown studies using siRNA defined a causal relationship between the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway and IRF-1-mediated VCAM-1 expression. We conclude that ER stress and the UPR contribute to the regulation of Vcam-1 transcription as a function of the atherogenic nature of TGRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chongxiu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Radecke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Fawaz G. Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony G. Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Scott I. Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Erbilgin A, Siemers N, Kayne P, Yang WP, Berliner J, Lusis AJ. Gene expression analyses of mouse aortic endothelium in response to atherogenic stimuli. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2509-17. [PMID: 23990205 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells are central to the initiation of atherosclerosis, yet there has been limited success in studying their gene expression in the mouse aorta. To address this, we developed a method for determining the global transcriptional changes that occur in the mouse endothelium in response to atherogenic conditions and applied it to investigate inflammatory stimuli. APPROACH AND RESULTS We characterized a method for the isolation of endothelial cell RNA with high purity directly from mouse aortas and adapted this method to allow for the treatment of aortas ex vivo before RNA collection. Expression array analysis was performed on endothelial cell RNA isolated from control and hyperlipidemic prelesion mouse aortas, and 797 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also examined the effect of additional atherogenic conditions on endothelial gene expression, including ex vivo treatment with inflammatory stimuli, acute hyperlipidemia, and age. Of the 14 most highly differentially expressed genes in endothelium from prelesion aortas, 8 were also perturbed significantly by ≥ 1 atherogenic conditions: 2610019E17Rik, Abca1, H2-Ab1, H2-D1, Pf4, Ppbp, Pvrl2, and Tnnt2. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that RNA can be isolated from mouse aortic endothelial cells after in vivo and ex vivo treatments of the murine vessel wall. We applied these methods to identify a group of genes, many of which have not been described previously as having a direct role in atherosclerosis, that were highly regulated by atherogenic stimuli and may play a role in early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Erbilgin
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.E., A.J.L.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.B.), Medicine (A.J.L.), and Human Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Applied Genomics, Princeton, NJ (N.S., P.K., W.-p.Y.)
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Kadowaki H, Nishitoh H. Signaling pathways from the endoplasmic reticulum and their roles in disease. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:306-33. [PMID: 24705207 PMCID: PMC3924831 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle in which newly synthesized secretory and transmembrane proteins are assembled and folded into their correct tertiary structures. However, many of these ER proteins are misfolded as a result of various stimuli and gene mutations. The accumulation of misfolded proteins disrupts the function of the ER and induces ER stress. Eukaryotic cells possess a highly conserved signaling pathway, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), to adapt and respond to ER stress conditions, thereby promoting cell survival. However, in the case of prolonged ER stress or UPR malfunction, apoptosis signaling is activated. Dysfunction of the UPR causes numerous conformational diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, ER stress-induced signaling pathways may serve as potent therapeutic targets of ER stress-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of the UPR and ER stress-induced apoptosis, as well as the possible roles of ER stress in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Protective effect of the silkworm protein 30Kc6 on human vascular endothelial cells damaged by oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). PLoS One 2013; 8:e68746. [PMID: 23840859 PMCID: PMC3695901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the 30K family proteins are important anti-apoptotic molecules in silkworm hemolymph, the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. This is especially the case in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, a 30K protein, 30Kc6, was successfully expressed and purified using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system in silkworm cells. Furthermore, the 30Kc6 expressed in Escherichia coli was used to generate a polyclonal antibody. Western blot analysis revealed that the antibody could react specifically with the purified 30Kc6 expressed in silkworm cells. The In vitro cell apoptosis model of HUVEC that was induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and in vivo atherosclerosis rabbit model were constructed and were employed to analyze the protective effects of the silkworm protein 30Kc6 on these models. The results demonstrated that the silkworm protein 30Kc6 significantly enhanced the cell viability in HUVEC cells treated with Ox-LDL, decreased the degree of DNA fragmentation and markedly reduced the level of 8-isoprostane. This could be indicative of the silkworm protein 30Kc6 antagonizing the Ox-LDL-induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, Ox-LDL activated the cell mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), especially JNK and p38. As demonstrated with Western analysis, 30Kc6 inhibited Ox-LDL-induced cell apoptosis in HUVEC cells by preventing the MAPK signaling pathways. In vivo data have demonstrated that oral feeding of the silkworm protein 30Kc6 dramatically improved the conditions of the atherosclerotic rabbits by decreasing serum levels of total triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC). Furthermore, 30Kc6 alleviated the extent of lesions in aorta and liver in the atherosclerotic rabbits. These data are not only helpful in understanding the anti-apoptotic mechanism of the 30K family proteins, but also provide important information on prevention and treatment of human cardiovascular diseases.
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Kawanami D, Matoba K, Okada R, Tsukamoto M, Kinoshita J, Ishizawa S, Kanazawa Y, Yokota T, Utsunomiya K. Fasudil inhibits ER stress-induced VCAM-1 expression by modulating unfolded protein response in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:171-5. [PMID: 23665024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of atherosclerosis is affected by interactions among numerous biological pathways. Accumulating evidence shows that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. Rho-kinase is an effector of small GTP-binding protein Rho, and has been implicated as an atherogenic factor. Previous studies demonstrated that fasudil, a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, exerts a cardioprotective effect by downregulating ER stress signaling. However, the molecular link between ER stress and Rho-kinase in endothelial cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which fasudil regulates endothelial inflammation during ER stress. Tunicamycin, an established ER stress inducer, increased vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression in endothelial cells. Intriguingly, fasudil inhibited VCAM-1 induction. From a mechanistic stand point, fasudil inhibited expression of activating transcription factor (ATF)4 and subsequent C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) induction by tunicamycin. Furthermore, fasudil attenuated tunicamycin-induced phophorylation of p38MAPK that is crucial for the atherogenic response during ER stress. These findings indicate that Rho-kinase regulates ER stress-mediated VCAM-1 induction by ATF4- and p38MAPK-dependent signaling pathways. Rho-kinase inhibition by fasudil would be an important therapeutic approach against atherosclerosis, in particular, under conditions of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kawanami
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Multiple systemic factors and local stressors in the arterial wall can disturb the functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER stress in endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and macrophages during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. As a protective response to restore ER homeostasis, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated by three major ER sensors: protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). The activation of the various UPR signaling pathways displays a temporal pattern of activation at different stages of the disease. The ATF6 and IRE1α pathways that promote the expression of protein chaperones in ER are activated in ECs in athero-susceptible regions of pre-lesional arteries and before the appearance of foam cells. The PERK pathway that reduces ER protein client load by blocking protein translation is activated in SMCs and macrophages in early lesions. The activation of these UPR signaling pathways aims to cope with the ER stress and plays a pro-survival role in the early stage of atherosclerosis. However, with the progression of atherosclerosis, the extended duration and increased intensity of ER stress in lesions lead to prolonged and enhanced UPR signaling. Under this circumstance, the PERK pathway induces expression of death effectors, and possibly IRE1α activates apoptosis signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis of macrophages and SMCs in advanced lesions. Importantly, UPR-mediated cell death is associated with plaque instability and the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. Moreover, UPR signaling is linked to inflammation and possibly to macrophage differentiation in lesions. Therapeutic approaches targeting the UPR may have promise in the prevention and/or regression of atherosclerosis. However, more progress is needed to fully understand all of the roles of the UPR in atherosclerosis and to harness this information for therapeutic advances.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a condition that dramatically affects protein folding homeostasis in cells, has been associated with a number of metabolic diseases. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence supports the notion that pharmacological modulators of ER stress have therapeutic potential as novel treatments of metabolic disorders. AREAS COVERED In this review, the molecular mechanisms of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases are discussed, highlighting the roles of various UPR components revealed using disease models in mice. Special emphasis is placed on the use of novel small molecules in animal disease models and human pathologies, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION ER stress is a highly promising therapeutic target for metabolic disease. Small molecular chemical chaperones have already demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in animal and human studies. The emergence of compounds that target specific UPR signaling pathways will provide more options for this purpose. Although the findings are promising, more studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy and side effects of these small molecules for future use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Siyan Cao
- Del E. Webb Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Purple rice extract and its constituents suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced retinal damage in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2013; 92:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chikka MR, McCabe DD, Tyra HM, Rutkowski DT. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) contributes to suppression of metabolic genes during endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4405-15. [PMID: 23281479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) senses stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and initiates signal transduction cascades that culminate in changes to gene regulation. Long recognized as a means for improving ER protein folding through up-regulation of ER chaperones, the UPR is increasingly recognized to play a role in the regulation of metabolic pathways. ER stress is clearly connected to altered metabolism in tissues such as the liver, but the mechanisms underlying this connection are only beginning to be elucidated. Here, working exclusively in vivo, we tested the hypothesis that the UPR-regulated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) participates in the transcriptional regulation of metabolism during hepatic ER stress. We found that metabolic dysregulation was associated with induction of eIF2α signaling and CHOP up-regulation during challenge with tunicamycin or Velcade. CHOP was necessary for suppression of genes encoding the transcriptional master regulators of lipid metabolism: Cebpa, Ppara, and Srebf1. This action of CHOP required a contemporaneous CHOP-independent stress signal. CHOP bound directly to C/EBP-binding regions in the promoters of target genes, whereas binding of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ to the same regions was diminished during ER stress. Our results thus highlight a role for CHOP in the transcriptional regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudana R Chikka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine,Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Saito T, Hasegawa Y, Ishigaki Y, Yamada T, Gao J, Imai J, Uno K, Kaneko K, Ogihara T, Shimosawa T, Asano T, Fujita T, Oka Y, Katagiri H. Importance of endothelial NF-κB signalling in vascular remodelling and aortic aneurysm formation. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:106-14. [PMID: 23015640 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular remodelling and aortic aneurysm formation are induced mainly by inflammatory responses in the adventitia and media. However, relatively little is known about the mechanistic significance of endothelium in the pathogenesis of these vascular disorders. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) regulates the expressions of numerous genes, including those related to pro-inflammatory responses. Therefore, to investigate the roles of endothelial pro-inflammatory responses, we examined the impact of blocking endothelial NF-κB signalling on intimal hyperplasia and aneurysm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS To block endothelial NF-κB signalling, we used transgenic mice expressing dominant-negative IκBα selectively in endothelial cells (E-DNIκB mice). E-DNIκB mice were protected from the development of cuff injury-induced neointimal formation, in association with suppressed arterial expressions of cellular adhesion molecules, a macrophage marker, and inflammatory factors. In addition, the blockade of endothelial NF-κB signalling prevented abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in an experimental model, hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with angiotensin II infusion. In this aneurysm model as well, aortic expressions of an adhesion molecule, a macrophage marker, and inflammatory factors were suppressed with the inhibited expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases in the aorta. CONCLUSION Endothelial NF-κB activation up-regulates adhesion molecule expression, which may trigger macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the adventitia and media. Thus, the endothelium plays important roles in vascular remodelling and aneurysm formation through its intracellular NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuo Saito
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Millott R, Dudek E, Michalak M. The endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular health and disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1209-17. [PMID: 22897133 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum has an intricate network of pathways built to deal with the secretory and integral membrane protein synthesis demands of the cell, as well as adaptive responses set up for the endoplasmic reticulum to rely on when stressed. These pathways are both essential and complex, and because of these 2 factors, several situations can lead to a dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum and result in a dysfunctional cell with the potential to contribute to the progression of disease. The endoplasmic reticulum has been implicated in several metabolic, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, and renal diseases and disorders, and in particular, cardiovascular diseases. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiovascular disease shows how the change in function of a particular microscopic organelle can lead to macroscopic changes in the form of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Millott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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