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Research Progress of Conjugated Nanomedicine for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071522. [PMID: 35890416 PMCID: PMC9315807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional cancer therapeutic modalities include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy are also widely used in cancer treatment, chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of tumor treatment. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine is believed to be an emerging field to further improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Until now, there are more than 17 kinds of nanomedicine for cancer therapy approved globally. Thereinto, conjugated nanomedicine, as an important type of nanomedicine, can not only possess the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics with great precision but also achieve controlled drug release to avoid adverse effects. Meanwhile, conjugated nanomedicine provides the platform for combining several different therapeutic approaches (chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, thermodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, etc.) with the purpose of achieving synergistic effects during cancer treatment. Therefore, this review focuses on conjugated nanomedicine and its various applications in synergistic chemotherapy. Additionally, the further perspectives and challenges of the conjugated nanomedicine are also addressed, which clarifies the design direction of a new generation of conjugated nanomedicine and facilitates the translation of them from the bench to the bedside.
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Nakada T, Sugihara K, Jikoh T, Abe Y, Agatsuma T. The Latest Research and Development into the Antibody-Drug Conjugate, [fam-] Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), for HER2 Cancer Therapy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:173-185. [PMID: 30827997 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of traditional chemotherapy for cancer is dose-limiting toxicity, caused by the exposure of non-tumor cells to cytotoxic agents. Use of molecular targeted drugs, such as specific kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, is a possible solution to overcome this limitation and has achieved clinical success so far. Use of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a rational strategy for improving efficacy and reducing systemic adverse events. ADCs use antibodies selectively to deliver a potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells, thus drastically improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. Lessons learned from clinical failure of early ADCs during the 1980s to 90s have recently led to improvements in ADC technology, and resulted in the approval of four novel ADCs. Nonetheless, further advances in ADC technology are still required to streamline their clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity. [fam-] Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) is a next-generation ADC that satisfies these requirements based on currently available evidence. DS-8201a has several innovative features; a highly potent novel payload with a high drug-to-antibody ratio, good homogeneity, a tumor-selective cleavable linker, stable linker-payload in circulation, and a short systemic half-life cytotoxic agent in vivo; the released cytotoxic payload could exert a bystander effect. With respect to its preclinical profiles, DS-8201a could provide a valuable therapy with a great potential against HER2-expressing cancers in clinical settings. In a phase I trial, DS-8201a showed acceptable safety profiles with potential therapeutic efficacy, with the wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakada
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takahiro Jikoh
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yuki Abe
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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Mukherjee A, Waters AK, Babic I, Nurmemmedov E, Glassy MC, Kesari S, Yenugonda VM. Antibody drug conjugates: Progress, pitfalls, and promises. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:53-62. [PMID: 30223393 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising and an efficient strategy for targeted cancer therapy. Comprised of a monoclonal antibody, a cytotoxic drug, and a linker, ADCs offer tumor selectively, reduced toxicity, and improved stability in systemic circulation. Recent approvals of two ADCs have led to a resurgence in ADC research, with more than 60 ADCs under various stages of clinical development. The therapeutic success of future ADCs is dependent on adherence to key requirements of their design and careful selection of the target antigen on cancer cells. Here we review the main components in the design of antibody drug conjugates, improvements made, and lessons learned over two decades of research, as well as the future of third generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhab Mukherjee
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Ariana K Waters
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Ivan Babic
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Elmar Nurmemmedov
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Mark C Glassy
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Nascent Biotech, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Venkata Mahidhar Yenugonda
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
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Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Aghebati‐Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody‐drug conjugates: Promising and efficient tools for targeted cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Leili Aghebati‐Maleki
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Bhatt G, Maddocks K, Christian B. CD30 and CD30-Targeted Therapies in Hodgkin Lymphoma and Other B cell Lymphomas. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2016; 11:480-491. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-016-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]: molecular design, synthetic organic chemistry reactions, and antineoplastic cytotoxic potency against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549). Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2575-97. [PMID: 27574398 PMCID: PMC4990379 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corticosteroids are effective in the management of a variety of disease states, such as several forms of neoplasia (leukemia and lymphoma), autoimmune conditions, and severe inflammatory responses. Molecular strategies that selectively "target" delivery of corticosteroids minimize or prevents large amounts of the pharmaceutical moiety from passively diffusing into normal healthy cell populations residing within tissues and organ systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was synthesized by reacting dexamethasone-21-monophosphate with a carbodiimide reagent to form a dexamethasone phosphate carbodiimide ester that was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create an amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin was combined with the amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate, resulting in the synthesis of the covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Following spectrophotometric analysis and validation of retained epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (EGFR)-binding avidity by cell-ELISA, the selective anti-neoplasic cytotoxic potency of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was established by MTT-based vitality stain methodology using adherent monolayer populations of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) known to overexpress the tropic membrane receptors EGFR and insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1. RESULTS The dexamethasone:IgG molar-incorporation-index for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was 6.95:1 following exhaustive serial microfiltration. Cytotoxicity analysis: covalent bonding of dexamethasone to monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin did not significantly modify the ex vivo antineoplastic cytotoxicity of dexamethasone against pulmonary adenocarcinoma at and between the standardized dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-5) M. Rapid increases in antineoplastic cytotoxicity were observed at and between the dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-7) M where cancer cell death increased from 7.7% to a maximum of 64.9% (92.3%-35.1% residual survival), respectively, which closely paralleled values for "free" noncovalently bound dexamethasone. DISCUSSION Organic chemistry reaction regimens were optimized to develop a multiphase synthesis regimen for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Attributes of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] include a high dexamethasone molar incorporation-index, lack of extraneous chemical group introduction, retained EGFR-binding avidity ("targeted" delivery properties), and potential to enhance long-term pharmaceutical moiety effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Gordon MR, Canakci M, Li L, Zhuang J, Osborne B, Thayumanavan S. Field Guide to Challenges and Opportunities in Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Chemists. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2198-215. [PMID: 26308881 PMCID: PMC4933296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates have attracted a great amount of attention as a therapeutic strategy for diseases where targeting specific tissues and cells are critical components, such as in cancer therapy. Although promising, the number of approved ADC drugs is relatively limited. This emanates from the challenges associated with generating the conjugates and the complexities associated with the stability requirements for these conjugates during circulation and after reaching the target. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the design challenges facing the ADC field. These challenges also provide several unique research and development opportunities, which are also highlighted throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory R. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Mine Canakci
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Longyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Barbara Osborne
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
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Kim EG, Kim KM. Strategies and Advancement in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Optimization for Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:493-509. [PMID: 26535074 PMCID: PMC4624065 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates utilize the antibody as a delivery vehicle for highly potent cytotoxic molecules with specificity for tumor-associated antigens for cancer therapy. Critical parameters that govern successful antibody-drug conjugate development for clinical use include the selection of the tumor target antigen, the antibody against the target, the cytotoxic molecule, the linker bridging the cytotoxic molecule and the antibody, and the conjugation chemistry used for the attachment of the cytotoxic molecule to the antibody. Advancements in these core antibody-drug conjugate technology are reflected by recent approval of Adectris(®) (anti-CD30-drug conjugate) and Kadcyla(®) (anti-HER2 drug conjugate). The potential approval of an anti-CD22 conjugate and promising new clinical data for anti-CD19 and anti-CD33 conjugates are additional advancements. Enrichment of antibody-drug conjugates with newly developed potent cytotoxic molecules and linkers are also in the pipeline for various tumor targets. However, the complexity of antibody-drug conjugate components, conjugation methods, and off-target toxicities still pose challenges for the strategic design of antibody-drug conjugates to achieve their fullest therapeutic potential. This review will discuss the emergence of clinical antibody-drug conjugates, current trends in optimization strategies, and recent study results for antibody-drug conjugates that have incorporated the latest optimization strategies. Future challenges and perspectives toward making antibody-drug conjugates more amendable for broader disease indications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee G. Kim
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
| | - Kristine M. Kim
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising therapeutic modality for the clinical management of cancer. The recent approvals of brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine plus emerging data for many molecules in clinical trials highlight the potential for ADCs to offer new therapeutic options for patients. Currently, more than 30 ADCs are being evaluated in early- or late-stage clinical trials. Accordingly, much has been done to refine and transform the early-generation ADCs to the highly effective products that we now have in clinical development. These changes include a better understanding of optimal target selection, advances in antibody engineering, improvements in linker/payload conjugation strategies, and the generation of highly potent ADC payloads. In this review, we detail the current status of ADCs in both preclinical and clinical development, highlight technological advancements in ADC development, and speculate towards the future of this targeted therapeutic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mack
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY
| | - Michael Ritchie
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, World Wide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY.
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antibody-drug conjugates: an emerging concept in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3796-827. [PMID: 24677743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cancer chemotherapy is often accompanied by systemic toxicity to the patient. Monoclonal antibodies against antigens on cancer cells offer an alternative tumor-selective treatment approach. However, most monoclonal antibodies are not sufficiently potent to be therapeutically active on their own. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) use antibodies to deliver a potent cytotoxic compound selectively to tumor cells, thus improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. The recent approval of two ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, for cancer treatment has spurred tremendous research interest in this field. This Review touches upon the early efforts in the field, and describes how the lessons learned from the first-generation ADCs have led to improvements in every aspect of this technology, i.e., the antibody, the cytotoxic compound, and the linker connecting them, leading to the current successes. The design of ADCs currently in clinical development, and results from mechanistic studies and preclinical and clinical evaluation are discussed. Emerging technologies that seek to further advance this exciting area of research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi V J Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc. 830 Winter St, Waltham, MA 02451 (USA) http://www.immunogen.com.
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Chari RVJ, Miller ML, Widdison WC. Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate: ein neues Konzept in der Krebstherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Simon M, Stefan N, Plückthun A, Zangemeister-Wittke U. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:451-68. [PMID: 23316711 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.759938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is abundantly expressed in epithelial tumors, on cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells. Together with its role in oncogenic signaling, this has sparked interest in its potential for tumor targeting with antibodies and drug conjugates for safe and effective cancer therapy. Recent advances in protein engineering, linker design and drug formulations have provided a multitude of EpCAM-targeting anticancer agents, several of them with good perspectives for clinical development. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the biological, therapeutic and technical aspects of EpCAM-targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy. The authors discuss seminal findings, which distinguish EpCAM as a target with oncogenic function and abundant expression in epithelial tumors. Moreover, recent trends in engineering improved anti-EpCAM antibodies, binding proteins that are not derived from immunoglobulins and drug conjugates derived from them are highlighted and their therapeutic potential based on reported preclinical and clinical data, originality of design and perspectives are critically assessed. EXPERT OPINION EpCAM has shown promise for safe and efficient targeting of solid tumors using antibodies, alternative binding molecules and novel drug conjugates. Among the myriad of EpCAM-targeting drug delivery systems investigated so far, several could demonstrate therapeutic benefit, other formulations engineered to become tailor-made missiles are on the brink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Simon
- University of Bern, Institute of Pharmacology, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Toxin payloads, or drugs, are the crucial components of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This review will give an introduction on the requirements that make a toxic compound suitable to be used in an antitumoral ADC and will summarize the structural and mechanistic features of four drug families that yielded promising results in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Anderl
- Heidelberg Pharma GmbH, Ladenburg, Germany
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Bear R. Synthesis of a covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-anti-HER2/neu immunochemotherapeutic utilizing a UV-photoactivated anthracycline intermediate. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:41-55. [PMID: 22191802 PMCID: PMC4361169 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C(3)-monoamine on the carbohydrate moiety (daunosamine -NH(2)-3') of epirubicin was reacted under anhydrous conditions with succinimidyl 4,4-azipentanoate to create a covalent UV-photoactivated epirubicin-(C(3)-amide) intermediate with primary amine-reactive properties. A synthetic covalent bond between the UV-photoactivated epirubicin-(C(3)-amide) intermediate and the ɛ-amine of lysine residues within the amino acid sequence of anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin was subsequently created by exposure to UV light (354 nm) for 15 minutes. Size-separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with immunodetection analysis and chemiluminescent autoradiographic imaging revealed a lack of IgG-IgG polymerization or degradative protein fragmentation of the covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic. Retained binding-avidity of epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] was validated by cell-ELISA utilizing monolayer populations of chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma SKBr-3 which highly overexpress membrane-associated HER2/neu complexes. Between epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-6) M the covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic consistently evoked levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency that were highly analogous to chemotherapeutic-equivalent concentrations of epirubicin. Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] against chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma SKBr-3 challenged with epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] at an epirubicin-equivalent concentration of 10(-6) M was 88.5% (e.g., 11.5% residual survival). Between final epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-7) M there was a marked threshold increase in the mean cytotoxic anti-neoplastic activity for epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] from 9.9% to 66.9% (90.2% to 33.1% residual survival).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
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Getts DR, Getts MT, McCarthy DP, Chastain EML, Miller SD. Have we overestimated the benefit of human(ized) antibodies? MAbs 2010; 2:682-94. [PMID: 20935511 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of animal-derived antibodies has been known for some time to trigger the generation of antibodies directed at the foreign protein as well as adverse events including cytokine release syndrome. These immunological phenomena drove the development of humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies. The ability to generate human(ized) antibodies has been both a blessing and a curse. While incremental gains in the clinical efficacy and safety for some agents have been realized, a positive effect has not been observed for all human(ized) antibodies. Many human(ized) antibodies trigger the development of anti-drug antibody responses and infusion reactions. The current belief that antibodies need to be human(ized) to have enhanced therapeutic utility may slow the development of novel animal-derived monoclonal antibody therapeutics for use in clinical indications. In the case of murine antibodies, greater than 20% induce tolerable/negligible immunogenicity, suggesting that in these cases humanization may not offer significant gains in therapeutic utility. Furthermore, humanization of some murine antibodies may reduce their clinical effectiveness. The available data suggest that the utility of human(ized) antibodies needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking a cost-benefit approach, taking both biochemical characteristics and the targeted therapeutic indication into account.
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Nogueira M, Kim HL. Molecular markers for predicting prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2007; 26:113-24. [PMID: 18312928 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic or recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) carries a poor prognosis and long term survival is rare. However, many small RCCs that are incidentally discovered have an indolent course even without treatment. The variability in clinical outcome is a reflection of the underlying tumor biology. Currently, clinical variables such as tumor stage and histologic grade are widely accepted surrogates for tumor-specific cellular and molecular processes. Ongoing advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have produced an expanding list of molecular markers for predicting prognosis. We review expression array studies evaluating molecular signatures for predicting prognosis in patients with RCC and describe specific prognostic markers that have been validated in at least 50 cases of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nogueira
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Liu C, Chari RV. The development of antibody delivery systems to target cancer with highly potent maytansinoids. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:169-72. [PMID: 15989600 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Improving the tumour selectivity of cytotoxic drugs through conjugation to tumour-reactive monoclonal antibodies may lead to novel, more potent agents for cancer therapy. The maytansinoid drugs are 100- to 1000-fold more cytotoxic in vitro than current clinical anticancer drugs. We recently demonstrated that conjugation of maytansinoid drugs to monoclonal antibodies renders them highly efficacious against cancers of breast and colon in both in vitro and in in vivo tumour models. Antibody-maytansinoids represent a new generation of immunoconjugates that may yet fulfil the promise of effective cancer therapy through antibody targeting of cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 148 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139-4239, USA
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Seligson DB, Pantuck AJ, Liu X, Huang Y, Horvath S, Bui MHT, Han KR, Correa AJL, Eeva M, Tze S, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (KSA) expression: pathobiology and its role as an independent predictor of survival in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2659-69. [PMID: 15102668 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1132-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a widely expressed adhesion molecule in epithelial cancers. The purpose of this study is to determine the protein expression patterns of EpCAM in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using tissue arrays linked to a clinicopathological database to evaluate both its predictive power in patient stratification and its suitability as a potential target for immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The University of California, Los Angeles kidney cancer tissue microarray contains specimens from 417 patients treated with nephrectomy. EpCAM protein expression in tumors and matched morphologically normal renal tissues was evaluated using anti-EpCAM immunohistochemistry. The resultant expression reactivity was correlated with clinicopathological variables. RESULTS EpCAM is consistently expressed in the distal nephron on normal renal epithelium. Clear cell RCCs show minimal and infrequent EpCAM expression, whereas chromophobe and collecting duct RCCs both demonstrate intense and frequent expression. Of 318 clear cell carcinomas used in the analysis, 10% were EpCAM positive in > or = 50% of cells, and 8% of patients would be considered candidates for EpCAM-based therapy, based on high expression [> or = moderate intensity and frequent (> or = 50%) expression] and the need for systemic treatment. EpCAM expression was an independent prognostic factor for improved disease-specific survival, with a multivariate hazard ratio of 0.63 (P = 0.017; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.92). CONCLUSIONS EpCAM is a novel prognostic molecular marker in RCC patients, and its positive expression is an independent predictor associated with improved survival. However, high expression in morphologically normal renal tissues and minimal or absent expression in clear cell carcinomas will likely limit the utility of this epithelial marker in targeted treatments of this most common RCC type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Seligson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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21
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Naundorf S, Preithner S, Mayer P, Lippold S, Wolf A, Hanakam F, Fichtner I, Kufer P, Raum T, Riethmüller G, Baeuerle PA, Dreier T. In vitro and in vivo activity of MT201, a fully human monoclonal antibody for pancarcinoma treatment. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:101-10. [PMID: 12115595 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In our study, a novel, fully human, recombinant monoclonal antibody of the IgG1 isotype, called MT201, was characterized for its binding properties, complement-dependent (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as for its in vivo antitumor activity in a nude mouse model. MT201 was found to bind its target, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM; also called 17-1A antigen, KSA, EGP-2, GA733-2), with low affinity in a range similar to that of the clinically validated, murine monoclonal IgG2a antibody edrecolomab (Panorex(R)). MT201 exhibited Ep-CAM-specific CDC with a potency similar to that of edrecolomab. However, the efficacy of ADCC of MT201, as mediated by human immune effector cells, was by 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of edrecolomab. Addition of human serum reduced the ADCC of MT201 while it essentially abolished ADCC of edrecolomab within the concentration range tested. In a nude mouse xenograft model, growth of tumors derived from the human colon carcinoma line HT-29 was significantly and comparably suppressed by MT201 and edrecolomab. The fully human nature and the improved ADCC of MT201 with human effector cells will make MT201 a promising candidate for the clinical development of a novel pan-carcinoma antibody that is superior to edrecolomab.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/therapeutic use
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Beiboer SH, Reurs A, Roovers RC, Arends JW, Whitelegg NR, Rees AR, Hoogenboom HR. Guided selection of a pan carcinoma specific antibody reveals similar binding characteristics yet structural divergence between the original murine antibody and its human equivalent. J Mol Biol 2000; 296:833-49. [PMID: 10677285 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody engineering provides an excellent tool for the generation of human immunotherapeutics for the targeted treatment of solid tumours. We have engineered and selected a completely human antibody to epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EGP-2), a transmembrane glycoprotein present on virtually all human simple epithelia and abundantly expressed on a variety of human carcinomas. We chose to use the procedure of "guided selection" to rebuild a high-affinity murine antibody into a human antibody, using two consecutive rounds of variable domain shuffling and phage library selection. As a starting antibody, the murine antibody MOC-31 was used. After the first round of guided selection, where the V(H) of MOC-31 was combined in Fab format with a human V(L)C(L) library, a small panel of human light chains was identified, originating from a segment of the VkappaIII family, whereas the MOC-31 V(L) is more homologous to the VkappaII family. Nevertheless, one of the chimaeric Fabs, C3, displayed an off-rate similar to MOC-31 scFv. Combining the V(L) of C3 with a human V(H) library, while retaining the V(H) CDR3 of MOC-31, clones were selected using human V(H) genes originating from the rarely used V(H)7 family. The best clone, 9E, shows over 13 amino acid mutations from the germline sequence, has an off-rate comparable to the original antibody and specifically binds to the "MOC-31"-epitope on EGP-2 in specificity and competition ELISA, FACS analysis and immunohistochemistry. In both V(L) and V(H) of antibody 9E, three germline mutations were found creating the MOC-31 homologue residue. Structural modelling of both murine and human antibodies reveals that one of the germline mutations, 53Y in V(H) CDR2, is likely to be involved in antigen binding. We conclude that, although they may bind the same epitope and have similar binding affinity to the antigen as the original murine antibody, human antibodies derived by guided selection unlike CDR-grafted antibodies, may retain only some of the original key elements of the binding site chemistry. The selected human anti-EGP-2 antibody will be a suitable reagent for tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Beiboer
- Research Institute Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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23
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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Abstract
The potential of targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer has not yet been realized owing to the difficulty of delivering therapeutic concentrations to the target site. While in vivo studies in animal tumor models have produced very encouraging results, clinical studies with antibody-drug conjugates have been less successful. This paper will review the current status of the targeted delivery approach and analyze some of the reasons for the lack of success so far. Starting with a historical perspective, this review will end with a description of newer, more potent and specific antibody-drug conjugates, which behave like tumor-activated prodrugs that may yet fulfil the promise of the targeted delivery approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Liu C, Tadayoni BM, Bourret LA, Mattocks KM, Derr SM, Widdison WC, Kedersha NL, Ariniello PD, Goldmacher VS, Lambert JM, Blättler WA, Chari RV. Eradication of large colon tumor xenografts by targeted delivery of maytansinoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:8618-23. [PMID: 8710920 PMCID: PMC38722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The maytansinoid drug DM1 is 100- to 1000-fold more cytotoxic than anticancer drugs that are currently in clinical use. The immunoconjugate C242-DM1 was prepared by conjugating DM1 to the monoclonal antibody C242, which recognizes a mucin-type glycoprotein expressed to various extents by human colorectal cancers. C242-DM1 was found to be highly cytotoxic toward cultured colon cancer cells in an antigen-specific manner and showed remarkable antitumor efficacy in vivo. C242-DM1 cured mice bearing subcutaneous COLO 205 human colon tumor xenografts (tumor size at time of treatment 65-130 mm3), at doses that showed very little toxicity and were well below the maximum tolerated dose. C242-DM1 could even effect complete regressions or cures in animals with large (260- to 500-mm3) COLO 205 tumor xenografts. Further, C242-DM1 induced complete regressions of subcutaneous LoVo and HT-29 colon tumor xenografts that express the target antigen in a heterogeneous manner. C242-DM1 represents a new generation of immunoconjugates that may yet fulfill the promise of effective cancer therapy through antibody targeting of cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- ImmunoGen, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139-4239, USA
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