1
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Noveir SD, Kerman BE, Xian H, Meuret C, Smadi S, Martinez AE, Johansson J, Zetterberg H, Parks BA, Kuklenyik Z, Mack WJ, Johansson JO, Yassine HN. Effect of the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253 on amyloid-β and lipoprotein metabolism in cynomolgus monkeys. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:87. [PMID: 35751102 PMCID: PMC9229758 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducing brain ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCA1) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models is associated with improvement in AD pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ABCA1 agonist peptide CS-6253 on amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and lipoproteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cynomolgus monkeys, a species with amyloid and lipoprotein metabolism similar to humans. METHODS CS-6253 peptide was injected intravenously into cynomolgus monkeys at various doses in three different studies. Plasma and CSF samples were collected at several time points before and after treatment. Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein particles, apolipoproteins, and Aβ were measured using ELISA, ion-mobility analysis, and asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). The relationship between the change in levels of these biomarkers was analyzed using multiple linear regression models and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Following CS-6253 intravenous injection, within minutes, small plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were increased. In two independent experiments, plasma TG, apolipoprotein E (apoE), and Aβ42/40 ratio were transiently increased following CS-6253 intravenous injection. This change was associated with a non-significant decrease in CSF Aβ42. Both plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were reduced following treatment. AF4 fractionation revealed that CS-6253 treatment displaced apoE from HDL to intermediate-density- and low density-lipoprotein (IDL/LDL)-sized particles in plasma. In contrast to plasma, CS-6253 had no effect on the assessed CSF apolipoproteins or lipids. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253 appears to favor Aβ clearance from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan D Noveir
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Bilal E Kerman
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Haotian Xian
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Cristiana Meuret
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sabrina Smadi
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ashley E Martinez
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bryan A Parks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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2
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Furtado JD, Ruotolo G, Nicholls SJ, Dullea R, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Sacks FM. Pharmacological Inhibition of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Increases HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) That Contains ApoC3 and Other HDL Subspecies Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 42:227-237. [PMID: 34937388 PMCID: PMC8785774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Plasma total HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is a heterogeneous mix of many protein-based subspecies whose functions and associations with coronary heart disease vary. We hypothesize that increasing HDL by CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibition failed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, in part, because it increased dysfunctional subspecies associated with higher risk such as HDL that contains apoC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA (J.D.F., F.M.S.)
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
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3
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Liu G, Lai P, Guo J, Wang Y, Xian X. Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:92-110. [PMID: 37724074 PMCID: PMC10388752 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingping Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Morton AM, Koch M, Mendivil CO, Furtado JD, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Wang L, Jensen MK, Sacks FM. Apolipoproteins E and CIII interact to regulate HDL metabolism and coronary heart disease risk. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98045. [PMID: 29467335 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subspecies of HDL contain apolipoprotein E (apoE) and/or apoCIII. Both proteins have properties that could affect HDL metabolism. The relation between HDL metabolism and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well understood. METHODS Eighteen participants were given a bolus infusion of [D3]L-leucine to label endogenous proteins on HDL. HDL was separated into subspecies containing apoE and/or apoCIII and then into 4 sizes. Metabolic rates for apoA-I in HDL subspecies and sizes were determined by interactive modeling. The concentrations of apoE in HDL that contain or lack apoCIII were measured in a prospective study in Denmark including 1,949 incident CHD cases during 9 years. RESULTS HDL containing apoE but not apoCIII is disproportionately secreted into the circulation, actively expands while circulating, and is quickly cleared. These are key metabolic steps in reverse cholesterol transport, which may protect against atherosclerosis. ApoCIII on HDL strongly attenuates these metabolic actions of HDL apoE. In the epidemiological study, the relation between HDL apoE concentration and CHD significantly differed depending on whether apoCIII was present. HDL apoE was associated significantly with lower risk of CHD only in the HDL subspecies lacking apoCIII. CONCLUSIONS ApoE and apoCIII on HDL interact to affect metabolism and CHD. ApoE promotes metabolic steps in reverse cholesterol transport and is associated with lower risk of CHD. ApoCIII, when coexisting with apoE on HDL, abolishes these benefits. Therefore, differences in metabolism of HDL subspecies pertaining to reverse cholesterol transport are reflected in differences in association with CHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01399632. FUNDING This work was supported by NIH grant R01HL095964 to FMS and by a grant to the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (8UL1TR0001750) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M Morton
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manja Koch
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos O Mendivil
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Synergic effects of the ApoC3 and ApoA4 polymorphisms on the risk of hypertension. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Zvintzou E, Lhomme M, Chasapi S, Filou S, Theodoropoulos V, Xapapadaki E, Kontush A, Spyroulias G, Tellis CC, Tselepis AD, Constantinou C, Kypreos KE. Pleiotropic effects of apolipoprotein C3 on HDL functionality and adipose tissue metabolic activity. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1869-1883. [PMID: 28701354 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
APOC3 is produced mainly by the liver and intestine and approximately half of plasma APOC3 associates with HDL. Though it was believed that APOC3 associates with HDL by simple binding to preexisting particles, recent data support that biogenesis of APOC3-containing HDL (APOC3-HDL) requires Abca1. Moreover, APOC3-HDL contributes to plasma triglyceride homeostasis by preventing APOC3 association with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Interestingly, APOC3-HDL also shows positive correlation with the morbidly obese phenotype. However, the roles of APOC3 in HDL functionality and adipose tissue metabolic activity remain unknown. Therefore, here we investigated the direct effects of APOC3 expression on HDL structure and function, as well as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolic activity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with an adenovirus expressing human APOC3 or a recombinant attenuated control adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein and blood and tissue samples were collected at 5 days postinfection. HDL was then analyzed for its apolipoprotein and lipid composition and particle functionality. Additionally, purified mitochondria from BAT and WAT were analyzed for uncoupling protein 1, cytochrome c (Cytc), and Cytc oxidase subunit 4 protein levels as an indirect measure of their metabolic activity. Serum metabolomic analysis was performed by NMR. Combined, our data show that APOC3 modulates HDL structure and function, while it selectively promotes BAT metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zvintzou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICANalytics and INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stella Chasapi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Serafoula Filou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | | | - Eva Xapapadaki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Anatol Kontush
- Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Constantinos C Tellis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Caterina Constantinou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias TK 26500, Greece
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7
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Li Y, Li C, Gao J. Apolipoprotein C3 gene variants and the risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2016; 9:104-9. [PMID: 27331014 PMCID: PMC4908280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that three common loci, SstI, C-482T, and T-455C, in the apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene might be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Considering the inconsistent results and ethnicity variations, we performed a systematic meta-analysis to evaluate the association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of CHD. METHODS We searched HuGE Navigator and PubMed databases to screen for the related literature published before 25 September, 2015. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the study quality. A random-effect model was used to pool the effect size. RESULTS A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria. Nineteen studies, including 11,186 subjects relative to SstI, five studies comprising 3727 subjects relative to C-482T, and nine studies with 6753 subjects relative to T-455C were included in the final analysis. A significant increase in CHD risk was observed in the SstI polymorphism (S2 versus S1: odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.55. There was also a significant increasing trend of CHD risk in the T-455C polymorphism (C versus T: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.16-1.41. However, no associations between C-482T and CHD risk were found in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS The pooled evidence suggests that two SNPs (SstI and T-455C) are associated with an increased risk of CHD. However, because of the limited sample size and heterogeneity, further large-scale and well-designed studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing An zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Holleboom AG, Karlsson H, Lin RS, Beres TM, Sierts JA, Herman DS, Stroes ES, Aerts JM, Kastelein JJ, Motazacker MM, Dallinga-Thie GM, Levels JH, Zwinderman AH, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Ljunggren S, Lefeber DJ, Morava E, Wevers RA, Fritz TA, Tabak LA, Lindahl M, Hovingh GK, Kuivenhoven JA. Heterozygosity for a loss-of-function mutation in GALNT2 improves plasma triglyceride clearance in man. Cell Metab 2011; 14:811-8. [PMID: 22152306 PMCID: PMC3523677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified GALNT2 as a candidate gene in lipid metabolism, but it is not known how the encoded enzyme ppGalNAc-T2, which contributes to the initiation of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation, mediates this effect. In two probands with elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced triglycerides, we identified a mutation in GALNT2. It is shown that carriers have improved postprandial triglyceride clearance, which is likely attributable to attenuated glycosylation of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III, as observed in their plasma. This protein inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which hydrolyses plasma triglycerides. We show that an apoC-III-based peptide is a substrate for ppGalNAc-T2 while its glycosylation by the mutant enzyme is impaired. In addition, neuraminidase treatment of apoC-III which removes the sialic acids from its glycan chain decreases its potential to inhibit LPL. Combined, these data suggest that ppGalNAc-T2 can affect lipid metabolism through apoC-III glycosylation, thereby establishing GALNT2 as a lipid-modifying gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Center of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping S-581 85, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Ruei-Shiuan Lin
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas M. Beres
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeroen A. Sierts
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S. Herman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik S.G. Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - John J.P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad M. Motazacker
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H.M. Levels
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H. Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Morava
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lawrence A. Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mats Lindahl
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping S-581 85, Sweden
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
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9
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Tian L, Fu M. The relationship between high density lipoprotein subclass profile and apolipoprotein concentrations. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:461-72. [PMID: 21747218 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The HDL fraction in human plasma is heterogeneous in terms of size, shape, composition, and surface charge. The HDL subclasses contents were quantified by 2-dimensional non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and image analysis. This research review systematically analyzed the relationship between the contents of HDL subclasses and the concentrations and ratios of the 5 major plasma apolipoproteins (apo). As the concentration of apoA-I increases, the contents of all HDL subclasses increase significantly. The most significant association was observed between large-sized HDL2b contents and apoA-I. ApoA-II played a dual function in the contents of HDL subclasses, and both small-sized HDL3b and HDL3a and large-sized HDL2b tended to increase with apoA-II concentration. An increase in the concentrations of apoC-II, C-III, and B-100 resulted in higher levels of small-sized HDL particles and lower levels of large-sized HDL particles. Plasma apoB- 100, apoC-II, and apoC-III appear to play a coordinated role in assembly of HDL particles and the determination of their contents. Higher concentrations of apoA-I could inhibit the reduction in content of large-sized HDL2b effected by apoB-100, C-II, and C-III. The preβ1-HDL contents increased significantly and those of HDL2b declined progressively with an increased apoB-100/apoA-I or a decreased apoC-III/apoC-II ratio. In summary, each apo has distinct but interrelated roles in HDL particle generation and metabolism. ApoA-I and apoC-II concentrations are independent determinants of HDL subtypes in circulation and apoA-I levels might be a more powerful factor to influence HDL subclasses distribution. Moreover, apoB- 100/apoA-I ratio could reliably and sensitively reflect the HDL subclass profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tian
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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10
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Traish AM, Abdou R, Kypreos KE. Androgen deficiency and atherosclerosis: The lipid link. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 51:303-13. [PMID: 19818414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between androgen deficiency and atherosclerosis is complex, poorly understood, and remains controversial. The aim of this review is to evaluate the data in the literature to determine if androgen deficiency modulates lipid profiles and contributes to atherosclerosis development or progression. Studies in animals and humans suggest that androgen deficiency is associated with increased triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although the effects of androgen deficiency on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remains controversial, recent data suggest that androgen therapy is associated with increased levels of HDL-C and may improve reverse cholesterol transport. Animal studies suggested that androgen deprivation adversely affect lipid profiles and this was reversed by androgen treatment. Furthermore, androgen treatment of hypogonadal men significantly improved lipid profiles. Emerging data indicate that androgens play an important role in lipid metabolism. Therefore androgens are critical in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis. Androgen deficiency contributes to increased TGs, TC, LDL-C and reduced HDL-C while androgen treatment results in a favorable lipid profile, suggesting that androgens may provide a protective effect against the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Department of Biochemistry and Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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11
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Kypreos KE. ABCA1 Promotes the de Novo Biogenesis of Apolipoprotein CIII-Containing HDL Particles in Vivo and Modulates the Severity of Apolipoprotein CIII-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia. Biochemistry 2008; 47:10491-502. [DOI: 10.1021/bi801249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos E. Kypreos
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, TK 26500, Greece
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12
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Parzianello L, Oliveira G, Coelho J. Apolipoprotein CIII polymorphism and triglyceride levels of a Japanese population living in Southern Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:462-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Parzianello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Laboratório Parzianello, Brasil
| | | | - J.C. Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
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13
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Coenen KR, Gruen ML, Hasty AH. Obesity causes very low density lipoprotein clearance defects in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:727-35. [PMID: 17418556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that obese leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob) lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR(-/-)) develop severe hyperlipidemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis. In the present study, we show that obese leptin receptor-deficient mice (db/db) lacking LDLR have a similar phenotype, even in the presence of elevated plasma leptin levels. We investigated the mechanism for the hyperlipidemia in obese LDLR(-/-) mice by comparing lipoprotein production and clearance rates in C57BL/6, ob/ob, LDLR(-/-) and ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) mice. Hepatic triglyceride production rates were equally increased ( approximately 1.4-fold, P<.05) in both LDLR(-/-) and ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) mice compared to C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. LDL clearance was decreased ( approximately 1.3- fold, P<.01) to a similar extent in LDLR(-/-) and ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) mice compared to C57BL/6 and ob/ob controls. While VLDL clearance was delayed in LDLR(-/-) compared to C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice (2-fold, P<.001), this delay was exaggerated in ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) mice (3.8-fold, P<001). The VLDL clearance defects were due to decreased hepatic uptake compared to C57BL/6 (54% and 26% for LDLR(-/-) and ob/ob;LDLR(-/-), respectively, P<.001). When VLDL was collected from C57BL/6, ob/ob, LDLR(-/-), and ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) donors and injected into LDLR(-/-) recipient mice, counts remaining in the liver were 1.4-fold elevated in mice receiving LDLR(-/-) VLDL and 2-fold increased in mice receiving ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) VLDL compared to controls receiving C57BL/6 VLDL (P<.01). Thus, the increase in plasma lipoproteins in ob/ob;LDLR(-/-) mice is caused by delayed VLDL clearance. This appears to be due to defects in both the liver and the lipoproteins themselves in these obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Coenen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA
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Nikolaidou-Neokosmidou V, Zannis V, Kardassis D. Inhibition of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 transcriptional activity by the nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Biochem J 2006; 398:439-50. [PMID: 16771709 PMCID: PMC1559460 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HNF-4 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4) is a key regulator of liver-specific gene expression in mammals. We have shown previously that the activity of the human APOC3 (apolipoprotein C-III) promoter is positively regulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFbeta (transforming growth factor beta) and its effectors Smad3 (similar to mothers against decapentaplegic 3) and Smad4 proteins via physical and functional interactions between Smads and HNF-4. We now show that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha) antagonizes TGFbeta for the regulation of APOC3 gene expression in hepatocytes. TNFalpha was a strong inhibitor of the activity of apolipoprotein promoters that harbour HNF-4 binding sites and this inhibition required HNF-4. Using specific inhibitors of TNFalpha-induced signalling pathways, it was shown that inhibition of the APOC3 promoter by TNFalpha involved NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB). Latent membrane protein 1 of the Epstein-Barr virus, which is an established potent activator of NF-kappaB as well as wild-type forms of various NF-kappaB signalling mediators, also inhibited strongly the APOC3 promoter and the transactivation function of HNF-4. TNFalpha had no effect on the stability or the nuclear localization of HNF-4 in HepG2 cells, but inhibited the binding of HNF-4 to the proximal APOC3 HRE (hormone response element). Using the yeast-transactivator-GAL4 system, we showed that both AF-1 and AF-2 (activation functions 1 and 2) of HNF-4 are inhibited by TNFalpha and that this inhibition was abolished by overexpression of different HNF-4 co-activators, including PGC-1 (peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma co-activator 1), CBP [CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) binding protein] and SRC3 (steroid receptor co-activator 3). In summary, our findings indicate that TNFalpha, or other factors that trigger an NF-kappaB response in hepatic cells, inhibit the transcriptional activity of the APOC3 and other HNF-4-dependent promoters and that this inhibition could be accounted for by a decrease in DNA binding and the down-regulation of the transactivation potential of the AF-1 and AF-2 domains of HNF-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nikolaidou-Neokosmidou
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis I. Zannis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Nitanai A, Katoh N, Oikawa S, Saitoh M, Hamada M, Kutsuzawa A, Mohamed T, Uchida E, Endoh D, Kurosawa T, Sato H. Decreases in serum apolipoprotein C-III concentration in cows with ethionine-induced fatty liver. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 66:1113-8. [PMID: 15472476 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor the serum concentration of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), one of the functional apoproteins in lipid metabolism, in cows with ethionine-induced fatty liver, and to investigate the association of apoC-III with liver triglyceride (TG) content and serum biochemical variables, seven nonpregnant nonlactating Holstein cows (3 to 6 years old) were used. Five cows were treated with ethionine, an analogue of methionine, (days 0, 7 and 14). The remaining two controls received saline as the vehicle. Liver TG contents in the treated cows were increased markedly whenever administered, and significant increases were observed at days 14 (666.4%, 85.3 mg/g) and 21 (675.0%, 86.4 mg/g) compared with day 0. In controls, no significant changes in liver TG content and serum biochemical variables were observed during this experiment. The serum apoC-III concentration in the treated cows was decreased drastically after the first administration and fell to the lowest value at day 10 (76.2 microg/ml, 32% of day 0). The apoC-III was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with non-esterified fatty acids (r= -0.526), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (r= -0.407), total bilirubin (r= -0.464), positively with apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100, r=0.601) and cholesterol ester (r=0.449). Although apoB-100 concentrations were also reduced by the administrations, the concentrations tended to recover smoothly toward the next administration. The distinct difference in change between apoC-III and apoB-100 suggests that apoC-III may be regulated by other pathways, in addition to inhibiting the synthesis of apoproteins by ethionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nitanai
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Fruchart-Najib J, Baugé E, Niculescu LS, Pham T, Thomas B, Rommens C, Majd Z, Brewer B, Pennacchio LA, Fruchart JC. Mechanism of triglyceride lowering in mice expressing human apolipoprotein A5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:397-404. [PMID: 15178420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human APOA5 in mice results in dramatically decreased plasma triglyceride levels. In this study we explored the mechanism underlying this hypotriglyceridemic effect. Initially we found that triglyceride turnover was faster in hAPOA5 transgenic mice compared to controls, and this strongly correlated with increased LPL activity in postheparin plasma. Furthermore, we show that in vitro recombinant apoAV interacts physically with lipoprotein lipase and significantly increased its activity. We show that both apoB and apoCIII are decreased in hAPOA5 transgenic mice indicating a decrease in VLDL number. To further investigate the mechanism of hAPOA5 in a hyperlipidemic background, we inter-crossed hAPOA5 and hAPOC3 transgenic mice. We found a marked decrease in VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B and CIII levels. These data indicated that apoAV induces a decrease in VLDL size by activating lipolysis and an increase of VLDL clearance. In a postprandial state, the normal triglyceride response found in wild-type mice was significantly reduced in hAPOA5 transgenics. In addition, we demonstrated that in response to this fat load in hAPOA5xhAPOC3 mice, apoAV, but not apoCIII, was redistributed from primarily HDL to VLDL. This shift of apoAV in VLDL appears to limit the increase of triglyceride by activating the lipoprotein lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Fruchart-Najib
- Département d'Athérosclérose, UR 545 INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille et Université de Lille II, 1 rue du Pr. Calmette-BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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18
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Cohn JS, Tremblay M, Batal R, Jacques H, Veilleux L, Rodriguez C, Bernier L, Mamer O, Davignon J. Plasma kinetics of VLDL and HDL apoC-I in normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1680-7. [PMID: 12364552 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200055-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoC-I has several different lipid-regulating functions including, inhibition of receptor-mediated uptake of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer activity, and mediation of tissue fatty acid uptake. Since little is known about the rate of production and catabolism of plasma apoC-I in humans, the present study was undertaken to determine the plasma kinetics of VLDL and HDL apoC-I using a primed constant (12 h) intravenous infusion of deuterium-labeled leucine. Data were obtained for 14 subjects: normolipidemics (NL, n = 4), hypertriglyceridemics (HTG, n = 4) and combined hyperlipidemics (CHL, n = 6). Plasma VLDL triglyceride (TG) levels were 0.59 +/- 0.03, 4.32 +/- 0.77 (P < 0.01 vs. NL), and 2.20 +/- 0.39 mmol/l (P < 0.01 vs. NL), and plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were 2.34 +/- 0.22, 2.48 +/- 0.26, and 5.35 +/- 0.48 mmol/l (P < 0.01 vs. NL), respectively. HTG and CHL had significantly (P < 0.05) increased levels of total plasma apoC-I (12.5 +/- 1.2 and 12.4 +/- 1.3 mg/dl, respectively) versus NL (7.9 +/- 0.6 mg/dl), due to significantly (P < 0.01) elevated levels of VLDL apoC-I (5.8 +/- 0.8 and 4.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1 mg/dl). HTG and CHL also had increased rates of VLDL apoC-I transport (i.e., production) versus NL: 2.29 +/- 0.34 and 3.04 +/- 0.53 versus 0.24 +/- 0.11 mg/kg.day (P < 0.01), with no significant change in VLDL apoC-I residence times (RT): 1.16 +/- 0.12 versus 0.69 +/- 0.06 versus 0.74 +/- 0.17. Although HDL apoC-I concentrations were not significantly lower in HTG and CHL versus NL, HDL apoC-I rates of transport were inversely related to plasma and VLDL-TG levels (r = -0.63 and -0.62, respectively, P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that increased levels of plasma and VLDL apoC-I in hypertriglyceridemic subjects (with or without elevated LDL-C levels) are associated with increased levels of plasma VLDL apoC-I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Cohn
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Chhabra S, Narang R, Krishnan LR, Vasisht S, Agarwal DP, Srivastava LM, Manchanda SC, Das N. Apolipoprotein C3 SstI polymorphism and triglyceride levels in Asian Indians. BMC Genet 2002; 3:9. [PMID: 12052247 PMCID: PMC116591 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2002] [Accepted: 06/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A close association between Sst I polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the apolipoproteinC3 (APOC3) gene and levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) had been reported by different investigators. Hypertriglyceridemia(HTG) is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the context of Asian Indians. We conducted a study on the relationship between APOC3 SstI polymorphism (S1S1, S1S2 and S2S2 genotypes) and plasma TG levels in a group of 139 male healthy volunteers from Northern India. METHODS DNA samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by SstI digestion. Digested PCR products were run on 3% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. RESULTS Rare S2 allele was highly prevalent in our study population (0.313) as compared to the Caucasians (0.00-0.11). The genotypic distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. S2 allele was almost two times more prevalent in the HTG group (N = 34) as compared to NTG group (N = 105) (p = 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed S1S2 individuals had age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.43 (95%CI = 0.99-6.01, p = 0.054) and S2S2 had 9.9 (95%CI = 2.66-37.29, p = 0.0006) for developing HTG in comparison to S1S1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a significant association between rare S2 allele and HTG in Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chhabra
- Departments of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - R Narang
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - LR Krishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - S Vasisht
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - DP Agarwal
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - LM Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India
| | - SC Manchanda
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - N Das
- Departments of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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20
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Katoh N. Relevance of apolipoproteins in the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related peripartum diseases in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:293-307. [PMID: 12014573 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic diseases in dairy cows occur during the peripartum period and are suggested to be derived from fatty liver initially developed during the nonlactating stage. Fatty liver is induced by hepatic uptake of nonesterified fatty acids that are released in excess by adipose tissues attributable to negative energy balance. The fatty accumulation leads to impairment of lipoprotein metabolism in the liver, and the impairment in turn influences other metabolic pathways in extrahepatic tissues such as the steroid hormone production by the corpus luteum. Detailed understanding of the impaired lipoprotein metabolism is crucial for elucidation of the mechanistic bases of the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related peripartum diseases. This review summarizes results on evaluation of lipoprotein lipid and protein concentrations and enzyme activity in cows with fatty liver and those with ketosis, left displacement of the abomasum, milk fever, downer syndrome and retained placenta. Obtained data strongly suggest that decreases in serum concentrations of apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C-III, a reduction in activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and induction of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A are intimately related to the development of fatty liver and fatty liver-related diseases. Moreover, determination of the apolipoprotein concentrations and enzyme activity during the peripartum period is useful for early diagnoses of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Katoh
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Qi K, Seo T, Al-Haideri M, Worgall TS, Vogel T, Carpentier YA, Deckelbaum RJ. Omega-3 triglycerides modify blood clearance and tissue targeting pathways of lipid emulsions. Biochemistry 2002; 41:3119-27. [PMID: 11863451 DOI: 10.1021/bi015770h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3-rich (n-3) triglycerides (TG) are increasingly recognized as having modulating roles in many physiological and pathological conditions. We questioned whether the catabolism of lipid emulsions would be changed after enrichment with fish oil (n-3) TG as compared to enrichment with omega-6-rich soy oil (n-6) TG. Phospholipid-stabilized emulsions of n-3 TG and n-6 TG were labeled with [(3)H]cholesteryl oleoyl ether and administered by bolus injection to wild-type (WT) mice, mice lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) (LDL-R -/-), and apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice (apoE -/-). The effects of exogenous apoE, heparin, Triton WR 1339, and lactoferrin on catabolism of emulsions were also assayed. n-3 TG emulsions were cleared faster from blood and had different extrahepatic tissue targeting compared to n-6 TG emulsions. In apoE -/- and LDL-R -/- mice, blood clearance of n-6 TG emulsions slowed with decreased liver uptake, but no changes were observed in n-3 TG emulsion clearance and tissue uptake compared to WT mice. In WT mice, addition of exogenous apoE to the emulsion increased liver uptake of n-6 TG emulsions but had no impact on n-3 TG emulsions. Pre-injection of heparin increased and Triton WR 1339 and lactoferrin decreased blood clearance of n-6 TG emulsions with little or no effect on n-3 TG emulsions. Liver uptake of n-6 TG emulsions increased after heparin injection and decreased after Triton WR 1339 injection, but uptake of n-3 TG emulsions was not changed. These data show that the catabolism of n-3 TG emulsions and the catabolism of n-6 TG emulsions occur via very different mechanisms. Removal of chylomicron-sized n-6 TG emulsions is modulated by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apoE, LDL-R, and lactoferrin-sensitive pathways. In contrast, clearance of chylomicron-sized n-3 TG emulsions relies on LPL to a very minor extent and is independent of apoE, LDL-R, and lactoferrin-sensitive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Qi
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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22
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Ginsberg HN, Goldberg IJ. The Pancreas and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Campos H, Perlov D, Khoo C, Sacks FM. Distinct patterns of lipoproteins with apoB defined by presence of apoE or apoC-III in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Burnett
- Department of Core Clinical Pathology and Biochemistry, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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25
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Rensen PC, de Vrueh RL, Kuiper J, Bijsterbosch MK, Biessen EA, van Berkel TJ. Recombinant lipoproteins: lipoprotein-like lipid particles for drug targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 47:251-76. [PMID: 11311995 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are endogenous particles that transport lipids through the blood to various cell types, where they are recognised and taken up via specific receptors. These particles are, therefore, excellent candidates for the targeted delivery of drugs to various tissues. For example, the remnant receptor and the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr), which are uniquely localised on hepatocytes, recognise chylomicrons and lactosylated high density lipopoteins (HDL), respectively. In addition, tumour cells of various origins overexpress the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that recognises apolipoprotein E (apoE) on small triglyceride-rich particles and apoB-100 on LDL. Being endogenous, lipoproteins are biodegradable, do not trigger immune reactions, and are not recognised by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). However, their endogenous nature also hampers large-scale pharmaceutical application. In the past two decades, various research groups have successfully synthesised recombinant lipoproteins from commercially available natural and synthetic lipids and serum-derived or recombinant apolipoproteins, which closely mimic the metabolic behaviour of their native counterparts in animal models as well as humans. In this paper, we will summarise the studies that led to the development of these recombinant lipoproteins, and we will address the possibility of using these lipidic particles to selectively deliver a wide range of lipophilic, amphiphilic, and polyanionic compounds to hepatocytes and tumour cells. In addition, the intrinsic therapeutic activities of recombinant chylomicrons and HDL in sepsis and atherosclerosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rensen
- Sylvius Laboratories, Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Saito H, Okuhira K, Tsuchimoto N, Vertut-Doi A, Matsumoto C, Tanimoto T, Okada S, Handa T. Modulation of apolipoprotein E-mediated plasma clearance and cell uptake of emulsion particles by cholesteryl ester. Lipids 2001; 36:27-33. [PMID: 11214726 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester, along with triglyceride (TG), is the major core component of plasma lipoproteins. We investigated the effect of core composition on the physical state and metabolic behavior of lipid emulsions, as model particles of lipoproteins. Fluorescence studies using 1,6-diphenylhexatriene analogs showed that although cholesteryl oleate (CO) significantly decreased core mobility, the surface rigidity of phosphatidylcholine (PC) monolayers was independent of core composition. When intravenously injected into rats, the increased amount of core CO tended to retard TG emulsion removal from plasma, and the initial clearance rate was correlated with the amount of apolipoprotein E (apoE) bound from plasma. In addition, PC liposomes with a similar emulsion particle size showed negligible binding of apoE and were cleared at a slower rate compared to all emulsions. Furthermore, the effect of CO on the binding behavior of apoE to the emulsion surface and the emulsion uptake by hepatocytes was assessed in vitro. Replacing core TG with CO was found to decrease the apoE binding capacity to emulsions markedly without changing the binding affinity and thereby to reduce the cell uptake of emulsion particles by HepG2 cells. These results indicate that the physical state of core lipids, which can be modulated by CO content, plays a role in emulsion metabolism through the alteration in apoE binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka , Japan
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27
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Kardassis D, Pardali K, Zannis VI. SMAD proteins transactivate the human ApoCIII promoter by interacting physically and functionally with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:41405-14. [PMID: 10995777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007896200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotransfection of HepG2 cells with SMADs established that SMAD3 and SMAD3-SMAD4 transactivated (15-70-fold) the -890/+24 apoCIII promoter and shorter promoter segments, whereas cotransfection with a dominant negative SMAD4 mutant repressed the apoCIII promoter activity by 50%, suggesting that SMAD proteins participate in apoCIII gene regulation. Transactivation required the presence of a hormone response element, despite the fact that SMADs could not bind directly to it. Cotransfection of SMAD3-SMAD4 along with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 resulted in a strong synergistic transactivation of the -890/+24 apoCIII promoter, proximal promoter segments, or synthetic promoters containing either the apoCIII enhancer or the proximal apoCIII hormone response element. Inhibition of endogenous hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 synthesis by an antisense ribozyme construct reduced the constitutive activity of the apoCIII promoter in HepG2 cells to 10% and abolished the SMAD-mediated transactivation. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays provided evidence for physical interactions between SMAD3, SMAD4, and hepatic nuclear factor-4. Our findings indicate that transforming growth factor beta and its signal transducer SMAD proteins can modulate gene transcription by novel mechanisms that involve their physical and functional interaction with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4, suggesting that SMAD proteins may play an important role in apolipoprotein gene expression and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kardassis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, F.O.R.T.H., Heraklion GR-71110, Crete, Greece
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28
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Yamamot M, Oohashi T, Katoh N, Oikawa S. Increased serum concentration of apolipoprotein C-III and its greater distribution to chylomicrons than to the high-density lipoprotein fraction in a calf with hyperlipidemia. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1033-9. [PMID: 11073072 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A calf having extremely high concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids, in particular in chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction was found. The purpose of the present study was to determine serum concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein (apo) C-III, a low molecular mass protein mainly distributed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction in normolipidemic cattle, in the calf with hyperlipidemia. The serum apoC-III concentration in the calf increased to more than 10-fold that of normolipidemic control calves, and apoC-III was distributed more in the CM than in the HDL. The concentration of apoA-I (a predominant apoprotein in the HDL) was also increased to nearly 4-fold that of controls in the serum from the calf, and its major distribution site was the CM. Haptoglobin was detected in the serum from the hyperlipidemic calf, and was distributed in the CM as well as in the HDL. Serum amyloid A was also induced. In contrast to apoC-III, apoA-I and haptoglobin, the majority of apoSAA was found in the HDL fraction, as observed in normolipidemic calves. Increased concentrations in the CM of apoC-III and apoA-I suggest that the two apolipoproteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of calf hyperlipidemia. The presence of haptoglobin in the CM and HDL also implies the relevance of this acute-phase protein in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamot
- The Fukushima Kenchu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kooriyama, Japan
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Chung BH, Dashti N. Lipolytic remnants of human VLDL produced in vitro: effect of HDL levels in the lipolysis mixtures on the apoCs to apoE ratio and metabolic properties of VLDL core remnants. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Iwasaki H, Oku H, Toda T, Nasu T, Miyagi T, Chinen I. The major low molecular weight apolipoprotein from normal and hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis-prone (LAP) Japanese quail. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:316-24. [PMID: 10666566 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The low molecular weight (LMW) apolipoprotein of apo C plays an important role in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This study aimed at a characterization of the major LMW apolipoproteins from normal quail strain, and also from LAP (hyperlipidemia atherosclerosis-prone) strain to identify its genetic disorder. The major LMW apoprotein cDNA clone from normal quail comprised of approximately 500 bp, and encoded polypeptide of 78 amino acid residues containing 57 amino acids as a mature apolipoprotein. Although the quail LMW apoprotein showed a low homology to either apo C-I, C-II, or C-III of other animals, it retained a well-developed amphipathic alpha-helix structure. There was no difference in the deduced primary structure of the quail LMW apoprotein between LAP and normal strain. An analysis of the mRNA expression showed that the quail LMW apoprotein was only expressed in the liver of both LAP and normal Japanese quail. No difference was noted in the hepatic expression of the quail LMW apoprotein mRNA between normal and LAP strains with neither normal nor atherogenic dietary conditions. The structure and expression of the major LMW apoprotein thus had no relevance to higher susceptibility of LAP strain to the experimental atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara-Cho, Okinawa, Japan
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31
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Narayanaswami V, Ryan RO. Molecular basis of exchangeable apolipoprotein function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:15-36. [PMID: 10601693 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Narayanaswami
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Cohn JS, Marcoux C, Davignon J. Detection, quantification, and characterization of potentially atherogenic triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:2474-86. [PMID: 10521378 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.10.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnants are formed in the circulation when apolipoprotein (apo) B-48-containing chylomicrons of intestinal origin or apoB-100-containing VLDL of hepatic origin are converted by lipoprotein lipase, and to a lesser extent by hepatic lipase, into smaller and more dense particles. Compared with their nascent precursors, TRL remnants are depleted of triglyceride, phospholipid, and C apolipoproteins and are enriched in cholesteryl esters and apoE. They can thus be identified, separated, and/or quantified in plasma according to their density, charge, size, specific lipid components, apolipoprotein composition, and/or apolipoprotein immunospecificity. Each of these approaches has contributed to our current understanding of the compositional characteristics of TRL remnants and their potential to promote atherosclerosis. An ongoing search is nevertheless under way for more accurate and clinically applicable remnant lipoprotein assays that will be able to better define coronary artery disease risk in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Cohn
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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33
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Breyer ED, Le NA, Li X, Martinson D, Brown WV. Apolipoprotein C-III displacement of apolipoprotein E from VLDL: effect of particle size. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Davis RA. Cell and molecular biology of the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by the liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1440:1-31. [PMID: 10477822 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triglycerides are one of the most efficient storage forms of free energy. Because of their insolubility in biological fluids, their transport between cells and tissues requires that they be assembled into lipoprotein particles. Genetic disruption of the lipoprotein assembly/secretion pathway leads to several human disorders associated with malnutrition and developmental abnormalities. In contrast, patients displaying inappropriately high rates of lipoprotein production display increased risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Insights provided by diverse experimental approaches describe an elegant biological adaptation of basic chemical interactions required to overcome the thermodynamic dilemma of producing a stable emulsion vehicle for the transport and tissue targeting of triglycerides. The mammalian lipoprotein assembly/secretion pathway shows an absolute requirement for: (1) the unique amphipathic protein: apolipoprotein B, in a form that is sufficiently large to assemble a lipoprotein particle containing a neutral lipid core; and, (2) a lipid transfer protein (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein-MTP). In the endoplasmic reticulum apolipoprotein B has two distinct metabolic fates: (1) entrance into the lipoprotein assembly pathway within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum; or, (2) degradation in the cytoplasm by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome. The destiny of apolipoprotein B is determined by the relative availability of individual lipids and level of expression of MTP. The dynamically varied expression of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase indirectly influences the rate of lipid biosynthesis and the assembly and secretion lipoprotein particles by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Davis
- Mammalian Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-0057, USA.
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35
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Hussain SS, Buraiki J, Dzimiri N, Butt AI, Vencer L, Basco MC, Khan B. Polymorphism in apoprotein-CIII gene and coronary heart disease. Ann Saudi Med 1999; 19:201-5. [PMID: 17283453 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1999.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to look into the association, if any, of apoprotein-CIII variant allele with hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease (CHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS The prevalence of a C to G substitution in the 3' untranslated region of apoprotein-CIII was studied in a sample of 92 angiographed Saudi subjects, consisting of 65 males and 27 females. The subjects were genotyped by amplification followed by digestion of the gene fragment containing the polymorphic site with Sac I restriction enzyme. RESULTS The variant allele of apoprotein-CIII was found to be associated neither with hypertriglyceridemia nor with hypercholesterolemia. However, a significant association of this allele (P<0.01) was found with coronary heart disease, independent of other risk factors such as smoking, diabetes and hypertension. An estimation of odds ratio using logistic regression with various risk factors in the model showed that the individuals with this rare allele were 3.4 times more at risk of developing coronary heart disease. This estimate of risk held even after analyzing a subset of individuals above 45 years of age. CONCLUSION While the association between apoprotein-CIII variant allele and dyslipidemia could not be established in this study, the relationship between this marker and CHD was highlighted in the studied subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hussain
- Departments of Biological and Medical Research, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Biomedical Statistics and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Marcoux C, Tremblay M, Nakajima K, Davignon J, Cohn JS. Characterization of remnant-like particles isolated by immunoaffinity gel from the plasma of type III and type IV hyperlipoproteinemic patients. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Cooper AD. Role of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in lipoprotein metabolism. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999; 28:211-29, viii. [PMID: 10198786 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and cholesterol plays a central role in maintaining whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Hepatic lipoprotein metabolism is reviewed and the role of disturbances in bile salt metabolism in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemias is discussed. Further, the manipulation of bile salt metabolism to treat dyslipidemia is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Cooper
- Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, California, USA
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38
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Jong MC, Hofker MH, Havekes LM. Role of ApoCs in lipoprotein metabolism: functional differences between ApoC1, ApoC2, and ApoC3. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:472-84. [PMID: 10073946 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Jong
- TNO-Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, MGC-Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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39
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Asset G, Staels B, Wolff RL, Baugé E, Madj Z, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J. Effects of Pinus pinaster and Pinus koraiensis seed oil supplementation on lipoprotein metabolism in the rat. Lipids 1999; 34:39-44. [PMID: 10188595 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vegetal oils obtained from Pinus pinaster and P. koraiensis seeds on plasma lipoprotein levels and apolipoprotein (apo) gene expression in rats. These oils contain two particular fatty acids of the delta5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acid (delta5-UPIFA) family: all-cis-5,9,12-1 8:3 (pinolenic) and/or all-cis-5,11,14-20:3 (sciadonic) acids. Rats were fed for 28 d a diet containing 5% (w/w) oil supplement. Two control diets were prepared to match the fatty acid composition of P. pinaster or P. koraiensis oils with the exception of delta5-UPIFA, which were replaced by oleic acid. Pinus pinaster seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 30% (P < 0.02), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides by 40% (P < 0.01), and VLDL-cholesterol by 33% (P < 0.03). Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides by 16% [not statistically significant (ns)] and VLDL-triglycerides by 21% (ns). Gel permeation chromatography and nondenaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a tendency of high density lipoprotein to shift toward larger particles in pine seed oil-supplemented rats. Finally, P. pinaster seed oil treatment was associated with a small decrease of liver apoC-III (P < 0.02) but not in apoE, apoA-I, or apoA-II mRNA levels. The levels of circulating apo were not affected by pine seed oil supplementation. In conclusion, P. pinaster seed oil has a triglyceride-lowering effect in rats, an effect that is due to a reduction in circulating VLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asset
- INSERM U-325 and Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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40
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Burnett JR, Barrett PH, Vicini P, Miller DB, Telford DE, Kleinstiver SJ, Huff MW. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin increases the fractional clearance rate of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in miniature pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1906-14. [PMID: 9848883 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.12.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown in vivo that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor atorvastatin decreases hepatic apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion into plasma. To test the hypothesis that atorvastatin modulates exogenous triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism in vivo, an oral fat load (2 g fat/kg body wt) containing retinol (50 000 IU) was given to 6 control miniature pigs and to 6 animals after 28 days of treatment with atorvastatin 3 mg. kg-1. d-1. A multicompartmental model was developed by use of SAAM II and kinetic analysis performed on the plasma retinyl palmitate (RP) data. Peak TRL (d<1.006 g/mL; Sf>20) triglyceride concentrations were decreased 29% by atorvastatin, and the time to achieve this peak was delayed (5.2 versus 2.3 hours; P<0.01). The TRL triglyceride 0- to 12-hour area under the curve was decreased by 24%. In contrast, atorvastatin treatment had no effect on peak TRL RP concentrations, time to peak, or its rate of appearance into plasma; however, the TRL RP 0- to 12-hour area under the curve was decreased by 20%. Analysis of the RP kinetic parameters revealed that the TRL fractional clearance rate was increased significantly, 1.4-fold (3.093 versus 2.276 pools/h; P=0.012), with atorvastatin treatment. The percent conversion of TRL RP from the rapid-turnover to the slow-turnover compartment was decreased by 47% with atorvastatin treatment. The TRL RP fractional clearance rate was negatively correlated with very low density lipoprotein apoB production rate measured in the fasting state (r=-0.49). Thus, although atorvastatin had no effect on intestinal TRL assembly and secretion, plasma TRL clearance was significantly increased, an effect that may relate to a decreased competition for removal processes by hepatic very low density lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Burnett
- Department of Medicine and The John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Abstract
Chylomicron and VLDL are triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles assembled by the intestine and liver respectively. These particles are not metabolized by the liver in their native form. However, upon entry into the plasma, their triglyceride component is rapidly hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase and they are converted to cholesterol-rich remnant particles. The remnant particles are recognized by the liver and rapidly cleared from the plasma. This process is believed to occur in two steps. (i) An initial sequestration of remnant particles on hepatic cell surface proteoglycans, and (ii) receptor-mediated endocytosis of remnants by hepatic parenchymal cells. The initial binding to proteoglycans may be facilitated by lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase which possess both lipid- and heparin-binding domains. The subsequent endocytic process may be mediated by LDL receptors and/or LRP. Both receptors have a high affinity for apoE, a major apolipoprotein component of remnant particles. The lipases may also serve as ligands for these receptors. An impairment of any component of this complex process may result in an accumulation of remnant particles in the plasma leading to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Chappell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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42
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Sparks JD, Phung TL, Bolognino M, Cianci J, Khurana R, Peterson RG, Sowden MP, Corsetti JP, Sparks CE. Lipoprotein alterations in 10- and 20-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats: hyperinsulinemic versus insulinopenic hyperglycemia. Metabolism 1998; 47:1315-24. [PMID: 9826206 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein parameters were studied in the male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat at 10 and 20 weeks of age, corresponding to hyperinsulinemic and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively. At both ages, ZDF rats had elevated serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and corticosterone, whereas 20-week ZDF rats had reduced thyroid hormones. At 10 weeks, the hyperlipidemia was confined to elevations in pre-beta triglyceride-rich (d < 1.006 g/mL) lipoproteins. By 20 weeks, all lipoprotein density fractions were increased compared with lean rats, with substantial increases in both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In ZDF rats, there was a progressive increase in apolipoprotein B (apo B) from 1.9 times control at 10 weeks to three times control at 20 weeks. The increase in apo B was accompanied by a shift of apo B, particularly B100, from very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) into denser lipoproteins corresponding to intermediate-density lipoproteins plus LDLs (1.006 < d < 1.063 g/mL). In Zucker and 10-week ZDF rats, in the presence of hyperinsulinemia, the increase in serum apo B was predominantly apo B48 present in VLDL. By 20 weeks, when ZDF rats are insulinopenic, the mass ratio of B48:B100 shifted from 2.7 to 0.7. The shift was associated with a decrease in hepatic-edited apo B mRNA. Apo E increased in lean rats between 10 and 20 weeks of age. Although apo E also increased in ZDF rats, the increase by 20 weeks was less than that of lean rats. The molar ratio of apo E to B in VLDL was decreased in ZDF rats. In lean rats, greater than 50% of apo E was present in HDL, in contrast to ZDF rats, where less than 20% of apo E was present in HDL. VLDL apo E shifted to denser fractions by 20 weeks of age, similar to apo B. The apo C level was more than double compared with the level in lean rats and was redistributed from the HDL fraction to lipoprotein fractions containing apo B. Both apo A-I and apo A-IV levels more than doubled between 10 and 20 weeks in ZDF rats. The ZDF rat model may be useful in comparative studies of lipoproteins during diabetic progression from hyperinsulinemia to insulinopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
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43
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Sacks FM, Krukonis GP. The influence of apolipoprotein E on the interactions between normal human very low density lipoproteins and U937 human macrophages: heterogeneity among persons. Vasc Med 1998; 1:9-18. [PMID: 9546921 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x9600100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apo E) can mediate the cell binding of normal human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). However, the extent to which apo E is involved in the cell binding and uptake of VLDL from different normolipidemic persons is not well defined. The VLDL (d < 1.006 g/l) of eight subjects were fractionated into VLDL with apo E and without apo E using a monoclonal antibody that binds to the LDL receptor recognition region of apo E. VLDL particles that expressed the 1D7 binding region of apo E comprised an average of 34% (range 7-51%) of the VLDL particles. Anti-apo E blocked an average of 43% (range 8-63%) of the binding of unfractionated VLDL to U937 cells. Anti-apo E blocked a similar proportion of binding to U937 cells of three VLDL subfractions of different density ranges (Sf20-60, Sf60-100, Sf100-400). The proportion of the VLDL particles that contained apo E correlated with the extent of uptake of the total VLDL by U937 cells, but not with stimulation by total VLDL of cholesterol ester formation. The binding to cells of VLDL without apo E varied by six-fold among persons, and caused most of the binding of the total VLDL of some subjects. Therefore, normolipidemic VLDL contains particles across its density range that use apo E to bind to U937 macrophages. In some VLDL samples, apo E provides most of the cell binding activity, whereas in others the binding activity occurs by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Transient triglyceridemia in healthy normolipidemic men increases cellular processing of large very low density lipoproteins by fibroblasts in vitro. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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45
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Mann CJ, Troussard AA, Yen FT, Hannouche N, Najib J, Fruchart JC, Lotteau V, André P, Bihain BE. Inhibitory effects of specific apolipoprotein C-III isoforms on the binding of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to the lipolysis-stimulated receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31348-54. [PMID: 9395464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoC-III overexpression in mice results in severe hypertriglyceridemia due primarily to a delay in the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. We have, in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, characterized a lipolysis-stimulated receptor (LSR). The apparent number of LSR that are available on rat liver plasma membranes is negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations measured in the fed state. We therefore proposed that the primary physiological role of the LSR is to contribute to the cellular uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. We have now tested the effect of apoC-III on the binding of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to LSR. Supplementation of 125I-very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) with apoC-III inhibited the LSR-mediated binding, internalization, and degradation of 125I-VLDL in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Studies using isolated rat liver plasma membranes showed that enrichment of human VLDL and chylomicrons with synthetic or purified human apoC-III decreased their binding to the LSR by about 40%. Supplementation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins under the same conditions with human apoC-II had no such inhibitory effect, despite the fact that this apoprotein bound as efficiently as apoC-III to these particles. Preincubation of LDL with apoC-III did not modify its binding to LSR. Partitioning studies using 125I-apoC-III showed that this lack of effect was due to apoC-III's inability to efficiently associate with LDL. Purified human apoC-III1 was as efficient as the synthetic nonsialylated form of apoC-III in inhibiting binding of VLDL to LSR. However, despite a 2-fold greater binding of apoC-III2 to VLDL, this isoform was a less efficient inhibitor of the binding of VLDL to LSR than apoC-III1 or nonsialylated apoC-III. Desialylation of apoC-III2 by treatment with neuraminidase increased the inhibition of VLDL binding to LSR to a level similar to that observed with apoC-III1 and nonsialylated apoC-III. We propose that apoC-III regulates in part the rate of removal of triglyceride-rich particles by inhibiting their binding to the LSR, and that the level of inhibition is determined by the degree of apoC-III sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mann
- INSERM Unité 391, Rennes 35043, France
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46
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47
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Pullinger CR, Malloy MJ, Shahidi AK, Ghassemzadeh M, Duchateau P, Villagomez J, Allaart J, Kane JP. A novel apolipoprotein C-III variant, apoC-III(Gln38–>Lys), associated with moderate hypertriglyceridemia in a large kindred of Mexican origin. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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48
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Plasma lipoprotein distribution of apoC-III in normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic subjects: comparison of the apoC-III to apoE ratio in different lipoprotein fractions. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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49
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Hussain MM, Goldberg IJ, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW, Innerarity TL. Uptake of chylomicrons by the liver, but not by the bone marrow, is modulated by lipoprotein lipase activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1407-13. [PMID: 9261274 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.7.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that chylomicrons are catabolized by the liver and bone marrow in rabbits and marmosets. In the present investigation, we studied the role of various apolipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase in the clearance of these particles by the liver and bone marrow in rabbits. Incubation of chylomicrons with purified apolipoprotein (apo) E or C-II resulted in more rapid clearance of these particles from the plasma, whereas incubation of chylomicrons with apoA-I, apoC-I, apoC-III1, or apoC-III2, did not affect their clearance rates. Analysis of tissue uptake revealed that the increased plasma clearance rate of chylomicrons enriched with apoE or apoC-II was primarily due to enhanced uptake by the liver. The uptake of chylomicrons by the bone marrow increased after their enrichment with apoA-I but decreased after their enrichment with apoC-II. Because apoC-II is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, we hypothesized that the increased clearance rates were due to faster hydrolysis of chylomicrons and rapid generation of chylomicron remnants. To test this hypothesis, lipoprotein lipase activity was inhibited by injection of an antilipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibody. Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase retarded clearance of chylomicrons from the plasma and decreased their uptake by the liver but did not affect their uptake by the bone marrow. These studies suggest that bone marrow can take up chylomicrons in the absence of lipoprotein lipase activity and provide an explanation for the presence of foam cells in the bone marrow of type I hyperlipoproteinemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hussain
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA
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50
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