1
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Kuźnik A, Kozicka D, Październiok-Holewa A, Dąbek A, Juszczak K, Sokołowska G, Erfurt K. A method for the synthesis of unsymmetric bisphosphoric analogs of α-amino acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18908-18915. [PMID: 37362601 PMCID: PMC10288832 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02981f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the first universal strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetric phosphonyl-phosphinyl and phosphonyl-phosphinoyl analogs of N-protected 1-aminobisphosphonates. The proposed user-friendly procedure, based on a one-pot reaction of the α-ethoxy derivatives of phosphorus analogs of protein and non-protein α-amino acids with triphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate and an appropriate phosphorus nucleophile (diethyl phenylphosphonite or methyl diphenylphosphinite), provides good to very good yields of 53-91% under mild catalyst-free conditions (temperature: rt to 40 °C, time: 1 to 6 hours). The progress of the transformation, running through the corresponding phosphonium salt as a reactive intermediate, was monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy, which is a convenient tool for the identification of the transient species formed here. In this paper, we present the full characteristics of the spectroscopic properties of all 13 synthesized models of structurally diverse N-protected unsymmetric bisphosphoric analogs of α-amino acids. Therefore, these results contribute to increasing the practical applicability of our recently reported synthesis protocol of symmetric models of α-aminobisphosphonates derivatives and thus justify its universality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuźnik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
- Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 8 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Dominika Kozicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
- Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 8 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Agnieszka Październiok-Holewa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
- Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 8 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Alicja Dąbek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Karolina Juszczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Gloria Sokołowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology B. Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
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2
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Kidney-resident innate-like memory γδ T cells control chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210490120. [PMID: 36574651 PMCID: PMC9910431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210490120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are involved in the control of Staphylococcus aureus infection, but their importance in protection compared to other T cells is unclear. We used a mouse model of systemic S. aureus infection associated with high bacterial load and persistence in the kidney. Infection caused fulminant accumulation of γδ T cells in the kidney. Renal γδ T cells acquired tissue residency and were maintained in high numbers during chronic infection. At day 7, up to 50% of renal γδ T cells produced IL-17A in situ and a large fraction of renal γδ T cells remained IL-17A+ during chronic infection. Controlled depletion revealed that γδ T cells restricted renal S. aureus replication in the acute infection and provided protection during chronic renal infection and upon reinfection. Our results demonstrate that kidney-resident γδ T cells are nonredundant in limiting local S. aureus growth during chronic infection and provide enhanced protection against reinfection.
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3
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Rutigliano HM, Leppo KA, Morgado KP. Changes in mononuclear immune cells during bovine pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:608-618. [PMID: 35440362 DOI: 10.1071/rd21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences in gene expression between mononuclear cells derived from peripheral blood and endometrium during pregnancy in cattle and to determine the proportion of mononuclear cells in the endometrium of pregnant and diestrous cows. Endometrial tissue and peripheral blood were collected from Day 34±2 pregnant cows, and mononuclear cell populations were quantified and sorted (n =5). The relative mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. During pregnancy, the proportion of CD8+ , CD4+ , CD4+ CD25- and CD4+ CD25dim cells among mononuclear cells was greater in blood than endometrium, and cells positive for CD14 and CD68 expressed greater mRNA amounts of interleukin (IL ) 6 , CXCL8 and IL10 in endometrium compared with blood. Cells positive for γ/δ-T cell receptor expressed greater amounts of IL1A transcript in the endometrium than in blood of diestrous cows, CD4+ CD25bright cells expressed more CTLA4 mRNA in the endometrium compared with blood of diestrous cows, and endometrial natural killer cells expressed greater CXCL8 mRNA compared with blood of pregnant and diestrous cows. The percentages of CD21+ , NCR1+ , CD8+ , FoxP3+ , CD3+ and CD68+ cells were greater in the endometrium of Day 35 pregnant cows compared with diestrous cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa M Rutigliano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; and Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kelsy A Leppo
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kira P Morgado
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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4
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Anh BV, Thao CT, Cuong PT, Thuy NTT, Diem HH, Van Khanh BT, Hue BTH, Uyen TTT, Tu ND, Hoai TTT, Thanh NL, Liem NT, Nhung HTM. Vγ9γδ T Cell Induction by Human Umbilical Cord Blood Monocytes-Derived, Interferon-α-Stimulated Dendritic Cells. Cancer Control 2021; 27:1073274820974025. [PMID: 33222507 PMCID: PMC7791440 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820974025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that activate T
cells to kill cancer cells. The extracellular products of DCs have also been
reported to perform the same function. In this study, we examined the in
vitro differentiation of umbilical cord blood monocytes into DCs in
the presence of GM-CSF, and interferon (IFN)-α. The resulting DC population
(called IFN-DCs) were then matured in the presence of TNF-α, and pulsed with
total protein extracted from A549 cancer cell line. The pulsed DCs and their
conditioned medium were then used to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes (alloLym).
The proliferation and cytotoxicity of alloLym were then determined. The results
showed that after 5 days of differentiation, the stimulated monocytes had the
typical morphology and characteristic surface markers of DCs. Both unpulsed and
pulsed IFN-DCs can induce the proliferation of alloLym, especially Vγ9γδ T
cells. The conditioned medium from pulsed and unpulsed IFN-DCs culture also
prompted the growth of Vγ9γδ T cells. Moreover, alloLym stimulated with pulsed
DCs and their conditioned medium had a greater cytotoxic effect on A549 cells
than the ones that were not stimulated. Our results indicated that IFN-DCs and
their conditioned medium could induce the anti-tumor immunity in
vitro, providing evidence for application of cord blood
monocytes-derived, interferon-α- stimulated dendritic cells and their
extracellular products in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Viet Anh
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vinmec Hightech Center, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chu Thi Thao
- Vinmec Hightech Center, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Cuong
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Huong Diem
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Van Khanh
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Hong Hue
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam.,College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, Vin homes Ocean Park, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Than Thi Trang Uyen
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam.,College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, Vin homes Ocean Park, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dac Tu
- Vinmec Hightech Center, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Lai Thanh
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Liem
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam.,College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, Vin homes Ocean Park, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi My Nhung
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cells and Gene Technology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
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5
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Miller LS, Fowler VG, Shukla SK, Rose WE, Proctor RA. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence based on human immunity, genetics and bacterial evasion mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:123-153. [PMID: 31841134 PMCID: PMC7053580 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread emergence of virulent and multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. There is an urgent and unmet clinical need for non-antibiotic immune-based approaches to treat these infections as the increasing antibiotic resistance is creating a serious threat to public health. However, all vaccination attempts aimed at preventing S. aureus invasive infections have failed in human trials, especially all vaccines aimed at generating high titers of opsonic antibodies against S. aureus surface antigens to facilitate antibody-mediated bacterial clearance. In this review, we summarize the data from humans regarding the immune responses that protect against invasive S. aureus infections as well as host genetic factors and bacterial evasion mechanisms, which are important to consider for the future development of effective and successful vaccines and immunotherapies against invasive S. aureus infections in humans. The evidence presented form the basis for a hypothesis that staphylococcal toxins (including superantigens and pore-forming toxins) are important virulence factors, and targeting the neutralization of these toxins are more likely to provide a therapeutic benefit in contrast to prior vaccine attempts to generate antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Miller
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Suite 209, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, 315 Trent Drive, Hanes House, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.,Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 425 Henry Mall, Room 3445, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warren E Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, 4123 Rennebohm Hall, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Microbial Sciences Building, Room 1334, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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6
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Kleen TO, Galdon AA, MacDonald AS, Dalgleish AG. Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and "New Old Friends". Front Immunol 2020; 11:2059. [PMID: 33013871 PMCID: PMC7498663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel, highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly throughout the world, leading to a deadly pandemic of a predominantly respiratory illness called COVID-19. Safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are urgently needed. However, emerging immunological observations show hallmarks of significant immunopathological characteristics and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Combined with existing knowledge about immune responses to other closely related and highly pathogenic coronaviruses, this could forebode significant challenges for vaccine development, including the risk of vaccine failure. Animal data from earlier coronavirus vaccine efforts indicate that elderly people, most at risk from severe COVID-19 disease, could be especially at risk from immunopathologic responses to novel coronavirus vaccines. Bacterial "new old friends" such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium obuense have the ability to elevate basal systemic levels of type 1 cytokines and immune cells, correlating with increased protection against diverse and unrelated infectious agents, called "trained immunity." Here we describe dysfunctional immune responses induced by coronaviruses, representing potentially difficult to overcome obstacles to safe, effective vaccine development for COVID-19, and outline how trained immunity could help protect high risk populations through immunomodulation with BCG and other "new old friends."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia A Galdon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Cooper AJR, Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Activation of Human Vδ2 + γδ T Cells by Staphylococcus aureus Promotes Enhanced Anti-Staphylococcal Adaptive Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1039-1049. [PMID: 32651220 PMCID: PMC7416323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine studies have shown the potential for γδ T cells to mediate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus in multiple tissue settings by the secretion of diverse cytokines. However, the role played by γδ T cells in human immune responses to S. aureus is almost entirely unknown. In this study, we establish the capacity of human Vδ2+ γδ T cells for rapid activation in response to S. aureus In coculture with S. aureus-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), Vδ2+ cells derived from peripheral blood rapidly upregulate CD69 and secrete high levels of IFN-γ. DCs mediate this response through direct contact and IL-12 secretion. In turn, IFN-γ released by Vδ2+ cells upregulates IL-12 secretion by DCs in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, coculture with γδ T cells results in heightened expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 and the lymph node homing molecule CCR7 on S. aureus-infected DCs. In cocultures of CD4+ T cells with S. aureus-infected DCs, the addition of γδ T cells results in heightened CD4+ T cell activation. Our findings identify γδ T cells as potential key players in the early host response to S. aureus during bloodstream infection, promoting enhanced responses by both innate and adaptive immune cell populations, and support their consideration in the development of host-directed anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Lalor
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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8
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Papadopoulou M, Dimova T, Shey M, Briel L, Veldtsman H, Khomba N, Africa H, Steyn M, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, Nemes E, Vermijlen D. Fetal public Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expand and gain potent cytotoxic functions early after birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18638-18648. [PMID: 32665435 PMCID: PMC7414170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922595117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a major human blood γδ T cell population that respond in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner to phosphoantigens which are generated by a variety of microorganisms. It is not clear how Vγ9Vδ2 T cells react toward the sudden microbial exposure early after birth. We found that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with a public/shared fetal-derived TCR repertoire expanded within 10 wk postpartum. Such an expansion was not observed in non-Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells, which possessed a private TCR repertoire. Furthermore, only the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells differentiated into potent cytotoxic effector cells by 10 wk of age, despite their fetal origin. Both the expansion of public fetal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and their functional differentiation were not affected by newborn vaccination with the phosphoantigen-containing bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. These findings suggest a strong and early priming of the public fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells promptly after birth, likely upon environmental phosphoantigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- U-CRI, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Muki Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Libby Briel
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Helen Veldtsman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nondumiso Khomba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Hadn Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marcia Steyn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- U-CRI, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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9
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Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells: Can We Re-Purpose a Potent Anti-Infection Mechanism for Cancer Therapy? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040829. [PMID: 32235616 PMCID: PMC7226769 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies based on in vivo stimulation, or on adoptive T cell transfer of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, have been tested in the past decades but have failed to provide consistent clinical efficacy. New, promising concepts such as γδ Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cells and γδ T-cell engagers are currently under preclinical evaluation. Since the impact of factors, such as the relatively low abundance of γδ T cells within tumor tissue is still under investigation, it remains to be shown whether these effector T cells can provide significant efficacy against solid tumors. Here, we highlight key learnings from the natural role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the elimination of host cells bearing intracellular bacterial agents and we translate these into the setting of tumor therapy. We discuss the availability and relevance of preclinical models as well as currently available tools and knowledge from a drug development perspective. Finally, we compare advantages and disadvantages of existing therapeutic concepts and propose a role for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in immune-oncology next to Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 3 activating therapies.
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10
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Than UTT, Le HT, Hoang DH, Nguyen XH, Pham CT, Bui KTV, Bui HTH, Nguyen PV, Nguyen TD, Do TTH, Chu TT, Bui AV, Nguyen LT, Hoang NTM. Induction of Antitumor Immunity by Exosomes Isolated from Cryopreserved Cord Blood Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1834. [PMID: 32155869 PMCID: PMC7084404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has shown outstanding achievements in cancer treatment, although it still has some adverse side effects. Vaccination with DC-derived exosomes has been thought to overcome the side effects of the parental DCs. (2) Method: We performed the experiments to check the ability of cryopreserved umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell-derived DCs (cryo CBMDCs) and their exosomes to prime allogeneic T cell proliferation and allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cell (alloPBMCs) cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells. (3) Results: We found that both lung tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs and their exosomes could induce allogeneic T cell proliferation. Moreover, alloPBMCs primed with tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs and their exosomes have a greater cytotoxic activity against A549 cells compared to unprimed cells and cells primed with unpulsed DCs and their exosomes. (4) Conclusion: Tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs and their exosomes should be considered to develop into a novel immunotherapeutic strategy-e.g., vaccines-for patients with lung cancer. Our results also suggested that cryo umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells source, which is a readily and available source, is effective for generation of allogeneic DCs and their exosomes will be material for vaccinating against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Trang Than
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Le
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Vinmec HiTech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.V.N.); (T.D.N.); (T.T.C.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Diem Huong Hoang
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (K.T.V.B.); (T.T.H.D.)
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Thi Pham
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (K.T.V.B.); (T.T.H.D.)
| | - Khanh Thi Van Bui
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (K.T.V.B.); (T.T.H.D.)
| | - Hue Thi Hong Bui
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phong Van Nguyen
- Vinmec HiTech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.V.N.); (T.D.N.); (T.T.C.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Tu Dac Nguyen
- Vinmec HiTech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.V.N.); (T.D.N.); (T.T.C.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Thu Thi Hoai Do
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (K.T.V.B.); (T.T.H.D.)
| | - Thao Thi Chu
- Vinmec HiTech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.V.N.); (T.D.N.); (T.T.C.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Anh Viet Bui
- Vinmec HiTech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (P.V.N.); (T.D.N.); (T.T.C.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Liem Thanh Nguyen
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Thi My Hoang
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG), Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, 458 Minh Khai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (U.T.T.T.); (H.T.L.); (D.H.H.); (X.-H.N.); (C.T.P.); (H.T.H.B.); (L.T.N.)
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (K.T.V.B.); (T.T.H.D.)
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11
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Cao C, Yu M, Chai Y. Pathological alteration and therapeutic implications of sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:782. [PMID: 31611560 PMCID: PMC6791888 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulated host response to infection that leads to uncontrolled inflammatory response followed by immunosuppression. However, despite the high mortality rate, no specific treatment modality or drugs with high efficacy is available for sepsis to date. Although improved treatment strategies have increased the survival rate during the initial state of excessive inflammatory response, recent trends in sepsis show that mortality occurs at a period of continuous immunosuppressive state in which patients succumb to secondary infections within a few weeks or months due to post-sepsis “immune paralysis.” Immune cell alteration induced by uncontrolled apoptosis has been considered a major cause of significant immunosuppression. Particularly, apoptosis of lymphocytes, including innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells, is associated with a higher risk of secondary infections and poor outcomes. Multiple postmortem studies have confirmed that sepsis-induced immune cell apoptosis occurs in all age groups, including neonates, pediatric, and adult patients, and it is considered to be a primary contributing factor to the immunosuppressive pathophysiology of sepsis. Therapeutic perspectives targeting apoptosis through various strategies could improve survival in sepsis. In this review article, we will focus on describing the major apoptosis process of immune cells with respect to physiologic and molecular mechanisms. Further, advances in apoptosis-targeted treatment modalities for sepsis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Muming Yu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfen Chai
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Terzieva A, Dimitrova V, Djerov L, Dimitrova P, Zapryanova S, Hristova I, Vangelov I, Dimova T. Early Pregnancy Human Decidua is Enriched with Activated, Fully Differentiated and Pro-Inflammatory Gamma/Delta T Cells with Diverse TCR Repertoires. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030687. [PMID: 30764544 PMCID: PMC6387174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a state where high and stage-dependent plasticity of the maternal immune system is necessary in order to equilibrate between immunosuppression of harmful responses towards the fetus and ability to fight infections. TCR γδ cells have been implicated in the responses in infectious diseases, in the regulation of immune responses, and in tissue homeostasis and repair. The variety of functions makes γδ T cells a particularly interesting population during pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the proportion, phenotype and TCR γ and δ repertoires of γδ T cells at the maternal–fetal interface and in the blood of pregnant women using FACS, immunohistochemistry and spectratyping. We found an enrichment of activated and terminally differentiated pro-inflammatory γδ T-cell effectors with specific location in the human decidua during early pregnancy, while no significant changes in their counterparts in the blood of pregnant women were observed. Our spectratyping data revealed polyclonal CDR3 repertoires of the δ1, δ2 and δ3 chains and γ2, γ3, γ4 and γ5 chains and oligoclonal and highly restricted CDR3γ9 repertoire of γδ T cells in the decidua and blood of pregnant women. Early pregnancy induces recruitment of differentiated pro-inflammatory γδ T-cell effectors with diverse TCR repertoires at the maternal–fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Terzieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Violeta Dimitrova
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Lyubomir Djerov
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Petya Dimitrova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silvina Zapryanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Iana Hristova
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivaylo Vangelov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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14
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McCarthy NE, Eberl M. Human γδ T-Cell Control of Mucosal Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:985. [PMID: 29867962 PMCID: PMC5949325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T-cells include some of the most common "antigen-specific" cell types in peripheral blood and are enriched yet further at mucosal barrier sites where microbial infection and tumors often originate. While the γδ T-cell compartment includes multiple subsets with highly flexible effector functions, human mucosal tissues are dominated by host stress-responsive Vδ1+ T-cells and microbe-responsive Vδ2+ T-cells. Widely recognized for their potent cytotoxicity, emerging data suggest that γδ T-cells also exert strong influences on downstream adaptive immunity to pathogens and tumors, in particular via activation of antigen-presenting cells and/or direct stimulation of other mucosal leukocytes. These unique functional attributes and lack of MHC restriction have prompted considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of γδ T-cells. Indeed, several drugs already in clinical use, including vedolizumab, infliximab, and azathioprine, likely owe their efficacy in part to modulation of γδ T-cell function. Recent clinical trials of Vδ2+ T-cell-selective treatments indicate a good safety profile in human patients, and efficacy is set to increase as more potent/targeted drugs continue to be developed. Key advances will include identifying methods of directing γδ T-cell recruitment to specific tissues to enhance host protection against invading pathogens, or alternatively, retaining these cells in the circulation to limit peripheral inflammation and/or improve responses to blood malignancies. Human γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity is likely exerted via multiple mechanisms that induce diverse responses in other types of tissue-resident leukocytes. Understanding the microenvironmental signals that regulate these functions will be critical to the development of new γδ T-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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15
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Hoeres T, Smetak M, Pretscher D, Wilhelm M. Improving the Efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 29725332 PMCID: PMC5916964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing immunological knowledge and advances in techniques lay the ground for more efficient and broader application of immunotherapies. gamma delta (γδ) T-cells possess multiple favorable anti-tumor characteristics, making them promising candidates to be used in cellular and combination therapies of cancer. They recognize malignant cells, infiltrate tumors, and depict strong cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we focus on human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, the most abundant γδ T-cell subpopulation in the blood, which are able to inhibit cancer progression in various models in vitro and in vivo. For therapeutic use they can be cultured and manipulated ex vivo and in the following adoptively transferred to patients, as well as directly stimulated to propagate in vivo. In clinical studies, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells repeatedly demonstrated a low toxicity profile but hitherto only the modest therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of established and newer strategies for the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell anti-tumor functions. We discuss data of studies exploring methods for the sensitization of malignant cells, the improvement of recognition mechanisms and cytotoxic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Main aspects are the tumor cell metabolism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody constructs, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors like NKG2D and immune checkpoint molecules. Several concepts show promising results in vitro, now awaiting translation to in vivo models and clinical studies. Given the array of research and encouraging findings in this area, this review aims at optimizing future investigations, specifically targeting the unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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16
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Alteration of Mevalonate Pathway in Rat Splenic Lymphocytes: Possible Role in Cytokines Secretion Regulated by L-Theanine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1497097. [PMID: 29568741 PMCID: PMC5820649 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1497097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-Theanine is a nonprotein amino acid in tea, and its immunomodulatory function has been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-theanine addition on cytokines secretion in rat splenic lymphocytes and explore its potential immunomodulatory effects on the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway. Our results showed that L-theanine treatment did not influence the proliferation and division indexes of the splenic lymphocytes subsets. Interestingly, L-theanine treatment had regulated the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α (P < 0.001) except IL-6 and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Ras-related protein Rap-1A (Rap1A), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPs) (P < 0.001). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between Rap1A and HMGCR proteins expression and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-6 levels. In conclusion, L-theanine regulated the secretion of cytokines probably by activating expression of Rap1A and HMGCR proteins involved in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway in rat splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, L-theanine might be a promising potential drug candidate as immunopotentiator.
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17
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Mother-to-newborn transmission of mycobacterial L-forms and Vδ2 T-cell response in placentobiome of BCG-vaccinated pregnant women. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17366. [PMID: 29234108 PMCID: PMC5727158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to exist as a population of self-replicating forms with defective or entirely missing cell wall (L-forms) is an adaptive mechanism for their survival and reproduction under unfavorable conditions. Bacterial mother-to-fetus transfer is a universal phenomenon in the animal kingdom. However, data about vertical transfer of L bacterial forms are extremely scarce. Bacille Calmette-Guérin is an attenuated strain of M. bovis and the only licensed vaccine used for tuberculosis prevention. We already have shown that filterable L-forms of BCG exist freely in the vaccine and are able to reproduce and to form colonies. The present study was focused on the placental microbiome in the context of mother's BCG vaccination. Here we report an isolation of filterable mycobacterial L-form cultures from gestational tissues and blood of healthy newborns delivered by healthy BCG-vaccinated mothers after normal pregnancy. Of note, vertically transmitted mycobacterial L-forms as a part of placentobiome of the pregnant women didn't influence the number of resident pathogen-reactive Vδ2 cells. Placenta colonization with mycobacterial L-forms occurs by maternal blood-to-decidua transfer very early in gestation. Together, these data showed that BCG L-forms have the capacity to pass trans-placental barrier and that maternal BCG vaccination affects the placentobiome.
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18
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Konjar Š, Ferreira C, Blankenhaus B, Veldhoen M. Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 29075263 PMCID: PMC5641586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, essential for nutrient absorption, are kept under control by a single cell barrier and large amounts of immune cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are critical in establishing an environment supporting microbial colonization and immunological tolerance. A large population of CD8+ T cells is in direct and constant contact with the IECs and the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Due to their location, at the interphase of the intestinal lumen and external environment and the host tissues, they seem ideally positioned to balance immune tolerance and protection to preserve the fragile intestinal barrier from invasion as well as immunopathology. IELs are a heterogeneous population, with a large innate-like contribution of unknown specificity, intercalated with antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of IEL physiology and how they interact with the IECs and contribute to immune surveillance to preserve intestinal homeostasis and host-microbial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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E. coli promotes human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell transition from cytokine-producing bactericidal effectors to professional phagocytic killers in a TCR-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2805. [PMID: 28584241 PMCID: PMC5459831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT cells provide immune-surveillance and host defense against infection and cancer. Surprisingly, functional details of γδT cell antimicrobial immunity to infection remain largely unexplored. Limited data suggests that γδT cells can phagocytose particles and act as professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC). These potential functions, however, remain controversial. To better understand γδT cell-bacterial interactions, an ex vivo co-culture model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to Escherichia coli was employed. Vγ9Vδ2 cells underwent rapid T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent proliferation and functional transition from cytotoxic, inflammatory cytokine immunity, to cell expansion with diminished cytokine but increased costimulatory molecule expression, and capacity for professional phagocytosis. Phagocytosis was augmented by IgG opsonization, and inhibited by TCR-blockade, suggesting a licensing interaction involving the TCR and FcγR. Vγ9Vδ2 cells displayed potent cytotoxicity through TCR-dependent and independent mechanisms. We conclude that γδT cells transition from early inflammatory cytotoxic killers to myeloid-like APC in response to infectious stimuli.
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20
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Bröker BM, Mrochen D, Péton V. The T Cell Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010031. [PMID: 26999219 PMCID: PMC4810152 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen and a leading cause of both nosocomial and community acquired bacterial infection worldwide. However, on the other hand, we are all exposed to this bacterium, often within the first hours of life, and usually manage to establish equilibrium and coexist with it. What does the adaptive immune system contribute toward lifelong control of S. aureus? Will it become possible to raise or enhance protective immune memory by vaccination? While in the past the S. aureus-specific antibody response has dominated this discussion, the research community is now coming to appreciate the role that the cellular arm of adaptive immunity, the T cells, plays. There are numerous T cell subsets, each with differing functions, which together have the ability to orchestrate the immune response to S. aureus and hence to tip the balance between protection and pathology. This review summarizes the state of the art in this dynamic field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vincent Péton
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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21
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Phalke SP, Chiplunkar SV. Activation status of γδ T cells dictates their effect on osteoclast generation and bone resorption. Bone Rep 2015; 3:95-103. [PMID: 28377972 PMCID: PMC5365245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a small subset of T cell population (5–10%), forms a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Although the role of γδ T cells in infectious diseases and antitumor immunity is well investigated, their role in bone biology needs to be explored. Aminobisphosphonates are used as a standard treatment modality for bone related disorders and are potent activators of γδ T cells. In the present study, we have compared the effect of “activated” and “freshly isolated” γδ T cells on osteoclast generation and function. We have shown that “activated” (αCD3/CD28 + rhIL2 or BrHPP + rhIL2 stimulated) γδ T cells inhibit osteoclastogenesis, while “freshly isolated” γδ T cells enhance osteoclast generation and function. Upon stimulation with phosphoantigen (BrHPP), “freshly isolated” γδ T cells were also able to suppress osteoclast generation and function. Cytokine profiles of these cells revealed that, “freshly isolated” γδ T cells secrete higher amounts of IL6 (pro-osteoclastogenic), while “activated” γδ T cells secrete high IFNγ levels (anti-osteoclastogenic). Neutralization of IFNγ and IL6 reversed the “inhibitory” or “stimulatory” effect of γδ T cells on osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, we have shown that, activation status and dynamics of IL6 and IFNγ secretion dictate pro and anti-osteoclastogenic role of γδ T cells. Freshly isolated (unstimulated) γδ T cells enhance osteoclastogenesis. Activated γδ T cells inhibit osteoclast generation and function. Activated γδ T cells secrete high IFNγ, while freshly isolated secrete high IL6. Dynamics of IL6/IFNγ explains pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic effect of γδ T cells.
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Key Words
- Activation status
- BrHPP, bromohydrin pyrophosphate
- CBA, cytometric bead array
- Cytokines
- FCS, Fetal calf serum
- FH, Ficoll-Hypaque
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL6, interleukin 6
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MFI, mean fluorescent intensity
- OAAS, osteoclast activity assay substrate
- OPCs, osteoclast precursor cells
- Osteoclasts
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Phosphoantigen
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TRAP, tartarate resistant acid phosphatase
- cαMEM, complete minimum essential medium with alpha modification
- rhIL2, recombinant human interleukin 2
- rhMCSF, recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor
- rhRANKL, recombinant human receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- αIFNγ, anti-interferon gamma
- αIL6, anti-interleukin 6
- γδ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubhada V. Chiplunkar
- Corresponding author at: Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India.Chiplunkar LaboratoryAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi Mumbai410210India
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22
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Zheng J, Wu WL, Liu Y, Xiang Z, Liu M, Chan KH, Lau SY, Lam KT, To KKW, Chan JFW, Li L, Chen H, Lau YL, Yuen KY, Tu W. The Therapeutic Effect of Pamidronate on Lethal Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus Infected Humanized Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135999. [PMID: 26285203 PMCID: PMC4540487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel avian influenza virus H7N9 infection occurred among human populations since 2013. Although the lack of sustained human-to-human transmission limited the epidemics caused by H7N9, the late presentation of most patients and the emergence of neuraminidase-resistant strains made the development of novel antiviral strategy against H7N9 in urgent demands. In this study, we evaluated the potential of pamidronate, a pharmacological phosphoantigen that can specifically boost human Vδ2-T-cell, on treating H7N9 virus-infected humanized mice. Our results showed that intraperitoneal injection of pamidronate could potently decrease the morbidity and mortality of H7N9-infected mice through controlling both viral replication and inflammation in affected lungs. More importantly, pamidronate treatment starting from 3 days after infection could still significantly ameliorate the severity of diseases in infected mice and improve their survival chance, whereas orally oseltamivir treatment starting at the same time showed no therapeutic effects. As for the mechanisms underlying pamidronate-based therapy, our in vitro data demonstrated that its antiviral effects were partly mediated by IFN-γ secreted from human Vδ2-T cells. Meanwhile, human Vδ2-T cells could directly kill virus-infected host cells in a perforin-, granzyme B- and CD137-dependent manner. As pamidronate has been used for osteoporosis treatment for more than 20 years, pamidronate-based therapy represents for a safe and readily available option for clinical trials to treat H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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McCarthy NE, Hedin CR, Sanders TJ, Amon P, Hoti I, Ayada I, Baji V, Giles EM, Wildemann M, Bashir Z, Whelan K, Sanderson I, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Azathioprine therapy selectively ablates human Vδ2⁺ T cells in Crohn's disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3215-25. [PMID: 26168223 DOI: 10.1172/jci80840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived and bacterial phosphoantigens are recognized by unconventional lymphocytes that express a Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor (Vδ2 T cells) and mediate host protection against microbial infections and malignancies. Vδ2 T cells are absent in rodents but readily populate the human intestine, where their function is largely unknown. Here, we assessed Vδ2 T cell phenotype and function by flow cytometry in blood and intestinal tissue from Crohn's disease patients (CD patients) and healthy controls. Blood from CD patients included an increased percentage of gut-tropic integrin β7-expressing Vδ2 T cells, while "Th1-committed" CD27-expressing Vδ2 T cells were selectively depleted. A corresponding population of CD27+ Vδ2 T cells was present in mucosal biopsies from CD patients and produced elevated levels of TNFα compared with controls. In colonic mucosa from CD patients, Vδ2 T cell production of TNFα was reduced by pharmacological blockade of retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) signaling, indicating that dietary vitamin metabolites can influence Vδ2 T cell function in inflamed intestine. Vδ2 T cells were ablated in blood and tissue from CD patients receiving azathioprine (AZA) therapy, and posttreatment Vδ2 T cell recovery correlated with time since drug withdrawal and inversely correlated with patient age. These results indicate that human Vδ2 T cells exert proinflammatory effects in CD that are modified by dietary vitamin metabolites and ablated by AZA therapy, which may help resolve intestinal inflammation but could increase malignancy risk by impairing systemic tumor surveillance.
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24
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Deniger DC, Moyes JS, Cooper LJN. Clinical applications of gamma delta T cells with multivalent immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:636. [PMID: 25566249 PMCID: PMC4263175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells hold promise for adoptive immunotherapy because of their reactivity to bacteria, viruses, and tumors. However, these cells represent a small fraction (1–5%) of the peripheral T-cell pool and require activation and propagation to achieve clinical benefit. Aminobisphosphonates specifically expand the Vγ9Vδ2 subset of γδ T cells and have been used in clinical trials of cancer where objective responses were detected. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer binds multiple ligands and results in a multivalent attack by a monoclonal T cell population. Alternatively, populations of γδ T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoire could be infused for broad-range specificity. However, this goal has been restricted by a lack of applicable expansion protocols for non-Vγ9Vδ2 cells. Recent advances using immobilized antigens, agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), tumor-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), or combinations of activating mAbs and aAPC have been successful in expanding gamma delta T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoires. Immobilized major histocompatibility complex Class-I chain-related A was a stimulus for γδ T cells expressing TCRδ1 isotypes, and plate-bound activating antibodies have expanded Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells ex vivo. Clinically sufficient quantities of TCRδ1, TCRδ2, and TCRδ1negTCRδ2neg have been produced following co-culture on aAPC, and these subsets displayed differences in memory phenotype and reactivity to tumors in vitro and in vivo. Gamma delta T cells are also amenable to genetic modification as evidenced by introduction of αβ TCRs, chimeric antigen receptors, and drug-resistance genes. This represents a promising future for the clinical application of oligoclonal or polyclonal γδ T cells in autologous and allogeneic settings that builds on current trials testing the safety and efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Judy S Moyes
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Laurence J N Cooper
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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25
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Resistance-resistant antibiotics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:664-74. [PMID: 25458541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed because drug resistance is increasing while the introduction of new antibiotics is decreasing. We discuss here six possible approaches to develop 'resistance-resistant' antibiotics. First, multitarget inhibitors in which a single compound inhibits more than one target may be easier to develop than conventional combination therapies with two new drugs. Second, inhibiting multiple targets in the same metabolic pathway is expected to be an effective strategy owing to synergy. Third, discovering multiple-target inhibitors should be possible by using sequential virtual screening. Fourth, repurposing existing drugs can lead to combinations of multitarget therapeutics. Fifth, targets need not be proteins. Sixth, inhibiting virulence factor formation and boosting innate immunity may also lead to decreased susceptibility to resistance. Although it is not possible to eliminate resistance, the approaches reviewed here offer several possibilities for reducing the effects of mutations and, in some cases, suggest that sensitivity to existing antibiotics may be restored in otherwise drug-resistant organisms.
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26
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Zhang J, Wang J, Pang L, Xie G, Welte T, Saxena V, Wicker J, Mann B, Soong L, Barrett A, Born W, O'Brien R, Wang T. The co-stimulatory effects of MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling on activation of murine γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108156. [PMID: 25232836 PMCID: PMC4169491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells express several different toll-like receptor (TLR)s. The role of MyD88- dependent TLR signaling in TCR activation of murine γδ T cells is incompletely defined. Here, we report that Pam3CSK4 (PAM, TLR2 agonist) and CL097 (TLR7 agonist), but not lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist), increased CD69 expression and Th1-type cytokine production upon anti-CD3 stimulation of γδ T cells from young adult mice (6-to 10-week-old). However, these agonists alone did not induce γδ T cell activation. Additionally, we noted that neither PAM nor CL097 synergized with anti-CD3 in inducing CD69 expression on γδ T cells of aged mice (21-to 22-month-old). Compared to young γδ T cells, PAM and CL097 increased Th-1 type cytokine production with a lower magnitude from anti-CD3- stimulated, aged γδ T cells. Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ cells are two subpopulations of splenic γδ T cells. PAM had similar effects in anti-CD3-activated control and Vγ4+ subset- depleted γδ T cells; whereas CL097 induced more IFN-γ production from Vγ4+ subset-depleted γδ T cells than from the control group. Finally, we studied the role of MyD88-dependent TLRs in γδ T cell activation during West Nile virus (WNV) infection. γδ T cell, in particular, Vγ1+ subset expansion was significantly reduced in both MyD88- and TLR7- deficient mice. Treatment with TLR7 agonist induced more Vγ1+ cell expansion in wild-type mice during WNV infection. In summary, these results suggest that MyD88-dependent TLRs provide co-stimulatory signals during TCR activation of γδ T cells and these have differential effects on distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Wicker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Willi Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Alejenef A, Pachnio A, Halawi M, Christmas SE, Moss PAH, Khan N. Cytomegalovirus drives Vδ2neg γδ T cell inflation in many healthy virus carriers with increasing age. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:418-28. [PMID: 24547915 PMCID: PMC4008987 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually causes lifelong asymptomatic infection, but over time can distort immune profiles. Recent reports describe selective expansion of Vδ2neg γδ T cells in healthy and immunocompromised CMV carriers. Having shown previously that virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses are increased significantly in elderly CMV carriers, probably driven by chronic stimulation, we hypothesized that Vδ2neg γδ T cells may also be expanded with age. Our results show that Vδ2neg γδ T cells are increased significantly in CMV-seropositive healthy individuals compared to CMV-seronegative controls in all age groups. The differences were most significant in older age groups (P < 0·0001). Furthermore, while Vδ2neg γδ T- cells comprise both naive and memory cells in CMV-seronegative donors, highly differentiated effector memory cells are the dominant phenotype in CMV carriers, with naive cells reduced significantly in numbers in CMV-seropositive elderly. Although phenotypically resembling conventional CMV-specific T cells, Vδ2neg γδ T cells do not correlate with changes in magnitude of CMV-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell frequencies within those individuals, and do not possess ex-vivo immediate effector function as shown by CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, after short-term culture, Vδ2neg γδ T cells demonstrate effector T cell functions, suggesting additional requirements for activation. In summary, Vδ2neg γδ T cells are expanded in many older CMV carriers, demonstrating a further level of lymphocyte subset skewing by CMV in healthy individuals. As others have reported shared reactivity of Vδ2neg γδ T cells towards tumour cells, the composition of γδ T cell subsets may also have implications for risk of developing cancer in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alejenef
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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28
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Lu J, Das M, Kanji S, Aggarwal R, Joseph M, Ray A, Shapiro CL, Pompili VJ, Das H. Induction of ATM/ATR pathway combined with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enhances cytotoxicity of ovarian cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1071-9. [PMID: 24726882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many ovarian cancer cells express stress-related molecule MICA/B on their surface that is recognized by Vγ2Vδ2 T cells through their NKG2D receptor, which is transmitted to downstream stress-signaling pathway. However, it is yet to be established how Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-mediated recognition of MICA/B signal is transmitted to downstream stress-related molecules. Identifying targeted molecules would be critical to develop a better therapy for ovarian cancer cells. It is well established that ATM/ATR signal transduction pathways, which is modulated by DNA damage, replication stress, and oxidative stress play central role in stress signaling pathway regulating cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis. We investigated whether ATM/ATR and its down stream molecules affect Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Herein, we show that ATM/ATR pathway is modulated in ovarian cancer cells in the presence of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Furthermore, downregulation of ATM pathway resulted downregulation of MICA, and reduced Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Alternately, stimulating ATM pathway enhanced expression of MICA, and sensitized ovarian cancer cells for cytotoxic lysis by Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. We further show that combining currently approved chemotherapeutic drugs, which induced ATM signal transduction, along with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enhanced cytotoxicity of resistant ovarian cancer cells. These findings indicate that ATM/ATR pathway plays an important role in tumor recognition, and drugs promoting ATM signaling pathway might be considered as a combination therapy together with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for effectively treating resistant ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Manjusri Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Reeva Aggarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alo Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Charles L Shapiro
- Department of Breast Program, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vincent J Pompili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Innate Immunity, Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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29
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Murphy AG, O'Keeffe KM, Lalor SJ, Maher BM, Mills KHG, McLoughlin RM. Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice expands a population of memory γδ T cells that are protective against subsequent infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3697-708. [PMID: 24623128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus has consistently failed in clinical trials, likely due to inefficient induction of cellular immunity. T cell-derived IL-17 is one of the few known correlates of antistaphylococcoal immunity, conferring protection against S. aureus infections through its ability to promote phagocytic cell effector functions. A comprehensive understanding of the discrete T cell subsets critical for site-specific IL-17-mediated bacterial clearance will therefore be necessary to inform the development of vaccines that efficiently target cellular immunity. In this study, we have identified a population of CD44+ CD27- memory γδ T cells, expanded upon infection of C57BL/6 mice with S. aureus, which produce high levels of IL-17 and mediate enhanced bacterial clearance upon reinfection with the bacterium. These cells are comprised largely of the Vγ4+ subset and accumulate at the site of infection subsequent to an initial Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ T cell response. Moreover, these Vγ4+ T cells are retained in the peritoneum and draining mediastinal lymph nodes for a prolonged period following bacterial clearance. In contrast to its critical requirement for γδ T cell activation during the primary infection, IL-1 signaling was dispensable for activation and expansion of memory γδ T cells upon re-exposure to S. aureus. Our findings demonstrate that a γδ T cell memory response can be induced upon exposure to S. aureus, in a fashion analogous to that associated with classical αβ T cells, and suggest that induction of IL-17-expressing γδ T cells may be an important property of a protective vaccine against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Murphy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
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30
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Fisher JP, Heuijerjans J, Yan M, Gustafsson K, Anderson J. γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy: A systematic review of clinical trials. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27572. [PMID: 24734216 PMCID: PMC3984269 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells contribute to the front line of lymphoid antitumor surveillance and bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. They can be readily expanded to high numbers in vivo and in vitro, starting from the blood of cancer patients, and a number of Phase I trials have demonstrated that these cells can be employed in cancer immunotherapy. Sufficient patients have received γδ T cell-based immunotherapies in the context of clinical trials to evaluate their utility, and to inform the direction of new trials. A systematic approach was used to identify Phase I, Phase II, and feasibility studies testing γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in cancer patients. Studies were excluded from further analysis if they did not provide patient-specific data. Data were compiled to evaluate efficacy, with stratification by treatment approach. When possible, comparisons were made with the efficacy of second-line conventional therapeutic approaches for the same malignancy. Twelve eligible studies were identified, providing information on 157 patients who had received γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. The comparison of objective response data suggests that γδ T cell-based immunotherapy is superior to current second-line therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer, but not for non-small cell lung carcinoma. An evaluation of pooled data from 132 published in vitro experiments shows a consistent improvement in the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells in the presence of antitumor antibodies. Immunotherapy using γδ T cells alone shows promising clinical activity, but there is a strong preclinical rationale for combining this treatment modality with cancer-targeting antibodies to augment its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kenth Gustafsson
- UCL Institute of Child Health; Molecular Immunology Unit; London, UK
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31
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Role of natural killer and Gamma-delta T cells in West Nile virus infection. Viruses 2013; 5:2298-310. [PMID: 24061543 PMCID: PMC3798903 DOI: 10.3390/v5092298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells and Gamma-delta T cells are both innate lymphocytes that respond rapidly and non-specifically to viral infection and other pathogens. They are also known to form a unique link between innate and adaptive immunity. Although they have similar immune features and effector functions, accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggest these two cell types have distinct roles in the control of infection by West Nile virus (WNV), a re-emerging pathogen that has caused fatal encephalitis in North America over the past decade. This review will discuss recent studies on these two cell types in protective immunity and viral pathogenesis during WNV infection.
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32
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Das H, Wang Z, Niazi MKK, Aggarwal R, Lu J, Kanji S, Das M, Joseph M, Gurcan M, Cristini V. Impact of diffusion barriers to small cytotoxic molecules on the efficacy of immunotherapy in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61398. [PMID: 23620747 PMCID: PMC3631240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-focused cancer therapies, e.g., molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy, so far demonstrate only limited efficacy in cancer patients. We hypothesize that underestimating the role of biophysical factors that impact the delivery of drugs or cytotoxic cells to the target sites (for associated preferential cytotoxicity or cell signaling modulation) may be responsible for the poor clinical outcome. Therefore, instead of focusing exclusively on the investigation of molecular mechanisms in cancer cells, convection-diffusion of cytotoxic molecules and migration of cancer-killing cells within tumor tissue should be taken into account to improve therapeutic effectiveness. To test this hypothesis, we have developed a mathematical model of the interstitial diffusion and uptake of small cytotoxic molecules secreted by T-cells, which is capable of predicting breast cancer growth inhibition as measured both in vitro and in vivo. Our analysis shows that diffusion barriers of cytotoxic molecules conspire with γδ T-cell scarcity in tissue to limit the inhibitory effects of γδ T-cells on cancer cells. This may increase the necessary ratios of γδ T-cells to cancer cells within tissue to unrealistic values for having an intended therapeutic effect, and decrease the effectiveness of the immunotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - M. Khalid Khan Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Reeva Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Lu
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Manjusri Das
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (MG); (VC)
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33
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Zhang Y, Zhu W, Liu YL, Wang H, Wang K, Li K, No JH, Ayong L, Gulati A, Pang R, Freitas-Junior L, Morita CT, Oldfield E. Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:423-427. [PMID: 23610597 DOI: 10.1021/ml4000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized 30 lipophilic bisphosphonates and tested them in malaria parasite killing (targeting parasite geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, GGPPS) as well in human γδ T cell activation (targeting human farnesyl diphosphate synthase, FPPS). Similar patterns of activity were seen in inhibiting human FPPS and Plasmodium GGPPS, with short to medium chain-length species having most activity. In cells, shorter chain-length species had low activity, due to poor membrane permeability, and longer chain length species were poor enzyme inhibitors. Optimal activity was thus seen with ~C10 side-chains, which have the best combination of enzyme inhibition and cell penetration. We also solved the crystal structure of one potent inhibitor, bound to FPPS. The results are of interest since they suggest the possibility of a combined chemo/immuno-therapeutic approach to anti-malarial development in which both direct parasite killing as well as γδ T cell activation can be achieved with a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- PrenylX Research Institute, Zhangjiagang 215600, People’s Republic
of China
| | | | | | - Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department
of Internal Medicine, the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Veterans
Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | | | - Joo Hwan No
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug
Discovery, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug
Discovery, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | | | | | - Lucio Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug
Discovery, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department
of Internal Medicine, the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Veterans
Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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34
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Spencer CT, Abate G, Sakala IG, Xia M, Truscott SM, Eickhoff CS, Linn R, Blazevic A, Metkar SS, Peng G, Froelich CJ, Hoft DF. Granzyme A produced by γ(9)δ(2) T cells induces human macrophages to inhibit growth of an intracellular pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003119. [PMID: 23326234 PMCID: PMC3542113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γ9δ2 T cells potently inhibit pathogenic microbes, including intracellular mycobacteria, but the key inhibitory mechanism(s) involved have not been identified. We report a novel mechanism involving the inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria by soluble granzyme A. γ9δ2 T cells produced soluble factors that could pass through 0.45 µm membranes and inhibit intracellular mycobacteria in human monocytes cultured below transwell inserts. Neutralization of TNF-α in co-cultures of infected monocytes and γ9δ2 T cells prevented inhibition, suggesting that TNF-α was the critical inhibitory factor produced by γ9δ2 T cells. However, only siRNA- mediated knockdown of TNF-α in infected monocytes, but not in γ9δ2 T cells, prevented mycobacterial growth inhibition. Investigations of other soluble factors produced by γ9δ2 T cells identified a highly significant correlation between the levels of granzyme A produced and intracellular mycobacterial growth inhibition. Furthermore, purified granzyme A alone induced inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria, while knockdown of granzyme A in γ9δ2 T cell clones blocked their inhibitory effects. The inhibitory mechanism was independent of autophagy, apoptosis, nitric oxide production, type I interferons, Fas/FasL and perforin. These results demonstrate a novel microbial defense mechanism involving granzyme A-mediated triggering of TNF-α production by monocytes leading to intracellular mycobacterial growth suppression. This pathway may provide a protective mechanism relevant for the development of new vaccines and/or immunotherapies for macrophage-resident chronic microbial infections. A small subset of human T cells express γ9δ2 T cell receptors and recognize unique non-peptide phosphoantigens expressed by microbes and damaged cells, such as cancer. These cells are important because: 1) they reside within skin and mucosal surfaces at critical points of initial pathogen invasion, and 2) they are not restricted by polymorphic HLA types and thus can be activated by the same cognate antigens in highly diverse populations. Many important human pathogens such as the causes of AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and others induce potent responses in γ9δ2 T cells that can be protective. However, the key mechanisms involved in γ9δ2 T cell-mediated protective immunity are not well defined. We have found that γ9δ2 T cells produce soluble granzyme A which correlates with their ability to protect against intracellular mycobacterial growth. We show directly that highly purified granzyme A alone can trigger human monocytes to control intracellular mycobacteria. We further show that the granzyme A-induced mycobacterial inhibition required production of TNF-α by infected monocytes. These studies may have important implications for future vaccine development and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Spencer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Getahun Abate
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isaac G. Sakala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mei Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Truscott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Eickhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Linn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sunil S. Metkar
- NorthShore University HealthSystems Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Froelich
- NorthShore University HealthSystems Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
γδ-T cells represent a small population of immune cells, but play an indispensable role in host defenses against exogenous pathogens, immune surveillance of endogenous pathogenesis and even homeostasis of the immune system. Activation and expansion of γδ-T cells are generally observed in diverse human infectious diseases and correlate with their progression and prognosis. γδ-T cells have both 'innate' and 'adaptive' characteristics in the immune response, and their anti-infection activities are mediated by multiple pathways that are under elaborate regulation by other immune components. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature and the recent advancements in γδ-T cell-mediated immune responses against common human infectious pathogens. Although further investigation is needed to improve our understanding of the characteristics of different γδ-T cell subpopulations under specific conditions, γδ-T cell-based therapy has great potential for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Welte T, Aronson J, Gong B, Rachamallu A, Mendell N, Tesh R, Paessler S, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Wang T. Vγ4+ T cells regulate host immune response to West Nile virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 63:183-92. [PMID: 22077221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Vγ4(+) cells, a subpopulation of peripheral γδ T cells, are involved in West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that WNV-infected Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice had lower viremia and a reduced inflammatory response in the brain. The Vγ4(+) cells produced IL-17 during WNV infection, but blocking IL-17 signaling did not affect host susceptibility to WNV encephalitis. We also noted that there was an enhanced magnitude of protective splenic Vγ1(+) cell expansion in Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice compared to that in controls during WNV infection. In addition, Vγ4(+) cells of WNV-infected mice had a higher potential for producing TGF-β. The γδ T cells of WNV-infected Vγ4(+) cell-depleted mice had a higher proliferation rate than those of WNV-infected controls upon ex vivo stimulation with anti-CD3, and this difference was diminished in the presence of TGF-β inhibitor. Finally, Vγ4(+) cells of infected mice contributed directly and indirectly to the higher level of IL-10, which is known to play a negative role in immunity against WNV infection. In summary, Vγ4(+) cells suppress Vγ1(+) cell expansion via TGF-β and increase IL-10 level during WNV infection, which together may lead to higher viremia and enhanced brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Wang T. Role of γδ T cells in West Nile virus-induced encephalitis: friend or foe? J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:22-7. [PMID: 22078709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV)-induced encephalitis has been a public health concern in North America over the past decade. No therapeutics or vaccines are available for human use. Studies in animal models have provided important information for investigations of WNV pathogenesis and the host immune response in humans. This article will give an overview of the role of γδ T cells, one of the non-classical T cell subsets in the murine model of WNV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Wang H, Sarikonda G, Puan KJ, Tanaka Y, Feng J, Giner JL, Cao R, Mönkkönen J, Oldfield E, Morita CT. Indirect stimulation of human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells through alterations in isoprenoid metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5099-113. [PMID: 22013129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells monitor isoprenoid metabolism by recognizing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), an intermediate in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway used by microbes, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway used by humans. Aminobisphosphonates and alkylamines indirectly stimulate Vγ2Vδ2 cells by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in the mevalonate pathway, thereby increasing IPP/triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester that directly stimulate. In this study, we further characterize stimulation by these compounds and define pathways used by new classes of compounds. Consistent with FDPS inhibition, stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 cells by aminobisphosphonates and alkylamines was much more sensitive to statin inhibition than stimulation by prenyl pyrophosphates; however, the continuous presence of aminobisphosphonates was toxic for T cells and blocked their proliferation. Aminobisphosphonate stimulation was rapid and prolonged, independent of known Ag-presenting molecules, and resistant to fixation. New classes of stimulatory compounds-mevalonate, the alcohol of HMBPP, and alkenyl phosphonates-likely stimulate differently. Mevalonate, a rate-limiting metabolite, appears to enter cells to increase IPP levels, whereas the alcohol of HMBPP and alkenyl phosphonates are directly recognized. The critical chemical feature of bisphosphonates is the amino moiety, because its loss switched aminobisphosphonates to direct Ags. Transfection of APCs with small interfering RNA downregulating FDPS rendered them stimulatory for Vγ2Vδ2 cells and increased cellular IPP. Small interfering RNAs for isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase functioned similarly. Our results show that a variety of manipulations affecting isoprenoid metabolism lead to stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and that pulsing aminobisphosphonates would be more effective for the ex vivo expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Tu W, Zheng J, Liu Y, Sia SF, Liu M, Qin G, Ng IHY, Xiang Z, Lam KT, Peiris JSM, Lau YL. The aminobisphosphonate pamidronate controls influenza pathogenesis by expanding a gammadelta T cell population in humanized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1511-22. [PMID: 21708931 PMCID: PMC3135369 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As shown in humanized mice, a population of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can reduce the severity and mortality of disease caused by infection with human and avian influenza viruses. There are few antiviral drugs for treating influenza, and the emergence of antiviral resistance has further limited the available therapeutic options. Furthermore, antivirals are not invariably effective in severe influenza, such as that caused by H5N1 viruses. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded by the aminobisphosphonate pamidronate (PAM) kill influenza virus–infected cells and inhibit viral replication in vitro. In Rag2−/−γc−/− immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral mononuclear cells (huPBMCs), PAM reduces disease severity and mortality caused by human seasonal H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza virus, and controls the lung inflammation and viral replication. PAM has no such effects in influenza virus–infected Rag2−/−γc−/− mice reconstituted with Vγ9Vδ2 T cell–depleted huPBMCs. Our study provides proof-of-concept of a novel therapeutic strategy for treating influenza by targeting the host rather than the virus, thereby reducing the opportunity for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. As PAM has been commonly used to treat osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, this new application of an old drug potentially offers a safe and readily available option for treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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40
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Holderness J, Schepetkin IA, Freedman B, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT, Hedges JF, Jutila MA. Polysaccharides isolated from Açaí fruit induce innate immune responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17301. [PMID: 21386979 PMCID: PMC3046208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Açaí (Acai) fruit is a popular nutritional supplement that purportedly enhances immune system function. These anecdotal claims are supported by limited studies describing immune responses to the Acai polyphenol fraction. Previously, we characterized γδ T cell responses to both polyphenol and polysaccharide fractions from several plant-derived nutritional supplements. Similar polyphenol and polysaccharide fractions are found in Acai fruit. Thus, we hypothesized that one or both of these fractions could activate γδ T cells. Contrary to previous reports, we did not identify agonist activity in the polyphenol fraction; however, the Acai polysaccharide fraction induced robust γδ T cell stimulatory activity in human, mouse, and bovine PBMC cultures. To characterize the immune response to Acai polysaccharides, we fractionated the crude polysaccharide preparation and tested these fractions for activity in human PBMC cultures. The largest Acai polysaccharides were the most active in vitro as indicated by activation of myeloid and γδ T cells. When delivered in vivo, Acai polysaccharide induced myeloid cell recruitment and IL-12 production. These results define innate immune responses induced by the polysaccharide component of Acai and have implications for the treatment of asthma and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brett Freedman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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Ness-Schwickerath KJ, Jin C, Morita CT. Cytokine requirements for the differentiation and expansion of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:7268-80. [PMID: 20483730 PMCID: PMC2965829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells expressing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR play important roles in immune responses to microbial pathogens by monitoring prenyl pyrophosphate isoprenoid metabolites. Most adult Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells are memory cytotoxic cells that produce IFN-gamma. Recently, murine gammadelta T cells were found to be major sources of IL-17A in antimicrobial and autoimmune responses. To determine if primate gammadelta T cells play similar roles, we characterized IL-17A and IL-22 production by Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. IL-17A-producing memory Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells exist at low but significant frequencies in adult humans (1:2762 T cells) and at even higher frequencies in adult rhesus macaques. Higher levels of Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells produce IL-22 (1:1864 T cells), although few produce both IL-17A and IL-22. Unlike adult humans, in whom many IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells also produce IFN-gamma (Tgammadelta1/17), the majority of adult macaques IL-17A+ Vdelta2 cells (Tgammadelta17) do not produce IFN-gamma. To define the cytokine requirements for Tgammadelta17 cells, we stimulated human neonatal Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells with the bacterial Ag, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, and various cytokines and mAbs in vitro. We find that IL-6, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta are required to generate Tgammadelta17 cells in neonates, whereas Tgammadelta1/17 cells additionally required IL-23. In adults, memory Tgammadelta1/17 and Tgammadelta17 cells required IL-23, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta, but not IL-6. IL-22-producing cells showed similar requirements. Both neonatal and adult IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells expressed elevated levels of retinoid-related orphan receptor gammat. Our data suggest that, like Th17 alphabeta T cells, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells can be polarized into Tgammadelta17 and Tgammadelta1/17 populations with distinct cytokine requirements for their initial polarization and later maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Ness-Schwickerath
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Chenggang Jin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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Vermijlen D, Brouwer M, Donner C, Liesnard C, Tackoen M, Van Rysselberge M, Twité N, Goldman M, Marchant A, Willems F. Human cytomegalovirus elicits fetal gammadelta T cell responses in utero. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:807-21. [PMID: 20368575 PMCID: PMC2856038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The fetus and infant are highly susceptible to viral infections. Several viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (CMV), cause more severe disease in early life compared with later life. It is generally accepted that this is a result of the immaturity of the immune system. gammadelta T cells are unconventional T cells that can react rapidly upon activation and show major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted activity. We show that upon CMV infection in utero, fetal gammadelta T cells expand and become differentiated. The expansion was restricted to Vgamma9-negative gammadelta T cells, irrespective of their Vdelta chain expression. Differentiated gammadelta T cells expressed high levels of IFN-gamma, transcription factors T-bet and eomes, natural killer receptors, and cytotoxic mediators. CMV infection induced a striking enrichment of a public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR, containing the germline-encoded complementary-determining-region-3 (CDR3) delta1-CALGELGDDKLIF/CDR3gamma8-CATWDTTGWFKIF. Public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR-expressing cell clones produced IFN-gamma upon coincubation with CMV-infected target cells in a TCR/CD3-dependent manner and showed antiviral activity. Differentiated gammadelta T cells and public Vgamma8Vdelta1-TCR were detected as early as after 21 wk of gestation. Our results indicate that functional fetal gammadelta T cell responses can be generated during development in utero and suggest that this T cell subset could participate in antiviral defense in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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43
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Yao S, Huang D, Chen CY, Halliday L, Zeng G, Wang RC, Chen ZW. Differentiation, distribution and gammadelta T cell-driven regulation of IL-22-producing T cells in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000789. [PMID: 20195465 PMCID: PMC2829073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation, distribution and immune regulation of human IL-22-producing T cells in infections remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated in a nonhuman primate model that M. tuberculosis infection resulted in apparent increases in numbers of T cells capable of producing IL-22 de novo without in vitro Ag stimulation, and drove distribution of these cells more dramatically in lungs than in blood and lymphoid tissues. Consistently, IL-22-producing T cells were visualized in situ in lung tuberculosis (TB) granulomas by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry, indicating that mature IL-22-producing T cells were present in TB granuloma. Surprisingly, phosphoantigen HMBPP activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells down-regulated the capability of T cells to produce IL-22 de novo in lymphocytes from blood, lung/BAL fluid, spleen and lymph node. Up-regulation of IFNgamma-producing Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells after HMBPP stimulation coincided with the down-regulated capacity of these T cells to produce IL-22 de novo. Importantly, anti-IFNgamma neutralizing Ab treatment reversed the HMBPP-mediated down-regulation effect on IL-22-producing T cells, suggesting that Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell-driven IFNgamma-networking function was the mechanism underlying the HMBPP-mediated down-regulation of the capability of T cells to produce IL-22. These novel findings raise the possibility to ultimately investigate the function of IL-22 producing T cells and to target Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells for balancing potentially hyper-activating IL-22-producing T cells in severe TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa Halliday
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Qin G, Mao H, Zheng J, Sia SF, Liu Y, Chan PL, Lam KT, Peiris JSM, Lau YL, Tu W. Phosphoantigen-expanded human gammadelta T cells display potent cytotoxicity against monocyte-derived macrophages infected with human and avian influenza viruses. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:858-65. [PMID: 19656068 PMCID: PMC7110194 DOI: 10.1086/605413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInfluenza virus is a cause of substantial annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential emergence of a new pandemic strain (eg, avian influenza virus) is a major concern. Currently available vaccines and anti-influenza drugs have limited effectiveness for influenza virus infections, especially for new pandemic strains. Therefore, there is an acute need to develop alternative strategies for influenza therapy. γδ T cells have potent antiviral activities against different viruses, but no data are available concerning their antiviral activity against influenza viruses MethodsIn this study, we used virus-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to examine the antiviral activity of phosphoantigen isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)–expanded human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against influenza viruses ResultsVγ9Vδ2 T cells were selectively activated and expanded by IPP from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IPP-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells efficiently killed MDMs infected with human (H1N1) or avian (H9N2 or H5N1) influenza virus and significantly inhibited viral replication. The cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against influenza virus–infected MDMs was dependent on NKG2D activation and was mediated by Fas–Fas ligand and perforin–granzyme B pathways ConclusionOur findings suggest a potentially novel therapeutic approach to seasonal, zoonotic avian, and pandemic influenza—the use of phosphoantigens to activate γδ T cells against influenza virus infections
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qin
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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Ali Z, Yan L, Plagman N, Reichenberg A, Hintz M, Jomaa H, Villinger F, Chen ZW. Gammadelta T cell immune manipulation during chronic phase of simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection [corrected] confers immunological benefits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5407-17. [PMID: 19786533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, a major human gammadelta T cell subset, recognize the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by mycobacteria and some opportunistic pathogens, and they contribute to innate/adaptive/homeostatic and anticancer immunity. As initial efforts to explore Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell-based therapeutics against HIV/AIDS-associated bacterial/protozoal infections and neoplasms, we investigated whether a well-defined HMBPP/IL-2 therapeutic regimen could overcome HIV-mediated immune suppression to massively expand polyfunctional Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, and whether such activation/expansion could impact AIDS pathogenesis in simian HIV (SHIV)-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. While HMBPP/IL-2 coadministration during acute or chronic phase of SHIV infection induced massive activation/expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, the consequences of such activation/expansions were different between these two treatment settings. HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during acute SHIV infection did not prevent the increases in peak and set-point viral loads or the accelerated disease progression seen with IL-2 treatment alone. In contrast, HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during chronic infection did not exacerbate disease, and more importantly it could confer immunological benefits. Surprisingly, although viral antigenic loads were not increased upon HMBPP/IL-2 cotreatment during chronic SHIV infection, HMBPP activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells boosted HIV Env-specific Ab titers. Such increases in Abs were sustained for >170 days and were immediately preceded by increased production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10 during peak expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells displaying memory phenotypes, as well as the short-term increased effector function of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and CD4(+) and CD8(+) alphabeta T cells producing antimicrobial cytokines. Thus, HMBPP/Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell-based intervention may potentially be useful for combating neoplasms and HMBPP-producing opportunistic pathogens in chronically HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Mukherjee S, Huang C, Guerra F, Wang K, Oldfield E. Thermodynamics of bisphosphonates binding to human bone: a two-site model. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8374-5. [PMID: 19489581 DOI: 10.1021/ja902895p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to study the thermodynamics of binding of 12 bisphosphonates to human bone. The ITC results show that there are two binding sites. Site A is the weak, highly populated site seen by NMR and is characterized by an average DeltaG of binding of -5.2 kcal. Site B is a strong binding site characterized by a DeltaG of binding of -8.5 kcal. Binding to both sites is overwhelmingly entropy driven. Using a thermodynamic group approach and a linear regression method, we predict the DeltaG of binding of all 12 compounds with an R(2) = 0.95 (a 0.19 kcal error variance estimate, approximately 3% of the total DeltaG range), opening up the way to designing novel chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and anti-infectious disease drugs having weak bone binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Mukherjee
- Center for Biophysics & Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Antigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells confer homeostatic protection against pneumonic plaque lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:7553-8. [PMID: 19383786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811250106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells can confer protection against pulmonary infectious diseases has not been tested. We have recently demonstrated that single-dose (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) plus IL-2 treatment can induce prolonged accumulation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T effector cells in lungs. Here, we show that a delayed HMBPP/IL-2 administration after inhalational Yersinia pestis infection induced marked expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells but failed to control extracellular plague bacterial replication/infection. Surprisingly, despite the absence of infection control, expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after HMBPP/IL-2 treatment led to the attenuation of inhalation plague lesions in lungs. Consistently, HMBPP-activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells accumulated and localized in pulmonary interstitials surrounding small blood vessels and airway mucosa in the lung tissues with no or mild plague lesions. These infiltrating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells produced FGF-7, a homeostatic mediator against tissue damages. In contrast, control macaques treated with glucose plus IL-2 or glucose alone exhibited severe hemorrhages and necrosis in most lung lobes, with no or very few Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells detectable in lung tissues. The findings are consist with the paradigm that circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells can traffic to lungs for homeostatic protection against tissue damages in infection.
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Eberl M, Roberts GW, Meuter S, Williams JD, Topley N, Moser B. A rapid crosstalk of human gammadelta T cells and monocytes drives the acute inflammation in bacterial infections. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000308. [PMID: 19229322 PMCID: PMC2637987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood and differ from other T cells by their immediate responsiveness to microbes. We previously demonstrated that the primary target for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells is (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), an essential metabolite produced by a large range of pathogens. Here we wished to study the consequence of this unique responsiveness in microbial infection. The majority of peripheral Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells shares migration properties with circulating monocytes, which explains the presence of these two distinct blood cell types in the inflammatory infiltrate at sites of infection and suggests that they synergize in anti-microbial immune responses. Our present findings demonstrate a rapid and HMB-PP-dependent crosstalk between Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and autologous monocytes that results in the immediate production of inflammatory mediators including the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and oncostatin M (OSM); the chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10; and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Moreover, under these co-culture conditions monocytes differentiate within 18 hours into inflammatory dendritic cells (DCs) with antigen-presenting functions. Addition of further microbial stimuli (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan) induces CCR7 and enables these inflammatory DCs to trigger the generation of CD4+ effector αβ T cells expressing IFN-γ and/or IL-17. Importantly, our in vitro model replicates the responsiveness to microbes of effluent cells from peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and translates directly to episodes of acute PD-associated bacterial peritonitis, where Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell numbers and soluble inflammatory mediators are elevated in patients infected with HMB-PP-producing pathogens. Collectively, these findings suggest a direct link between invading pathogens, microbe-responsive γδ T cells, and monocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate, which plays a crucial role in the early response and the generation of microbe-specific immunity. As antibiotic resistance is spreading and posing a significant threat in many bacterial diseases, there is a need for a better understanding of host responses to infection. The precise role of an enigmatic subset of human immune cells, so-called Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, in early infection still remains to be unveiled. These cells respond to a common molecule shared by the majority of bacterial pathogens and appear to be quickly drawn to sites of acute inflammation, where they will encounter invading microbes in the context of other immune cells, mainly granulocytes and monocytes. We here observed an unexpected interplay between microbe-activated Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and monocytes that attracts further effector cells, enhances the activity of scavenger cells, and promotes the development of microbe-specific immunity. These findings not only improve our insight into the complex cellular interactions in early infection but may also suggest new therapies by modulating immune responses to improve host defenses and to resolve inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Phosphoantigen-activated V gamma 2V delta 2 T cells antagonize IL-2-induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in mycobacterial infection. Blood 2008; 113:837-45. [PMID: 18981295 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) are well documented for their ability to suppress various immune cells, T-cell subsets capable of counteracting Tregs have not been demonstrated. Here, we assessed phosphoantigen-activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells for the ability to interplay with Tregs in the context of mycobacterial infection. A short-term IL-2 treatment regimen induced marked expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and subsequent suppression of mycobacterium-driven increases in numbers of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. Surprisingly, activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells by adding phosphoantigen Picostim to the IL-2 treatment regimen down-regulated IL-2-induced expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. Consistently, in vitro activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells by phosphoantigen plus IL-2 down-regulated IL-2-induced expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. Interestingly, anti-IFN-gamma-neutralizing antibody, not anti-TGF-beta or anti-IL-4, reduced the ability of activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to down-regulate Tregs, suggesting that autocrine IFN-gamma and its network contributed to Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells' antagonizing effects. Furthermore, activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells by Picostim plus IL-2 treatment appeared to reverse Treg-driven suppression of immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific IFNgamma(+) or perforin(+) Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and PPD-specific IFNgamma(+)alphabeta T cells. Thus, phos-phoantigen activation of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells antagonizes IL-2-induced expansion of Tregs and subsequent suppression of Ag-specific antimicrobial T-cell responses in mycobacterial infection.
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Vuong C, Kocianova S, Yu J, Kadurugamuwa JL, Otto M. Development of real-time in vivo imaging of device-related Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in mice and influence of animal immune status on susceptibility to infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:258-61. [PMID: 18491976 DOI: 10.1086/589307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the leading cause of hospital-acquired device-related infections, but there is a lack of suitable methods to investigate the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis infection. We created a bioluminescent strain of S. epidermidis and developed a subcutaneous catheter-related murine infection model for real-time monitoring of biofilm-associated infection. Additionally, we compared severely immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice, demonstrating the substantial effect of animal immune status on susceptibility to experimentally induced S. epidermidis disease. This study presents a novel approach for investigating the in vivo details of the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Vuong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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