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Schwingshackl A, Lopez B, Teng B, Luellen C, Lesage F, Belperio J, Olcese R, Waters CM. Hyperoxia treatment of TREK-1/TREK-2/TRAAK-deficient mice is associated with a reduction in surfactant proteins. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1030-L1046. [PMID: 28839101 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00121.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed a role for the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel TREK-1 in hyperoxia (HO)-induced lung injury. To determine whether redundancy among the three TREK isoforms (TREK-1, TREK-2, and TRAAK) could protect from HO-induced injury, we now examined the effect of deletion of all three TREK isoforms in a clinically relevant scenario of prolonged HO exposure and mechanical ventilation (MV). We exposed WT and TREK-1/TREK-2/TRAAK-deficient [triple knockout (KO)] mice to either room air, 72-h HO, MV [high and low tidal volume (TV)], or a combination of HO + MV and measured quasistatic lung compliance, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein concentration, histologic lung injury scores (LIS), cellular apoptosis, and cytokine levels. We determined surfactant gene and protein expression and attempted to prevent HO-induced lung injury by prophylactically administering an exogenous surfactant (Curosurf). HO treatment increased lung injury in triple KO but not WT mice, including an elevated LIS, BAL protein concentration, and markers of apoptosis, decreased lung compliance, and a more proinflammatory cytokine phenotype. MV alone had no effect on lung injury markers. Exposure to HO + MV (low TV) further decreased lung compliance in triple KO but not WT mice, and HO + MV (high TV) was lethal for triple KO mice. In triple KO mice, the HO-induced lung injury was associated with decreased surfactant protein (SP) A and SPC but not SPB and SPD expression. However, these changes could not be explained by alterations in the transcription factors nuclear factor-1 (NF-1), NKX2.1/thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) or c-jun, or lamellar body levels. Prophylactic Curosurf administration did not improve lung injury scores or compliance in triple KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bin Teng
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Charlean Luellen
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Florian Lesage
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Excellence "Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics," Valbonne, France
| | - John Belperio
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Riccardo Olcese
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
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2
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Uhliarova B, Kopincova J, Adamkov M, Svec M, Calkovska A. Surfactant proteins A and D are related to severity of the disease, pathogenic bacteria and comorbidity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Clin Otolaryngol 2016. [PMID: 26220138 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant proteins (SP) A and D play a critical role in the innate defence of respiratory mucosa. Although numerous studies have focused on the importance of surfactant in the lower airways, relatively little is known about its role in the upper respiratory system. METHODS The prospective study was conducted with 61 subjects divided into patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and healthy controls. SP-A and SP-D were detected in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) by ELISA and in nasal mucosa by immunohistochemical staining. Severity of the diseases assessed by preoperative CT score, presence of comorbidity (allergy and bronchial asthma) and bacterial culture from the middle nasal meatus was evaluated. RESULTS In nasal mucosa, SPs were localised in ciliated cells of the surface epithelium and serous acini of the submucosal glands. Stronger expression of SPs in submucosal glands was observed in CRSwNP and CRSsNP groups in comparison with controls. In patients with CRSsNP and more severe form of the disease, higher levels of SP-A and SP-D in NALF and stronger immunoreactivity of these proteins in nasal mucosa were detected. Identification of pathogenic bacteria was associated with higher levels of SP-A and SP-D in NALF and nasal mucosa in patients with CRSsNP and control group. Presence of allergy was associated with stronger expression of SP-A in submucosal glands in all CRS patients and with decreased levels of both SPs in NALF in CRSsNP patients. CONCLUSIONS Surfactant proteins A and D play an important role in innate host defence of upper respiratory tract. Different expression of these proteins in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis indicates possible novel target of therapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Uhliarova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - J Kopincova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - M Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - M Svec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - A Calkovska
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
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3
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Kawabata S, Christine Hollander M, Munasinghe JP, Brinster LR, Mercado-Matos JR, Li J, Regales L, Pao W, Jänne PA, Wong KK, Butman JA, Lonser RR, Hansen MR, Gurgel RK, Vortmeyer AO, Dennis PA. Epidermal growth factor receptor as a novel molecular target for aggressive papillary tumors in the middle ear and temporal bone. Oncotarget 2015; 6:11357-68. [PMID: 26027747 PMCID: PMC4484461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous tumors in the middle ear and temporal bone are rare but highly morbid because they are difficult to detect prior to the development of audiovestibular dysfunction. Complete resection is often disfiguring and difficult because of location and the late stage at diagnosis, so identification of molecular targets and effective therapies is needed. Here, we describe a new mouse model of aggressive papillary ear tumor that was serendipitously discovered during the generation of a mouse model for mutant EGFR-driven lung cancer. Although these mice did not develop lung tumors, 43% developed head tilt and circling behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed bilateral ear tumors located in the tympanic cavity. These tumors expressed mutant EGFR as well as active downstream targets such as Akt, mTOR and ERK1/2. EGFR-directed therapies were highly effective in eradicating the tumors and correcting the vestibular defects, suggesting these tumors are addicted to EGFR. EGFR activation was also observed in human ear neoplasms, which provides clinical relevance for this mouse model and rationale to test EGFR-targeted therapies in these rare neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenoma/drug therapy
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal
- Drug Design
- Ear Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ear Neoplasms/genetics
- Ear Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ear Neoplasms/pathology
- Ear, Middle/drug effects
- Ear, Middle/metabolism
- Ear, Middle/pathology
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Motor Activity
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skull Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skull Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skull Neoplasms/pathology
- Temporal Bone/drug effects
- Temporal Bone/metabolism
- Temporal Bone/pathology
- Uteroglobin/genetics
- Uteroglobin/metabolism
- X-Ray Microtomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kawabata
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Christine Hollander
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Present address: Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeeva P. Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - José R. Mercado-Matos
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucia Regales
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - William Pao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pasi A. Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A. Butman
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Marlan R. Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard K. Gurgel
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Phillip A. Dennis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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El-Anwar MW, Hamed AA, Mohamed AES, Nofal AAF, Mohamed MA, Abdel-Aziz HR. Surfactant protein a expression in chronic rhinosinusitis and atrophic rhinitis. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 19:130-4. [PMID: 25992168 PMCID: PMC4399187 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1546432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Surfactant protein A (SP-A) exhibits antimicrobial properties and interacts with a variety of respiratory tract pathogens. Objective The objective of this study was to detect the presence of SP-A and measure its alterations in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and primary atrophic rhinitis (PAR) versus healthy controls. Methods Inferior turbinate and sinus mucosal biopsies were taken from 30 patients with CRS, 30 patients with PAR, and 20 healthy controls. Immunohistochemical staining for SP-A and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of SP-A messenger RNA were performed on nasal tissue samples. Results Immunostaining localized SP-A to the mucosa and submucosal glands in CRS specimens but failed to localize it in PAR specimens. Quantitative PCR showed a high, statistically significant increase in the SP-A levels of patients with CRS when compared with controls (p < 0.0001) and also demonstrated a significant reduction of SP-A in patients with PAR compared with controls (p < 0.005). Conclusion SP-A is significantly increased in CRS and decreased significantly in PAR and appears to be expressed by respiratory epithelial cells and submucosal glandular elements of the sinonasal mucosa. The potential therapeutic applications of surfactant in the enhancement of mucociliary clearance need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atef A Hamed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abd ElRaof Said Mohamed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Maha A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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5
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Calkovska A, Uhliarova B, Joskova M, Franova S, Kolomaznik M, Calkovsky V, Smolarova S. Pulmonary surfactant in the airway physiology: a direct relaxing effect on the smooth muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 209:95-105. [PMID: 25583659 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beside alveoli, surface active material plays an important role in the airway physiology. In the upper airways it primarily serves in local defense. Lower airway surfactant stabilizes peripheral airways, provides the transport and defense, has barrier and anti-edematous functions, and possesses direct relaxant effect on the smooth muscle. We tested in vitro the effect of two surfactant preparations Curosurf® and Alveofact® on the precontracted smooth muscle of intra- and extra-pulmonary airways. Relaxation was more pronounced for lung tissue strip containing bronchial smooth muscle as the primary site of surfactant effect. The study does not confirm the participation of ATP-dependent potassium channels and cAMP-regulated epithelial chloride channels known as CFTR chloride channels, or nitric oxide involvement in contractile response of smooth muscle to surfactant.By controlling wall thickness and airway diameter, pulmonary surfactant is an important component of airway physiology. Thus, surfactant dysfunction may be included in pathophysiology of asthma, COPD, or other diseases with bronchial obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calkovska
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - B Uhliarova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.
| | - M Joskova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - S Franova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Kolomaznik
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - V Calkovsky
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Slovakia.
| | - S Smolarova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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Surfactant and its Role in the Upper Respiratory System and Eustachian Tube. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10201-011-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Lin Z, Demello D, Phelps DS, Koltun WA, Page M, Floros J. Both Human SP-A1 and SP-A2 Genes are Expressed in Small and Large Intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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van Rozendaal BAWM, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP. Localization and Functions of SP-A and SP-D at Mucosal Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Khubchandani KR, Goss KL, Engelhardt JF, Snyder JM. In Situ Hybridization of SP-A mRNA in Adult Human Conducting Airways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Kim JK, Kim SS, Rha KW, Kim CH, Cho JH, Lee CH, Lee JG, Yoon JH. Expression and localization of surfactant proteins in human nasal epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L879-84. [PMID: 17209137 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00156.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs), designated SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D, play an important role in surfactant metabolism and host defense mechanisms in the lung. This study investigates expression of the different SP types in human nasal mucosa and cultured normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells and whether the expression of SP mRNA is influenced by the degree of mucociliary differentiation. RT-PCR was performed with mRNA from cultured NHNE cells and nasal mucosa. Immunohistochemical staining for SPs was performed on nasal mucosa specimens. Western blot analysis was performed on cell lysates from cultured NHNE cells. SP-A2, SP-B, and SP-D mRNAs were expressed in normal NHNE cells and human nasal mucosa. SPs were localized in ciliated cells of the surface epithelium and serous acini of the submucosal glands. SP-A, SP-B, and SP-D proteins were expressed in cultured NHNE cells. The degree of mucociliary differentiation influenced expression of the SP gene. We demonstrate that SP-A, SP-B, and SP-D are expressed in human nasal mucosa and cultured NHNE cells. Further study of the functional role of SPs in the upper airway is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kook Kim
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Sugery, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul
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11
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Grubor B, Meyerholz DK, Ackermann MR. Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides of the respiratory epithelia. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:595-612. [PMID: 16966437 PMCID: PMC2786072 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is a primary site for the deposition of microorganisms that are acquired during inspiration. The innate immune system of the respiratory tract eliminates many of these potentially harmful agents preventing their colonization. Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides are antimicrobial components of the pulmonary innate immune system produced by respiratory epithelia, which have integral roles in host defense and inflammation in the lung. Synthesis and secretion of these molecules are regulated by the developmental stage, hormones, as well as many growth and immunoregulatory factors. The purpose of this review is to discuss antimicrobial innate immune elements within the respiratory tract of healthy and pneumonic lung with emphasis on hydrophilic surfactant proteins and beta-defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grubor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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12
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Konishi M, Nishitani C, Mitsuzawa H, Shimizu T, Sano H, Harimaya A, Fujii N, Himi T, Kuroki Y. Alloiococcus otitidis is a ligand for collectins and Toll-like receptor 2, and its phagocytosis is enhanced by collectins. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1527-36. [PMID: 16708401 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alloiococcus otitidis has been found to be associated with otitis media with effusion. In this study we investigated whether TLR2 and collectins, surfactant protein A (SP-A) and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), interacted with A. otitidis. Both SP-A and MBL bound to A. otitidis in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. A. otitidis induced IL-8 secretion from U937 cells and NF-kappaB activation in TLR2-transfected HEK293 cells. However, the cells transfected with the mutant TLR2(P681H) did not respond to A. otitidis. In addition, A. otitidis co-sedimented a recombinant soluble form of the extracellular TLR2 domain, indicating direct binding of the bacterium to TLR2. SP-A and MBL augmented the phagocytosis of A. otitidis by J774A.1 cells. The collectin-stimulated phagocytosis of A. otitidis was significantly attenuated when fucoidan and polyinosinic acid were co-incubated. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that MBL was present in the middle ear effusion from patients with otitis media. These results demonstrate that A. otitidis is a ligand for the collectins and TLR2, and that the collectins enhance the phagocytosis of A. otitidis by macrophages, suggesting important roles of the collectins and TLR2 in the innate immunity of the middle ear against A. otitidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Konishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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13
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Lillie BN, Brooks AS, Keirstead ND, Hayes MA. Comparative genetics and innate immune functions of collagenous lectins in animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:97-110. [PMID: 16098608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagenous lectins such as mannan-binding lectins (MBLs), ficolins (FCNs), surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D), conglutinin (CG), and related ruminant lectins are multimeric proteins with carbohydrate-binding domains aligned in a manner that facilitates binding to microbial surface polysaccharides. MBLs and FCNs are structurally related to C1q, but activate the lectin complement pathway via interaction with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). MBLs, FCNs, and other collagenous lectins also bind to some host macromolecules and contribute to their removal. While there is evidence that some lectins and the lectin complement pathway are conserved in vertebrates, many differences in collagenous lectins have been observed among humans, rodents, and other vertebrates. For example, humans have only one MBL but three FCNs, whereas most other species express two FCNs and two MBLs. Bovidae express CG and other SP-D-related collectins that are not found in monogastric species. Some dysfunctions of human MBL are due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect its expression or structure and thereby increase susceptibility to some infections. Collagenous lectins have well-established roles in innate immunity to various microorganisms, so it is possible that some lectin genotypes or induced phenotypes influence resistance to some infectious or inflammatory diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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15
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Madsen J, Tornoe I, Nielsen O, Koch C, Steinhilber W, Holmskov U. Expression and localization of lung surfactant protein A in human tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:591-7. [PMID: 12777246 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0274oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collectin produced by alveolar type II cells and Clara cells. It binds to carbohydrate structures on microorganisms, initiating effector mechanisms of innate immunity and modulating the inflammatory response in the lung. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed on a panel of RNAs from human tissues for SP-A mRNA expression. The lung was the main site of synthesis, but transcripts were readily amplified from the trachea, prostate, pancreas, and thymus. Weak expression was observed in the colon and salivary gland. SP-A sequences derived from lung and thymus mRNA revealed the presence of both SP-A1 and SP-A2, whereas only SP-A2 expression was found in the trachea and prostate. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against SP-A and characterized. One of these (HYB 238-4) reacted in Western blotting with both reduced and unreduced SP-A, with N-deglycosylated and collagenase-treated SP-A, and with both recombinant SP-A1 and SP-A2. This antibody was used to demonstrate SP-A in immunohistochemistry of human tissues. Strong SP-A immunoreactivity was seen in alveolar type-II cells, Clara cells, and on and within alveolar macrophages, but no extrapulmonary SP-A immunoreactivity was observed. In contrast to lung surfactant protein D (SP-D), which is generally expressed on mucosal surfaces, SP-A seems to be restricted to the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Madsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21.1, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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16
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Haddad IY, Milla C, Yang S, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Hawgood S, Lacey DL, Blazar BR. Surfactant protein A is a required mediator of keratinocyte growth factor after experimental marrow transplantation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L602-10. [PMID: 12740217 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00088.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported an association between the ability of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rHuKGF) to upregulate the expression of surfactant protein A (SP-A) and to downregulate pulmonary inflammation that occurs after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). To establish a causal relationship, rHuKGF (5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously for three consecutive days before irradiation to SP-A-sufficient and -deficient [SP-A(+/+) and SP-A(-/-), respectively] mice given inflammation-inducing allogeneic spleen T cells at the time of BMT. In contrast with SP-A(+/+) mice, rHuKGF failed to suppress the high levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and nitric oxide contained in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids collected on day 7 after BMT from SP-A(-/-) mice. Early post-BMT weight loss was attenuated by rHuKGF in both SP-A(+/+) and SP-A(-/-) recipients. In the absence of supportive respiratory care, however, SP-A deficiency eventually abolished the ability of rHuKGF to prevent weight loss and to improve survival monitored for 1 mo after allogeneic BMT. In further experiments, the addition of cyclophosphamide (which is known to cause severe injury to the alveolar epithelium in donor T cell-recipient mice) to the conditioning regimen prevented rHuKGF-induced upregulation of SP-A and suppression of lung inflammation in both SP-A(+/+) and SP-A(-/-) mice. We conclude that endogenous baseline SP-A levels and optimal upregulation of SP-A are required for the anti-inflammatory protective effects of KGF after allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Y Haddad
- Univ. of Minnesota, Dept. of Pediatrics, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Giannessi F, Giambelluca MA, Scavuzzo MC, Fattori B, Ruffoli R. Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study of the middle ear epithelium in the chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus. J Morphol 2003; 256:371-8. [PMID: 12655618 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the epithelium lining the tympanic cavity of the chicken was studied by TEM and SEM. In addition, the distribution of nonspecific esterase activity in the epithelium was investigated by TEM. Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of disk-like apical protrusions of the epithelial cells, previously not observed in other cell types. The protrusions contained some cytoplasmic organelles and were characterized by a ring-shaped thickening around their periphery. The ring was made up of a granulo-filamentous material. Our observations clearly indicate the existence of an apocrine secretory mechanism, consisting of a progressive detachment of disk-like protrusions from the apex of the epithelial cells. The ultracytochemical study demonstrated nonspecific esterase activity on the epithelial surface and in the secretory vesicles. We propose that nonspecific esterase is a marker for middle ear surfactant in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giannessi
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Biologia Applicata, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Rae Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School Of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Abstract
There has been a recent surge in research on surfactant and surfactant proteins. Fields ranging from immunology to surface chemistry are making contributions to our understanding of this multifunctional compound. This paper reviews the literature on the structure and function of Eustachian tube surfactant. It covers the proposed functions of endogenous surfactant in normal physiology, as well as the experimental applications of exogenous surfactant in the treatment of otitis media. The analysis is based on four platforms of research: the role of surfactant in the innate immune system, the effect of surfactant on surface tension and Eustachian tube opening pressure, the capacity of surfactant to alter the rheological properties of mucus and the efficiency of the mucociliary system, and the ability of surfactant to mitigate oxygen free radical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F McGuire
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, 2908-B O Street NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Braidotti P, Cigala C, Graziani D, Del Curto B, Dessy E, Coggi G, Bosari S, Pietra GG. Surfactant protein A expression in human normal and neoplastic breast epithelium. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116:721-8. [PMID: 11710690 DOI: 10.1309/du7f-xyp8-1df6-wm9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the presence of surfactant protein A (Sp-A) immunoreactivity and messenger RNA in 62 normal and abnormal breast samples. Sections were immunostained with polyclonal anti-Sp-A antibody. The association between Sp-A immunoreactivity and histologic grade of 32 invasive ductal carcinomas was assessed by 3 pathologists who scored the intensity of Sp-A immunoreactivity times the percentage of tumor immunostained; individual scores were averaged, and the final scores were correlated with tumor grade, proliferative index, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Strong Sp-A immunoreactivity was present at the luminal surface of ductal epithelial cells in normal breast samples and in benign lesions; carcinomas displayed variable immunoreactivity, inversely proportional to the degree of differentiation. Sp-A messenger RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 3 of 3 normal breast samples and 9 of 9 carcinomas. The significance of Sp-A expression in breast epithelium requires further study; possibly it has a role in native host defense or epithelial differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/anatomy & histology
- Breast/chemistry
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/secondary
- Cell Division
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Epithelium/chemistry
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Proteolipids/analysis
- Proteolipids/biosynthesis
- Proteolipids/genetics
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins
- Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis
- Pulmonary Surfactants/biosynthesis
- Pulmonary Surfactants/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- P Braidotti
- Department of Pathology, University of Milan School of Medicine, S. Paolo Hospital, Italy
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Paananen R, Sormunen R, Glumoff V, van Eijk M, Hallman M. Surfactant proteins A and D in Eustachian tube epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L660-7. [PMID: 11504694 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.l660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein (SP) A and SP-D are collectins that have roles in host defense. The Eustachian tube (ET) maintains the patency between the upper airways and the middle ear. Dysfunction of local mucosal immunity in ET may predispose infants to recurrent otitis media. We recently described preliminary evidence of the expression of SP-A and SP-D in the ET. Our present aim was to establish the sites of SP-A and SP-D expression within the epithelium of the ET in vivo. With in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy, the cells responsible for SP-A and SP-D expression and storage were identified. SP-A expression was localized within the ET epithelium, and the protein was found in the electron-dense granules of microvillar epithelial cells. Being concentrated in the epithelial lining, only a few cells revealed intracellular SP-D, and it was not associated with granules. The SP-A and SP-D immunoreactivities in ET lavage fluid, as shown by Western blot analyses, were similar to those in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We propose that there are specialized cells in the ET epithelium expressing and secreting SP-A and SP-D. SP-A and SP-D may be important for antibody-independent protection of the middle ear against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paananen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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McCormack FX. Functional mapping of surfactant protein A. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2001; 20:293-318. [PMID: 11486735 DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a highly ordered, oligomeric glycoprotein that is secreted into the airspaces of the lung by alveolar type II cells and Clara cells of the pulmonary epithelium. Although research has shown that SP-A is both a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that affects surfactant structure and function and a lectin that opsonizes diverse microbial species, our understanding of the physiologically relevant roles of SP-A in the lung remains incomplete. My review focuses on the putative biological functions of SP-A that are supported by experiments in mammals and on the structural basis of SP-A function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Case Medicine, Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0564, USA.
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Abstract
The lung collectins, SP-A and SP-D, are important components of the innate immune response to microbial challenge and participate in other aspects of immune and inflammatory regulation within the lung. Both proteins bind to surface structures expressed by a wide variety of microorganisms and have the capacity to modulate multiple leukocyte functions, including the enhanced internalization and killing of certain microorganisms in vitro. In addition, transgenic mice with deficiencies in SP-A and SP-D show defective or altered responses to challenge with bacterial, fungal, and viral microorganisms and to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in vivo. Thus collectins could play particularly important roles in settings of inadequate or impaired specific immunity, and acquired alterations in the levels of active collectins within the airspaces and distal airways may increase susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Bourbon JR, Chailley-Heu B. Surfactant proteins in the digestive tract, mesentery, and other organs: evolutionary significance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 129:151-61. [PMID: 11369540 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
For years, the so-called surfactant proteins (SPs) that were discovered in the phospholipid-rich material designated pulmonary surfactant, were considered to be lung-specific. The fact that surfactant-like materials composed of phospholipids are secreted by a number of other organs recently prompted several groups to search for SP expression in these organs also. The hydrophilic proteins SP-A and SP-D and their transcripts have been found in a number of tissues, including gastric and intestinal mucosae, mesothelial tissues (mesentery, peritoneum, and pleura), synovial cells, Eustachian tube and sinus, and possibly in salivary glands, pancreas, and urinary tract. By contrast, the hydrophobic proteins SP-B and SP-C actually appear to be expressed in lung epithelium only. SP-A and SP-D belong to the innate defence system against pathogens and play a role as opsonins for facilitating phagocytosis. Their expression appears as a general feature of organs exposed to pathogens because they present an interface with the external milieu. Although this function has thus far been investigated in the lung only through the gene-targeting approach, increased expression of SP-A in the infected middle ear and of SP-D in the Helicobacter-infected antrum argues for such a function also in other organs. In organs that are not exposed to external pathogens, their role is likely to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, as suggested by increased SP-A immunoreactivity in rheumatoid disease. SP-A and SP-B have been found in association with phospholipids in the lung of all air-breathing vertebrates, including the most primitive forms represented by lungfish, which implies that the surfactant system had a single evolutionary origin. Immunochemical proximity of the proteins among vertebrates indicates considerable conservation during evolution. Moreover, the finding of an SP-A-like protein in intestine and swim bladder of actinopterygian fish implies that the ancestral form of the protein was already present before the emergence of lung structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bourbon
- INSERM Unité 319, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Cedex 05, Paris, France.
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Paananen R, Glumoff V, Sormunen R, Voorhout W, Hallman M. Expression and localization of lung surfactant protein B in Eustachian tube epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280:L214-20. [PMID: 11158999 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.2.l214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein (SP) B is an essential component of the pulmonary surfactant complex, which participates in reducing the surface tension across the alveolar air-liquid interface. The Eustachian tube (ET) connects the upper respiratory tract to the middle ear, serving as an intermittent airway between the pharynx and the middle ear. Recently, we described the expression of SP-A and SP-D in the ET, suggesting their role in middle ear host defense. Our present aim was to detect whether the expression of SP-B is evident in the porcine ET. With Northern blot analysis, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridizations, SP-B mRNA was identified and localized in the ET epithelium. The cellular localization of SP-B was revealed with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. The protein was found in the secretory granules of epithelial cells and also attached to the microvilli at the luminal side of these cells. The SP-B immunoreactivity of aggregates isolated from ET lavage fluid was similar to that isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We conclude that there are specialized cells in the ET epithelium expressing and secreting SP-B and propose that SP-B may facilitate normal opening of the tube and mucociliary transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paananen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the major protein component of pulmonary surfactant, a material secreted by the alveolar type II cell that reduces surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface. The function of SP-A in the alveolus is to facilitate the surface tension-lowering properties of surfactant phospholipids, regulate surfactant phospholipid synthesis, secretion, and recycling, and counteract the inhibitory effects of plasma proteins released during lung injury on surfactant function. It has also been shown that SP-A modulates host response to microbes and particulates at the level of the alveolus. More recently, several investigators have reported that pulmonary surfactant phospholipids and SP-A are present in nonalveolar pulmonary sites as well as in other organs of the body. We describe the structure and possible functions of alveolar SP-A as well as the sites of extra-alveolar SP-A expression and the possible functions of SP-A in these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Khubchandani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Lim DJ, Chun YM, Lee HY, Moon SK, Chang KH, Li JD, Andalibi A. Cell biology of tubotympanum in relation to pathogenesis of otitis media - a review. Vaccine 2000; 19 Suppl 1:S17-25. [PMID: 11163458 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The sterility of the eustachian tube and tympanic cavity of normal individuals is maintained not only by the adaptive immune system, but also by the mucociliary system and the antimicrobial molecules of innate immunity. Mucin production and periciliary fluid homeostasis are essential for normal mucociliary function and dysfunction of this system is an important risk factor for otitis media. The secreted antimicrobial molecules of the tubotympanum include lysozyme, lactoferrin, beta defensins, and the surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D). Defects in the expression or regulation of these molecules may also be the major risk factor for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lim
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, 2100 West Third Street, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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