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Ding J, Li J, Zhang C, Tan L, Zhao C, Gao L. High-Throughput Combined Analysis of Saliva Microbiota and Metabolomic Profile in Chinese Periodontitis Patients: A Pilot Study. Inflammation 2024; 47:874-890. [PMID: 38148454 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The onset and progression of periodontitis involves complicated interactions between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and disrupted host immune-inflammatory response, which can be mirrored by the changes in salivary metabolites profile. This pilot study sought to examine the saliva microbiome and metabolome in the Chinese population by the combined approach of 16s rRNA sequencing and high-throughput targeted metabolomics to discover potential cues for host-microbe metabolic interactions. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from eighteen Stage III and IV periodontitis patients and thirteen healthy subjects. Full-mouth periodontal parameters were recorded. The taxonomic composition of microbiota was obtained by 16s rRNA sequencing, and the metabolites were identified and measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis. The oral microbiota composition displayed marked changes where the abundance of 93 microbial taxa differed significantly between the periodontitis and healthy group. Targeted metabolomics identified 103 differential metabolites between the patients and healthy individuals. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the upregulation of protein digestion and absorption, histidine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways in the dysbiotic microbiota, while the ferroptosis, tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and carbon metabolism pathways were upregulated in the patients. Correlation analysis confirmed positive relationships between the clinical parameters, pathogen abundances, and disease-related metabolite levels. The integral analysis of the saliva microbiome and metabolome yielded an accurate presentation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome and functional alterations in host-microbe metabolism. The microbial and metabolic profiling of the saliva could be a potential tool in the diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and pathogenesis study of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingping Tan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjiang Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sangolli MN, Kugaji MS, Ray SK, Bhat KG. Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for efficient detection of the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2024; 28:122-128. [PMID: 38988957 PMCID: PMC11232805 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_260_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a multifactorial, polymicrobial oral inflammatory illness brought on by oral pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, obligatory anaerobic, black-pigmented coccobacillus and is regarded as a primary etiological factor in the progression of periodontitis. Rapid, highly senstitive and specific detection methods are emerging. The present study aimed to evaluate the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for efficiently detecting P. gingivalis from subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods This study included 50 subgingival plaque samples from patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. The DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted by the "modified proteinase K" method. A set of six primers, targeting the pepO gene of P. gingivalis, was used for conducting LAMP. The amplification was visualized by naked-eye detection and agarose electrophoresis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time qantitative PCR (qPCR) were carried out by targeting the 16SrRNA (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene of P. gingivalis. Results The results showed that LAMP detected P. gingivalis in 40 out of 50 samples (80%). Whereas, qPCR and conventional PCR technique detected P. gingivalis in 38 (76%) and 33 (66%) samples respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP method were 94.87% and 90.90%, respectively. With qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity were found to be 92.30% and 81.81%, respectively, whereas, with conventional PCR, it was found to be 76.92% and 72.72%, respectively. Conclusion LAMP is an efficient technique for quick, accurate, and reliable identification of P. gingivalis from subgingival plaque samples. The technique needs to be validated analytically, and further studies can be conducted by taking saliva and/or gingival crevicular fluid samples from periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenaz N. Sangolli
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar S. Kugaji
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India
| | - Suman Kumar Ray
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore G. Bhat
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Muok AR, Kurniyati K, Cassidy CK, Olsthoorn FA, Ortega DR, Mabrouk AS, Li C, Briegel A. A new class of protein sensor links spirochete pleomorphism, persistence, and chemotaxis. mBio 2023; 14:e0159823. [PMID: 37607060 PMCID: PMC10653840 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01598-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A new class of bacterial protein sensors monitors intracellular levels of S-adenosylmethionine to modulate cell morphology, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation. Simultaneous regulation of these behaviors enables bacterial pathogens to survive within their niche. This sensor, exemplified by Treponema denticola CheWS, is anchored to the chemotaxis array and its sensor domain is located below the chemotaxis rings. This position may allow the sensor to directly interact with the chemotaxis histidine kinase CheA. Collectively, these data establish a critical role of CheWS in pathogenesis and further illustrate the impact of studying non-canonical chemotaxis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Muok
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K. Kurniyati
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Research Institute for Oral Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - C. K. Cassidy
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - F. A. Olsthoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D. R. Ortega
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Sidi Mabrouk
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Li
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Research Institute for Oral Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - A. Briegel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Microbial Cell Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chinipardaz Z, Zhong JM, Yang S. Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101533. [PMID: 36294968 PMCID: PMC9604716 DOI: 10.3390/life12101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative therapy is to restore the structure and function of the lost tissues in the fields of medicine and dentistry. However, there are some challenges in regeneration therapy such as the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, and the risk of infection in conditions such as periodontitis, osteomyelitis, etc. Leucine leucine-37 (LL-37) is a 37-residue, amphipathic, and helical peptide found only in humans and is expressed throughout the body. It has been shown to induce neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. LL-37 also stimulates the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies have shown that LL-37 plays an important role in the innate defense system through the elimination of pathogenic microbes and the modulation of the host immune response. LL-37 also manifests other functions such as promoting wound healing, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and modulating apoptosis. This review summarizes the current studies on the structure, expression, and function of LL-37 and highlights the contributions of LL-37 to oral cavity, periodontium, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica M. Zhong
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Prevalence of the JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the world population: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:2317-2334. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Soroka M, Wasowicz B, Rymaszewska A. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): The Better Sibling of PCR? Cells 2021; 10:1931. [PMID: 34440699 PMCID: PMC8393631 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1998, when the PCR technique was already popular, a Japanese company called Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd. designed a method known as the loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP). The method can produce up to 109 copies of the amplified DNA within less than an hour. It is also highly specific due to the use of two to three pairs of primers (internal, external, and loop), which recognise up to eight specific locations on the DNA or RNA targets. Furthermore, the Bst DNA polymerase most used in LAMP shows a high strand displacement activity, which eliminates the DNA denaturation stage. One of the most significant advantages of LAMP is that it can be conducted at a stable temperature, for instance, in a dry block heater or an incubator. The products of LAMP can be detected much faster than in standard techniques, sometimes only requiring analysis with the naked eye. The following overview highlights the usefulness of LAMP and its effectiveness in various fields; it also considers the superiority of LAMP over PCR and presents RT-LAMP as a rapid diagnostic tool for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Wasowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 3c Felczaka St., 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (M.S.); (A.R.)
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Zhang Q, Xu W, Xu X, Lu W, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 on experimental periodontitis in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:4670-4678. [PMID: 33928953 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease often characterized by the excessive colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which causes alveolar bone resorption and advanced oral inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 on experimental periodontitis induced following ligature and infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum in vivo. The results showed that L. fermentum CCFM1139 significantly reduced weight loss associated with periodontal inflammation (p < 0.05), while decreasing both the P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum populations within the oral cavity of rats (p < 0.05) and regulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-8 in the periodontal tissue (p < 0.05). Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histopathological examination revealed that L. fermentum CCFM1139 supplementation reduced the level of alveolar bone loss and bone porosity and increased bone volume (p < 0.05) in the experimental animals. Furthermore, L. fermentum CCFM1139 exhibited promising effects in preventing the deepening of the periodontal pocket and the increase in the gap between adjacent molars. Thus L. fermentum CCFM1139 was shown to have solid potential as an oral probiotic for protection against periodontitis suggesting that this may be a good candidate in the production of a new functional food for improving periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
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Na HS, Kim S, Kim S, Yu Y, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Lee JH, Chung J. Molecular subgroup of periodontitis revealed by integrated analysis of the microbiome and metabolome in a cross-sectional observational study. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1902707. [PMID: 33828820 PMCID: PMC8008934 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1902707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis (PT) is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease that can have heterogeneous clinical presentations. The oral microbiome and its metabolites have been implicated as the causes and regulators of PT pathogenesis. In this study, we assessed the oral microbiome and its metabolome in PT patients to clarify the interactions between the microbiome and its metabolites.Methods: A total of 112 subjects were recruited. Buccal and supragingival samples were collected for microbiome analysis. Saliva samples were collected for metabolomic analyses. Microbiome and metabolome data were analyzed and further integrated for combined analysis using various bioinformatics approaches.Results: Oral metabolomic analysis identified 28 metabolites distinguishing the healthy (H) and PT groups. PT group were further clustered into two subgroups (PT_G1 and PT_G2) depending on metabolite profiles. Oral microbiome analysis revealed discriminatory bacterial species in the H, PT_G1, and PT_G2 microbiota. Interestingly, PT_G2 had significantly higher concentration of short chain fatty acids and higher abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and metabolome showed close association.Conclusion: Our results provide evidence of a close interplay between the oral microbiome and metabolome. Multi-omics approach including microbiome and microbe-associated metabolites may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and enhance treatment prediction in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yeuni Yu
- Interdisplinary Program of Genomic Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Si Yeong Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ju Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Shetty S, Shetty R, Rahman B, Reddy M, Shetty S, Vannala V, Desai V, Halkai R. Comparison of time-kill assay to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of garlic (allium sativum) and guava (psidium guajava) extracts on periodontal pathogens. Contemp Clin Dent 2021; 12:389-395. [PMID: 35068838 PMCID: PMC8740802 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_731_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens in periodontal diseases has led to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. These diseases can be prevented by the inhibition of bacterial biofilm on the tooth surfaces. Many treatment modalities have been tried to prevent periodontal diseases. With the rise in resistance to synthetic antimicrobials, there is a requirement to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of periodontitis. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using time-kill assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous garlic extract (AGaE), ethanolic garlic extract (EGaE), aqueous guava extract (AGuE), and ethanolic guava extract (EGuE) were prepared. Time-kill assays were performed on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guava and garlic were compared to assess the maximum bactericidal potency. Results: The comparison of time-kill assay of AGaE and AGuE on P. gingivalis showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 5.29, P < 0.01), 4 h (t = −4.867, P < 0.01), and 6 h (t = −3.647, P < 0.001). The comparison of time-kill assay of EGaE and EGuE on A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 4.54, P < 0.01) and highly significant difference at 4 h (t = 6.57, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The, judicious use of these phytomedicinal products could be cost-effective and also the adverse effects caused due to the long-term usage of synthetic antimicrobials can be avoided.
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Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of Pyrophosphate Containing Toothpaste: A Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111806. [PMID: 33212981 PMCID: PMC7698517 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Dental calculus works as a niche wherein pathogenic bacteria proliferate in the oral cavity. Previous studies revealed the anticalculus activity of pyrophosphates, however there was no clinical study that evaluated microbiome changes associated with calculus inhibition. Therefore, the aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the calculus inhibition of pyrophosphate-containing toothpaste and its effect on oral microbiome changes. (2) Methods: Eighty subjects with a calculus index ≥2 on the lingual of the mandibular anterior tooth were randomly allocated to the test group that pyrophosphate-containing toothpaste was given to or the placebo control group. Full mouth debridement and standardized tooth brushing instruction were given before the allocation. Plaque index, gingival index, calculus index, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were measured at the baseline, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from the plaque samples collected at the baseline and at 12 weeks, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing was applied for microbiome analysis. (3) Results: None of the clinical parameters showed significant differences by visits or groups, except the plaque index of the test group, which reduced significantly between 4 and 12 weeks. A significant difference of microbiome between the baseline and 12 weeks was observed in the test group. Between baseline and 12 weeks, the proportion of Spirochetes decreased in the control group, and the proportions of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Spirochetes in the phylum level and the proportions of Haemophilus, Fusobacterium and Capnocytophaga in the genus level decreased in the test group. In the test group, as plaque index decreased, Streptococcus increased, and Fusobacterium and Haemophilus parainfluenza decreased. (4) Conclusion: The use of pyrophosphate-containing toothpaste effectively inhibited the dysbiosis of the oral microbiome and the proliferation of pathogenic species in periodontal disease. Clinically, plaque formation in the pyrophosphate-containing toothpaste group was effectively decreased, however there was no significant change in calculus deposition.
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Sato M, Aoki H, Nakamura T, Onodera S, Yamaguchi A, Saito A, Azuma T. Effects of intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells in a 3D culture model. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:734-743. [PMID: 32583900 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES PTH plays an important role in bone remodeling, and different actions have been reported depending on its administration method. iPSCs are promising as a cell source for regeneration of periodontal tissue due to their ability of proliferation and pluripotency. However, the effects of PTH on iPSCs remain mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoblastic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in a 3D culture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following embryoid body (EB) induction from mouse iPSCs (miPSCs), dissociated cells (miPS-EB-derived cells) were seeded onto atelocollagen sponge (ACS) in osteoblast differentiation medium (OBM). Cell-ACS constructs were divided into three groups: continuous treatment with human recombinant PTH (1-34) (PTH-C), intermittent PTH treatment (PTH-I) or OBM control. To confirm the expression of PTH receptor-1(PTH1R), the expression of Pth1r and cAMP production over time were assessed. Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of genes encoding osterix (Sp7), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen type 1 (Col1a1), and osteocalcin (Bglap) at different time points. Mineralization was assessed by von Kossa staining. Histochemical staining was used to analyze alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and immunolocalization of SP7 and BGLAP was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS On days 7 and 14, expression of the Pth1r in miPS-EB-derived cells was increased in all groups. Production of cAMP, the second messenger of the PTH1R, tended to increase in the PTH-I group compared with PTH-C group on day 14. Expression of Col1a1 in the PTH-I group on day 14 was significantly higher than other groups. There was a time-dependent increase in the expression of Sp7 in all groups. On day 14, the expression level of Sp7 in the PTH-I group was significantly higher than other groups. In von Kossa staining, the PTH-I group showed higher level of staining compared with other groups on day 14, whereas the level was slightly attenuated in the PTH-C group. In histochemical staining, ALP-positive cells were significantly increased in the PTH-I group compared with other groups on day 14. In CLSM analysis, the numbers of SP7- and BGLAP-positive cells showed a gradual increase over time, and on day 14, a significantly greater SP7 expression was observed in the PTH-I group than other groups. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the intermittent PTH treatment promotes osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of miPSCs in the ACS scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Onodera
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Krueger E, Brown AC. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin: From mechanism to targeted anti-toxin therapeutics. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:85-105. [PMID: 32061022 PMCID: PMC7359886 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with localized aggressive periodontitis, as well as other systemic diseases. This organism produces a number of virulence factors, all of which provide some advantage to the bacterium. Several studies have demonstrated that clinical isolates from diseased patients, particularly those of African descent, frequently belong to specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans that produce significantly higher amounts of a protein exotoxin belonging to the repeats-in-toxin (RTX) family, leukotoxin (LtxA), whereas isolates from healthy patients harbor minimally leukotoxic strains. This finding suggests that LtxA might play a key role in A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenicity. Because of this correlation, much work over the past 30 years has been focused on understanding the mechanisms by which LtxA interacts with and kills host cells. In this article, we review those findings, highlight the remaining open questions, and demonstrate how knowledge of these mechanisms, particularly the toxin's interactions with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and cholesterol, enables the design of targeted anti-LtxA strategies to prevent/treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Krueger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Angela C. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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13
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Na HS, Kim SY, Han H, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Lee JH, Chung J. Identification of Potential Oral Microbial Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1549. [PMID: 32443919 PMCID: PMC7290295 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory disease that can lead to tooth loss. At present, the diagnosis for periodontitis is primarily based on clinical examination and radiographic parameters. Detecting the periodontal pathogens at the subgingival plaque requires skilled professionals to collect samples. Periodontal pathogens are also detected on various mucous membranes in patients with periodontitis. In this study, we characterized the oral microbiome profiles from buccal mucosa and supragingival space in a total of 272 healthy subjects as a control group, and periodontitis patients as a disease group. We identified 13 phyla, 193 genera, and 527 species and determined periodontitis-associated taxa. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticolar, Filifactor alocis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Fretibacterium fastiosum and Peptostreptococcus species were significantly increased in both the buccal mucosa and the supragingival space in periodontitis patients. The identified eight periodontitis-associated bacterial species were clinically validated in an independent cohort. We generated the prediction model based on the oral microbiome profiles using five machine learning algorithms, and validated its capability in predicting the status of patients with periodontitis. The results showed that the oral microbiome profiles from buccal mucosa and supragingival space can represent the microbial composition of subgingival plaque and further be utilized to identify potential microbial biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis. Besides, bacterial community interaction network analysis found distinct patterns associated with dysbiosis in periodontitis. In summary, we have identified oral bacterial species from buccal and supragingival sites which can predict subgingival bacterial composition and can be used for early diagnosis of periodontitis. Therefore, our study provides an important basis for developing easy and noninvasive methods to diagnose and monitor periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.S.N.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Oral Genomics Research Center, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
| | - Si Yeong Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.S.N.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Oral Genomics Research Center, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
| | - Hyejung Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.S.N.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Oral Genomics Research Center, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
| | - Ju-Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-Y.L.)
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea; (H.S.N.); (S.Y.K.); (H.H.)
- Oral Genomics Research Center, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Korea
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14
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Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Study on oral hygiene by nanobubbles from high-density nozzle. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2020; 18:2280800020919881. [DOI: 10.1177/2280800020919881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was performed on oral bacteria removal using the design variables, which included the three-segment rotor speed of the testing device and three types of stainless steel meshes (with different layers). The overall hygienic results showed an effect of up to 95% bacteria removal, and some combinations had 100% hygienic effect. The study proposed that the use of nanobubble generated by a high-density stainless-steel mesh-manufactured nozzle removes dental bacteria. In addition, the device could also be used for auxiliary oral hygiene to decrease the frequency of future medical visits due to periodontal diseases or to enable the device to assist patients with severe periodontal disease more conveniently for oral hygiene.
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16
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Strauss FJ, Espinoza I, Stähli A, Baeza M, Cortés R, Morales A, Gamonal J. Dental caries is associated with severe periodontitis in Chilean adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:278. [PMID: 31823773 PMCID: PMC6905015 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-occurrence of caries and periodontitis and a possible association is still a matter of debate. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the co-occurrence of caries and periodontitis in Chilean adults. METHODS Evaluation of periodontal and dental status in 994 adults (35-44 years old) based on the First Chilean National Examination Survey 2007-2008. The prevalence of caries was defined as the percentage of participants with one or more teeth with untreated caries by using the D component of the DMFT index (DT ≠ 0). The prevalence of periodontitis was determined using standard case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis described by the CDC-AAP. RESULTS Individuals with caries had an approximately 40% higher prevalence of severe (29.3% vs 20.8%, p < 0.05) and a 13% higher prevalence of total periodontitis (89.3% vs 78.4%, p < 0.05) than those without caries. Ordinal logistic regression revealed a positive association between periodontitis and the number of teeth with caries (DT ≠ 0; 3 or 4 teeth with caries: OR 1.74; CI = 1.12-2.29 p < 0.05; 5 or more teeth with caries: OR 2.47; CI = 1.66-3.67 p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Dental caries is associated with the severity and prevalence of periodontitis in Chilean adults. Individuals with 3 or more teeth with untreated caries are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Strauss
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Comuna de Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Iris Espinoza
- Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Oral Diseases (CESOD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mauricio Baeza
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Comuna de Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Oral Diseases (CESOD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Cortés
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Morales
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Comuna de Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Oral Diseases (CESOD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gamonal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Comuna de Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Oral Diseases (CESOD), Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Tanno-Nakanishi M, Kikuchi Y, Kokubu E, Yamada S, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola transcriptional profiles in serum-restricted conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5049473. [PMID: 29982599 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a major pathogen in periodontal disease and is frequently isolated from the lesions of patients with chronic periodontitis. Treponema denticola utilizes serum components as nutrient sources so as to colonize and proliferate in the gingival crevice. However, the mechanisms of serum utilization remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify T. denticola serum utilization genes. Precultured T. denticola cells were suspended in a tryptone-yeast extract-gelatin-volatile fatty acids medium containing 0, 1% and 10% serum, respectively, and incubated anaerobically for 17 h. Total RNA was isolated, and T. denticola gene expression was compared by microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In serum-depleted conditions, the expression levels of a potential hydroxylamine reductase, several ABC transporters, and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase were increased, while those of genes encoding methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins and a transcriptional regulator were decreased. These results suggest that T. denticola may uptake serum components mainly through the action of ABC transporters. In particular, the decrease in the dmcA expression level with decreasing serum concentration suggests its involvement in chemotaxis toward serum-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tanno-Nakanishi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-1-14 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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18
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Bostanci N, Bao K, Greenwood D, Silbereisen A, Belibasakis GN. Periodontal disease: From the lenses of light microscopy to the specs of proteomics and next-generation sequencing. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 93:263-290. [PMID: 31655732 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease entails the inflammatory destruction of the tooth supporting (periodontal) tissues as a result of polymicrobial colonization of the tooth surface in the form of biofilms. Extensive data collected over the past decades on this chronic disease demonstrate that its progression is infrequent and episodic, and the susceptibility to it can vary among individuals. Physical assessments of previously occurring damage to periodontal tissues remain the cornerstone of detection and diagnosis, whereas traditionally used diagnostic procedures do neither identify susceptible individuals nor distinguish between disease-active and disease-inactive periodontal sites. Thus, more sensitive and accurate "measurable biological indicators" of periodontal diseases are needed in order to place diagnosis (e.g., the presence or stage) and management of the disease on a more rational less empirical basis. Contemporary "omics" technologies may help unlock the path to this quest. High throughput nucleic acid sequencing technologies have enabled us to examine the taxonomic distribution of microbial communities in oral health and disease, whereas proteomic technologies allowed us to decipher the molecular state of the host in disease, as well as the interactive cross-talk of the host with the microbiome. The newly established field of metaproteomics has enabled the identification of the repertoire of proteins that oral microorganisms use to compete or co-operate with each other. Vast such data is derived from oral biological fluids, including gingival crevicular fluid and saliva, which is progressively completed and catalogued as the analytical technologies and bioinformatics tools progressively advance. This chapter covers the current "omics"-derived knowledge on the microbiome, the host and their "interactome" with regard to periodontal diseases, and addresses challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kai Bao
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Greenwood
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelika Silbereisen
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Eltigani SA, Eltayeb MM, Ishihara A, Arima J. Isolates from Monechma ciliatum seeds' extract hampered Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinins. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13029. [PMID: 31465126 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontitis pathogen that produces several virulence factors including hemagglutinins. These proteins, which are vital molecules, allow P. gingivalis to uptake iron and heme by attaching, aggregating, and lysing erythrocytes. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of Monechma ciliatum seeds against the hemagglutination activity of P. gingivalis. M. ciliatum is a Sudanese medicinal herb that grows in arid and semi-arid lands of tropical Africa. The water extracted from dry powdered seeds was partitioned using ethyl acetate followed by reversed-phase chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, ESI-MS, and NMR analysis resulting in the isolation of four compounds identified as oleic acid, coumarin, 1,2-dioleoylglycerol, and 1,3-dioleoylglycerol with MICs of 15-100 μg/ml against hemagglutination. We believe that the isolation and purification of these compounds will expand the application of M. ciliatum as a natural therapeutic or preventative agent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Monechma ciliatum or black mahlab is a famous medicinal plant that grows in some parts of arid and semi-arid areas of tropical Africa including western Sudan. Despite its nutritional and traditional medical applications, no studies have evaluated its anti-hemagglutination activity against periodontal pathogens. In this study, four active compounds (oleic acid, coumarin, 1,2-dioleoylglycerol, and 1,3-dioleoylglycerol) were isolated and identified from an aqueous extract of M. ciliatum seeds. The isolated compounds revealed high levels of inhibitory activity against all hemagglutinin agents secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis. This evidence of inhibitory activity will encourage the application of M. ciliatum effectively as a functional food or therapeutic agent to prevent periodontal diseases in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Eltigani
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mohamed M Eltayeb
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Jiro Arima
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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20
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Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG and Diode Lasers on Clinical Parameters and Gingival Crevicular Fluid IL-1 β and IL-37 Levels in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2780794. [PMID: 31308830 PMCID: PMC6594306 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2780794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The objective of the current study is to analyze the correlation between cytokine levels and periodontal parameters in aggressive periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment that was performed by using two different laser therapies. Materials and Methods Twenty-six generalized aggressive periodontitis patients were treated with three different methods (SRP, SRP+diode laser, and SRP+Er,Cr:YSGG laser) applied to three different half-jaws in the same patients. Pre- and posttreatment clinical periodontal parameters and GCF IL-1β and IL-37 levels were measured. Results There was a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) between pretreatment and posttreatment clinical periodontal parameters and IL-1β and IL-37 levels. When the reduction rates of IL-37 and IL-1β levels after treatment were evaluated, the decrease in IL-37 and IL-1β levels after treatment was lowest in the SRP group and highest in the SRP+Er,Cr:YSGG group. In addition, the amount of decrease in IL-1β in SRP+diode and SRP+Er,Cr:YSGG groups was found to be higher than that in IL-37. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between IL-37 and IL-1β in all groups (p < 0.01). Conclusion Er,Cr:YSGG laser is more effective than diode laser for the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. IL-37 and IL-1β are cytokines that function together and thus must be evaluated together.
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21
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Pigossi SC, Anovazzi G, Finoti LS, de Medeiros MC, Mayer MP, Rossa Junior C, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Functionality of the Interleukin 8 haplotypes in lymphocytes and macrophages in response to gram-negative periodontopathogens. Gene 2019; 689:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
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23
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Suzuki M, Toyama T, Watanabe K, Sasaki H, Sugiyama S, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Takahashi SS, Wada-Takahashi S, Matsuo M, Todoki K, Hamada N. Ameliorating Effects of Jixueteng in a Mouse Model of Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Periodontitis: Analysis Based on Gingival Microcirculatory System. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Jixueteng, the dried stem of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (Leguminosae), is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that promotes blood circulation and can be used to treat blood stasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of Jixueteng as a preventive and therapeutic drug for periodontitis. We investigated the inhibitory effects of Jixueteng on Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis)-induced gingival circulatory disturbances in mice. Seventy-two male C57BL/6N mice (4-week-old) were randomly divided into the following four groups of 12 mice each. Group 1 served as the P. gingivalis noninfected control (control group). Group 2 was administered Jixueteng extract in drinking water to P. gingivalis noninfected control mice. Group 3 was infected orally with P. gingivalis; and group 4 was administered Jixueteng extract in drinking water and then infected with P. gingivalis. To evaluate the effect of Jixueteng on gingival microcirculation systems, we examined gingival blood flow (GBF) in oral microcirculation in vivo in a mouse model of periodontitis. Gingival reactive hyperemia (GRH) was determined using laser Doppler flowmetry. GRH was elicited by the release of occlusive gingival compression by the laser Doppler probe (diameter 1.0 mm) for 1 min. GRH was estimated by basal blood flow, maximum response (Peak), the time taken for the maximum response to fall to one half (T1/2) and increased total amount of blood flow (Mass). Furthermore, to determine the effect of an oral application of P. gingivalis and/or Jixueteng on GBF and gingival microvessel ultrastructure, morphological analysis of gingival microvessels was performed by using a vascular resin cast model. Administration of Jixueteng to P. gingivalis-infected animals significantly reduced GRH, especially T1/2 and Mass, compared to that in P. gingivalis-infected animals. Alternatively, in the morphological analysis, reduction of the gingival capillary network which resulted from P. gingivalis-infection was improved by Jixueteng administration. Since Jixueteng ameliorates P. gingivalis infection-induced gingival circulatory disturbance, it may be useful in the treatment of P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Suzuki
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Toshizo Toyama
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Watanabe
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Haruka Sasaki
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Shuta Sugiyama
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yoshino
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yoshida
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Shun-suke Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuo
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuo Todoki
- Department of Health Science, School of Nursing, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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24
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Sugimoto S, Maeda H, Kitamatsu M, Nishikawa I, Shida M. Selective growth inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by antisense peptide nucleic acids. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:45-49. [PMID: 30471338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are DNA/RNA analogs in which the sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced by N-2-aminoethylglycine. PNA are widely used for experimental antisense therapy due to their strong affinity to mRNA. By targeting specific genes, protein synthesis and the growth of bacteria or cancer cells can be inhibited by PNA. Here, we report the design and evaluation of antisense PNA for selective growth inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, potent pathogens associated with periodontitis. Antisense PNA against groEL and acpP were prepared with carrier peptide (KFFKFFKFFK). Anti-groEL PNA for P. gingivalis specifically inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner, and growth was inhibited for 5 h at a concentration of 3 μM. Anti-groEL PNA for A. actinomycetemcomitans inhibited growth for 2 h at a concentration of 3 μM with reduced GroEL protein expression. Anti-acpP PNA did not show a marked growth inhibitory effect on either species. Although further studies are needed to develop more effective antisense PNA for both species, anti-groEL PNA may be potentially useful species-specific antibacterial tools against oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaomi Sugimoto
- Department of Endodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Endodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nishikawa
- Department of Endodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Muneyasu Shida
- Department of Endodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
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Lin PJ, Chuang MC, Chang SC. Efficacy of using oxygen microbubble device for facultative anaerobe removal. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:973-980. [PMID: 30247140 PMCID: PMC8676216 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with serious gingivitis or periodontal diseases suffer from receding gums. Brushing teeth with a toothbrush may result in bleeding gums and new wounds, which increases the difficulty of removing facultative anaerobes from gum pockets, to decrease the damage inflicted on gums, this study proposed a cleaning device that can generate and emit oxygen microbubbles for eliminating facultative anaerobes in the mouth cavity. In this study, the authors conducted simulations with a denture to investigate the efficacy of using this method to remove facultative anaerobes. In this research for the optimal device design, several variables were manipulated including rotation speeds of the bubble generator, different nozzle diameters, and different numbers of nozzle holes. The results revealed that the device is effective in removing facultative anaerobes; moreover, of all design variables, the number of nozzle holes was the factor having the largest effect on anaerobe removal, as it influenced the flow volume and oxygen content of the discharge: the greater the number of nozzles, the greater the flow volume, oxygen content, and efficacy of anaerobe removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Lin
- Department of Industrial Design, Institute of Applied Arts, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chuen Chuang
- Department of Industrial Design, Institute of Applied Arts, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chung Chang
- Division of Periodontology of CM Dental Clinic, Taichung, Taiwan
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Protective role of flavonoid baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis in periodontal disease pathogenesis: A literature review. Complement Ther Med 2018; 38:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
This volume of Periodontology 2000 represents the 25th anniversary of the Journal, and uses the occasion to assess important advancements in periodontology over the past quarter-century as well as the hurdles that remain. Periodontitis is defined by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The disease involves complex dynamic interactions among active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens and destructive immune responses. Periodontal diagnostics is currently based on clinical rather than etiologic criteria, and provides limited therapeutic guidance. Periodontal causative treatment consists of scaling, antiseptic rinses and occasionally systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention has been de-emphasized, except perhaps for the most advanced types of periodontitis. Plastic surgical therapy includes soft-tissue grafting to cover exposed root surfaces and bone grafting to provide support for implants. Dental implants are used to replace severely diseased or missing teeth, but implant overuse is of concern. The utility of laser treatment for periodontitis remains unresolved. Host modulation and risk-factor modification therapies may benefit select patient groups. Patient self-care is a critical part of periodontal health care, and twice-weekly oral rinsing with 0.10-0.25% sodium hypochlorite constitutes a valuable adjunct to conventional anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis treatments. A link between periodontal herpesviruses and systemic diseases is a strong biological plausibility. In summary, research during the past 25 years has significantly changed our concepts of periodontitis pathobiology and has produced more-effective and less-costly therapeutic options.
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Burczynska A, Dziewit L, Decewicz P, Struzycka I, Wroblewska M. Application of Metagenomic Analyses in Dentistry as a Novel Strategy Enabling Complex Insight into Microbial Diversity of the Oral Cavity. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 66:9-15. [PMID: 29359689 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the oral microbiome in healthy individuals is complex and dynamic, and depends on many factors, such as anatomical location in the oral cavity, diet, oral hygiene habits or host immune responses. It is estimated at present that worldwide about 2 billion people suffer from diseases of the oral cavity, mainly periodontal disease and dental caries. Importantly, the oral microflora involved in local infections may spread and cause systemic, even life-threatening infections. In search for etiological agents of infections in dentistry, traditional approaches are not sufficient, as about 50% of oral bacteria are not cultivable. Instead, metagenomic analyses are particularly useful for studies of the complex oral microbiome - both in healthy individuals, and in patients with oral and dental diseases. In this paper we review the current and future applications of metagenomic studies in evaluation of both the composition of the oral microbiome as well as its potential pathogenic role in infections in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Decewicz
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland; Research and Development for Life Sciences Ltd., Poland
| | - Izabela Struzycka
- Department of Comprehensive Dental Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wroblewska
- Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital in Warsaw, Poland
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Potempa J, Mydel P, Koziel J. The case for periodontitis in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:606-620. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Identification of Bacteria Associated with a Periodontal Disease in Thai Patients Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Taniguchi M, Ochiai A. Characterization and production of multifunctional cationic peptides derived from rice proteins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:634-650. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1277944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Food proteins have been identified as a source of bioactive peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and must be released during gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation, or food processing. Of bioactive peptides, multifunctional cationic peptides are more useful than other peptides that have specific activity in promotion of health and/or the treatment of diseases. We have identified and characterized cationic peptides from rice enzymes and proteins that possess multiple functions, including antimicrobial, endotoxin-neutralizing, arginine gingipain-inhibitory, and/or angiogenic activities. In particular, we have elucidated the contribution of cationic amino acids (arginine and lysine) in the peptides to their bioactivities. Further, we have discussed the critical parameters, particularly proteinase preparations and fractionation or purification, in the enzymatic hydrolysis process for producing bioactive peptides from food proteins. Using an ampholyte-free isoelectric focusing (autofocusing) technique as a tool for fractionation, we successfully prepared fractions containing cationic peptides with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Gaurilcikaite E, Renton T, Grant AD. The paradox of painless periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2016; 23:451-463. [PMID: 27397640 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, are characterised by progressive inflammation and tissue destruction. However, they are unusual in that they are not also accompanied by the pain commonly seen in other inflammatory conditions. This suggests that interactions between periodontal bacteria and host cells create a unique environment in which the pro-algesic effects of inflammatory mediators and factors released during tissue damage are directly or indirectly inhibited. In this review, we summarise the evidence that periodontal disease is characterised by an accumulation of classically pro-algesic factors from bacteria and host cells. We then discuss several mechanisms by which inflammatory sensitisation of nociceptive fibres could be prevented through inactivation or inhibition of these factors. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the molecular processes underlying the endogenous localised hypoalgesia in human periodontal disease. This knowledge might provide a rational basis to develop future therapeutic interventions, such as host modulation therapies, against a wide variety of other human pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gaurilcikaite
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Renton
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A D Grant
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Jaffar N, Ishikawa Y, Mizuno K, Okinaga T, Maeda T. Mature Biofilm Degradation by Potential Probiotics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans versus Lactobacillus spp. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159466. [PMID: 27438340 PMCID: PMC4954673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biofilm degradation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is essential as a complete periodontal disease therapy, and here we show the effects of potential probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. for the biofilm of several serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. Eight of the 13 species showed the competent biofilm degradation of ≥ 90% reduction in biofilm values in A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (serotype b) as well as four of the seven species for the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMZ 534 (serotype e). In contrast, the probiotic bacteria did not have a big impact for the degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) biofilm. The dispersed A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 cells through the biofilm detachment were still viable and plausible factors for the biofilm degradation were not due to the lactic acid and low pH conditions. The three enzymes, protease, lipase, and amylase may be responsible for the biofilm degradation; in particular, lipase was the most effective enzyme for the biofilm degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 along with the protease activity which should be also important for the other serotypes. Remarkable lipase enzyme activities were detected from some of the potential probiotics and a supporting result using a lipase inhibitor presented corroborating evidence that lipase activity is one of the contributing factors for biofilm degradation outside of the protease which is also another possible factor for the biofilm of the other serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. On the other hand, the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) was not powerfully degraded by the lipase enzyme because the lipase inhibitor was slightly functional for only two of potential probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norzawani Jaffar
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Gong Badak Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
| | - Yuya Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kouhei Mizuno
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Kitakyushu National College of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toshinori Okinaga
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toshinari Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Eco-fitting Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Taniguchi M, Matsuhashi Y, Abe TK, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T. Contribution of cationic amino acids toward the inhibition of Arg-specific cysteine proteinase (Arg-gingipain) by the antimicrobial dodecapeptide, CL(14-25), from rice protein. Biopolymers 2016; 102:379-89. [PMID: 25046435 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CL(14-25), a dodecapeptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis with the 50% growth-inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value of 145 µM, and arginine-specific gingipain (Rgp)-inhibitory activity. Kinetic analysis revealed that CL(14-25) is a mixed-type inhibitor, with inhibition constants (Ki and Ki ' values) of 1.4 × 10(-6) M and 4.3 × 10(-6) M, respectively. To elucidate the contributions of four cationic amino acid residues at the N- and C-termini of CL(14-25) toward Rgp-inhibitory activity, we investigated the Rgp-inhibitory activities of truncated and alanine-substituted analogs of CL(14-25). Rgp-inhibitory activities significantly decreased by truncated analogs, CL(15-25) and CL(16-25), whereas those of CL(14-24) and CL(14-23) were almost as high as that of CL(14-25). Rgp-inhibitory activities of alanine-substituted analogs, CL(R14A) and CL(R14A, R15A) also significantly decreased, whereas those of CL(K25A) and CL(R24A, K25A) were higher than that of CL(14-25). These results suggest that the arginine residue at position 15 substantially contributes to the Rgp-inhibitory activity and that the arginine residue at position 14 plays important roles in exerting Rgp-inhibitory activity. In this study, we demonstrated that CL(K25A) was a potent, dual function, peptide inhibitor candidate, exhibiting Rgp-inhibitory activity with Ki and Ki ' of 9.6 × 10(-7) M and 1.9 × 10(-6) M, respectively, and antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis with an IC50 value of 51 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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Subgingival microbiota in individuals with severe chronic periodontitis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2016; 51:226-234. [PMID: 27262209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Subgingival microorganisms are potentially associated with periodontal diseases. However, the correlation between the variance in the periodontal microbiome and the prevalence and severity of periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the subgingival microbiota in Taiwanese individuals with severe chronic periodontitis (SP). METHODS The composition of the subgingival microbiota in healthy and diseased individuals was compared using a 16S rRNA metagenomic approach and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A total of 20 samples, including 10 from healthy individuals and 10 from SP patients, were analyzed. RESULTS We found high microbial diversity, with an average of 774 classified phylotypes per sample and a total of six bacterial phyla across all samples. Cluster analysis by principal component analysis and heat map showed that the bacterial communities were different in the two groups. Streptococcus dominated across all the healthy samples, whereas Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Treponema were highly abundant across all diseased samples. At least 13 bacterial genera were conserved among all the samples. Only eight genera, including Lautropia, Parvimonas, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Paludibacter, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Corynebacterium, were significantly enriched in the healthy group, and six genera, including Porphyromonas, Treponema, Tannerella, Aggregatibacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Filifactor, were significantly enriched in the diseased group. Furthermore, a trend of abundance of bacteria at the species level measured by qPCR in all samples was consistent with the 16S rRNA metagenomics results. CONCLUSION This study is the first in Taiwan to provide a picture of the microbiome in SP via 16S rRNA metagenomics.
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Takayama S, Hashimoto K, Kokubu E, Taniguchi M, Tajima K, Ochiai A, Saitoh E, Saito A, Ishihara K, Kato T. Inhibitory effects of a novel cationic dodecapeptide [CL(14–25)] derived from cyanate lyase of rice on endotoxic activities of LPSs from Escherichia coli and periodontopathic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taniguchi M, Takahashi N, Takayanagi T, Ikeda A, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T. Effect of substituting arginine and lysine with alanine on antimicrobial activity and the mechanism of action of a cationic dodecapeptide (CL(14-25)), a partial sequence of cyanate lyase from rice. Biopolymers 2016; 102:58-68. [PMID: 23982951 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of analogs obtained by substituting arginine and lysine in CL(14-25), a cationic α-helical dodecapeptide, with alanine against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, varied significantly depending on the number and position of cationic amino acids. The alanine-substituted analogs had no hemolytic activity, even at a concentration of 1 mM. The antimicrobial activities of CL(K20A) and CL(K20A, K25A) were 3.8-fold and 9.1-fold higher, respectively, than that of CL(14-25). The antimicrobial activity of CL(R15A) was slightly lower than that of CL(14-25), suggesting that arginine at position 15 is not essential but is important for the antimicrobial activity. The experiments in which the alanine-substituted analogs bearing the replacement of arginine at position 24 and/or lysine at position 25 were used showed that arginine at position 24 was crucial for the antimicrobial activity whenever lysine at position 25 was substituted with alanine. Helical wheel projections of the alanine-substituted analogs indicate that the hydrophobicity in the vicinity of leucine at position 16 and alanines at positions 18 and/or 21 increased by substituting lysine at positions 20 and 25 with alanine, respectively. The degrees of diSC3 -5 release from P. gingivalis cells and disruption of GUVs induced by the alanine-substituted analogs with different positive charges were not closely related to their antimicrobial activities. The enhanced antimicrobial activities of the alanine-substituted analogs appear to be mainly attributable to the changes in properties such as hydrophobicity and amphipathic propensity due to alanine substitution and not to their extents of positive charge (cationicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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Zhang R, Yang J, Wu J, Sun WB, Liu Y. Effect of deletion of the rgpA gene on selected virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:279-286. [PMID: 30894985 PMCID: PMC6395235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The most potent virulence factors of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are gingipains, three cysteine proteases (RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp) that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. Considerable proof indicates that RgpA contributes to the entire virulence of the organism and increases the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the host immune defense and destroying the host tissue. However, the functional significance of this proteinase is incompletely understood. It is important to analyze the effect of arginine-specific gingipain A gene (rgpA) on selected virulence and physiological properties of P. gingivalis. Materials and methods Electroporation and homologous recombination were used to construct an rgpA mutant of P. gingivalis ATCC33277. The mutant was verified by polymerase chain reaction and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cell structures of the mutant were examined by transmission electron microscopy and homotypic biofilm formation was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Gene analysis revealed that the rgpA gene was deleted and replaced by a drug resistance gene marker. The defect of the gene resulted in a complete loss of RgpA proteinase, a reduction of out membrane vesicles and hemagglutination, and an increase in homotypic biofilm formation. Conclusion Our data indicate that an rgpA gene deficient strain of P. gingivalis is successfully isolated. RgpA may have a variety of physiological and pathological roles in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Bin Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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López Silva MC, Diz-Iglesias P, Seoane-Romero JM, Quintas V, Méndez-Brea F, Varela-Centelles P. [Update in family medicine: Periodontal disease]. Semergen 2016; 43:141-148. [PMID: 27068254 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
About 85-94% of the Spanish adults older than 35 experience gum problems, and about 15-30% suffer from periodontitis, being severe in up to 5-11% of them. Unlike other inflammatory conditions, periodontal disease rarely causes discomfort, or limits life or causes functional limitations until its advanced stages, when clinical signs and symptoms arise (gingival recession, pathological teeth migration, or mobility). Lack of knowledge about the disease, together with the idea that tooth loss is linked to ageing, frequently results in a late diagnosis, requiring extensive treatments with a worse prognosis. At Primary Care level, there is series of drugs have been related to periodontal disease (anticonvulsants, immunosuppressive drugs, and calcium channel blockers) as secondary effects, which vary as regards their frequency and severity depending of the amount of accumulated plaque. Stress and depression have also been reported to alter the immune response and to increase the inflammatory response as well as periodontal susceptibility. Certain systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, as well as low-weight pre-term birth, have also been linked to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López Silva
- Atención Primaria, CS Praza do Ferrol, EOXI Lugo, Cervo, e Monforte de Lemos, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Lugo, España
| | - P Diz-Iglesias
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - J M Seoane-Romero
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - V Quintas
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - F Méndez-Brea
- Pregrado de Odontología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - P Varela-Centelles
- Atención Primaria, CS Praza do Ferrol, EOXI Lugo, Cervo, e Monforte de Lemos, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Lugo, España; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España.
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Rodriguez-Garcia A, Peixoto ITA, Verde-Star MJ, De la Torre-Zavala S, Aviles-Arnaut H, Ruiz ALTG. In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activity of Amphipterygium adstringens. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:175497. [PMID: 26451151 PMCID: PMC4584240 DOI: 10.1155/2015/175497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amphipterygium adstringens is a plant widely used in Mexican traditional medicine for its known anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties. In this work, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of the methanolic extract of A. adstringens against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis, using microdilution (MIC) and agar diffusion methods (MBC), and the antiproliferative activity evaluating total growth inhibition (TGI) by staining the protein content with sulforhodamine B (SRB), using nine human cancer cell lines. Crude extract (CE) of A. adstringens showed some degree of activity against one or more of the strains with a MIC from 0.125 mg/mL to 63 mg/mL and MBC from 1.6 to 6.3 mg/mL and cytotoxic activity, particularly against NCI-ADR/RES, an ovarian cell line expressing multiple resistance drugs phenotype. The CE is a complex mixture of possible multitarget metabolites that could be responsible for both antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, and further investigation is required to elucidate the identity of active compounds. Nevertheless the CE itself is useful in the development of new antimicrobial treatment based on natural products to prevent oral diseases and as alternative natural source for cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodriguez-Garcia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - I. T. A. Peixoto
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Avenida Silveira Martins 3386, 41150 100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - M. J. Verde-Star
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - S. De la Torre-Zavala
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - H. Aviles-Arnaut
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - A. L. T. G. Ruiz
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6171, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:137357. [PMID: 26063967 PMCID: PMC4430664 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inflammatory conditions affecting the global adult population. In the pathogenesis of PD, subgingival complex bacterial biofilm induces inflammation that leads to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption around the teeth. In health, junctional epithelium seals the gingiva to the tooth enamel, thus preventing bacteria from entering the gingivae. Chronic PD involves major pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) which have an immune armoury that can circumvent host's immune surveillance to create and maintain an inflammatory mediator rich and toxic environment to grow and survive. The neurodegenerative condition, AD, is characterised by poor memory and specific hallmark proteins; periodontal pathogens are increasingly being linked with this dementing condition. It is therefore becoming important to understand associations of periodontitis with relevance to late-onset AD. The aim of this review is to discuss the relevance of finding the keystone periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis in AD brains and its plausible contribution to the aetiological hypothesis of this dementing condition.
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Muramyl dipeptide enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption through increased RANKL expression in stromal cells. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:132765. [PMID: 26000311 PMCID: PMC4427123 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is bacterial cell wall component capable of inducing osteoclast formation and pathological bone resorption. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal essential structural unit responsible for the immunological activity of peptidoglycans, is ubiquitously expressed by bacterium. In this study, we investigated the effect of MDP in LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption. LPS was administered with or without MDP into the supracalvariae of mice. The number of osteoclasts, the level of mRNA for cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), the ratio of the bone destruction area, the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase form 5b (TRACP 5b), and C-terminal telopeptides fragments of type I collagen as a marker of bone resorption in mice administrated both LPS and MDP were higher than those in mice administrated LPS or MDP alone. On the other hand, MDP had no effect on osteoclastogenesis in parathyroid hormone administrated mice. MDP enhanced LPS-induced receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in vivo and in stromal cells in vitro. MDP also enhanced LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, including ERK, p38, and JNK, in stromal cells. These results suggest that MDP might play an important role in pathological bone resorption in bacterial infection diseases.
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Amar S, Engelke M. Periodontal innate immune mechanisms relevant to atherosclerosis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:171-85. [PMID: 25388989 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease in the USA where it is a leading cause of illness and death. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause for heart attack and stroke. Most commonly, people develop atherosclerosis as a result of diabetes, genetic risk factors, high blood pressure, a high-fat diet, obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, and smoking. However, a sizable number of patients suffering from atherosclerosis do not harbor the classical risk factors. Ongoing infections have been suggested to play a role in this process. Periodontal disease is perhaps the most common chronic infection in adults with a wide range of clinical variability and severity. Research in the past decade has shed substantial light on both the initiating infectious agents and host immunological responses in periodontal disease. Up to 46% of the general population harbors the microorganism(s) associated with periodontal disease, although many are able to limit the progression of periodontal disease or even clear the organism(s) if infected. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have found an association between periodontal infection and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on exploring the molecular consequences of infection by pathogens that exacerbate atherosclerosis, with the focus on infections by the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis as a running example.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amar
- Center for Anti-inflammatory Therapeutics, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Haubek D, Johansson A. Pathogenicity of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its geographic dissemination and role in aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23980. [PMID: 25206940 PMCID: PMC4139931 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. In the middle of the 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans and having a number of other characteristics, was found to be strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, particularly in North Africa. Although several longitudinal studies still point to the bacterial species, A. actinomycetemcomitans as a risk factor of aggressive periodontitis, it is now also widely accepted that the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone strains are highly prevalent in human populations living in Northern and Western parts of Africa. These strains are also prevalent in geographically widespread populations that have originated from the Northwest Africa. Only sporadic signs of a dissemination of the JP2 clone strains to non-African populations have been found despite Africans living geographically widespread for hundreds of years. It remains an unanswered question if a particular host tropism exists as a possible explanation for the frequent colonization of the Northwest African population with the JP2 clone. Two exotoxins of A. actinomycetemcomitans are known, leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). LtxA is able to kill human immune cells, and Cdt can block cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Whereas the leukotoxin production is enhanced in JP2 clone strains thus increasing the virulence potential of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it has not been possible so far to demonstrate such a role for Cdt. Lines of evidence have led to the understanding of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological factor of aggressive periodontitis. Patients, who are colonized with the JP2 clone, are likely to share this clone with several family members because the clone is transmitted through close contacts. This is a challenge to the clinicians. The patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontal lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, in some cases including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. Preferably, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial diagnostic testing and/or by preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Giannitti F, Schapira A, Anderson M, Clothier K. Suppurative otitis and ascending meningoencephalitis associated with Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) with toxoplasmosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:683-8. [PMID: 25057163 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714543676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old female Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) at a zoo in California developed acute ataxia and left-sided circling. Despite intensive care, clinical signs progressed to incoordination and prostration, and the animal was euthanized. At necropsy, the left tympanic cavity was filled with homogeneous suppurative exudate that extended into the cranium expanding the meninges and neuroparenchyma in the lateral and ventral aspect of the caudal ipsilateral brainstem and medulla oblongata. Microscopically, the brainstem showed regional severe suppurative meningoencephalitis with large numbers of neutrophils, fewer macrophages, and lymphocytes admixed with fibrin, necrotic cellular debris, hemorrhage, and mineralization, with numerous intralesional Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteroides spp. and Porphyromonas spp. were isolated on anaerobic culture from the meninges, and the bacteria were further characterized by partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing as Bacteroides tectus and Porphyromonas gulae. Bacterial aerobic culture from the meninges yielded very low numbers of mixed flora and Proteus spp., which were considered contaminants. Culture of Mycoplasma spp. from middle ear and meninges was negative. Additionally, Toxoplasma gondii cysts were detected by immunohistochemistry in the heart and brain, and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in serum. The genera Bacteroides and Porphyromonas have been associated with oral disease in marsupials; but not with otitis and meningoencephalitis. The results of the present work highlight the importance of performing anaerobic cultures in the diagnostic investigation of cases of suppurative otitis and meningoencephalitis in macropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Andrea Schapira
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Mark Anderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Giannitti, Anderson, Clothier)School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Schapira)
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Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, Krom BP. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:92. [PMID: 25077073 PMCID: PMC4100321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the "Specific Plaque Hypothesis" (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the "Ecological Plaque Hypothesis" (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent "Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis" (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob T. Rosier
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane vesicles are internalized in human host cells and trigger NOD1- and NOD2-dependent NF-κB activation. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4034-46. [PMID: 25024364 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01980-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral and systemic pathogen associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis and with endocarditis. We recently demonstrated that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) disseminated by A. actinomycetemcomitans could deliver multiple proteins, including biologically active cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), into the cytosol of HeLa cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). In the present work, we have used immunoelectron and confocal microscopy analysis and fluorescently labeled vesicles to further investigate mechanisms for A. actinomycetemcomitans OMV-mediated delivery of bacterial antigens to these host cells. Our results supported that OMVs were internalized into the perinuclear region of HeLa cells and HGF. Colocalization analysis revealed that internalized OMVs colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and carried antigens, detected using an antibody specific to whole A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a cells. Consistent with OMV internalization mediating intracellular antigen exposure, the vesicles acted as strong inducers of cytoplasmic peptidoglycan sensor NOD1- and NOD2-dependent NF-κB activation in human embryonic kidney cells. Moreover, NOD1 was the main sensor of OMV-delivered peptidoglycan in myeloid THP1 cells, contributing to the overall inflammatory responses induced by the vesicles. This work reveals a role of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMVs as a trigger of innate immunity via carriage of NOD1- and NOD2-active pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
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Miao D, Godovikova V, Qian X, Seshadrinathan S, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola upregulates MMP-2 activation in periodontal ligament cells: interplay between epigenetics and periodontal infection. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1056-64. [PMID: 24973519 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal pathogens initiate chronic dysregulation of inflammation and tissue homeostasis that characterize periodontal disease. To better understand oral microbe-host tissue interactions, we investigated expression and activation of MMP-2 in periodontal ligament cells following Treponema denticola challenge. DESIGN Cultured PDL cells were challenged with T. denticola, and bacterial adherence, internalization and survival were assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assays, respectively. MMP-2 activation was detected by zymography. MMP-2, MT1/MMP and TIMP-2 expression following T. denticola challenge was determined by qRT-PCR. Promoter methylation of MMP-2 and MT1/MMP was screened by methylation-sensitive restriction analysis and by bisulfite DNA sequencing. RESULTS T. denticola adhered to and was internalized by PDL cells but did not survive intracellularly beyond 24h. Importantly, while dentilisin activity in PDL culture supernatants gradually decreased following T. denticola challenge, MMP-2 activation persisted for up to 5 days, suggesting involvement of other regulatory mechanisms. Transcription and expression of MT1/MMP and TIMP-2 increased in response to T. denticola challenge. However, consistent with previously reported constitutive pro-MMP-2 expression in PDL cells, the MMP-2 promoter was hypomethylated, independent of T. denticola challenge. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 promoter hypomethylation is consistent with constitutive pro-MMP-2 expression in PDL cells. This, coupled with T. denticola-mediated upregulation of MMP-2-related genes and chronic activation of pro-MMP-2, mimics key in vivo mechanisms of periodontal disease chronicity, in particular MMP-2-dependent matrix degradation and bone resorption. Adherence and/or internalization of T. denticola may contribute to these processes by one or more regulatory mechanisms, including contact-dependent signal transduction or other epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Suchithra Seshadrinathan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Potential Value of a Rice Protein Extract, Containing Proteinaceous Inhibitors against Cysteine Proteinases fromPorphyromonas gingivalis, for Managing Periodontal Diseases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:80-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Belibasakis G, Thurnheer T, Bostanci N. Porphyromonas gingivalis: a heartful oral pathogen? Virulence 2014; 5:463-4. [PMID: 24759693 PMCID: PMC4063808 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
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