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Vaghasiya J, Mittal S, Choudhari SR, Rishitha N. Complete versus incomplete caries removal procedures and their effects on dental pulp in primary teeth - An in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2024; 42:149-155. [PMID: 38957913 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_116_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental caries results from an ecologic shift within the dental biofilm from a balanced population of microorganisms to an acidogenic, aciduric, and cariogenic microbiological population developed and maintained by frequent consumption of fermentable dietary carbohydrates. Total caries removal (TCR) of deep lesion may result in pulpal exposure requiring more invasive treatment. Hence, current pediatric dentistry has shifted to minimally invasive treatment that avoids more complex, time-consuming procedure, and the child's discomfort. AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare clinical performance and radiographic changes after complete and incomplete caries removal procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 60 primary molars in children aged 6-9 years. Selected 60 primary molars were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (PCR): infected dentin was removed, while the affected dentin was maintained on the pulpal wall. Group 2 (TCR): both infected and affected dentin were removed through low-speed carbide bur and hand excavator. Teeth were evaluated at 4 and 6 months clinically and radiographically. RESULTS The proportion was compared using Fisher's exact test. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 was used for analysis. The level of significance was kept at 5%. CONCLUSION The clinical and radiographic success rates of ICR and CCR in primary teeth with deep carious lesions were high and did not differ significantly, indicating that the retention of carious dentin does not interfere with pulp vitality. Thus, ICR is a reliable minimally invasive approach that might replace the CCR in primary teeth when correctly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Vaghasiya
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Nicholson JW, Sidhu SK, Czarnecka B. Fluoride exchange by glass-ionomer dental cements and its clinical effects: a review. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2244982. [PMID: 37615013 PMCID: PMC10444020 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2244982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of fluoride release and uptake by glass-ionomer (glass polyalkenoate) dental cements is reviewed. The study was based on a literature search carried out using PubMed. The main key words used were glass-ionomer and fluoride, and further refinements were made by adding the keywords anti-microbial, anti-caries and remineralization. Papers were selected from the initial search, which concentrated on fundamental aspects of fluoride release, including kinetics and the influence of the cement composition, and resulting clinical performance against caries. Other relevant papers were cited where they added useful and relevant data. From these published papers, it was possible to explain the detailed mechanism of fluoride release by glass-ionomer cements and also its uptake. Fluoride release has been shown to be a two-step process. In neutral solutions, the steps can be divided into early wash-out and long-term diffusion. In acid conditions, the early wash-out remains, though with greater amounts of fluoride released, and the long-term release becomes one of slow dissolution. The effect of fluoride on the viability of oral micro-organisms has been described, and glass-ionomers have been shown to release sufficient fluoride to reduce the size and viability of adjacent populations of oral bacteria. The effect of low levels of fluoride on the remineralization of tooth tissue has been considered. Levels needed to increase remineralization are much lower than those needed to adversely affect oral bacteria, from which we conclude that glass-ionomers release sufficient fluoride to promote remineralization. Despite this, there remains uncertainty about their overall contribution to sound oral health, given the widespread use of other sources of fluoride, such as toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Nicholson
- Dental Materials Unit, Bart’s and the London Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Bluefield Centre for Biomaterials, London, UK
| | - Sharanbir K. Sidhu
- Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Dentistry, Bart’s & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Beata Czarnecka
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Spiegelman L, Bahn-Suh A, Montaño ET, Zhang L, Hura GL, Patras KA, Kumar A, Tezcan FA, Nizet V, Tsutakawa SE, Ghosh P. Strengthening of enterococcal biofilms by Esp. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010829. [PMID: 36103556 PMCID: PMC9512215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis are major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Numerous clinical strains of E. faecalis harbor a large pathogenicity island that encodes enterococcal surface protein (Esp), which is suggested to promote biofilm production and virulence, but this remains controversial. To resolve this issue, we characterized the Esp N-terminal region, the portion implicated in biofilm production. Small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the N-terminal region had a globular head, which consisted of two DEv-Ig domains as visualized by X-ray crystallography, followed by an extended tail. The N-terminal region was not required for biofilm production but instead significantly strengthened biofilms against mechanical or degradative disruption, greatly increasing retention of Enterococcus within biofilms. Biofilm strengthening required low pH, which resulted in Esp unfolding, aggregating, and forming amyloid-like structures. The pH threshold for biofilm strengthening depended on protein stability. A truncated fragment of the first DEv-Ig domain, plausibly generated by a host protease, was the least stable and sufficient to strengthen biofilms at pH ≤ 5.0, while the entire N-terminal region and intact Esp on the enterococcal surface was more stable and required a pH ≤ 4.3. These results suggested a virulence role of Esp in strengthening enterococcal biofilms in acidic abiotic or host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Spiegelman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Adrian Bahn-Suh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Montaño
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Greg L. Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - F. Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Bosaid F, Aksel H, Azim AA. Influence of acidic pH on antimicrobial activity of different calcium silicate based-endodontic sealers. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5369-5376. [PMID: 35511289 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial activity of calcium silicate-based sealers (CSBSs) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in a neutral or acidic condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dentin cylinders (4 mm length) were prepared and infected with 3-week-old E. faecalis. The samples were filled with BioRoot RCS (BR), EndoSequence BC (ES), and NeoMTA Plus (NMTA) and incubated in either neutral or acidic conditions for 7 days (n=10/group). Sterile or infected samples alone were used as the positive and negative control. The root canal sealers were removed after 7 days, and the remaining bacteria on dentinal walls were determined by colony-forming units (CFUs/ml), and three samples from each group were visualized under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The pH was also measured (n=3/group) after 4 h and 7 days of incubation at 37°C in both conditions. RESULTS In the neutral condition, all sealers significantly decreased the log-CFU values (p<0.05), while in the acidic condition, the log-CFU reduction was less for ES and NMTA, but a higher reduction was observed in BR (p<0.05). The antibacterial activity of CSBSs was similar in neutral conditions (p>0.05), and BR showed a greater antibacterial effect than ES and NMTA in the acidic condition (p<0.05). The pH of BR, ES, and NMTA ranged from 8.2 to 8.8 in the neutral condition in the presence of dentin after 7 days. However, acidic conditions reduced the pH values to 7.8 for BR, 6.0 for ES, and 5.8 for NMTA. CONCLUSIONS All CSBSs showed similar antibacterial activity in neutral conditions, while acidic pH had a reducing antibacterial effect on CSBSs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inflammatory pH decreased the antibacterial properties of CSBSs depending on the sealer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bosaid
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 240 Squire Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 240 Squire Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Adham A Azim
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 240 Squire Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 5th St, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA.
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Tabata M, Ratanaporncharoen C, Ishihara N, Masu K, Sriyudthsak M, Kitasako Y, Ikeda M, Tagami J, Miyahara Y. Surface analysis of dental caries using a wireless pH sensor and Raman spectroscopy for chairside diagnosis. Talanta 2021; 235:122718. [PMID: 34517586 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A chairside tool for quantitative analysis of dental caries would improve clinical dental inspections. The wireless caries sensing tool with dental-explorer size has been developed comparing two sensing methods, Raman reading and pH reading for evaluating dental caries. The Raman spectra at 575 cm-1 and 960 cm-1 for in inorganic compounds, as well as 1450 cm-1 and 2940 cm-1 for organic compounds reinforced and supported the pH results. An Iridium/Iridium oxide (Ir/IrOx) pH sensing probe and wireless pH sensor (comprising an ESP8266 ESP-01 wireless module and ADS1115 analog digital converter) has been developed to quantitatively evaluate dental caries. All the operations of the wireless pH sensor were performed with a developed LabVIEW-based real-time data monitoring program. The slope and the linear fitting regression value (R2) of the wireless pH sensor using seven standards were -54.9 mV/pH and 0.999, respectively, showing high accuracy and stability for the pH measurements. The pH on the dental caries surface was measured with the wireless pH sensor, and the pH mapping results in the non-caries and caries areas were 6.9 and 5.7, respectively. The developed wireless pH sensor would be useful to understand the condition of dental caries and support dentists' inspection to remove only the caries part while keeping the non-caries structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tabata
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Ishihara
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuya Masu
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mana Sriyudthsak
- Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yuichi Kitasako
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaomi Ikeda
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
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Reis ACM, Bezerra DDS, Hart-Chú ENS, Stipp RN, Guedes SFDF, Neves BG, Rodrigues LKA. Quantification and gene expression of Lactobacillus casei group species associated with dentinal lesions in early childhood caries. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:69-77. [PMID: 33551619 PMCID: PMC7848803 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering that the Lactobacillus casei group is strongly associated with caries progression, the use of lactobacilli as probiotics must be balanced due to their possible involvement in dental caries. Objective This study aimed to detect and quantify L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species in the active and arrested dentinal lesions of preschoolers. It also aimed to determine the expression profiles of lactobacilli genes related to adhesion, extracellular polymeric substance regulation, and pyruvate oxidation. Methods Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from dentinal lesion samples (25 active, 13 arrested) of children between 2 and 5 years of age. The samples were converted to complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were performed to quantify and determine the relative abundance (measured by percentage of total bacteria) of L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species. The expression profiles of L. paracasei/casei genes (spaC and spxB) and L. rhamnosus genes (spaE and wzb) were assessed. The Student t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparisons. Results The L. casei group species were found to be part of the viable microbial community in dentinal caries. L. paracasei (p = 0.001), L. rhamnosus (p = 0.022), and L. casei (p = 0.004) group species were abundant in the active dentinal lesions compared to the arrested dentinal lesions. Only the wzb gene (p = 0.006) exhibited a statistically significant difference between the active and arrested lesions in terms of its expression profile; it was expressed to a higher extent in the active dentinal lesions. Conclusions The L. casei group species presented in large numbers in the active dentinal caries lesions, indicating that these microorganisms are related to caries activity, and the wzb gene may play an important role in caries progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Martins Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, R. Coronel Nunes de Melo 1315, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniela da Silva Bezerra
- Unichristus Campus Ecological Park, Dental College, R. João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, 60190-180, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Erika Nikitza Shiauha Hart-Chú
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nóbrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Gonçalves Neves
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Conselheiro José Júlio, S/N, 62010-080 Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, R. Coronel Nunes de Melo 1315, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, R. Alexandre Baraúna, 949, 60430-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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AlQranei MS, Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS. The burden of root caries: Updated perspectives and advances on management strategies. Gerodontology 2020; 38:136-153. [PMID: 33236462 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root caries has gained much attention in the last few years. As the world's population is ageing and people currently tend to retain more teeth compared with older generations, there is an increased prevalence of periodontal disease and gingival recession, which may accelerate the onset of root caries. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarise recent findings related to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of root caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE (OVID) and Scopus (Elsevier) searches were performed to identify and discuss articles that address the pathogenicity and clinical management of root caries. RESULTS Root caries is a multifactorial disease. Cariogenic species involved in root caries are less dependent on carbohydrates since collagen degradation inside the dentinal tubules can provide nutrients and microcavities for the invading microorganisms. Furthermore, the root surface has fewer minerals in comparison with enamel, which may accelerate the onset of demineralisation. Root caries could be prevented by patient education, modification of risk factors, and the use of in-office and home remineralisation tools. The use of non-invasive approaches to control root caries is recommended, as the survival rate of root caries restorations is poor. When plaque control is impossible and a deep/large cavity is present, glass ionomer or resin-based restorations can be placed. CONCLUSION The assessment of root carious lesions is critical to determine the lesion activity and the required intervention. Dental practitioners should also be aware of different prevention and treatment approaches to design optimum oral health care for root caries-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S AlQranei
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary A S Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vincent KM, Azzopardi PV, Mittler S, Grohe B. The solubility of calcium oxalates explains some aspects of their underrepresentation in the oral cavity. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104965. [PMID: 33157495 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clarifying the discrepancy between frequently high oxalate concentrations present in saliva, but negligible amounts of calcium oxalate deposits found on oral surfaces. METHODS Studying the calcium oxalate concentration range that can lead to heterogeneous crystallization in the oral cavity. a) Minimum: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) seed crystals were pre-grown ([Ca2+] = [C2O42-] = 1 mM, 30 min, 37 °C), and then re-immersed for ≥6 h to find the solubility equilibrium concentration (no growth, no dissolution). The concentrations tested were [Ca2+]/[C2O42-] : 0.055/0.050, 0.060/0.055, 0.070/0.065 and 0.080/0.075 mM. Supersaturations were calculated via the Debye-Hückel-theory and COM morphologies examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). b) Maximum (at the heterogeneous/homogeneous crystallization equilibrium): hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals were used to heterogeneously crystallize COM (37 °C, 24 h), using oxalate concentrations between 0.2 and 0.5 mM and calcium concentrations of 0.5 mM. COM-forming oxalate consumption was spectroscopically examined; COM precipitates were investigated by SEM; and HA identity was confirmed by X-ray analysis. RESULTS Within the concentration range of [Ca2+]/[C2O42-]:0.060/0.055 mM (minimum) and [Ca2+]/[C2O42-]:0.50/0.25 mM (maximum) COM precipitates heterogeneously. In terms of mass, this corresponds to a range of 8.04-36.53 mg/l (daily) or an average of 14.32 mg COM (mimicking e.g. plaque mineralization). Higher concentrations react homogeneously (mimicking precipitation within saliva). CONCLUSION In vivo, only ∼0.05 % oxalate present in saliva reacts with oral surfaces daily, corresponding to ∼0.0665 μmol/l or ∼9.72 μg COM per day. Calcium-consuming calcium phosphate formation and phosphoproteins such as statherin obviously hinder intraoral COM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Vincent
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Paul V Azzopardi
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Silvia Mittler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Bernd Grohe
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Lee YR, Kim HE. Red fluorescence threshold for assessing the lesion activity of early caries. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102040. [PMID: 33011395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine a red fluorescence threshold for differentiating active from inactive non-cavitated carious lesions. METHODS Using the Nyvad criteria, 30 human teeth with non-cavitated carious lesions were divided into active lesions (15 teeth) and inactive lesions (15 teeth). Using the blue light of a quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital camera, the red fluorescence of the lesions was measured as the ΔR value. By live/dead bacterial staining, bacterial viability was calculated as the RatioG/G+R. The ΔR and RatioG/G+R of active and inactive lesions were compared. The relationship between ΔR and RatioG/G+R was also analyzed. The ΔR threshold was determined for the classification of lesion activity, and its validity was tested. RESULTS The mean ΔR of active lesions was 1.85 fold higher than that of inactive lesions (p < 0.001), and the RatioG/G+R of active lesions was 1.97 fold higher than that of inactive lesions (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the ΔR and the RatioG/G+R in non-cavitated carious lesions (p < 0.05). The ΔR threshold for the differentiating non-cavitated carious lesions by activity status was 37.55, and the sensitivity and specificity were both 83.33 %. CONCLUSIONS A red fluorescence threshold for categorizing non-cavitated carious lesion activity based on microbial metabolic activity was determined. Accurate evaluation of the activity status of non-cavitated carious lesions will assist in diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ran Lee
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Kim
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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González-Aragón Pineda AE, García Pérez A, García-Godoy F. Salivary parameters and oral health status amongst adolescents in Mexico. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:190. [PMID: 32631313 PMCID: PMC7339390 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last years an increased interest in the use of salivary parameters in connection with caries experience and caries prediction has been shown. In schoolchildren investigations are known, where the relationship between caries prevalence and salivary parameters has been assessed, but in the adolescent population studies are scarce. The aim of the study was evaluate of the association among salivary parameters, oral health status and caries experience in adolescents in Mexico. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 256 (DMFT≥5) and 165 (DMFT< 5) 12-to- 14-year-old adolescents. From all the adolescents, unstimulated mid-morning saliva samples were collected, after which the salivary flow rate was calculated, and the salivary pH and buffer capacity was measured. The caries was evaluated via the application of the DMFT score. Clinical variables such as oral hygiene and dental calculus were examined in the adolescent’s oral cavity. The adolescents provided data on their personal characteristics by completing a questionnaire, while socioeconomic data were collected from their parents. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression model analyses were performed. Results The prevalence of caries was 61.1% (DMFT≥5) in permanent dentition, with 72.7% of subjects presenting poor oral hygiene. The mean levels of salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in adolescents with caries score of DMFT≥5 than in those with caries score of DMFT < 5. Salivary flow and buffer capacity were higher in boys than in girls. The logistic regression model applied showed that adolescents with a salivary flow rate < 1 ml per min were more likely to present caries [OR = 1.58 (CI95% 1.04–2.40); p = 0.033] than adolescents with a flow rate ≥ 1 ml per-min, and that, for each unit of increased pH, the probability of presenting caries reduced by 76% [OR = 0.24 (CI95% 0.10–0.55); p = 0.001]. Conclusion Significant association was found in salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity in adolescents with caries (DMFT≥5). In addition to differences of these parameters by sex, the results suggest saliva parameters may act as indicators of caries in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E González-Aragón Pineda
- Faculty of Higher Studies (FES), Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - A García Pérez
- Faculty of Higher Studies (FES), Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - F García-Godoy
- Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Protective Effects of GIC and S-PRG Filler Restoratives on Demineralization of Bovine Enamel in Lactic Acid Solution. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092140. [PMID: 32384599 PMCID: PMC7254408 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) fillers used as dental restorative materials on demineralization of bovine enamel. GlasIonomer FX ULTRA (FXU), Fuji IX GP Extra (FIXE), CAREDYNE RESTORE (CDR) were used as GICs. PRG Barrier Coat (BC) was used as the S-PRG filler. They were incubated in a lactic acid solution (pH = 4.0) for six days at a temperature of 37 °C. The mineral was etched from the enamel surface, and a large number of Ca and P ions were detected in solution. The Al, F, Na, Sr, and Sr ions were released in GICs and S-RPG fillers. The Zn ion was released only in CDR and the B ion was released only in BC. The presence of apparent enamel prism peripheries was observed after six days of treatment for the group containing only enamel blocks. pH values for the FXU, FIXE, CDR, BC, and enamel block groups after six days were 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 5.9, and 5.1, respectively. Therefore, the observed pH neutralization effect suppressed progression of caries due to the release of several ions from the restoratives.
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12
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Liu G, Wu C, Abrams WR, Li Y. Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Microbiome in Deep-Dentin Caries. J Dent Res 2020; 99:713-720. [PMID: 32196394 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520913248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a cariogenic bacteria-mediated, fermentable carbohydrate-driven dynamic disease. The new ecological hypothesis for dentin caries suggests that an alteration in the microbial community and the presence of specific metabolic pathway genes contribute to the initiation and progression of caries. This study aimed to determine the structural and functional characteristics of a microbial community of human deep-dentin carious lesions. Sixteen deep-dentin carious lesions were obtained from the first permanent molars of 8 patients aged 9 to 18 y. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to measure the microbial composition and abundance at the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species levels. Functional analysis of the DNA sequencing data set was also performed and compared among different layers of the lesions using DIAMOND software against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. This study found that in the deep-dentin carious lesions, Actinobacteria (35.8%) and Firmicutes (31.2%) were the most prevalent phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes (13.6%), Proteobacteria (3.6%), and Fusobacteria (2.5%). The microbial composition varied among the individuals, but there were no significant differences in the distribution of the relative microbial abundance between the superficial layers and the deep layers. Although 14.5% of the top 10 taxa were identified as Lactobacillus at the genus level, only 25% of the deep-dentin carious samples showed Lactobacillus as the most abundant genus. Other abundant taxa included Actinomyces (10.5%), Olsenella (9.4%), Prevotella (8.8%), Propionibacterium (7.2%), Streptococcus (3.9%), Selenomonas (3.7%), Corynebacterium (1.9%), Leptotrichia (1.4%), and Parascardovia (1.1%). The most abundant pathway identified in the KEGG database was the metabolic pathway containing 101,427 annotated genes, which consisted of 51.4% of all annotated genes. The carbohydrate metabolism pathway, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport were the functional traits of the level 2 pathways. These findings suggest that the potent interaction within the microbial communities in deep-dentin carious lesions may play a fundamental role in caries etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - C Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - W R Abrams
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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13
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Turner ME, Huynh K, Carney OV, Gross D, Carroll RK, Ahn SJ, Rice KC. Genomic instability of TnSMU2 contributes to Streptococcus mutans biofilm development and competence in a cidB mutant. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e934. [PMID: 31599128 PMCID: PMC6925190 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a key pathogenic bacterium in the oral cavity and a primary contributor to dental caries. The S. mutans Cid/Lrg system likely contributes to tolerating stresses encountered in this environment as cid and/or lrg mutants exhibit altered oxidative stress sensitivity, genetic competence, and biofilm phenotypes. It was recently noted that the cidB mutant had two stable colony morphologies: a “rough” phenotype (similar to wild type) and a “smooth” phenotype. In our previously published work, the cidB rough mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, and RNAseq identified widespread transcriptomic changes in central carbon metabolism and oxidative stress response genes. In this current report, we conducted Illumina‐based genome resequencing of wild type, cidB rough, and cidB smooth mutants and compared their resistance to oxidative and acid stress, biofilm formation, and competence phenotypes. Both cidB mutants exhibited comparable aerobic growth inhibition on agar plates, during planktonic growth, and in the presence of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide. The cidB smooth mutant displayed a significant competence defect in BHI, which was rescuable by synthetic CSP. Both cidB mutants also displayed reduced XIP‐mediated competence, although this reduction was more pronounced in the cidB smooth mutant. Anaerobic biofilms of the cidB smooth mutant displayed increased propidium iodide staining, but corresponding biofilm CFU data suggest this phenotype is due to cell damage and not increased cell death. The cidB rough anaerobic biofilms showed altered structure relative to wild type (reduced biomass and average thickness) which correlated with decreased CFU counts. Sequencing data revealed that the cidB smooth mutant has a unique “loss of read coverage” of ~78 kb of DNA, corresponding to the genomic island TnSMU2 and genes flanking its 3′ end. It is therefore likely that the unique biofilm and competence phenotypes of the cidB smooth mutant are related to its genomic changes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Khanh Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - O'neshia V Carney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis Gross
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sang-Joon Ahn
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly C Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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14
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Faidt T, Friedrichs A, Grandthyll S, Spengler C, Jacobs K, Müller F. Effect of Fluoride Treatment on the Acid Resistance of Hydroxyapatite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15253-15258. [PMID: 30421930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The etching behavior of polycrystalline synthetic hydroxyapatite samples has been evaluated to explore the protective impact of fluoride on a tooth-like model system. Etching rates before and after fluoridation with a NaF solution at pH 6 were determined by atomic force microscopy. Despite a very low F concentration of ca. 0.2 atom % in the hydroxyapatite surface, a very strong effect on the acid resistance can be observed. Depending on the crystal orientation, etching in a NaAc buffer at pH 4.5 was completely inhibited for at least 5 min. The major part of the surface withstood etching even for more than 23 min. These results give new insights into how the amount of incorporated fluoride in hydroxyapatite correlates with its protective impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Faidt
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Andreas Friedrichs
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Samuel Grandthyll
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Campus E2 9 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
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15
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Chaisiwamongkhol K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Amperometric micro pH measurements in oxygenated saliva. Analyst 2018; 142:2828-2835. [PMID: 28702560 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric micro pH sensor has been developed based on the chemical oxidation of carbon fibre surfaces (diameter of 9 μm and length of ca. 1 mm) to enhance the population of surface quinone groups for the measurement of salivary pH. The pH analysis utilises the electrochemically reversible two-electron, two-proton behaviour of surface quinone groups on the micro-wire electrodes. A Nernstian response is observed across the pH range 2-8 which is the pH range of many biological fluids. We highlight the measurement of pH in small volumes of biological fluids without the need for oxygen removal and specifically the micro pH electrode is examined by measuring the pH of commercial synthetic saliva and authentic human saliva samples. The results correspond well with those obtained by using commercial glass pH electrodes on large volume samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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16
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Minty M, Canceill T, Lê S, Dubois P, Amestoy O, Loubieres P, Christensen JE, Champion C, Azalbert V, Grasset E, Hardy S, Loubes JM, Mallet JP, Tercé F, Vergnes JN, Burcelin R, Serino M, Diemer F, Blasco-Baque V. Oral health and microbiota status in professional rugby players: A case-control study. J Dent 2018; 79:53-60. [PMID: 30292825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elite athletes are prone to develop oral diseases, which could increase the risk for injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health and the composition of oral microbiota of elite rugby players compared to the general population. METHODS We set up a case-control study by screening 24 professional rugby players (PRG) and 22 control patients (CG) for dental and gingival examinations and performed a taxonomic analysis and a predicted functional analysis of oral microbiota. RESULTS The Decay, Missing and Filled (DMF) teeth index (5.54 ± 6.18 versus 2.14 ± 3.01; p = 0.01) and the frequency of gingivitis (58,33% versus 13.63%) were significantly increased in PRG compared to CG. PRG were characterized by a dysbiotic oral microbiota (Shannon Index: 3.32 ± 0.62 in PRG versus 3.79 ± 0.68 in CG; p = 0.03) with an increase of Streptococcus (58.43 ± 16.84 versus 42.60 ± 17.45; p = 0.005), the main genus implicated in caries. Predicted metagenomics of oral microbiota in rugby players was suggestive of a cariogenic metagenome favourable to the development of caries. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the oral health of PRG was poorer than the general population. PRG are characterized by a dysbiotic oral microbiota with an increase of the relative abundance of Streptococcus genus, positively correlated to the weight and negatively correlated to the diversity of oral microbiota. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dental screening should be included in the medical follow-up of professional rugby players as a part of their health management. New strategies such as using probiotics like Lactobacillus could help to control the dysbiosis of oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Minty
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Thibault Canceill
- Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Sylvie Lê
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Pauline Dubois
- Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Oihana Amestoy
- Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Pascale Loubieres
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Jeffrey E Christensen
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Champion
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Azalbert
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Grasset
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sara Hardy
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Loubes
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mallet
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - François Tercé
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vergnes
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Diemer
- Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France; Clément Ader Institute, UMR-CNRS 5312, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Blasco-Baque
- INSERM U1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432 Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Service d'Odontologie Toulouse, F-3100, France.
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Walther C, Meyer-Lueckel H, Conrads G, Esteves-Oliveira M, Henne K. Correlation between relative bacterial activity and lactate dehydrogenase gene expression of co-cultures in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1225-1235. [PMID: 29980934 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims at correlating the relative bacterial activity with the H+ concentration and the ldh expression of caries-associated bacteria in co-cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Well plates were prepared with BHI medium and cultures of Lactobacillus paracasei and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial growth at 37 °C was measured using a microplate-photometer before and after adding sucrose to the samples. Samples of co-cultures (n = 12) and single-species cultures (n = 3) were taken and pH was assessed. Real-time quantitative PCRs were applied targeting the 16S-gene, the 16S-rRNA, the ldh-gene, and the ldh-mRNA. RESULTS For L. paracasei with sucrose, an increase in relative bacterial activity (62.8% ± 23.5% [mean, SE]) was observed, while F. nucleatum showed a clear decrease in relative bacterial activity (- 35.0% ± 9.6%). Simultaneously, the H+ concentration increased (1.15E-05 mol*l-1 ± 4.61E-07 mol*l-1). Consequently, a significant positive correlation was found between L. paracasei's relative bacterial activity and H+ concentration (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.638; p = 0.002), while F. nucleatum exhibited a negative correlation (r = - 0.741; p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore L. paracasei with sucrose showed a moderate, but significant positive correlation between relative bacterial activity and ldh-expression (r = 0.307; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The relative bacterial activity after sucrose pulse showed a significant correlation not only to the acid production (H+ concentration) but also to ldh expression of L. paracasei. However, further research is required to confirm these findings in a mature biofilm in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcella Esteves-Oliveira
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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18
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Chen GS, Lee SP, Huang SF, Chao SC, Chang CY, Wu GJ, Li CH, Loh SH. Functional and molecular characterization of transmembrane intracellular pH regulators in human dental pulp stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524788 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homeostasis of intracellular pH (pHi) plays vital roles in many cell functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and metastasis. Thus far, Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE), Na+-HCO3- co-transporter (NBC), Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (AE) and Cl-/OH- exchanger (CHE) have been identified to co-regulate pHi homeostasis. However, functional and biological pHi-regulators in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have yet to be identified. DESIGN Microspectrofluorimetry technique with pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, BCECF, was used to detect pHi changes. NH4Cl and Na+-acetate pre-pulse were used to induce intracellular acidosis and alkalosis, respectively. Isoforms of pHi-regulators were detected by Western blot technique. RESULTS The resting pHi was no significant difference between that in HEPES-buffered (nominal HCO3--free) solution or CO2/HCO3-buffered system (7.42 and 7.46, respectively). The pHi recovery following the induced-intracellular acidosis was blocked completely by removing [Na+]o, while only slowed (-63%) by adding HOE694 (a NHE1 specific inhibitor) in HEPES-buffered solution. The pHi recovery was inhibited entirely by removing [Na+]o, while adding HOE 694 pulse DIDS (an anion-transporter inhibitor) only slowed (-55%) the acid extrusion. Both in HEPES-buffered and CO2/HCO3-buffered system solution, the pHi recovery after induced-intracellular alkalosis was entirely blocked by removing [Cl-]o. Western blot analysis showed the isoforms of pHi regulators, including NHE1/2, NBCe1/n1, AE1/2/3/4 and CHE in the hDPSCs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that resting pHi is significantly higher than 7.2 and meditates functionally by two Na+-dependent acid extruders (NHE and NBC), two Cl--dependent acid loaders (CHE and AE) and one Na+-independent acid extruder(s) in hDPSCs. These findings provide novel insight for basic and clinical treatment of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunng-Shinng Chen
- Division of Orthodontic, Dentofacial Orthopedic & Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Pieng Lee
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fu Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Chao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Chang
- Heart Center and Department of General Surgery, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Li
- Division of Orthodontic, Dentofacial Orthopedic & Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
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He J, Tu Q, Ge Y, Qin Y, Cui B, Hu X, Wang Y, Deng Y, Wang K, Van Nostrand JD, Li J, Zhou J, Li Y, Zhou X. Taxonomic and Functional Analyses of the Supragingival Microbiome from Caries-Affected and Caries-Free Hosts. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:543-554. [PMID: 28932895 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Caries is one of the most prevalent and costly infectious diseases affecting humans of all ages. It is initiated by cariogenic supragingival dental plaques forming on saliva-coated tooth surfaces, yet the etiology remains elusive. To determine which microbial populations may predispose a patient to caries, we report here an in-depth and comprehensive view of the microbial community associated with supragingival dental plaque collected from the healthy teeth of caries patients and healthy adults. We found that microbial communities from caries patients had a higher evenness and inter-individual variations but simpler ecological networks compared to healthy controls despite the overall taxonomic structure being similar. Genera including Selenomonas, Treponema, Atopobium, and Bergeriella were distributed differently between the caries and healthy groups with disturbed co-occurrence patterns. In addition, caries and healthy subjects carried different Treponema, Atopobium, and Prevotella species. Moreover, distinct populations of 13 function genes involved in organic acid synthesis, glycan biosynthesis, complex carbohydrate degradation, amino acid synthesis and metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, isoprenoid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and co-factor biosynthesis were present in each of the healthy and caries groups. Our results suggested that the fundamental differences in dental plaque ecology partially explained the patients' susceptibility to caries, and could be used for caries risk prediction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qichao Tu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yichen Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujia Qin
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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KESKİN E, BAĞLAR S. ACID TOLERANCE RESPONCE OF CARIOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.345960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Molecular detection of bacteria associated to caries activity in dentinal lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:2053-2061. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Collagen degradation and preservation of MMP-8 activity in human dentine matrix after demineralization. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 68:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Singhal DK, Acharya S, Thakur AS. Microbiological analysis after complete or partial removal of carious dentin using two different techniques in primary teeth: A randomized clinical trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:30-7. [PMID: 26962313 PMCID: PMC4770467 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.174695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The management of deep carious lesions can be done by various techniques but residual caries dilemma still persists and bacterial reduction in cavities treated by either partial or complete caries removal techniques is debatable. So the objective of the present randomized clinical trial was to compare microbial counts in cavities submitted to complete caries removal and partial caries removal using either hand instruments or burs before and after 3 weeks of restoration. Materials and Methods: Primary molars with acute carious lesions in inner half of dentine and vital pulp were randomly divided into three groups of 14 each: Group A: Partial caries removal using hand instruments atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) only; Group B: Partial caries removal using bur; Group C: Complete caries removal using bur and caries detector dye. Dentine sample obtained after caries removal and 3 weeks after restoration, were subjected to microbial culture and counting (colony-forming units [CFU]/mg of dentine) for total viable bacterial count, Streptococcus spp., mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus spp. Results: Three techniques of caries removal showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in all microorganisms studied after 3 weeks of evaluation, but there was no statistically significant difference in percentage reduction of microbial count among three groups. Conclusion: Results suggest the use of partial caries removal in a single session as compared to complete caries removal as a part of treatment of deep lesions in deciduous teeth in order to reduce the risk of pulp exposure. Partial caries removal using ART can be preferred for community settings as public health procedure for caries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Singhal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashidhar Acharya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Singh Thakur
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Hirose Y, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Murakami M, Nakashima M, Gotoh M, Yamamoto T. Effects of Extracellular pH on Dental Pulp Cells In Vitro. J Endod 2016; 42:735-41. [PMID: 26951958 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proliferation and migration of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), a population comprised of dental pulp cells (DPCs), are important processes for pulp tissue repair. Dental pulp is exposed to changes in extracellular pH under various conditions, such as acidosis and exposure to caries-associated bacteria or a pulp capping agent. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of extracellular pH on DPC proliferation and migration in vitro. METHODS To evaluate the proliferation potency of DPCs in various extracellular pH conditions, 2 × 10(4) cells were seeded into 35-mm dishes. The following day, we changed to NaHCO3-free medium, which was adjusted to different extracellular pH levels. RESULTS After 120 hours, DPCs cultured in media from a pH of 3.5 to 5.5 showed cell death, those cultured in conditions from a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 showed growth arrest or cell death, and those grown at a pH of 9.5 showed mild proliferation. The migratory activity of living DPCs was not affected by extracellular pH. For histologic analysis, human teeth possessing a small abscess in the coronal pulp chamber were sliced for histologic analysis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolocalization was used as an index of cell proliferation for the sections and cultured cells. Acidic extracellular pH conditions resulted in reduced numbers of PCNA-positive DPCs in the dishes. As for pulp tissue affected by a small abscess, a PCNA-negative pulp cell layer was observed in close proximity to the infectious lesion. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that an acidic extracellular pH condition is associated with DPC growth arrest or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan; Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Momokazu Gotoh
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tokunori Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Chien YC, Burwell AK, Saeki K, Fernandez-Martinez A, Pugach MK, Nonomura G, Habelitz S, Ho SP, Rapozo-Hilo M, Featherstone JD, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. Distinct decalcification process of dentin by different cariogenic organic acids: Kinetics, ultrastructure and mechanical properties. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 63:93-105. [PMID: 26745819 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied artificial dentin lesions in human teeth generated by lactate and acetate buffers (pH 5.0), the two most abundant acids in caries. The objective of this study was to determine differences in mechanical properties, mineral density profiles and ultrastructural variations of two different artificial lesions with the same approximate depth. METHODS 0.05M (pH 5.0) acetate or lactate buffer was used to create 1) 180μm-deep lesions in non-carious human dentin blocks (acetate 130h; lactate 14days); (2) demineralized, ∼180μm-thick non-carious dentin discs (3 weeks). We performed nanoindentation to determine mechanical properties across the hydrated lesions, and micro X-ray computed tomography (MicroXCT) to determine mineral profiles. Ultrastructure in lesions was analyzed by TEM/selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Demineralized dentin discs were analyzed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS Diffusion-dominated demineralization was shown based on the linearity between lesion depths versus the square root of exposure time in either solution, with faster kinetics in acetate buffer. Nanoindentation revealed lactate induced a significantly sharper transition in reduced elastic modulus across the lesions. MicroXCT showed lactate demineralized lesions had swelling and more disorganized matrix structure, whereas acetate lesions had abrupt X-ray absorption near the margin. At the ultrastructural level, TEM showed lactate was more effective in removing minerals from the collagenous matrix, which was confirmed by SAXS analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated the different acids yielded lesions with different characteristics that could influence lesion formation resulting in their distinct predominance in different caries activities, and these differences may impact strategies for dentin caries remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Chien
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US; Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, US
| | - A K Burwell
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - K Saeki
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - A Fernandez-Martinez
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, US; ISTerre, CNRS & University of Grenoble, B.P. 53X, Grenoble, Cedex 9, 38041, France
| | - M K Pugach
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - G Nonomura
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - S Habelitz
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - S P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - M Rapozo-Hilo
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - J D Featherstone
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - S J Marshall
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US
| | - G W Marshall
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, US.
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Araújo PV, Correia-Silva JDF, Gomez RS, Massara MDLDA, Cortes ME, Poletto LTDA. Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy in carious lesions in vivo, using culture and real-time PCR methods. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:401-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Do T, Sheehy EC, Mulli T, Hughes F, Beighton D. Transcriptomic analysis of three Veillonella spp. present in carious dentine and in the saliva of caries-free individuals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:25. [PMID: 25859434 PMCID: PMC4374535 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Veillonella spp. are predominant bacteria found in all oral biofilms. In this study, a metatranscriptomic approach was used to investigate the gene expression levels of three oral Veillonella spp. (V. parvula, V. dispar and V. atypica) in whole stimulated saliva from caries-free volunteers and in carious lesions (n = 11 for each group). In the lesions the greatest proportion of reads were assigned to V. parvula and genes with the highest level of expression in carious samples were those coding for membrane transport systems. All three Veillonella spp. increased expression of genes involved in the catabolism of lactate and succinate, notably the alpha- and beta-subunits of L(+)-tartrate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.32). There was also significantly increased expression of histidine biosynthesis pathway in V. parvula, suggesting higher intra-cellular levels of histidine that could provide intra-cellular buffering capacity and, therefore, assist survival in the acidic environment. Various other systems such as potassium uptake systems were also up regulated that may aid in the survival and proliferation of V. parvula in carious lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Do
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Evelyn C Sheehy
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Institute, King's College London London, UK
| | - Tonnie Mulli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Hughes
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Institute, King's College London London, UK
| | - David Beighton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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Khalaf K. Factors Affecting the Formation, Severity and Location of White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliances. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2014; 5:e4. [PMID: 24800054 PMCID: PMC4007370 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate factors affecting the formation, severity and location of white spot lesions in patients completing fixed appliance therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 45 patients (19 males and 26 females, mean age 15.81 years, standard deviation 2.89 years) attending consecutively Aberdeen Dental Hospital (ADH) between January and June 2013 to have their fixed appliances removed were given a questionnaire to elicit information regarding their dental care and diet. They were then examined clinically as well as their pre-treatment photographs to record treatment data and white spot lesion (WSL) location and severity using a modified version of Universal Visual Scale for Smooth Surfaces (UniViSS Smooth). Absolute risk (AR) and risk ratios (RR) were also calculated. RESULTS The incidence of at least one WSL observed in patients was 42%, with males displaying a higher incidence than females. The highest incidence of WSLs was recorded on the maxillary canines and lateral incisors, and on the maxillary and mandibular premolars and first molars. The gingival areas of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were the most affected surfaces. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships were found between the presence of WSLs and the following factors: poor oral hygiene (OH), males, increased treatment length, lack of use of fluoride supplements, use of carbonated soft drinks and/or fruit juices and the use of sugary foods. Poor OH posed the highest risk of developing WSL (RR = 8.55). CONCLUSIONS 42% of patients have developed white spot lesions during fixed appliance therapy. Various contributing risk factors were identified with the greatest risk posed by a poor oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khalaf
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen United Kingdom
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Kianoush N, Adler CJ, Nguyen KAT, Browne GV, Simonian M, Hunter N. Bacterial profile of dentine caries and the impact of pH on bacterial population diversity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92940. [PMID: 24675997 PMCID: PMC3968045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is caused by the release of organic acids from fermentative bacteria, which results in the dissolution of hydroxyapatite matrices of enamel and dentine. While low environmental pH is proposed to cause a shift in the consortium of oral bacteria, favouring the development of caries, the impact of this variable has been overlooked in microbial population studies. This study aimed to detail the zonal composition of the microbiota associated with carious dentine lesions with reference to pH. We used 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) to compare microbial communities in layers ranging in pH from 4.5–7.8 from 25 teeth with advanced dentine caries. Pyrosequencing of the amplicons yielded 449,762 sequences. Nine phyla, 97 genera and 409 species were identified from the quality-filtered, de-noised and chimera-free sequences. Among the microbiota associated with dentinal caries, the most abundant taxa included Lactobacillus sp., Prevotella sp., Atopobium sp., Olsenella sp. and Actinomyces sp. We found a disparity between microbial communities localised at acidic versus neutral pH strata. Acidic conditions were associated with low diversity microbial populations, with Lactobacillus species including L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus and L. crispatus, being prominent. In comparison, the distinctive species of a more diverse flora associated with neutral pH regions of carious lesions included Alloprevotella tanerrae, Leptothrix sp., Sphingomonas sp. and Streptococcus anginosus. While certain bacteria were affected by the pH gradient, we also found that ∼60% of the taxa associated with caries were present across the investigated pH range, representing a substantial core. We demonstrated that some bacterial species implicated in caries progression show selective clustering with respect to pH gradient, providing a basis for specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Kianoush
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina J. Adler
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ky-Anh T. Nguyen
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gina V. Browne
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary Simonian
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Szabó B, Majoros L, Papp-Falusi E, Szabó Z, Szabó J, Márton I, Kelentey B. Studies on the possible aetiological role of different Candida species in pathogenesis of dentine caries by monitoring the calcium release from tooth particles. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2014; 61:11-7. [PMID: 24631750 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.61.2014.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model has been developed for study of cariogenic potential of different Candida species. Slices were prepared from the root of extracted healthy teeth. These disks were covered with inert material, only the central hole, i.e. the root canal dentin surface remained uncovered. These preparates with free root dentin surfaces were incubated in Sabouraud medium in the presence of six-six Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida inconspicua and Candida norvegensis strains. The calcium release was detected for 15 days. Two types of release could be distinguished. C. albicans deliberated calcium more aggressively (type "A" curve), while other Candidas were characterized by less expressed calcium releasing capacity (type "B" curve). Curves type "A" and "B" were divided into four steps in order to characterize more precisely the different dynamics of calcium release. Analyses of the different steps also suggested the more aggressive behaviour of C. albicans. Our results indicate that in addition to cariogenic role of different bacteria, fungi may also actively take part in the dentinal caries progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - László Majoros
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Szabó
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
| | - Ildikó Márton
- 2 University of Debrecen Faculty of Dentistry Debrecen Hungary
| | - Barna Kelentey
- 2 University of Debrecen Faculty of Dentistry Debrecen Hungary
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Genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans isolated from carious dentin after partial caries removal and sealing. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:165201. [PMID: 24578618 PMCID: PMC3918848 DOI: 10.1155/2014/165201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans isolated from carious dentin before and after partial dentin caries removal (PDR) and sealing. Carious dentin samples were obtained three months before and after the PDR and cavity sealing. Up to seven isolates of each morphological type of S. mutans were selected and strain identity was confirmed using gtfB primer. Genotyping was performed by arbitrary primer-PCR (AP-PCR). Acidogenesis and acidurance of the genotypes were evaluated as virulence traits. A paired t-test and a Wilcoxon test were used to compare the virulence of genotypes. A total of 48 representative S. mutans isolates were genotyped (31 before and 17 after the sealing). At least one of the genotypes found before the sealing was also found on dentin after the sealing. The number of genotypes found before the sealing ranged from 2 to 3 and after the sealing from 1 to 2 genotypes. No difference was observed in the acidogenesis and acidurance between genotypes isolated before and after the sealing. In conclusion, genotypic diversity of S. mutans decreased after the PDR and sealing, but the virulence traits of S. mutans remained unchangeable.
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Kianoush N, Nguyen KAT, Browne GV, Simonian M, Hunter N. pH gradient and distribution of streptococci, lactobacilli, prevotellae, and fusobacteria in carious dentine. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:659-69. [PMID: 23771212 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caries process comprises acidogenic and aciduric bacteria that are responsible for lowering the pH and subsequent destruction of hydroxyapatite matrix in enamel and dentine. The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between the pH gradient of a carious lesion and proportion and distribution of four bacterial genera; lactobacilli, streptococci, prevotellae, and fusobacteria with regard to total load of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25 teeth with extensive dentinal caries were sampled in sequential layers. Using quantitative real-time PCR of 16S rRNA gene, we quantified the total load of bacteria as well as the proportion of the above-mentioned genera following pH measurement of each sample with a fine microelectrode. RESULTS We demonstrated the presence of a pH gradient across the lesion with a strong association between the quantity of lactobacilli and the lowest pH range (pH 4.5-5.0; p = 0.003). Streptococci had a tendency to occupy the most superficial aspect of the carious lesion but showed no correlation to any pH value. Prevotellae showed clear preference for the pH range 5.5-6.0 (p = 0.042). The total representation of these four genera did not reach more than one quarter of the total bacterial load in most carious samples. CONCLUSION We revealed differential colonization behavior of bacteria with respect to pH gradient and a lower than expected abundance of lactobacilli and streptococci in established carious lesions. The data indicate the numerical importance of relatively unexplored taxa within the lesion of dentinal caries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The gradient nature of pH in the lesion as well as colonization difference of examined bacterial taxa with reference to pH provides a new insight in regard to conservative caries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Kianoush
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Center for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia,
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Hrkac T, Röhl C, Podschun R, Zaporojtchenko V, Strunskus T, Papavlassopoulos H, Garbe-Schönberg D, Faupel F. Huge increase of therapeutic window at a bioactive silver/titania nanocomposite coating surface compared to solution. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2367-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Foley J. Alternative treatment strategies for carious primary teeth: An overview of the evidence. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 7:73-80. [PMID: 17140531 DOI: 10.1007/bf03320818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental decay in children's primary teeth is a major health problem in the Great Britain with, in some areas, nearly 60% of five-year-olds having some experience of caries and 16% already having had at least one tooth extracted. Whilst currently accepted best practice for the management of carious primary teeth involves complete caries removal and placement of a plastic restoration, such conventional treatment is unpopular with general dental practitioners. Indeed, less than 15% of carious cavities in five-year-olds are currently restored and as such, there has been recent interest in alternative 'minimal intervention' treatment techniques for managing dental caries. REVIEW This review summarises the literature and also recent research efforts directed towards understanding the role of alternative treatment regimens including: (1) alternative techniques for cavity preparation and excavation and (2) the isolation of the carious process (in some cases, using cariostatic materials) from the oral environment or sealing in dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Foley
- Department Paediatric Dentistry, Dundee Dental Hospital, Dundee, UK.
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35
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Recruitment of dental pulp cells by dentine and pulp extracellular matrix components. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kuribayashi M, Kitasako Y, Matin K, Sadr A, Shida K, Tagami J. Intraoral pH measurement of carious lesions with qPCR of cariogenic bacteria to differentiate caries activity. J Dent 2012; 40:222-8. [PMID: 22222970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A low pH environment is created by cariogenic bacteria. This study was aimed to measure pH of carious lesions intraorally using a micro-pH sensor, and assess predominant acid-producing cariogens by qPCR to differentiate caries activities. METHODS 103 dentine lesions classified as active or arrested caries based on the clinical and radiological examinations were collected from patients after intraoral measurement of the lesion surface pH using a micro-pH sensor. Quantitative detection of genomic DNA copies of target cariogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp.) in each lesion was performed using real-time PCR. Correlation between the pH ranges and the number of bacterial species was examined by Spearman test. RESULTS 50 samples were diagnosed as active and 53 as arrested lesions. Statistically significant difference was observed on average surface pH value between active and arrested lesions (p<0.05). Prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. was higher in active lesions than in arrested lesions (76% vs. 58% of samples, respectively). When the carious lesions were categorised into four different pH ranges (up to 5.5, from 5.6 to 5.8, from 5.9 to 6.1 and 6.2 or above), increased prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. was observed with decrease of pH levels. A significant negative relationship was found between pH value and number of Lactobacillus spp. (r=-0.209, p<0.05) but no such correlation was found for mutans streptococci. CONCLUSIONS Intraoral pH measurement might be clinically useful to determine acidity of the local environment of carious lesions as one aspect of the caries activity assessment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The population of certain bacteria may indicate activity of carious lesions. Intraoral pH measurement of the carious lesions using a micro-pH sensor may be a clinically feasible method for assessment of lesion acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kuribayashi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Charadram N, Farahani RM, Harty D, Rathsam C, Swain MV, Hunter N. Regulation of reactionary dentin formation by odontoblasts in response to polymicrobial invasion of dentin matrix. Bone 2012; 50:265-75. [PMID: 22079283 PMCID: PMC3246533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblast synthesis of dentin proceeds through discrete but overlapping phases characterized by formation of a patterned organic matrix followed by remodelling and active mineralization. Microbial invasion of dentin in caries triggers an adaptive response by odontoblasts, culminating in formation of a structurally altered reactionary dentin, marked by biochemical and architectonic modifications including diminished tubularity. Scanning electron microscopy of the collagen framework in reactionary dentin revealed a radically modified yet highly organized meshwork as indicated by fractal and lacunarity analyses. Immuno-gold labelling demonstrated increased density and regular spatial distribution of dentin sialoprotein (DSP) in reactionary dentin. DSP contributes putative hydroxyapatite nucleation sites on the collagen scaffold. To further dissect the formation of this altered dentin matrix, the associated enzymatic machinery was investigated. Analysis of extracted dentin matrix indicated increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the reactionary zone referenced to physiologic dentin. Likewise, gene expression analysis of micro-dissected odontoblast layer revealed up-regulation of MMP-2. Parallel up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and membrane type 1- matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) was observed in response to caries. Next, modulation of odontoblastic dentinogenic enzyme repertoire was addressed. In the odontoblast layer expression of Toll-like receptors was markedly altered in response to bacterial invasion. In carious teeth TLR-2 and the gene encoding the corresponding adaptor protein MyD88 were down-regulated whereas genes encoding TLR-4 and adaptor proteins TRAM and Mal/TIRAP were up-regulated. TLR-4 signalling mediated by binding of bacterial products has been linked to up-regulation of MMP-2. Further, increased expression of genes encoding components of the TGF-β signalling pathway, namely SMAD-2 and SMAD-4, may explain the increased synthesis of collagen by odontoblasts in caries. These findings indicate a radical adaptive response of odontoblasts to microbial invasion of dentin with resultant synthesis of modified mineralized matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattida Charadram
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Sande FHVD, Silva AFD, Michelon D, Piva E, Cenci MS, Demarco FF. Surface roughness of orthodontic band cements with different compositions. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:223-7. [PMID: 21625737 PMCID: PMC4234333 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study evaluated comparatively the surface roughness of four
orthodontic band cements after storage in various solutions. Material and Methods eight standardized cylinders were made from 4 materials: zinc phosphate cement
(ZP), compomer (C), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and resin cement
(RC). Specimens were stored for 24 h in deionized water and immersed in saline (pH
7.0) or 0.1 M lactic acid solution (pH 4.0) for 15 days. Surface roughness
readings were taken with a profilometer (Surfcorder SE1200) before and after the
storage period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (comparison
among cements and storage solutions) or paired t-test (comparison
before and after the storage period) at 5% significance level. Results The values for average surface roughness were statistically different (p<0.001)
among cements at both baseline and after storage. The roughness values of cements
in a decreasing order were ZP>RMGIC>C>R (p<0.001). After 15 days,
immersion in lactic acid solution resulted in the highest surface roughness for
all cements (p<0.05), except for the RC group (p>0.05). Compared to the
current threshold (0.2 µm) related to biofilm accumulation, both RC and C remained
below the threshold, even after acidic challenge by immersion in lactic acid
solution. Conclusions Storage time and immersion in lactic acid solution increased the surface roughness
of the majority of the tested cements. RC presented the smoothest surface and it
was not influenced by storage conditions.
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Nascimento FD, Minciotti CL, Geraldeli S, Carrilho MR, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Nader HB, Salo T, Tjäderhane L, Tersariol ILS. Cysteine cathepsins in human carious dentin. J Dent Res 2011; 90:506-11. [PMID: 21248362 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in dentinal caries, and analysis of recent data demonstrates the presence of other collagen-degrading enzymes, cysteine cathepsins, in human dentin. This study aimed to examine the presence, source, and activity of cysteine cathepsins in human caries. Cathepsin B was detected with immunostaining. Saliva and dentin cysteine cathepsin and MMP activities on caries lesions were analyzed spectrofluorometrically. Immunostaining demonstrated stronger cathepsins B in carious than in healthy dentin. In carious dentin, cysteine cathepsin activity increased with increasing depth and age in chronic lesions, but decreased with age in active lesions. MMP activity decreased with age in both active and chronic lesions. Salivary MMP activities were higher in patients with active than chronic lesions and with increasing lesion depth, while cysteine cathepsin activities showed no differences. The results indicate that, along with MMPs, cysteine cathepsins are important, especially in active and deep caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudos em Odontologia, Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Dental biofilms produce acids from carbohydrates that result in caries. According to the extended caries ecological hypothesis, the caries process consists of 3 reversible stages. The microflora on clinically sound enamel surfaces contains mainly non-mutans streptococci and Actinomyces, in which acidification is mild and infrequent. This is compatible with equilibrium of the demineralization/remineralization balance or shifts the mineral balance toward net mineral gain (dynamic stability stage). When sugar is supplied frequently, acidification becomes moderate and frequent. This may enhance the acidogenicity and acidurance of the non-mutans bacteria adaptively. In addition, more aciduric strains, such as ‘low-pH’ non-mutans streptococci, may increase selectively. These microbial acid-induced adaptation and selection processes may, over time, shift the demineralization/remineralization balance toward net mineral loss, leading to initiation/progression of dental caries (acidogenic stage). Under severe and prolonged acidic conditions, more aciduric bacteria become dominant through acid-induced selection by temporary acid-impairment and acid-inhibition of growth (aciduric stage). At this stage, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli as well as aciduric strains of non-mutans streptococci, Actinomyces, bifidobacteria, and yeasts may become dominant. Many acidogenic and aciduric bacteria are involved in caries. Environmental acidification is the main determinant of the phenotypic and genotypic changes that occur in the microflora during caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4–1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8575, Japan
| | - B. Nyvad
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Effect of fluoride and of calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpastes on pre-softened dentin demineralization and remineralization in vitro. J Dent 2010; 38:671-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Itota T, Nakatsuka T, Tanaka K, Tashiro Y, McCabe JF, Yoshiyama M. Neutralizing effect by resin-based materials containing silane-coated glass fillers. Dent Mater J 2010; 29:362-8. [PMID: 20610877 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2009-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release, neutralizing ability and inhibitory effect on secondary caries of resin-based materials containing a silane-coated glass filler. Resin-based materials containing fluoro-boro-alumino-silicate glass coated by 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane were used and resin material containing glass filler without coating was used as a control. The fluoride release and pH value after immersion were measured for 10 weeks. The inhibitory effect was also evaluated. During the initial period, the material with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane gave the greater amount of fluoride release and produced a higher pH value compared with the other materials. However, the neutralizing ability of the material with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane filler became weaker with ageing of the specimens. The mean depth of outer lesions was similar among the three materials. Within the limitations of this study, secondary caries around restorations could not be inhibited even for products showing high fluoride releasing and neutralizing ability.
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Mantzourani M, Gilbert S, Fenlon M, Beighton D. Non-oral bifidobacteria and the aciduric microbiota of the denture plaque biofilm. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:190-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang L, Cefaly DFG, Dos Santos JL, Dos Santos JR, Lauris JRP, Mondelli RFL, Atta MT. In vitro interactions between lactic acid solution and art glass-ionomer cements. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 17:274-9. [PMID: 19668984 PMCID: PMC4327641 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572009000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Production of acids such as lactic acid contributes to establish a cariogenic environment that leads to dental substrate demineralization. Fluoride plays an important role in this case and, as fluoride-releasing materials, glass-ionomer cements are expected to contribute to minimize deleterious reactions. This study evaluated interactions of glass-ionomer cements used in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART-GICs) with an aqueous lactic acid solution, testing the null hypotheses that no changes occur in the pH of the solution or on the surface roughness and mass of the ART-GICs when exposed to lactic acid solution over a 6-week period. Material and Methods: Ketac Molar, Fuji IX, Vitro Molar and Magic Glass were tested, and compared to Filtek Z250 and Ketac Fil Plus as control groups. Six specimens of each material were made according to manufacturers' instructions. The pH of the solution and roughness and mass changes of each specimen were determined over 6 weeks. Each specimen was individually stored in 2 mL of 0.02 M lactic acid solution for 1 week, renewing the solution every week. pH of solution and mass of the specimens were monitored weekly, and surface roughness of the specimens was assessed before and at the end of the 6-week acid challenge. pH and mass data were analyzed statistically by repeated measures using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests for each material. Paired t-tests were used for roughness analysis. Tukey's post-hoc tests were applied to verify differences of final roughness among the materials. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: The null hypotheses were partially rejected. All materials were able to increase the pH of the lactic acid solution and presented rougher surfaces after immersion, while mass change was minimal and generally not statistically significant. Conclusions: These findings can be helpful to predict the performance of these materials under clinical conditions. A protective action against the carious process with significant surface damage due to erosion may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Horiuchi M, Washio J, Mayanagi H, Takahashi N. Transient acid-impairment of growth ability of oralStreptococcus,Actinomyces, andLactobacillus: a possible ecological determinant in dental plaque. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:319-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Patel M, Tawfik H, Myint Y, Brocklehurst D, Nicholson JW. Factors affecting the ability of dental cements to alter the pH of lactic acid solutions. J Oral Rehabil 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2000.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arif N, Sheehy EC, Do T, Beighton D. Diversity of Veillonella spp. from sound and carious sites in children. J Dent Res 2008; 87:278-82. [PMID: 18296614 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed data on the distribution of Veillonella in caries-free and caries-active subjects are scarce. We hypothesized that the diversity of the genus would be lower in caries lesions than in plaque from caries-free individuals. The proportions of Veillonella were not significantly different in the two groups. All isolates (n = 1308) were genotyped by REP-PCR, and different genotypes (n = 170) were identified by 16S rRNA, dnaK, and rpoB sequencing. V. parvula, V. dispar, and V. atypica were in both groups, V. denticariosi only in caries lesions, and V. rogosae only from the caries-free individuals (p < 0.009). Lesions were more likely to harbor a single predominant species (p = 0.0018). The mean number of genotypes in the lesions was less than in the fissure (p < 0.001) or buccal (p = 0.011) sites. The Veillonella from caries-free sites were more diverse than those from caries lesions, and may be related to the acidic environment of caries lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arif
- King's College London Dental Institute, Infection Research Group, Floor 17, Guy's Tower, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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48
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Czarnecka B, Deregowska-Nosowicz P, Limanowska-Shaw H, Nicholson JW. Shear bond strengths of glass-ionomer cements to sound and to prepared carious dentine. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:845-9. [PMID: 17203413 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was determine whether bonding of glass-ionomer cements to non-carious dentine differed from that to carious dentine. Five commercial cements were used, namely Fuji IX GP, Fuji IX capsulated, Fuji IX Fast capsulated (all GC, Japan), Ketac-Molar and Ketac-Molar Aplicap (both 3M-ESPE, Germany). Following conditioning of the substrate with 10% poly (acrylic acid) for 10 s, sets of 10 samples of the cements were bonded to prepared teeth that had been removed for orthodontic reasons. The teeth used had either sound dentine or sclerotic dentine. Shear bond strengths were determined following 24 h storage. For the auto-mixed cements, shear bond strength to sound dentine was found not to differ statistically from shear bond strength to sclerotic dentine whereas for hand-mixed cements, shear bond to sound dentine was found to be higher than to carious dentine (to at least p < 0.05). This shows that the chemical effects arising from interactions of glass-ionomer cements with the mineral phase of the tooth are the most important in developing strong bonds, at least in the shorter term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Czarnecka
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Yoshikawa K, Clark DT, Brailsford SR, Beighton D, Watson TF, Imazato S, Momoi Y. The Effect of Antibacterial Monomer MDPB on the Growth of Organisms Associated with Root Caries. Dent Mater J 2007; 26:388-92. [PMID: 17694749 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.26.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
MDPB, 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide, was tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of organisms associated with active root caries lesions and to modify the growth characteristics of these organisms at sub-MICs. MICs and MBCs of MDPB for independent isolates (n=5) of the following taxa: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerensceriae, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans were determined, and the effects at sub-MIC on microbial growth kinetics were assessed. All isolates were sensitive to inhibition by MDPB. The median MICs and MBCs of MDPB for these organisms were in the range of 3.13 to 25.0 microg/ml and 6.25 to 50.0 microg/ml, respectively. As for the influence of pH, inhibition was sensitive to acidic pH. Even at sub-MICs, the growth of all strains, measured as cell yield and doubling time, was significantly reduced. Based on the results of this study, MDPB exhibited the potential to inhibit the growth of microbiota associated with active root caries lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
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Celiberti P, Francescut P, Lussi A. Performance of four dentine excavation methods in deciduous teeth. Caries Res 2006; 40:117-23. [PMID: 16508268 DOI: 10.1159/000091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to assess the speed and caries removal effectiveness of four different new and conventional dentine excavation methods. Eighty deciduous molars were assigned to four groups. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally through the lesion centre. Images of one half per tooth were captured by light microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to assess the caries extension. The halves were then reassembled and caries removed using round carbide bur (group 1), Er:YAG laser (group 2), hand excavator (group 3) and a polymer bur (group 4). The time needed for the whole excavation in each tooth was registered. After excavation, the halves were photographed by light microscope. Caries extension obtained from CLSM images were superimposed on the post-excavation images, allowing comparison between caries extension and removal. The regions where caries and preparation limits coincided, as well as the areas of over- and underpreparation, were measured. Steel bur was the fastest method, followed by the polymer bur, hand excavator and laser. Steel bur exhibited also the largest overpreparation area, followed by laser, hand excavator and polymer bur. The largest underpreparation area was found using polymer bur, followed by laser, hand excavator and steel bur. Hand excavator presented the longest coincidence line, followed by polymer and steel burs and laser. Overall, hand excavator seemed to be the most suitable method for carious dentine excavation in deciduous teeth, combining good excavation time with effective caries removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Celiberti
- Department of Operative, Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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