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Sharpe T, Aqil N, Donkin V. Invisible Wounds: Exploring the Coping Strategies of Black Survivors of Homicide Victims in Canada. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241246423. [PMID: 38635949 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241246423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Canada has experienced a steady increase in homicide. Specifically, out of the 10 provinces and 3 territories, Ontario has consistently experienced the highest number of homicides, the majority concentrated within predominantly African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Despite this disproportionate reality, there is limited research on the ways in which survivors of homicide victims cope with the murder of their loved ones. This article explores the identification and characterization of coping strategies for ACB survivors of homicide victims residing in five neighbourhoods in the GTA. Participants in this study provided their insights and experiences, highlighting the coping mechanisms employed, the influence of cultural identity, and the challenges they experienced in accessing adequate care following the death of their loved ones. Implications for future research, policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sharpe
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nauman Aqil
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Donkin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Wellman AP, Meitl MB. Exploring Cold Case Homicide Survivors' Perceptions of and Relationships With Law Enforcement. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:11553-11575. [PMID: 31948329 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519897327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the nature of unsolved homicide, a complicated dynamic exists between survivors of cold case homicides and law enforcement personnel. The current study utilizes interviews with 24 survivors to explore the perceptions associated with this relationship. Employing a grounded theory framework, we find several themes depicted within these narratives that guide survivors' overall perceptions of their relationship with law enforcement, including investigative and communication efforts. Results indicate that the survivors universally perceive original detectives were incompetent or ineffective in their original investigation, thus leading to the unsolved status of their case. Over time, secondary and current investigators were also perceived as unable to properly investigate, due to challenges such as insufficient evidence or simply not conducting a comprehensive examination of the case. Regardless of this negative view of police activity on the case, relationships were defined by the level and nature of communication survivors had with their detective. Families who felt listened to, included, and/or valued reported a positive relationship with police that allowed them to trust their case was in good hands. Participants who perceived communication to be secretive, misleading, or completely absent noted strained relationships and further disappointment. Survivors may adopt roles, such as investigator, spokesperson, or advocate, to help compensate for their perception that the case is not properly cared for by police. With regard to grief progress and health of cold case homicide survivors, it is possible treatment by law enforcement outweighs the significant of case resolution years after the homicide. Recommendations for more productive survivor/police interactions are included.
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Edwards T, Sharpe T, Bonomo A, Massaquoi N. Exploring research on the coping strategies of black survivors of homicide victims: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049784. [PMID: 34725076 PMCID: PMC8562521 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black people are disproportionately impacted by homicide. However, despite this over-representation, research is limited relevant to how black individuals, families and communities cope with the chronic traumatic devastation of homicide. This scoping review will provide an amalgamation of the current literature regarding the coping strategies of black survivors of homicide victims to inform future health and social work practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this scoping review, Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework will be used to succinctly gather and synthesise previous literature and identify gaps in research relevant to black survivors of homicide victims. This method will allow for a focused process of chosen pertinent databases. The seven databases include OVID (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), ProQuest (Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, International Bibliography of Social Sciences), EBSCO (Africa Wide, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). The seven databases were chosen for their relevance to the topic of coping with homicide for black individuals, families and communities. All members of the research team will screen the abstracts and full texts of the literature based on the inclusion criteria. The findings will be charted and synthesised using a qualitative thematic analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The articles chosen for this review will be gathered from peer-reviewed journals and scholarly search engines. Due to this research project's nature, ethics approval is not warranted. The results of this scoping review will inform culturally responsive approaches to research, policy and practice for first responders (eg, law enforcement, emergency medical technicians) and providers (eg, mental health clinicians, physicians and faith-based communities) who frequently render services to black survivors of homicide victims. The results will be shared through journal article publications, academic and community conferences, as well as professional training opportunities for practitioners who support Black individuals, families and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travonne Edwards
- Factor-Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Sharpe
- Factor-Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonia Bonomo
- Factor-Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Notisha Massaquoi
- Factor-Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Henly M. Exposure to Family and Friend Homicide in a Nationally Representative Sample of Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP4413-NP4442. [PMID: 29998751 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518787200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the lifetime prevalence and distribution of family/friend homicide exposure among children and adolescents age 2 to 17 in the United States, and assesses the impact of family/friend homicide on emotional and behavioral outcomes, while controlling for potential co-occurring factors. Data were collected by telephone about the experiences of youth in 2008, 2011, or 2014, as part of the National Surveys of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV). Analyses are based on a pooled sample (n =11,771) from these three surveys. Approximately 8% of all children and youth ages 2 to 17 were exposed to a family/friend homicide. Older adolescents, Black youth, those living in single parent and nonparent family households, those from lower socioeconomic status households, and youth living in large cities were overrepresented among youth experiencing family or friend homicide. Exposed youth were also substantially more likely to be poly-victims, experience other major adversities, and live in neighborhoods with more community disorder. Exposure to family/friend homicide was significantly related to trauma symptoms. However, when other co-occurring factors were taken into account, only family/friend homicide that occurred within the last 2 years remained significant. With respect to delinquency, only nonfamily homicide exposure remained significant with these other factors controlled. Findings suggest that family/friend homicide represents a powerful marker for a broad level of victimization risk and adversity, demonstrating that family/friend murder is often just one relatively small part of a more complicated life of adversity. Although recent exposure is certainly distressing to youth, it is the wider, co-occurring context of poly-victimization and other types of adversity that appears most impactful in the longer term.
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5
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Alves-Costa F, Hamilton-Giachritsis C, Halligan S. "Everything Changes": Listening to Homicidally Bereaved Individuals' Practice and Intervention Needs. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2954-NP2974. [PMID: 29669466 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518766558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand how individuals bereaved through homicide (murder or manslaughter) describe their postevent experiences to inform clinical needs and promote mechanisms for change. A total of 21 participants (18 females) between the ages of 29 and 66 (M age = 47.81 years, SD = 8.99) took part in this study. They were all participating in a residential program for homicidally bereaved individuals and were all residents in the United Kingdom. The sample comprised of 12 parents, five siblings, one partner, one daughter, one friend, and one grandmother of the deceased. The length of time since the bereavement varied from 12 months to 18 years (M = 2.48, SD = 1.80). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the narratives collected. Three central themes emerged, namely (a) uniqueness of the experience, (b) changed self and world, and (c) mixed experiences of support. The uniqueness of the individuals' experiences was associated with the nature of the homicide event and the consequences that are unlikely to occur in "normal" deaths (e.g., judiciary). A sense of a changed self (e.g., ongoing emotional/mental and physical responses, coping) and world (e.g., changed beliefs regarding safety and criminal activity) seemed to be contributing to different shades of (mal)adjustment. Adaptive and protective strategies were identified. The current study with a large qualitative sample generated a unique, rich description/integration about individuals' journeys following an experience of homicidal bereavement. Findings are likely to inform policy and clinical practice by considering individuals' voices.
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Soydas S, Smid GE, Goodfellow B, Wilson R, Boelen PA. The UK National Homicide Therapeutic Service: A Retrospective Naturalistic Study Among 929 Bereaved Individuals. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:878. [PMID: 33005163 PMCID: PMC7485132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homicidal bereavement puts survivors at risk of developing a broad range of lasting and severe mental health problems. Previous research has often relied on relatively small and homogenous samples. Still, little is known about what factors influence the expression of symptoms following homicidal bereavement. Preventive and curative treatments often do not consider the complex coherence between the emotional, judicial, financial, and societal challenges that likely arise following a homicide. Despite the severity of its consequences on mental health, no gold standard for the preventative and curative treatment of mental health issues in homicide survivors exists. We aimed to introduce a time-limited, traumatic grief-focused outreaching model of care designed specifically for homicide survivors, and to examine its potential effectiveness. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate what factors influence the severity of mental health problems and response to treatment. In the current study, self-reported data on five different outcome measures, namely, symptoms of posttraumatic stress, prolonged grief, depression, anxiety, and functional impairment were available from 929 homicidally bereaved treatment receiving adults. We used Latent Growth Modeling to analyze our repeated measures data and to classify individuals into distinct groups based on individual response patterns. Results showed that the current model of care is likely to be effective in reducing mental health complaints following homicidal bereavement. Having a history of mental illness, being younger of age and female, and having lost either a child or spouse consistently predicted greater symptom severity and functional impairment at baseline. For change in symptom severity and functional impairment during treatment, having a history of mental illness was the only consistent predictor across all outcomes. This study was limited by its reliance on self-reported data and cross-sectional design without a control group. Future prospective, longitudinal research across different cultures is needed in order to replicate the current findings and enhance generalizability. That notwithstanding, findings provide a first step toward evaluating a novel service-delivery approach for homicide survivors and provide further insight in the development of mental health complaints following bereavement by homicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Soydas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands
| | - Geert E Smid
- ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands.,University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands
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7
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Examining the Effectiveness of Restorative Justice in Reducing Victims’ Post-Traumatic Stress. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-019-09363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCrime victimisation is a significant life event that can lead to the development of post-traumatic symptomology. Compared with the general population, victims of crime are significantly more likely to present with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Restorative justice is an approach to criminal justice that considers the goal of the justice system to restore victims to their state pre-victimisation. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress that develop following victimisation. Relevant databases were searched to identify quantitative studies measuring post-traumatic symptoms in victims of crime who successfully completed either a restorative justice or customary justice intervention. A total of seven studies were identified examining one or more facet of post-traumatic symptomology. These studies provide modest support that restorative justice did produce a greater improvement on post-traumatic symptoms than customary justice procedures. However, this was only consistently evidenced for symptoms of avoidance and intrusion, whereas there were mixed findings with regard to the subscales of negative alterations in mood and cognition, and arousal and reactivity. Reasons for these inconsistencies are discussed and recommendation made for further empirical work on this subject.
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8
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Jacoby VM, Hale W, Dillon K, Dondanville KA, Wachen JS, Yarvis JS, Litz BT, Mintz J, Young-McCaughan S, Peterson AL, Resick PA. Depression Suppresses Treatment Response for Traumatic Loss-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Active Duty Military Personnel. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:774-783. [PMID: 31461575 PMCID: PMC6800580 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple well-established evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, recent clinical trials have shown that combat-related PTSD in military populations is less responsive to evidence-based treatments than PTSD in most civilian populations. Traumatic death of a close friend or colleague is a common deployment-related experience for active duty military personnel. When compared with research on trauma and PTSD in general, research on traumatic loss suggests that it is related to higher prevalence and severity of PTSD symptoms. Experiencing a traumatic loss is also related to the development of prolonged grief disorder, which is highly comorbid with depression. This study examined the association between having traumatic loss-related PTSD and treatment response to cognitive processing therapy in active duty military personnel. Participants included 213 active duty service members recruited across two randomized clinical trials. Results showed that service members with primary traumatic loss-related PTSD (n = 44) recovered less from depressive symptoms than those who reported different primary traumatic events (n = 169), B = -4.40. Tests of mediation found that less depression recovery suppressed recovery from PTSD symptoms in individuals with traumatic loss-related PTSD, B = 3.75. These findings suggest that evidence-based treatments for PTSD should better accommodate loss and grief in military populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Jacoby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Willie Hale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kirsten Dillon
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine A. Dondanville
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jennifer Schuster Wachen
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey S. Yarvis
- Department of Behavioral Health, C.R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, Texas
| | - Brett T. Litz
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jim Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stacey Young-McCaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alan L. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Patricia A. Resick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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9
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Zakarian RJ, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Bellet BW, Neimeyer RA, Burke LA. Relations Among Meaning Making, PTSD, and Complicated Grief Following Homicide Loss. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1565111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Zakarian
- aDepartment of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Benjamin W. Bellet
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A. Neimeyer
- aDepartment of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Portland Institute for Loss and Transition, Portland, Oregon, USA
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10
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Matthews LR, Quinlan MG, Bohle P. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Prolonged Grief Disorder in Families Bereaved by a Traumatic Workplace Death: The Need for Satisfactory Information and Support. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:609. [PMID: 31543835 PMCID: PMC6728923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of traumatic workplace death on bereaved families, including their mental health and well-being, has rarely been systematically examined. This study aimed to document the rates and key correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in family members following a workplace injury fatality. The hidden nature of the target population necessitated outreach recruitment techniques, including the use of social media, newspaper articles, radio interviews, and contact with major family support organizations. Data were collected using a cross-sectional design and international online survey. The PCL-C (PTSD), the PHQ-8 (MDD), and PG-13 (PGD) were used to measure mental health disorders. All are well-established self-report measures with strong psychometric qualities. Participants were from Australia (62%), Canada (17%), the USA (16%), and the UK (5%). The majority were females (89.9%), reflecting the gender distribution of traumatic workplace deaths (over 90% of fatalities are male). Most were partners/spouses (38.5%) or parents (35%) and over half (64%) were next of kin to the deceased worker. Most deaths occurred in the industries that regularly account for more than 70 percent of all industrial deaths-construction, manufacturing, transport, and agriculture forestry and fishing. At a mean of 6.40 years (SD = 5.78) post-death, 61 percent of participants had probable PTSD, 44 percent had probable MDD, and 43 percent had probable PGD. Logistic regressions indicated that a longer time since the death reduced the risk of having each disorder. Being next of kin and having a self-reported mental health history increased the risk of having MDD. Of the related information and support variables, having satisfactory support from family, support from a person to help navigate the post-death formalities, and satisfactory information about the death were associated with a decreased risk of probable PTSD, MDD, and PGD, respectively. The findings highlight the potential magnitude of the problem and the need for satisfactory information and support for bereaved families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda R Matthews
- Work and Health Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael G Quinlan
- School of Management, UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Bohle
- Work and Health Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Wellman A, Borg M. Envisioning Justice: The Complex Journey of Cold Case Homicide Survivors. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:1102-1123. [PMID: 30573553 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While police make an arrest in the majority of homicide cases occurring annually in the United States, a portion remain unsolved and are eventually classified as "cold cases." Family members of the victims are not only left grieving the loss of their loved ones, but also plagued by the knowledge that the murderer has yet to be officially identified or held accountable. How do these family members-cold case homicide survivors-navigate their open-ended journey through grief? Using a social constructivist approach, we analyze in-depth interviews with 24 cold case homicide survivors to describe the unique dimensions of their experience, including how their hopes are tied to understandings of achieving justice for their loved ones. Three themes emerge from their narratives: a certainty that the killers will be identified; a demand for the harshest punishment possible; and an underlying anxiety about what the identification of the offender will ultimately mean for them. We consider the implications of survivors' expectations for the future, especially for their relationships with the police, other family members, and the criminal justice process in general.
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12
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Saco L, Dirks D. Closure and Justice: A Qualitative Study of Perspectives From Homicide Survivorship Experts. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:830-854. [PMID: 30567868 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The criminal justice system and the media perpetuate the rhetoric of closure, which frames the end of grief for homicide survivors, or murder victims' loved ones, as an attainable goal on their path to healing. Public discourse has also framed the death penalty as justice for survivors. However, little scholarly attention has addressed survivors' experiences and perceptions of closure and justice. This research addresses this gap in the literature using in-depth, qualitative interviews with 36 community, academic, and criminal justice experts on homicide survivorship, 12 of whom are homicide survivors themselves. Using grounded theory, we derived six themes on closure and justice from the data. The majority of respondents indicate that survivors do not experience closure, and that they consider the term misleading. The question as to the meaning of justice produced more disparate responses. While many indicated that justice has unique meanings for individual survivors, holding the perpetrator accountable emerged as the most common theme. Half of the respondents also indicated that justice does not exist in homicide cases because of their difficult experiences with the criminal justice system. The findings have implications for policy, practice, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Saco
- Occidental College, Los Angeles, California
- University of California, Davis, California
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13
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Alves-Costa F, Hamilton-Giachritsis C, Christie H, Halligan SL. Self-perception of adaptation among homicidally bereaved individuals following a psychoeducational intervention: a UK longitudinal qualitative study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020443. [PMID: 30082343 PMCID: PMC6078228 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on homicidal bereavement has focused on postloss impact and coping. Less is known about how individuals perceive their adjustment posthomicide. Adverse experiences are likely to leave individuals with an increased risk of developing severe psychological difficulties, such as depression, Post-traumatic stress (PTSD), anxiety and complicated grief. This study aimed to explore how individuals perceive their change and progression posthomicide and post-psychoeducational intervention. DESIGN Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted both as part of a prospective study and retrospectively to allow for a longer follow-up period. SETTING Homicidally bereaved individuals who participated in a residential psychoeducational intervention offered by a national charity (Escaping Victimhood (EV)). PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine individuals (mainly females) took part: 14 as part of a 6-9-month follow-up (short-term trajectory group (STG) individuals-mean age 45.25) and 15 individuals (long-term trajectory group (LTG) individuals-mean age 48.50), retrospectively, 2 to 5 years postintervention. RESULTS Interviews were analysed using an inductive Thematic Analysis method. Three main themes and nine subthemes emerged, and applied to both groups, as follows: (1) actual changes perceived by the participants (increased understanding, improved coping strategies and positive self-change), (2) barriers to recovery (severe psychological difficulties over time, need for further support, reminders and close relationships with both victim and perpetrator), and finally perceived future progression (living day by day, hope and hopelessness). The only significant differences between the two groups related to the reported self-growth among LTG individuals and the perceived increased informal support among STG individuals by keeping in touch in other EV participants. CONCLUSION This unique study provides insight into how homicidally bereaved individuals perceive their bereavement paths and helped to identify elements that appear to contribute for their adjustment. Importantly, it has highlighted that positive changes can also be an outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hope Christie
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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14
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Williams JL, Rheingold AA, McNallan LJ, Knowlton AW. Survivors' perspectives on a modular approach to traumatic grief treatment. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 42:155-163. [PMID: 29300145 PMCID: PMC6118345 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1370796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding survivors' perspectives on treatment is important in a patient-centered approach to developing interventions for traumatic loss. Focus groups were conducted with 23 motor vehicle crash, suicide, and homicide survivors. Survivors' attitudes toward a modular treatment for traumatic loss were assessed. This study also sought to explore survivors' perspectives on the acceptability of existing evidence-based practice elements in the treatment of bereavement-related mental health problems. Qualitative analyses suggest that survivors liked a modular treatment approach and agreed that existing practice elements could be useful in addressing bereavement-related concerns. Implications for developing a modular treatment package for traumatic loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joah L Williams
- a Department of Psychology , University of Missouri - Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Alyssa A Rheingold
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Liana J McNallan
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Alice W Knowlton
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
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15
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Costa DHD, Njaine K, Schenker M. Repercussões do homicídio em famílias das vítimas: uma revisão da literatura. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 22:3087-3097. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017229.18132016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O presente estudo empreendeu uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre as repercussões da morte por homicídio nas famílias das vítimas, analisando o período de 1990 a junho de 2015. Constatou-se que a maioria dos estudos sobre o tema concentra-se nos Estados Unidos. Em menor número foram localizados estudos conduzidos no Brasil e em outros países. Quatro principais temas foram identificados: Impactos na saúde, O sistema familiar no pós-homicídio, Fatores de revitimização e Aspectos facilitadores do pós-homicídio. Os achados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de uma atenção interdisciplinar voltada para esse público, considerando suas demandas de saúde, social, financeira e jurídica.
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Abstract
After a homicide, family members of the victim must cope with their loss and find ways to continue on with their lives. Research suggests that as “secondary victims,” this group may experience grief and cope in ways unique from other victims. Using focus group data, this article examines the impact of homicide on surviving family members. Our findings highlight the divergent ways in which individuals respond to homicide as well as the varying coping strategies families implement. Practical applications of these findings are discussed.
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McClatchey RS, Vonk ME. An Exploratory Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Bereaved Children. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2016. [DOI: 10.2190/ea87-ldjn-lulb-vnvu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study reports on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among a sample ( n = 46) of bereaved children. PTSD symptoms in children who have experienced loss due to an expected death through illness have not been previously studied. Method: An exploratory cross-sectional design was used to compare Impact of Event Scale (IES) scores between two groups of bereaved children. One group experienced the sudden, unexpected death of a family member; the second group experienced the expected death of a family member following protracted illness. Findings: Overall, almost two-thirds of the children were found to be experiencing moderate to severe levels of PTSD related symptoms of intrusion and avoidance as measured by the IES. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the IES scores of the two groups of children. Implications: Findings are discussed in relation to current practice with and research on bereaved children.
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van Denderen M, de Keijser J, Huisman M, Boelen PA. Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Rated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complicated Grief in a Community-Based Sample of Homicidally Bereaved Individuals. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:207-227. [PMID: 25389188 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514555368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
People confronted with homicidal loss have to cope with separation distress, related to their loss, and traumatic distress, associated with the circumstances surrounding the death. These reactions are related to complicated grief (CG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The psychological effects for people who have lost someone through homicide, in terms of PTSD and CG, are largely unclear. This cross-sectional study (a) examined the prevalence of self-rated PTSD and self-rated CG in a community-based sample of 312 spouses, family members, and friends of homicide victims and (b) aimed to identify socio-demographic, loss-related, and perpetrator-related correlates of PTSD and CG. Participants were recruited via support organizations for homicidally bereaved individuals in the Netherlands (i.e., support group), and by casemanagers of a governmental organization, which offers practical, non-psychological, support to bereaved families (i.e., casemanager group). Prevalence of self-rated PTSD was 30.9% (support group) and 37.5% (casemanager group), prevalence of CG was 82.7% (support group) and 80.6% (casemanager group). PTSD and CG severity scores varied as a function of the relationship with the victim; parents were at greater risk to develop emotional problems, compared with other relatives of the victim. Time since loss was negatively associated with PTSD and CG scores.
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Stretesky PB, Cope K, Shelley TO, Hogan MJ, Unnithan NP. "The Police Have Given Up": An Empirical Examination of Covictims' Beliefs About Cold Case Homicide Investigations. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2015; 31:135-154. [PMID: 26646782 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the perception by cold case homicide covictims that police have given up trying to solve their loved one's murder. A random sample (n = 65) of cold case homicide covictims is surveyed to determine if, and how, different forms of communication may be important in their perceptions about police. Ordered logistic regression analyses indicate that perceived importance of the information communicated, frequency of police contact, and satisfaction with communication efforts by police are inversely correlated with covictims' perceptions that police have given up on the investigation. These inverse correlations persist despite statistical controls and have important implications for the bereavement of covictims and for crime rates.
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Rheingold AA, Williams JL. Survivors of Homicide: Mental Health Outcomes, Social Support, and Service Use Among a Community-Based Sample. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2015; 30:870-883. [PMID: 26300259 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore rates of bereavement-related mental health outcomes and diagnostic comorbidity along with the associations between mental health outcomes, perceived social support, knowledge of services, and service use among a diverse sample of 47 survivors 2 years post loss. Findings are consistent with prior studies in that homicide is associated with an overlapping of significant symptom presentation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and complicated grief (CG). Lack of grief-specific social support was demonstrated to be associated with PTSD and MDD but not with CG. Although a significant number of survivors reported poor mental health outcomes, a limited number were using services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Rheingold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Smith JR. Unequal burdens of loss: examining the frequency and timing of homicide deaths experienced by young Black men across the life course. Am J Public Health 2015; 105 Suppl 3:S483-90. [PMID: 25905836 PMCID: PMC4455517 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES I examined the frequency and developmental timing of traumatic loss resulting from the health disparity of homicide among young Black men in Baltimore, Maryland. METHODS Using a modified grounded theory approach, I conducted in-depth semistructured interviews with 40 Black men (aged 18-24 years) from January 2012 to June 2013. I also constructed adapted life history calendar tools using chronologies of loss, and (1) provided a comprehensive history of loss, (2) determined a specific frequency of homicide deaths, (3) indicated participants' relationship to the decedents, and (4) identified the developmental timing of deaths. RESULTS On average, participants knew 3 homicide victims who were overwhelmingly peers. Participant experiences of homicide death started in early childhood, peaked in adolescence, and persisted into emerging adulthood. The traumatic loss of peer homicide was a significant developmental turning point and disrupted participants' social networks. CONCLUSIONS The traumatic loss of peer homicide was a prevalent life course experience for young Black men and identified the need for trauma- and grief-informed interventions. Future research is needed to examine the physical and psychosocial consequences, coping resources and strategies, and developmental implications of traumatic loss for young Black men in urban contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Smith
- At the time of the study, Jocelyn R. Smith was a PhD candidate in the Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Public Health
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Williams JL, Rheingold AA. Barriers to care and service satisfaction following homicide loss: associations with mental health outcomes. DEATH STUDIES 2015; 39:12-18. [PMID: 24766188 PMCID: PMC4209194 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.846949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Homicide survivors are at increased risk for mental health problems, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and complicated grief. Therefore, improving access to community and mental health resources is critical for this population. The atuhors sought to examine barriers to accessing services and service satisfaction among 47 homicide survivors. Over half of the sample met criteria for a mental disorder, with depression being the most prevalent problem. Frequently endorsed barriers to care included financial barriers, inadequate information, and health-related problems. However, participants who engaged in services were generally satisfied with those services. Only depression was uniquely associated with worse overall service satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joah L Williams
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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Sharpe TL. Understanding the sociocultural context of coping for African American family members of homicide victims: a conceptual model. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:48-59. [PMID: 24370631 DOI: 10.1177/1524838013515760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The disproportionate representation of African American survivors of homicide victims places them at greater risk for compromised mental health. However, an examination of factors that influence how this population copes with this traumatic event is absent from the literature. This article elucidates the importance of sociocultural factors that influence coping resources and strategies for African Americans surviving the homicide of a loved one. A socioculturally responsive model of coping is presented that can be utilized in furthering the development of research and practice that is culturally responsive to the needs of African American survivors of homicide victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Sharpe
- University of Maryland, School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
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van Denderen M, de Keijser J, Kleen M, Boelen PA. Psychopathology among homicidally bereaved individuals: a systematic review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:70-80. [PMID: 24346707 DOI: 10.1177/1524838013515757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the literature on bereavement, claims are made that homicidal loss is associated with posttraumatic stress reactions, depression, and other severe mental health problems. It is surprising that only a few studies have investigated the nature and prevalence of emotional symptoms following homicidal bereavement and a reference to systematic, empirical research is seldom provided. This article reviews the available literature to investigate whether these claims have empirical evidence. Three databases were searched to identify relevant studies. This approach was supplemented with a bibliography search. Eligible studies included English-language peer-reviewed articles that assessed psychopathology in the homicidally bereaved, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Of the 360 potentially relevant articles, 8 studies (13 references) met predefined inclusion criteria. Homicide-related psychopathology among the bereaved assessed in these studies includes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, complicated grief, and substance abuse. Prevalence of lifetime homicide-related PTSD varied from 19.1% to 71% across studies. Current PTSD varied between 5.2% and 6%. The reviewed literature was inconclusive regarding the course of symptoms over time and the severity of psychopathology among the homicidally bereaved, compared to individuals bereaved by other causes of death. A comparison of the nature and prevalence of psychopathology between studies was complicated by unequal sample sizes and type, recruitment strategy, study design, and time since loss. Limitations of the included studies are discussed, as well as implications for clinical practice, policy, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos de Keijser
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco Kleen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Boelen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Baddeley JL, Williams JL, Rynearson T, Correa F, Saindon C, Rheingold AA. Death thoughts and images in treatment-seekers after violent loss. DEATH STUDIES 2015; 39:84-91. [PMID: 25101789 PMCID: PMC4281506 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2014.893274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Violent loss survivors often describe experiencing recurrent imagery about their loved one's death. The Death Imagery Scale assesses 5 kinds of imagery: reenactment, rescue, revenge, reunion, and remorse. We explored the frequency of these forms of imagery and their associations with PTSD, depression, and/or complicated grief (CG) among 130 treatment-seeking survivors who were, on average, 3.5 years postloss. Reenactment, rescue, and remorse imagery were most frequently endorsed, and all forms of imagery were associated with PTSD, depression, and CG. Bereaved parents reported more remorse and reunion imagery than others. Homicide survivors reported more revenge imagery than suicide and accident survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Baddeley
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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26
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Wellman AP. Grief in Comparison: Use of Social Comparison Among Cold Case Homicide Survivors. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2013.801306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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"The psychological skeleton in the closet": mortality after a sibling's suicide. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:919-27. [PMID: 24126558 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the association between loss of an adult sibling due to suicide and mortality from various causes up to 18 years after bereavement. METHODS We conducted a follow-up study between 1981 and 2002, based on register data representing the total population of Swedes aged 25-64 years (n = 1,748,069). RESULTS An elevated mortality rate from all causes was found among men (RR 1.26; 95 % CI: 1.14-1.40) and women (1.27; 1.11-1.45) who had experienced a sibling's suicide. The standardized rate ratio of suicide of bereaved to non-bereaved persons was 2.46 (1.86-3.24) among men and 3.25 (2.28-4.65) among women. We also found some indications of an interrelation between sibling suicide and subsequent deaths from external causes other than suicide in men (1.77; 1.34-2.34) and deaths from cardiovascular disease in women (1.37; 0.99-1.91). An elevated all-cause mortality rate was found after the first year of bereavement in men, while bereaved women experienced higher mortality rates during the first 2 years and after 5 years of bereavement. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides support for adverse health effects among survivors associated with sibling loss due to suicide. Sibling suicides were primarily associated with suicide in bereaved survivors, although there was an increased mortality rate from discordant causes, which strengthens the possibility that the observed associations might not be entirely due to shared genetic causes.
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Tampubolon G, Hanandita W. Poverty and mental health in Indonesia. Soc Sci Med 2014; 106:20-7. [PMID: 24524962 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Community and facility studies in developing countries have generally demonstrated an inverse relationship between poverty and mental health. However, recent population-based studies contradict this. In India and Indonesia the poor and non-poor show no difference in mental health. We revisit the relationship between poverty and mental health using a validated measure of depressive symptoms (CES-D) and a new national sample from Indonesia - a country where widespread poverty and deep inequality meet with a neglected mental health service sector. Results from three-level overdispersed Poisson models show that a 1% decrease in per capita household expenditure was associated with a 0.05% increase in CES-D score (depressive symptoms), while using a different indicator (living on less than $2 a day) it was estimated that the poor had a 5% higher CES-D score than the better off. Individual social capital and religiosity were found to be positively associated with mental health while adverse events were negatively associated. These findings provide support for the established view regarding the deleterious association between poverty and mental health in developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gindo Tampubolon
- Institute for Social Change, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Wulung Hanandita
- Institute for Social Change, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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29
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Simmons CA, Duckworth M, Tyler E. Getting by after a loved one's death by homicide: the relationship between case status, trauma symptoms, life satisfaction, and coping. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2014; 29:506-522. [PMID: 25069153 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Covictims of homicide are the loved ones of people killed by homicide. As secondary victims, they experience trauma from the crime yet are not the focus of criminal justice system (CJS) processes. The current descriptive-exploratory study seeks to better understand this often hidden population by exploring the relationship between CJS case status, trauma symptoms, life satisfaction, and coping with a group of 137 covictims from the Mid-South region of the United States. Findings indicate that case closure does not resolve trauma symptoms, although symptoms do lessen. In addition, a broad range of helping services and coping strategies are used after the homicide. Some are associated with CJS case status, trauma symptoms, and life satisfaction whereas others are not. These findings highlight important areas for future research.
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30
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Sharpe TL, Osteen P, Frey JJ, Michalopoulos LM. Coping with grief responses among African American family members of homicide victims. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2014; 29:332-347. [PMID: 24834751 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00083r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research relevant to coping with grief for African American family members of homicide victims is limited. This retrospective study was conducted to determine the effects of gender, length of time since death, the traumatic impact of experiencing the homicide of a loved one, and the use of coping strategies to current grief reactions of African American family members of homicide victims (N = 44). Multiple regression analysis results suggest that gender and level of traumatic stress, related to posttraumatic stress symptomatology, predict current symptoms of grief. Women reported higher levels of current grief symptoms than men. Family members of homicide victims who reported higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptomology reported higher levels of current grief. Implications for research and recommendations for practitioners are discussed.
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Saindon C, Rheingold AA, Baddeley J, Wallace MM, Brown C, Rynearson EK. Restorative retelling for violent loss: an open clinical trial. DEATH STUDIES 2014; 38:251-258. [PMID: 24524588 PMCID: PMC4506689 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.783654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Those impacted by the loss of a loved one to violent death (i.e., homicide, suicide, or accident) may be at risk for posttraumatic stress, depression, and prolonged grief. Restorative retelling (RR) is a structured group intervention developed to improve coping skills, integrate commemoration of the deceased, and approach traumatic memories. This article provides initial evidence for the use of RR in reducing trauma, depression, and prolonged grief symptoms in a records review open trial of 51 violent loss survivors at a community counseling clinic. Results suggested that RR was well tolerated with a significant decrease in symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa A. Rheingold
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jenna Baddeley
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Meghan M. Wallace
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Clara Brown
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Sharpe TL, Joe S, Taylor KC. Suicide and homicide bereavement among African Americans: implications for survivor research and practice. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2013; 66:153-72. [PMID: 23472323 DOI: 10.2190/om.66.2.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suicide and homicide are among the leading causes of death for young African-American men; however, little is known about how family members cope with these types of deaths. This exploratory phenomenological study examines the traumatic loss and coping experiences of a purposive convenience sample of 12 immediate African-American surviving family members with a combined experience of 13 deaths, 8 suicides and 5 homicides. Novel aspects of suicide and homicide survivor phenomenon were identified, including Survivor Responses and Reactions, Coping Strategies, and Survivor Service Needs. The implications for research and for those providing services to surviving African-American families are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Sharpe
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Rostila M, Saarela J, Kawachi I. Suicide following the death of a sibling: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-002618. [PMID: 23624991 PMCID: PMC3641510 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The death of a sibling can trigger grief and depression. Sibling deaths from external causes may be particularly detrimental, since they are often sudden. We aimed to examine the association between the death of an adult sibling from external causes and the risk of suicide among surviving siblings up to 18 years after bereavement. We adjusted for intrafamily correlation in death risks, which might occur because of shared genetics and shared early-life experiences of siblings in the same family. DESIGN A follow-up study between 1981 and 2002 based on the total population. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS Swedes aged 25-64 years (n=1 748 069). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Suicide from the Swedish cause of death register. RESULTS An increased risk of mortality from suicide was found among persons who had experienced the death of a sibling. In women, the suicide risk was 1.55 times that of non-bereaved persons (95% CI 0.99 to 2.44), and in men it was 1.28 times higher (95% CI 0.93 to 1.77). If one sibling committed suicide, the risk of the remaining sibling also committing suicide was 3.19 (95% CI 1.23 to 8.25) among women and 2.44 (95% CI 1.34 to 4.45) among men. Associations with other main causes of death-such as external other than suicide, cardiovascular diseases or cancer-were generally much smaller and statistically not significant in either sex. We found no clear support for a specific time pattern according to time since a sibling's death. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided evidence for suicide risk associated with the death of a sibling at adult age, revealing that bereaved persons' risk of suicide is higher when siblings die from suicide, even when adjusting for intrafamily correlation in death risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Rostila
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Saarela
- Åbo Akademi University and University of Helsinki, Vasa, Finland
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bailey A, Sharma M, Jubin M. The mediating role of social support, cognitive appraisal, and quality health care in black mothers' stress-resilience process following loss to gun violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2013; 28:233-247. [PMID: 23763109 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.11-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although much attention has been granted to the perpetrators and victims of gun violence, limitations exist in our understanding of the psychological well-being of parents grieving children lost to gun violence. The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of social support, cognitive appraisal, and quality health care on the relationship between traumatic stress and resilience among Black mothers bereaving children to gun violence. A cross-sectional design and network sampling method were used to recruit 48 Black mothers living in a large Canadian city. Participants completed a survey either by phone or in person. Social support and positive appraisal were found to be protective factors of resilience for study participants. The traumatic stress experienced by the sample decreased with increased social support (beta = -.291, p = .045), leading to an increase of their resilience (beta = .297, p = .032). With positive appraisal of the loss, the stress levels of study participants decreased (beta = -.334, p = .023), leading to increased resilience (beta = .441, p = .003). Quality health care showed a significant positive relationship with the resilience of the women (beta = .313, p = .023) but did not mediate the relationship between their stress and resilience. For Black mothers who experience loss of a child to gun violence, policy and social change efforts should focus on strengthening their access to formal and informal supports and improving their abilities to find meaning in their loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bailey
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Ryerson University, Toronto.
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Nakajima S, Ito M, Shirai A, Konishi T. Complicated grief in those bereaved by violent death: the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on complicated grief. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22754294 PMCID: PMC3384450 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2012.14.2/snakajima] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Violent death, such as homicide, accident, and suicide, is sudden, unexpected, and caused by intentional power, The prevalence of complicated grief among those bereaved by violent death is 12.5% to 78.0%. The factors affecting this prevalence rate are considered to be comorbid mental disorders, lack of readiness for the death, difficulty in making sense of the death, high level of negative appraisal about the self and others, and various social stressors. Post-traumatic stress disorder is, in particular, considered to contribute to the development of complicated grief by suppressing function of the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which works at facilitating the normal mourning process. An understanding of the mechanism and biological basis of complicated grief by violent death will be helpful in developing effective preventive intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nakajima
- Division of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
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Rheingold AA, Zinzow H, Hawkins A, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG. Prevalence and mental health outcomes of homicide survivors in a representative US sample of adolescents: data from the 2005 National Survey of Adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:687-94. [PMID: 22211367 PMCID: PMC3326225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each homicide leaves behind several friends and family members, or homicide survivors. However, limited information is available on the impact of homicide on adolescent survivors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the prevalence of homicide survivorship and to determine mental health outcomes within a sample of US adolescent survivors. METHODS A nationally representative sample of American adolescents (N = 3,614) between the ages of 12 and 17 completed structured telephone interviews assessing homicide survivorship and mental health consequences including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, drug use, and alcohol abuse. RESULTS Reported prevalence within this sample of losing a loved one to criminal homicide was 9%, losing a loved one to vehicular homicide was 7%, and losing a loved one to both types of homicide was 2%. Logistic regression analyses found that adolescents who reported being homicide survivors were significantly more likely to report depression, drug use, and alcohol abuse after controlling for demographic factors and other violence exposure. CONCLUSIONS If the results from this study are generalizable to the US population, roughly 1 in 5 American adolescents may be impacted by homicide. Further, adolescents exposed to such a loss are at increased risk for mental health sequelae. Results suggest that greater attention needs to be paid to address the needs of these often underserved victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Rheingold
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street,Charleston, SC29425, USA.
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Tuck I, Baliko B, Schubert CM, Anderson L. A pilot study of a weekend retreat intervention for family survivors of homicide. West J Nurs Res 2012; 34:766-94. [PMID: 22566289 DOI: 10.1177/0193945912443011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Homicide causes negative unintended consequences for family survivors. Family survivors face complicated grief and overwhelming loss with minimal support from others. The authors offered a retreat intervention as a way to ameliorate the effects of the homicidal death for family survivors of homicide. An exploratory longitudinal pilot study examined the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and explored the impact of the TOZI© Healing intervention on participants' distress symptoms. Eight family members participated in the 2-day retreat and completed surveys at five time intervals over 30 months. Descriptive statistics and correlations were used to analyze the data. Although sample sizes were too small to achieve statistical significance, changes on selected holistic health outcomes, supported by overwhelmingly positive focus group responses to the intervention, affirm the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Tuck
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on the psychological consequences of sudden and violent losses, including disaster and military losses. It also reviews risk and resilience factors for grief and mental health and describes the effects and possible benefit of psychosocial interventions. The review shows gaps in the literature on grief and bereavement after sudden and violent deaths. Still, some preliminary conclusions can be made. Several studies show that a sudden and violent loss of a loved one can adversely affect mental health and grief in a substantial number of the bereaved. The prevalence of mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and prolonged grief disorder (PGD, also termed complicated grief) varies widely, however, from study to study. Also, mental health disorders are more elevated after sudden and violent losses than losses following natural deaths, and the trajectory of recovery seems to be slower. Several factors related to the circumstances of the loss may put the bereaved at heightened risk for mental distress. These factors may be differentially related to different outcomes; some increase the risk for PTSD, others for PGD. Given the special circumstances, bereavement following sudden and violent death may require different interventions than for loss from natural death. Recommendations for future research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristensen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Kirkeveien 166, Building 48, 0407 Oslo, Norway.
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Zinzow HM, Rheingold AA, Byczkiewicz M, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG. Examining posttraumatic stress symptoms in a national sample of homicide survivors: prevalence and comparison to other violence victims. J Trauma Stress 2011; 24:743-6. [PMID: 22108895 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among friends and family members of homicide victims (homicide survivors). Out of a national sample of 1,753 young adults who completed follow-up interviews after participating in the National Survey of Adolescents, 268 homicide survivors and 653 victims of other interpersonal violence were selected for the study. Participants completed structured telephone interviews that covered the loss of a family member or close friend to homicide, violence exposure, and PTSD symptomatology. Findings indicated that 39% of homicide survivors met criteria for all 3 symptom clusters and 30% of homicide survivors met criteria for 2 PTSD clusters (functional impairment was not assessed). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that homicide survivors were more likely than victims of other violence to meet criteria for all 3 PTSD symptom clusters (OR = 1.91, p < .05) and 2 symptom clusters (OR = 1.77, p < .05) when demographic characteristics and number of violent events were included in the model. These findings highlight the high prevalence of subthreshold PTSD symptoms among homicide survivors. Results suggest that homicide survivors are at elevated risk for PTSD symptoms in comparison to victims of other interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Zinzow
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Abstract
RiassuntoScopo- Presentare una esaustivareviewdegli studi riguardanti l'epidemiologia del DPTS condotti nella popolazione generale, tra i soggetti a rischio, e, infine, tra gruppi clinicamente selezionati.Disegno- AttraversoExcepta Medica PsychiatryCD-ROM 1980-1993 (ottobre), utilizzando come parola chiave «Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder», sono stati identificati 1.057 articoli pubblicati nel periodo considerate Sono stati anche consultati altridata basedella letteratura medica (MEDLINE CD-ROM 1988-1993); è stata quindi operata una ricerca manuale su tutti i numeri delJournal of Traumatic Stress. Risultati- In totale, 135 lavori che hanno soddisfatto i criteri di inclusione prescelti sono stati inclusi nella review. I due terzi (n = 86, 64%) di queste ricerche sono state condotte negli USA. Solo 8 (6%) sono le indagini effettivamente realizzate nei paesi del Terzo Mondo. L'ampiezza del campione varia da un minimo di 11 soggetti, numero riscontrato in due studi, sino ad un massimo di 22.436, per un campione medio di 500 e mediano di 108. Per quanto attiene ai metodi di valutazione, in un terzo degli studi (n = 45, 33%), i ricercatori hanno impiegato un questionario (auto- o etero- somministrato). In un altro terzo delle ricerche elencate (n = 44, 33%) e stata somministrata un'intervista strutturata (la DIS, la SCID, o la SADS), mentre nei rimanenti studi la valutazione diagnostica si è basata o su una procedura clinica non strutturata, o sulla somministrazione di altri strumenti specifici dai quali è possibile inferire una diagnosi di DPTS (M-PTSD, IES, SCL-90-R,o pochi altri). In 77 studi (57%) i ricercatori hanno basato la loro valutazione sui criteri diagnostici propri del DSM-III, mentre in altri 55 (41%) su quelli del DSM-III-R. La prevalenza del DPTS e analizzata quindi separatamente per le diverse popolazioni studiate.Conclusioni- Nell'arco di soli 13 anni, a partire cioe dalla definizione di criteri diagnostici operazionali ben definiti per il DPTS, sono stati condotti numerosi studi volti ad indagare la prevalenza, i fattori di rischio, la storia naturale, il decorso e l' esito di questo disturbo tra campioni diversi di popolazioni a rischio; inoltre, anche il livello qualitativo di queste ricerche, per quanto attiene alia sofisticazione metodologica, si è accresciuto sensibilmente in un tempo tutto sommato breve. Molte aree, pero', restano tuttora inesplorate, ed inoltre appare imperativo avviare ricerche estensive tra le popolazioni dei paesi in via di sviluppo, maggiormente esposte a disastri naturali o provocati dall'uomo.
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Ogata K, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Nishi Y, Maeda H. Posttraumatic symptoms in Japanese bereaved family members with special regard to suicide and homicide cases. DEATH STUDIES 2011; 35:525-535. [PMID: 24501828 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2011.553327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in Japanese bereaved family members using a questionnaire. Participants were bereaved as a result of suicide and homicide (n = 51 and 49, respectively), with natural death (n = 56) as a control; and their relationships to the deceased were parent-child (n = 79), conjugal (n = 42), and others (n = 35). With regard to the 3 main PTSD-related criteria, (a) re-experiencing symptoms were not dependent on the manner of death or the relationship to the deceased; (b) avoidance behaviors were more highly related to homicide than natural death for relatives other than parent-child and conjugal relationships; and (c) hyperarousal and maladaptation symptoms were more serious for conjugal loss. These findings suggest that avoidance behaviors in homicidal cases are more closely associated with a distant family relationship, whereas conjugal loss is traumatic, irrespective of the manner of death, often causing hyperarousal and maladaptation symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohske Ogata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Michiue
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Nishi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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Murphy SA, Johnson LC, Lohan J. THE AFTERMATH OF THE VIOLENT DEATH OF A CHILD: AN INTEGRATION OF THE ASSESSMENTS OF PARENTS' MENTAL DISTRESS AND PTSD DURING THE FIRST 5 YEARS OF BEREAVEMENT. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10811440290057620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sharpe TL, Boyas J. We fall down: the African American experience of coping with the homicide of a loved one. JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES 2011; 42:855-873. [PMID: 22073426 DOI: 10.1177/0021934710377613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rates of homicide among African Americans are much higher than those of other racial or ethnic groups. Research has demonstrated that homicide can be psychologically debilitating for surviving family members. Yet, exploring the experiences of homicide victims’ surviving loved ones has received little attention. This study examined the coping strategies of African American survivors of homicide. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 8 African American family members (ages 18-82) of homicide victims. Survivors were recruited from the Massachusetts Office of Victim Services and from homicide survivor support, school, and community groups throughout the New England area. Interviews were conducted using open-ended questions derived from coping, support network, grief, and bereavement literatures. Results indicate that the primary coping strategies utilized by African American survivors of homicide victims are spiritual coping and meaning making, maintaining a connection to the deceased, collective coping and caring for others, and concealment. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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RHEINGOLD ALYSSAA, SMITH DANIELW, RUGGIERO KENNETHJ, SAUNDERS BENJAMINE, KILPATRICK DEANG, RESNICK HEIDIS. LOSS, TRAUMA EXPOSURE, AND MENTAL HEALTH IN A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF 12–17-YEAR-OLD YOUTH: DATA FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY OF ADOLESCENTS. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020490255250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ALYSSA A. RHEINGOLD
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - DANIEL W. SMITH
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - KENNETH J. RUGGIERO
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - BENJAMIN E. SAUNDERS
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - DEAN G. KILPATRICK
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - HEIDI S. RESNICK
- a National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center , Charleston, South Carolina
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McClatchy IS, Vonk ME, Palardy G. The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief—A Comparison of Violent/Sudden and Expected Loss. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2009; 59:305-23. [DOI: 10.2190/om.59.4.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief (CTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parentally bereaved children and compare scores between those who had lost a parent to a sudden/violent death and those who had lost a parent to an expected death. Asample of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7–16 completed the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI); 127 of those also completed the UCLA PTSD Index. A large number of children were experiencing CTG symptoms at moderate and severe levels. There was no significant difference in EGI or UCLA PTSD Index scores between the two types of losses. Findings are discussed in relation to trauma theory, research on parentally bereaved children and implications for practice.
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46
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Karabekiroglu K, Akbas S, Tasdemir GN, Karakurt MN. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents after two murders in a school: a controlled follow-up study. Int J Psychiatry Med 2009; 38:407-24. [PMID: 19480355 DOI: 10.2190/pm.38.4.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two students were murdered by gunshot by another student. Among the classmates and the students in another school, we aimed to investigate the factors on the fifth day of trauma to be predictive of higher post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) scores five months later. METHODS The adolescents attending the school (School A: acute phase n:41; second phase n:57; follow-up group n:35) where the event had occurred, and the adolescents attending a school (School B: acute phase n:98; second phase n:57) of similar statue were included. They had completed "Trauma Questionnaire" (TQ), "Childhood Post Traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index" (CPTSD-RI), "Beck Depression Inventory" (BDI), and "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" (STAI) both 5 days and 5 months after the event. RESULTS Both 5 days and 5 months after the trauma, students in school A, and the girls in both schools had significantly higher CPTSD-RI scores. Nine students (25.7%) in the follow-up group were found to have CPTSD-RI scores higher than 39, indicating severe PTSD symptoms. The CPTSD-RI scores of this group 5 months after the trauma were significantly correlated with the several scores of the acute term (CPTSD-RI [r: .76,p < .001]; BDI [r: .56, p: .001]; STAI-state [r:. 49, p: .004]). CONCLUSION Results reveal that a murder of a peer triggers post-traumatic stress symptoms in a vast majority of the 16-year-old adolescents even without directly witnessing the event. The severity of PTSS significantly increases as the adolescent is in closer relationship with the victim. The concomitant depression and/or anxiety with acute stress symptoms 5 days after the trauma, female gender, and worse school performance were found to be significantly related to the development of more severe PTSS 5 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Karabekiroglu
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Zinzow H, Rheingold AA, Hawkins A, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG. Losing a loved one to homicide: prevalence and mental health correlates in a national sample of young adults. J Trauma Stress 2009; 22:20-7. [PMID: 19230006 PMCID: PMC2829865 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the prevalence, demographic distribution, and mental health correlates of losing a loved one to homicide. A national sample of 1,753 young adults completed structured telephone interviews measuring violence exposure, mental health diagnoses, and loss of a family member or close friend to a drunk driving accident (vehicular homicide) or murder (criminal homicide). The prevalence of homicide survivorship was 15%. African Americans were more highly represented among criminal homicide survivors. Logistic regression analyses found that homicide survivors were at risk for past year posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 1.88), major depressive episode (OR = 1.64), and drug abuse/dependence (OR = 1.77). These findings highlight the significant mental health needs of homicide survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Zinzow
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alyssa A. Rheingold
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alesia Hawkins
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Benjamin E. Saunders
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dean G. Kilpatrick
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Miller L. Death Notification for Families of Homicide Victims: Healing Dimensions of a Complex Process. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2008; 57:367-80. [DOI: 10.2190/om.57.4.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Family bereavement by homicide is one of the most challenging facets of crime victim intervention a medical care provider, mental health clinician, or law enforcement officer will face. But the process of healing can begin at the outset through intelligent, sensitive, competent, and compassionate death notification and body identification by trained and dedicated professionals. A practical system for death notification and body identification is presented that can be adapted and modified to the needs of law enforcement, military mental health, and notifiers from related disciplines; it can also be adapted to death notification in sudden, accidental deaths. Throughout, the emphasis is on how notifiers may often be the de facto first responders in the struggle to help traumatically bereaved family members survive their ordeal and reclaim their lives.
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Currier JM, Holland JM, Neimeyer RA. Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: toward a mediational model. DEATH STUDIES 2006; 30:403-28. [PMID: 16610156 DOI: 10.1080/07481180600614351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bereavement following violent loss by accident, homicide or suicide increases the risk for complications in grieving. This is the first study to examine a constructivist model of grief that proposes that sense-making, or the capacity to construct an understanding of the loss experience, mediates the association between violent death and complicated grief symptomatology. An ethnically diverse sample of 1,056 recently bereaved college students completed the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) and questions assessing the degree of sense-making and the circumstances surrounding their losses. Consistent with this study's primary hypothesis, sense-making emerged as an explanatory mechanism for the association between violent loss and complications in grieving. Specifically, the results revealed that sense-making explained this relation, even when the element of sudden bereavement was shared by all of the participants. Overall, this study provides initial support for a model of grief in which failure to find meaning in a loss is conceptualized as a crucial pathway to complicated grief symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Currier
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38117, USA.
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Hertz MF, Prothrow-Stith D, Chery C. Homicide survivors: research and practice implications. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29:288-95. [PMID: 16376732 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 16.4 million people in the United States have been affected by homicide. Five million adults have experienced the murder of an immediate family member; 6.6 million people have experienced the murder of a relative other than a family member, and 4.8 million have experienced the murder of a close friend. These homicide survivors experience a variety of difficulties, some similar to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The large incidence of homicide in the U.S. warrants an examination of the research on the impact of a murder on a victim's friends and family and the implications for healthcare providers. Homicide survivors experience negative psychological and physical effects that often result in an increase in the usage of primary care services. Provider training should include protocols to screen for, discuss, and make referrals for the family and friends of homicide victims. This article recommends the development of a training program to equip providers with the tools to recognize and serve this growing population of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci Feldman Hertz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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