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Su Y, Chang Q, Chen R, Chen Z, Lin J, Fu H, Cao Z, Li L, Liu S. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic responses on tuberculosis incidence: insights from Shantou, China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1454. [PMID: 38816699 PMCID: PMC11140913 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various measures taken against the COVID-19 pandemic are not only effective in reducing the spread of the disease, but also lead to some unexpected results. This article regarded these measures as an intervention and explored their impact on the incidence of tuberculosis in Shantou, China. METHODS The incidence rate and the surveillance data of tuberculosis from January 1st, 2018 to December 31st, 2021 were provided by the Shantou Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute. Data were divided into pre-pandemic period (January 1st, 2018 - December 31st, 2019) and pandemic periods (January 1st, 2020 - December 31st, 2021). The Interrupted Time Series (ITS) was used to analyze the trend of tuberculosis incidence prior to and during the COVID-19 epidemic. RESULTS The results showed that the incidence of tuberculosis cases in Shantou decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the pandemic as compared to that prior to the pandemic. Among them, the 45-64 age group and the 65 + age group have statistically significant declines. When patients were stratified by occupation, the unemployed and those working in agriculture reduced the most. CONCLUSIONS In response to the pandemic, measures like lockdowns and quarantines seem to have reduced tuberculosis incidence. However, this does not imply a true decrease. Underlying causes for the reduced true incidence need further scrutiny. Findings offer a preliminary exploration of interventions designed for one disease but functioning as unexpected results for another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Su
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, 234 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qiaocheng Chang
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, 234 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ruiming Chen
- Shantou Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute, Shantou, China
| | - Zhuanghao Chen
- Shantou Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute, Shantou, China
| | - Jianxiong Lin
- Shantou Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Shantou Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Institute, Shantou, China
| | - Zicheng Cao
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, 234 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, 234 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Suyang Liu
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, 234 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, China.
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2
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Post LA, Wu SA, Soetikno AG, Ozer EA, Liu Y, Welch SB, Hawkins C, Moss CB, Murphy RL, Mason M, Havey RJ, Lundberg AL. Updated Surveillance Metrics and History of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023) in Latin America and the Caribbean: Longitudinal Trend Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e44398. [PMID: 38568194 PMCID: PMC11129782 DOI: 10.2196/44398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, with over 40% of worldwide COVID-19-related deaths at the time. This high disease burden was a result of the unique circumstances in LAC. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (1) measure whether the pandemic was expanding or contracting in LAC when the WHO declared the end of COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern on May 5, 2023; (2) use dynamic and genomic surveillance methods to describe the history of the pandemic in the region and situate the window of the WHO declaration within the broader history; and (3) provide, with a focus on prevention policies, a historical context for the course of the pandemic in the region. METHODS In addition to updates of traditional surveillance data and dynamic panel estimates from the original study, we used data on sequenced SARS-CoV-2 variants from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) to identify the appearance and duration of variants of concern (VOCs). We used Nextclade nomenclature to collect clade designations from sequences and Pangolin nomenclature for lineage designations of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we conducted a 1-sided t test for whether the regional weekly speed (rate of novel COVID-19 transmission) was greater than an outbreak threshold of 10. We ran the test iteratively with 6 months of data across the period from August 2020 to May 2023. RESULTS The speed of pandemic spread for the region had remained below the outbreak threshold for 6 months by the time of the WHO declaration. Acceleration and jerk were also low and stable. Although the 1- and 7-day persistence coefficients remained statistically significant for the 120-day period ending on the week of May 5, 2023, the coefficients were relatively modest in magnitude (0.457 and 0.491, respectively). Furthermore, the shift parameters for either of the 2 most recent weeks around May 5, 2023, did not indicate any change in this clustering effect of cases on future cases. From December 2021 onward, Omicron was the predominant VOC in sequenced viral samples. The rolling t test of speed=10 became entirely insignificant from January 2023 onward. CONCLUSIONS Although COVID-19 continues to circulate in LAC, surveillance data suggest COVID-19 is endemic in the region and no longer reaches the threshold of the pandemic definition. However, the region experienced a high COVID-19 burden in the early stages of the pandemic, and prevention policies should be an immediate focus in future pandemics. Ahead of vaccination development, these policies can include widespread testing of individuals and an epidemiological task force with a contact-tracing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Ann Post
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Wu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alan G Soetikno
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yingxuan Liu
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah B Welch
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Claudia Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Global Communicable and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles B Moss
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert L Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maryann Mason
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert J Havey
- Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexander L Lundberg
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Nassoro AA, Millanzi WC, Herman PZ. Knowledge, attitude, intentional practice and individualized determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2171. [PMID: 38773765 PMCID: PMC11109501 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The study assessed the knowledge, attitude, intentional practice and individualized factors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults in Tanzania. DESIGN Hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study. METHODS Quantitative approaches were adopted to study 312 randomly selected adults using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis established frequencies and percentages of variables at a 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level. RESULTS Mean age was 24.66 ± 6.503 of which 61.5% were males. 86.9% of them were not vaccinated. 57.7% of respondents had inadequate knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine, and 61.5% had negative attitudes towards it. 63.8% of adults demonstrated an unwillingness to be vaccinated. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics profiles were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitude and willingness to uptake it (p < 0.05). Findings highlight the need for large-scale interventions to address the low uptake vaccine. Adults' willingness to get a coronavirus vaccine was comparatively low. Sociodemographic profiles, knowledge and attitude were associated significantly with low uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among adults in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amimu A. Nassoro
- Department of Nursing Management and EducationThe University of DodomaDodomaTanzania
| | - Walter C. Millanzi
- Department of Nursing Management and EducationThe University of DodomaDodomaTanzania
| | - Patricia Z. Herman
- Department of Nursing Management and EducationThe University of DodomaDodomaTanzania
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Bekdash R, Yoshida K, Nair MS, Qiu L, Ahdout J, Tsai HY, Uryu K, Soni RK, Huang Y, Ho DD, Yazawa M. Developing inhibitory peptides against SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002522. [PMID: 38483887 PMCID: PMC10939250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected approximately 800 million people since the start of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because of the high rate of mutagenesis in SARS-CoV-2, it is difficult to develop a sustainable approach for prevention and treatment. The Envelope (E) protein is highly conserved among human coronaviruses. Previous studies reported that SARS-CoV-1 E deficiency reduced viral propagation, suggesting that E inhibition might be an effective therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report inhibitory peptides against SARS-CoV-2 E protein named iPep-SARS2-E. Leveraging E-induced alterations in proton homeostasis and NFAT/AP-1 pathway in mammalian cells, we developed screening platforms to design and optimize the peptides that bind and inhibit E protein. Using Vero-E6 cells, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived branching lung organoid and mouse models with SARS-CoV-2, we found that iPep-SARS2-E significantly inhibits virus egress and reduces viral cytotoxicity and propagation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the peptide can be customizable for E protein of other human coronaviruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The results indicate that E protein can be a potential therapeutic target for human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Bekdash
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kazushige Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manoj S. Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren Qiu
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Ahdout
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Yi Tsai
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kunihiro Uryu
- EMSCOPIC, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K. Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Yazawa
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Evans S, Stimson J, Pople D, Wilcox MH, Hope R, Robotham JV. Evaluating the impact of testing strategies for the detection of nosocomial COVID-19 in English hospitals through data-driven modeling. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166074. [PMID: 37928455 PMCID: PMC10622791 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic 293,204 inpatients in England tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. It is estimated that 1% of these cases were hospital-associated using European centre for disease prevention and control (ECDC) and Public Health England (PHE) definitions. Guidelines for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals have developed over time but the effectiveness and efficiency of testing strategies for preventing nosocomial transmission has not been explored. Methods Using an individual-based model, parameterised using multiple datasets, we simulated the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to patients and healthcare workers between March and August 2020 and evaluated the efficacy of different testing strategies. These strategies were: 0) Testing only symptomatic patients on admission; 1) Testing all patients on admission; 2) Testing all patients on admission and again between days 5 and 7, and 3) Testing all patients on admission, and again at days 3, and 5-7. In addition to admissions testing, patients that develop a symptomatic infection while in hospital were tested under all strategies. We evaluated the impact of testing strategy, test characteristics and hospital-related factors on the number of nosocomial patient infections. Results Modelling suggests that 84.6% (95% CI: 84.3, 84.7) of community-acquired and 40.8% (40.3, 41.3) of hospital-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections are detectable before a patient is discharged from hospital. Testing all patients on admission and retesting after 3 or 5 days increases the proportion of nosocomial cases detected by 9.2%. Adding discharge testing increases detection by a further 1.5% (relative increase). Increasing occupancy rates, number of beds per bay, or the proportion of admissions wrongly suspected of having COVID-19 on admission and therefore incorrectly cohorted with COVID-19 patients, increases the rate of nosocomial transmission. Over 30,000 patients in England could have been discharged while incubating a non-detected SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, of which 3.3% could have been identified by discharge screening. There was no significant difference in the rates of nosocomial transmission between testing strategies or when the turnaround time of the test was increased. Discussion This study provides insight into the efficacy of testing strategies in a period unbiased by vaccines and variants. The findings are relevant as testing programs for SARS-CoV-2 are scaled back, and possibly if a new vaccine escaping variant emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Evans
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics at Imperial College London in Partnership With UKHSA and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Stimson
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Pople
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in Partnership with UKHSA, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Hope
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie V Robotham
- HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU and Sepsis Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics at Imperial College London in Partnership With UKHSA and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in Partnership with UKHSA, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Natraj S, Bhide M, Yap N, Liu M, Seth A, Berman J, Glorioso C. COVID-19 activity risk calculator as a gamified public health intervention tool. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13056. [PMID: 37567913 PMCID: PMC10421890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has impacted over 200 countries leading to hospitalizations and deaths of millions of people. Public health interventions, such as risk estimators, can reduce the spread of pandemics and epidemics through influencing behavior, which impacts risk of exposure and infection. Current publicly available COVID-19 risk estimation tools have had variable effectiveness during the pandemic due to their dependency on rapidly evolving factors such as community transmission levels and variants. There has also been confusion surrounding certain personal protective strategies such as risk reduction by mask-wearing and vaccination. In order to create a simple easy-to-use tool for estimating different individual risks associated with carrying out daily-life activity, we developed COVID-19 Activity Risk Calculator (CovARC). CovARC is a gamified public health intervention as users can "play with" how different risks associated with COVID-19 can change depending on several different factors when carrying out routine daily activities. Empowering the public to make informed, data-driven decisions about safely engaging in activities may help to reduce COVID-19 levels in the community. In this study, we demonstrate a streamlined, scalable and accurate COVID-19 risk calculation system. Our study also demonstrates the quantitative impact of vaccination and mask-wearing during periods of high case counts. Validation of this impact could inform and support policy decisions regarding case thresholds for mask mandates, and other public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasvi Natraj
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Malhar Bhide
- Academics for the Future of Science Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Yap
- Academics for the Future of Science Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Agrima Seth
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Berman
- Department of Basic Science, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Christin Glorioso
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Academics for the Future of Science Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Ahmad M, Muttahir Uddin M, Ahad Wani A, Majeed I, Aziz R, Naqash M. Trend of SARS-Cov-2-Specific IgG Antibody Titers Among COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Nine-Month Follow-Up. Cureus 2023; 15:e40860. [PMID: 37489184 PMCID: PMC10363370 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the dynamics of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) spike antibody titers after natural infection is important for understanding immunological memory. This longitudinal study was conducted to assess the trend in serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody titers in a cohort of recovered cases up to nine months after SARS infection. Materials and methods We examined the neutralizing antibody response (IgG spike) in serum samples from a cohort of 86 SARS-CoV-2 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-confirmed infection, comprising cases having minor COVID-19 pneumonia and severity, which was determined by CT severity scores. Patients were enrolled in August/September 2020 and serum samples have been processed at one, three, six, and nine months. CT severity scores were rated between 1-25 and antibody titers≥ 1.4 were considered positive. Results The mean anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody titers at one month, three months, six months, and nine months were 22.02 ± 18.36, 14.62 ± 12.61, 8.93 ± 8.10, and 3.86 ± 5.70, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. The seropositivity rates (titer ≥1.4 IU) were 93.02%, 82.56%, 76.74%, and 58.14% at one, three, six, and nine months after infection, respectively. Cases with severe CT severity scores showed significantly higher mean antibody levels at all follow-up visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of General Medicine, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | | | - Abdul Ahad Wani
- Department of General Medicine, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | - Ishrat Majeed
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar, IND
| | - Ruquaya Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | - Mubarak Naqash
- Department of General Medicine and Biochemistry, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
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Pargin E, Roach MJ, Skye A, Papudeshi B, Inglis LK, Mallawaarachchi V, Grigson SR, Harker C, Edwards RA, Giles SK. The human gut virome: composition, colonization, interactions, and impacts on human health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:963173. [PMID: 37293229 PMCID: PMC10244655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.963173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut virome is an incredibly complex part of the gut ecosystem. Gut viruses play a role in many disease states, but it is unknown to what extent the gut virome impacts everyday human health. New experimental and bioinformatic approaches are required to address this knowledge gap. Gut virome colonization begins at birth and is considered unique and stable in adulthood. The stable virome is highly specific to each individual and is modulated by varying factors such as age, diet, disease state, and use of antibiotics. The gut virome primarily comprises bacteriophages, predominantly order Crassvirales, also referred to as crAss-like phages, in industrialized populations and other Caudoviricetes (formerly Caudovirales). The stability of the virome's regular constituents is disrupted by disease. Transferring the fecal microbiome, including its viruses, from a healthy individual can restore the functionality of the gut. It can alleviate symptoms of chronic illnesses such as colitis caused by Clostridiodes difficile. Investigation of the virome is a relatively novel field, with new genetic sequences being published at an increasing rate. A large percentage of unknown sequences, termed 'viral dark matter', is one of the significant challenges facing virologists and bioinformaticians. To address this challenge, strategies include mining publicly available viral datasets, untargeted metagenomic approaches, and utilizing cutting-edge bioinformatic tools to quantify and classify viral species. Here, we review the literature surrounding the gut virome, its establishment, its impact on human health, the methods used to investigate it, and the viral dark matter veiling our understanding of the gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah K. Giles
- Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Moon Y. Gut distress and intervention via communications of SARS-CoV-2 with mucosal exposome. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1098774. [PMID: 37139365 PMCID: PMC10150023 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1098774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with prevalent gastrointestinal distress, characterized by fecal shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA or persistent antigen presence in the gut. Using a meta-analysis, the present review addressed gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Despite limited data on the gut-lung axis, viral transmission to the gut and its influence on gut mucosa and microbial community were found to be associated by means of various biochemical mechanisms. Notably, the prolonged presence of viral antigens and disrupted mucosal immunity may increase gut microbial and inflammatory risks, leading to acute pathological outcomes or post-acute COVID-19 symptoms. Patients with COVID-19 exhibit lower bacterial diversity and a higher relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens in their gut microbiota than healthy controls. Considering the dysbiotic changes during infection, remodeling or supplementation with beneficial microbial communities may counteract adverse outcomes in the gut and other organs in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, nutritional status, such as vitamin D deficiency, has been associated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19 via the regulation of the gut microbial community and host immunity. The nutritional and microbiological interventions improve the gut exposome including the host immunity, gut microbiota, and nutritional status, contributing to defense against acute or post-acute COVID-19 in the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kostev K, Gessler N, Wohlmuth P, Arnold D, Bein B, Bohlken J, Herrlinger K, Jacob L, Koyanagi A, Nowak L, Smith L, Wesseler C, Sheikhzadeh S, Wollmer MA. Is Dementia Associated with COVID-19 Mortality? A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted in 50 Hospitals in Germany. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:719-726. [PMID: 36463455 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia has been identified as a major predictor of mortality associated with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dementia and mortality in COVID-19 inpatients in Germany across a longer interval during the pandemic. METHODS This retrospective study was based on anonymized data from 50 hospitals in Germany and included patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis hospitalized between March 11, 2020 and July, 20, 2022. The main outcome of the study was the association of mortality during inpatient stays with dementia diagnosis, which was studied using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities as well as univariate logistic regression for matched pairs. RESULTS Of 28,311 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 11.3% had a diagnosis of dementia. Prior to matching, 26.5% of dementia patients and 11.5% of non-dementia patients died; the difference decreased to 26.5% of dementia versus 21.7% of non-dementia patients within the matched pairs (n = 3,317). This corresponded to an increase in the risk of death associated with dementia (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.16-1.46) in the univariate regression conducted for matched pairs. CONCLUSION Although dementia was associated with COVID-19 mortality, the association was weaker than in previously published studies. Further studies are needed to better understand whether and how pre-existing neuropsychiatric conditions such as dementia may impact the course and outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nele Gessler
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany.,Asklepios Proresearch, Research Institute, Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Wohlmuth
- Asklepios Proresearch, Research Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care Medicine and Rheumatology, Asklepios Hospital Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Bein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Pain therapy, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Bohlken
- Institute for Social Medicine, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health (ISAP) of the Medical Faculty at the University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Herrlinger
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Asklepios Hospital Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenz Nowak
- Department of Intensive Care and Respiratory Medicine, Asklepios Hospital Munich-Gauting, Gauting, Germany
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance, and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claas Wesseler
- Department of Pneumology, Asklepios Hospital Harburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Axel Wollmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Asklepios Klinik Nord Ochsenzoll, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Yeo E, Tran D, Pak E. Pain Complaints and Intubation Risk in COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e33851. [PMID: 36819338 PMCID: PMC9932571 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged, increasing cases have been identified worldwide. COVID-19 continues to lead to significant morbidity and mortality, despite developing a vaccination for the disease. While much has been studied regarding the initial presentation and treatment of patients with COVID-19, to our knowledge, no study has uncovered that COVID-19-positive patients with abdominal pain are at a higher risk of requiring intubation. Methodology In this retrospective cohort study, we identified 104 patients who presented to the emergency room of a single tertiary care center with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between February 1, 2020, and April 27, 2020, and collected data on reported pain complaints. Results In this retrospective cohort study, the most common pain complaints were chest pain (25.5%), myalgia (23.4%), and abdominal pain (17.0%). Less common pain complaints included headaches (14.9%) and neck/back pain (6.3%). Of these pain complaints, only patients who reported having abdominal pain were more likely to be intubated (37.5% of patients with abdominal pain were intubated compared to 8.3% of patients without abdominal pain, with a p-value of 0.001). Conclusions Abdominal pain in a patient with COVID-19 infection significantly increases their chances of requiring intubation based on the results of this study.
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Alwafi H, Naser AY, Aldhahir AM, Alhazmi A, Alosaimi AN, Mandili RA, Majeed Z, Salawati E, Ekram R, Samannodi M, Assaggaf H, Almatrafi M, Alqahtani JS, Alsanosi SM, Minshawi F. COVID-19 vaccination side effects among the child age group: a large cross-sectional online based survey in Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:911. [PMID: 36474174 PMCID: PMC9724422 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple vaccines have been tested in clinical trials for their efficacy and safety. In Saudi Arabia, Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna were approved for children, however, previous studies to report their safety profile are limited. This research aims to understand the side effect of children's vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was an observational retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey in Saudi Arabia from March to May 2022. The inclusion criteria were parents aged 18 years and above who live in Saudi Arabia and have vaccinated their children. The self-reported questionnaire was adopted from published studies to investigate the study objectives Descriptive statistics were used to describe patients' demographic characteristics, continuous data were reported as mean ± S.D., categorical data were reported as percentages (frequencies), and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms. RESULTS This study had a total of 4,069 participants. Only 41.9% of the participants reported that their child(ren) had been infected with the coronavirus. 2.00 was the median number of children (IQR: 1.00-4.00). More than half of the study participants (64.2%) reported that a family member had been infected with the coronavirus. Both parents received COVID-19 vaccination, according to most participants (88.7%). Most participants (70.5%) stated that all children who met the vaccination criteria had received the vaccine. Most participants (83.5%) said their child or children had two doses of their vaccine, and about half (50.4%) of those who received the vaccine reported experiencing side effects. In addition, the majority (78.9%) reported that the side effects appeared within one day of receiving the vaccine, and nearly two-thirds (65.7%) reported that the side effects lasted between one and three. A total of 11,831 side effects cases were documented. Pain at the injection site, hyperthermia, and fatigue were the most reported side effects, accounting for 15.3%, 14.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION It appears that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine for children are minor, tolerable, and like those described previously in clinical trials. Our data should encourage the public about the safety of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alwafi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia ,grid.413517.50000 0004 1796 5802Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y. Naser
- grid.460941.e0000 0004 0367 5513Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alhazmi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areen Naif Alosaimi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Abdulaziz Mandili
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid Majeed
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Salawati
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Ekram
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644School of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Samannodi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almatrafi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber S. Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammām, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa Mohammed Alsanosi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
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Comparison of citation rates between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles across 24 major scientific journals. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271071. [PMID: 35895698 PMCID: PMC9328554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Covid-19 has been front and center in the global landscape since the beginning of 2020. In response, the scientific field has dedicated enormous amounts of resources to researching the virus and its effects. The number of times Covid-19 publications are being cited throughout the literature appears remarkably high but has not been directly compared to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over an extended period. In our study, we use Clarivate’s Web of Science—Science Citation Index Expanded™ database to identify Covid-19 papers published in 24 major scientific journals over a period of 24 months from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. We conduct our search using keywords “Covid-19”, “coronavirus”, and “sars-cov-2” to locate publications with these words in the title. We then quantify the number of citations these papers have received and compare rates to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over the same timeframe. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. When negative binomial regression is used to minimize the influence of other variables such as article number variation and field of research, Covid-19 papers have still experienced more than 80% increase in citations relative to non-Covid-19 papers. These novel findings demonstrate that Covid-19 papers are being cited at remarkably higher rates than non-Covid-19 articles contained within the same journals. This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years.
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14
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Wu Y, Zhang Q, Li M, Mao Q, Li L. Global Experiences of Community Responses to COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:907732. [PMID: 35928483 PMCID: PMC9343721 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.907732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the global experiences of community responses to the COVID-19 epidemic. Method Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English, from inception to October 10, 2021. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full texts. A systematic review (with a scientific strategy for literature search and selection in the electronic databases applied to data collection) was used to investigate the experiences of community responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results This review reported that community responses to COVID-19 consisted mainly of five ways. On the one hand, community-based screening and testing for Coronavirus was performed; on the other hand, the possible sources of transmission in communities were identified and cut off. In addition, communities provided medical aid for patients with mild cases of COVID-19. Moreover, social support for community residents, including material and psychosocial support, was provided to balance epidemic control and prevention and its impact on residents' lives. Last and most importantly, special care was provided to vulnerable residents during the epidemic. Conclusion This study systematically reviewed how communities to respond to COVID-19. The findings presented some practical and useful tips for communities still overwhelmed by COVID-19 to deal with the epidemic. Also, some community-based practices reported in this review could provide valuable experiences for community responses to future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Wu
- Center for Medical Humanities in the Developing World, School of Translation Studies, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Centre for Quality of Life and Public Policy, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiyu Li
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Qingduo Mao
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Linzi Li
- Rizhao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Rizhao, China
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15
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Li Z, Lin S, Rui J, Bai Y, Deng B, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Luo L, Yu S, Liu W, Zhang S, Su Y, Zhao B, Zhang H, Chiang YC, Liu J, Luo K, Chen T. An Easy-to-Use Public Health-Driven Method (the Generalized Logistic Differential Equation Model) Accurately Simulated COVID-19 Epidemic in Wuhan and Correctly Determined the Early Warning Time. Front Public Health 2022; 10:813860. [PMID: 35321194 PMCID: PMC8936678 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.813860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionModeling on infectious diseases is significant to facilitate public health policymaking. There are two main mathematical methods that can be used for the simulation of the epidemic and prediction of optimal early warning timing: the logistic differential equation (LDE) model and the more complex generalized logistic differential equation (GLDE) model. This study aimed to compare and analyze these two models.MethodsWe collected data on (coronavirus disease 2019) COVID-19 and four other infectious diseases and classified the data into four categories: different transmission routes, different epidemic intensities, different time scales, and different regions, using R2 to compare and analyze the goodness-of-fit of LDE and GLDE models.ResultsBoth models fitted the epidemic curves well, and all results were statistically significant. The R2 test value of COVID-19 was 0.924 (p < 0.001) fitted by the GLDE model and 0.916 (p < 0.001) fitted by the LDE model. The R2 test value varied between 0.793 and 0.966 fitted by the GLDE model and varied between 0.594 and 0.922 fitted by the LDE model for diseases with different transmission routes. The R2 test values varied between 0.853 and 0.939 fitted by the GLDE model and varied from 0.687 to 0.769 fitted by the LDE model for diseases with different prevalence intensities. The R2 test value varied between 0.706 and 0.917 fitted by the GLDE model and varied between 0.410 and 0.898 fitted by the LDE model for diseases with different time scales. The GLDE model also performed better with nation-level data with the R2 test values between 0.897 and 0.970 vs. 0.731 and 0.953 that fitted by the LDE model. Both models could characterize the patterns of the epidemics well and calculate the acceleration weeks.ConclusionThe GLDE model provides more accurate goodness-of-fit to the data than the LDE model. The GLDE model is able to handle asymmetric data by introducing shape parameters that allow it to fit data with various distributions. The LDE model provides an earlier epidemic acceleration week than the GLDE model. We conclude that the GLDE model is more advantageous in asymmetric infectious disease data simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengnan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Infection Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- IES, Université de Montpellier-CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weikang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanhua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Benhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Yichang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang, China
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Yi-Chen Chiang
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Yichang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang, China
- Jianhua Liu
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
- Kaiwei Luo
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Tianmu Chen
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Diarra B, Kone A, Guindo I, Bane S, Doumbia L, Timbine L, Diallo D, Sanogo M, Togo ACG, Coulibaly TA, Diallo FA, Kone M, Somboro AM, Togo J, Coulibaly M, Camara FA, Coulibaly G, Diarra HB, Diakite MT, Abdou M, Somboro A, Dolo O, Maiga OO, Keita D, Coulibaly Y, Degoga B, Drame HMB, Sow M, Goumane M, Traore FG, Kone K, Sanogo F, Diallo IB, Denou L, Sarro YS, Shaw-Saliba K, Lau CY, Neal A, Sow I, Kouriba B, Koita O, Diakite M, Iknane AA, Doumbia S. A Coordinated Public Health Laboratory Response to COVID-19 in Mali. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.788616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ability to rapidly and accurate diagnose pathogens during disease outbreaks is essential for public health. Diagnosis depends largely on laboratory capacity, which can be challenging in resource limited settings. We report Mali’s experience involving four research laboratories in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This coordinated effort leveraged the emerging infectious pathogens diagnostic capacity and partnerships built from the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak. Since Mali’s first two COVID-19 cases in March 2020, 349,292 suspected cases were tested in the four Bamako laboratories as of July 31, 2021. Laboratory operation, safety considerations, diagnostic assays, and challenges are described herein from the perspective of a participating laboratory, the Mali University Clinical Research Center (UCRC). We also highlight additional roles of the UCRC laboratory in the COVID-19 response, including roll out of vaccination and research efforts. Mali’s readiness to detect the index cases early in the epidemic and continued response to the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need for strengthening the critical role and capacity of clinical research laboratories for response to emerging infectious disease epidemics in Africa.
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Epidemiology and Genetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Myanmar during the Community Outbreaks in 2020. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020259. [PMID: 35215852 PMCID: PMC8875553 DOI: 10.3390/v14020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the situation of the first two epidemic waves in Myanmar using the publicly available daily situation of COVID-19 and whole-genome sequencing data of SARS-CoV-2. From March 23 to December 31, 2020, there were 33,917 confirmed cases and 741 deaths in Myanmar (case fatality rate of 2.18%). The first wave in Myanmar from March to July was linked to overseas travel, and then a second wave started from Rakhine State, a western border state, leading to the second wave spreading countrywide in Myanmar from August to December 2020. The estimated effective reproductive number (Rt) nationwide reached 6–8 at the beginning of each wave and gradually decreased as the epidemic spread to the community. The whole-genome analysis of 10 Myanmar SARS-CoV-2 strains together with 31 previously registered strains showed that the first wave was caused by GISAID clade O or PANGOLIN lineage B.6 and the second wave was changed to clade GH or lineage B.1.36.16 with a close genetic relationship with other South Asian strains. Constant monitoring of epidemiological situations combined with SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis is important for adjusting public health measures to mitigate the community transmissions of COVID-19.
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Zhang L, Li M, Wang Z, Sun P, Wei S, Zhang C, Wu H, Bai H. Cardiovascular Risk After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Mediated by IL18/IL18R1/HIF-1 Signaling Pathway Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:780804. [PMID: 35069552 PMCID: PMC8766743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Currently, cardiovascular risk associated with COVID-19 has been brought to people's attention, but the mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms based on multiple omics data. Methodology Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key pathways. Combination analysis with aneurysm and atherosclerosis related pathways, hypoxia induced factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling were identified as key pathways of the increased cardiovascular risk associated with COVID-19. ScMLnet algorithm based on scRNA-seq was used to explore the regulation of HIF-1 pathway by intercellular communication. Proteomic analysis was used to detect the regulatory mechanisms between IL18 and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Pseudo time locus analysis was used to study the regulation of HIF1 signaling pathway in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) phenotypic transformation. The Virtual Inference of protein-activity by Enriched Regulon (VIPER) analysis was used to study the activity of regulatory proteins. Epigenetic analysis based on methylation revealed epigenetic changes in PBMC after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential therapeutic compounds were explored by using Cmap algorithm. Results HIF-1 signaling pathway is a common key pathway for aneurysms, atherosclerosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intercellular communication analysis showed that macrophage-derived interleukin-18 (IL-18) activates the HIF-1 signaling pathway through IL18R1. Proteomic analysis showed that IL18/IL18R1 promote NF-κB entry into the nucleus, and activated the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Macrophage-derived IL18 promoted the M1 polarization of macrophages and the syntactic phenotype transformation of VSMCs. MAP2K1 mediates the functional regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway in various cell types. Epigenetic changes in PBMC after COVID-19 infection are characterized by activation of the type I interferon pathway. MEK inhibitors are the promising compounds for the treatment of HIF-1 overactivation. Conclusions The IL18/IL18R1/HIF1A axis is expected to be an therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEK inhibitors may be an choice for cardiovascular protection after SARS-COV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shunbo Wei
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Wu
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hualong Bai
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Vascular Physiology and Applied Research Laboratory of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, China
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Kim W, Ju YJ, Lee SY. Does having various types of fear related to the COVID-19 disrupt the daily life of individuals? Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022004. [PMID: 34990533 PMCID: PMC9016387 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unexpected changes in daily routines caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may affect psychological health. This study investigated the association between various types of COVID-19-related fear and the subjective level of disturbance in daily activities experienced by individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study used the Korea Community Health Survey conducted from August through November 2020. COVID-19-related fear included fear of infection, death, public criticism, family members getting infected, and economic loss. The subjective level of disruption in daily activities was measured using a 0-100 numeric rating scale developed by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze the associations between the independent and dependent variables. A subgroup analysis was performed based on income level. RESULTS Participants who reported fear of infection (β=-3.37, p<0.001), death (β=-0.33, p=0.030), public criticism (β=-1.63, p<0.001), a family member getting infected (β=-1.03, p<0.001), and economic loss (β=-3.52, p<0.001) experienced more disturbances in daily activities. The magnitude of this association was most significant in the lowest-income group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals reporting COVID-19-related fear experienced higher levels of subjective disruption in daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeong Jun Ju
- Ajou Univiersity School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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20
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Unfolding the Mild to Moderate Short-Term Side Effects of Four COVID-19 Vaccines Used in Bahrain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111369. [PMID: 34835300 PMCID: PMC8625915 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) created a global pandemic (COVID-19) that has resulted in massive health and economic losses. The current unavailability of treatments leaves vaccination as the only way to control this disease. There are four vaccines (Sinopharm, Pfizer—BioNTech, Sputnik, and AstraZeneca) available in Bahrain. This project aimed to study the most common side effects resulting from the first and second doses of these four vaccines. Data were collected through an online questionnaire answered by 311 individuals who received both doses of one of these four vaccines. The results of this study revealed that regardless of the vaccine identity, participants experienced more side effects from the second dose. Among the different side effects, pain at the site of injection was primarily observed after the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine (43%), which was followed by the AstraZeneca vaccine (31%). Moreover, fever was observed in participants after the first dose of the Sputnik vaccine (37%), while headache was mainly observed after the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine (32%). It is important to note that fatigue was observed after the first dose of all four vaccines but was reported by the highest proportion of respondents in the Pfizer group (28%). Interestingly, there are some side effects, such as pain at the site of injection, that are correlated with fever (r = 0.909). Similarly, headache is correlated with fever (r = 0.801) and pain at the site of injection (r = 0.868). Overall, it was observed that recipients of the Sinopharm vaccine reported the mildest side effects among all four vaccines. The crucial finding of this study is that the first and second dosage post-vaccination side effects were modest and predictable with no occurrences of hospitalization; this information can assist in lessening vaccine apprehension.
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21
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Timircan M, Bratosin F, Vidican I, Suciu O, Turaiche M, Bota AV, Mitrescu S, Marincu I. Coping Strategies and Health-Related Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57101113. [PMID: 34684150 PMCID: PMC8539137 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: As maternal deaths associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection remain at several times greater than the general population, significant factors that might contribute to the higher mortality and morbidity rate are the psychological impact of the disease and pregnancy itself. Therefore, the current study's main objective was to assess how pregnant women react and cope with the stress of COVID-19 disease and how it influences their overall health and quality of life in healthcare facilities. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 304 pregnant women who successfully completed standardized forms to assess our topics of interest, comprising of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Short Form Health Survey-12, the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory scale, the CORE-Outcome Measure Questionnaire, and the Quality from the Patient's Perspective questionnaire. Results: Unemployed, pregnant women living in poverty in the rural areas had higher SARS-CoV-2 infection rates during pregnancy. They faced higher anxiety levels and depression rates, with associated increased physical burden and exhaustion. However, these findings are not influenced by hospital care since it remained unchanged among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 maternity units, excepting significantly lower technical competence scores of COVID-19 facilities. Conclusions: As the pandemic's consequences emerge and additional outbreaks occur, care must prioritize the additional physical burden experienced by pregnant women who have contracted COVID-19, as well as psychological, emotional, and mental health support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Timircan
- Department of Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-721-919-123
| | - Iulia Vidican
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Oana Suciu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Mirela Turaiche
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Adrian Vasile Bota
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Sorina Mitrescu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Iosif Marincu
- Methodological and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.V.); (O.S.); (M.T.); (A.V.B.); (S.M.); (I.M.)
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Ashktorab H, Pizuorno A, Fierro NA, Villagrana EDC, Solis MEH, Cardenas G, Alvarez DZ, Oskrochi G, Adeleye F, Dalivand MM, Laiyemo AO, Aduli F, Sherif ZA, Brim H. A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of COVID-19 in Latin America. SOJ MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 8:1-11. [PMID: 35937158 PMCID: PMC9355387 DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latin America has become the epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aim to perform a systematic comparative review of the clinical characteristics that are associated with this disease in Latin American countries. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of published articles, journal and/or epidemiological reports of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Latin America. Data were obtained either through publicly available information from Ministries of Health, published journal reports and/or unpublished datasets. We analyzed data from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients evaluated at healthcare centers and hospitals of 8 countries including Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, between March 1st and July 30th, 2020. These countries consist of a total population that exceeds 519 million. Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical symptoms were collected. Statistical descriptive analysis and correlation analyses of symptoms, comorbidities and mortality were performed. RESULTS A total of 728,282 COVID-19 patients were included in this study. Of these, 52.6% were female. The average age was 48.4 years. Peru had the oldest cohort with 56.8 years and highest rate of females (56.8%) while Chile had the youngest cohort (39 years old). Venezuela had the highest male prevalence (56.7%). Most common symptoms were cough with 60.1% (Bolivia had the highest rate 78%), fatigue/tiredness with 52.0%, sore throat with 50.3%, and fever with 44.2%. Bolivian patients had fever as the top symptom (83.3%). GI symptoms included diarrhea which was highest in Mexico with 22.9%. Hypertension was among the top (12.1%) comorbidities, followed by diabetes with 8.3% and obesity at 4.5%. In multivariate analyses, the leading and significant comorbidities were hypertension (r = 0.83, p = 0.02), diabetes (r = 0.91, p = 0.01), and obesity (r = 0.86, p = 0.03). Mortality was highest in Mexico (16.6%) and lowest in Venezuela (0.9%) among the analyzed cohorts. CONCLUSION Overall, COVID-19 patients in Latin America display cough, fatigue, and fever as main symptoms. Up to 53% of patients with COVID-19 have GI manifestations. Different clinical symptoms were associated with COVID-19 in Latin American countries. Metabolic syndrome components were the main comorbidities associated with poor outcome. Country-specific management and prevention plans are needed and can be established from this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Antonio Pizuorno
- La Universidad Del Zulia, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Postal Code 4002, Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela
| | - Nora A Fierro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad University, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar D Copado Villagrana
- Residence in Epidemiology, Family Medicine Unit Number 53,Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Maria E Herrera Solis
- Auxiliary Epidemiological Surveillance Coordination Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cardenas
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico
| | | | - Gholamreza Oskrochi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Folake Adeleye
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Maryam Mehdipour Dalivand
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Adeyinka O Laiyemo
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Farshad Aduli
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Zaki A Sherif
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
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23
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Iheanacho CO, Eze UIH, Adida EA. A systematic review of effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA and ChAdOx1 adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines in the general population. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2021; 45:150. [PMID: 34456555 PMCID: PMC8383253 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-021-00607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines is essential for the pandemic control. This study systematically reviewed available evidence on effectiveness of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 vaccines in the general population, for improved vaccine policies and strategies. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT Using several keywords, a search of Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar and Hinari databases was conducted from December 1, 2020 to June 9, 2021. Eligible studies comprising original studies reporting effectiveness of the vaccines, were included following PRISMA guidelines. Individual studies were assessed for quality using National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute quality assessment tool. A total of 1766 titles were retrieved and 11 were included, out of which only 5 were peer-reviewed. Although data availability was limited, studies suggest equivalent effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality. Vaccine effectiveness increased steadily to about 35 days, with an enhanced effectiveness following the second dose. SHORT CONCLUSION BNT162 and ChAdOx1 vaccines were associated with equivalent and high effectiveness which increased with time and a second dose in the general population. This encourages continued practice of other preventive measures, particularly during the first week of vaccination, and reinforces the need for a second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinonyerem O. Iheanacho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Calabar, Calabar, PMB 1115 Nigeria
| | - Uchenna I. H. Eze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmarcy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel A. Adida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Calabar, Calabar, PMB 1115 Nigeria
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