An efficient method for maintaining clarity and forming tight and low amount of sediment in pomegranate juice during storage: Enzymatic hydrolysis with "tannase + lactonase + papain"

Turbidity and sediment formation in pomegranate juice (PJ) is a consequence of the interaction between tannins and proteins. The aim of this study was to disrupt this interaction by enzymatic hydrolysis of tannins ["tannase," "lactonase (R-PON-1)"] and proteins (papain). The effect of enzymatic treatments on sediment/turbidity was studied throughout storage (20 °C). Low and tight sediment formation was only possible when protein and tannins were hydrolysed together. In "tannase + R-PON-1 + papain" treated PJ, turbidity decreased after storage and the lowest and tightest sediment was also detected (p < 0.05). The strongest correlations were found between the "prolamin/punicalagin-2" ratio and turbidity (r = 0.997) and tight sediment formation (r = -0.964). This ratio should be 4.38 ± 0.07 to completely eliminate sediment formation in PJ. To achieve this ratio, punicalagin-2 should be added to PJ. This study is the first to show that punicalagin-2 should be added to PJ to produce a clear and sediment-free PJ, contrary to previous clarification methods.

HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS profiling of antibacterial bioactive solvent fractions of Senna alata (L.) roxb (Fabaceae) leaves, and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness, and toxicity of major phyto-components

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal plants are a rich source of new antibacterial leads. One such plant is Senna alata (L.) Roxb (Fabaceae), a valuable medicinal tree known in folk medicine for its effectiveness in treating various ailments such as ringworms, wounds, diabetes, skin diseases, hypertension, malaria, mycosis, and bacterial diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study assesses the antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance reversal properties of S. alata leaf extracts against 32 multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinically relevant bacterial strains and clinical isolates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The hydromethanol extract (70%) was obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, followed by partitioning with solvents of increasing polarity, specifically petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water, to isolate different fractions. Antibacterial and combination tests were conducted using the broth microdilution method. Subsequently, high-resolution HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis was performed to profile the bioactive secondary metabolites in the most active fractions. In addition, the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry of the key phytoconstituents were predicted in silico using SwissADME. Moreover, we utilized the ProTox-II web server to predict the toxicity profile of the potential drug candidates.

RESULTS

The herbal fractions, except for the water fraction, showed remarkable antibacterial activity, with MICs ranging from 16 to 1024 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate (SA-EA) and n-butanol (SA-n-BuOH) fractions were the most potent, with the overall most significant effects recorded with SA-EA (with MIC <100 μg/mL on 31 out of the 32 MDR studied strains). Additionally, SA-EA enhanced the efficacy of antibiotics, leading to up to a 64-fold reduction in MICs (of chloramphenicol, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, and doxycycline) in combination. A total of 27 and 36 compounds were tentatively identified from SA-EA and SA-n-BuOH, respectively, with the majority being phenolic compounds known for their antibacterial properties. Furthermore, 17 phytochemicals were reported for the first time in S. alata fractions. Seven metabolites, including phloretin, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, isorhamnetin, apigenin, genistein, naringenin, and lactarorufin B, emerged as potential drug candidates that satisfy most of the drug candidacy criteria and PK profile amongst which apigenin, genistein, and naringenin depicted the best safety profile.

CONCLUSION

The positive outcomes observed in the antibacterial activity assays, coupled with the presence of bioactive metabolites and emerging drug leads in these fractions, underscore the importance of selecting S. alata for the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents targeting MDR phenotypes.

Analysis of Antioxidants from Three Parts of Polygonum Chinense based on Online Extraction High Performance Liquid Chromatography Antioxidant Analysis System

In the current study, a rapid online extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) antioxidant analysis approach was developed to explore the antioxidant ingredients in three different parts of Polygonum Chinense. A total of 22 chromatographic peaks were found, among which 8 components were found for the first time. And among these 22 peaks, 19 of them were demonstrated as antioxidants. Furthermore, all three parts from Polygonum Chinense exhibited antioxidant activity (13.19, 3.89, and 19.85 mg CE/g extract, for the leaf, stem, and flower, respectively) and the antioxidant activity values of the leaf and flower were more than 3 times that of the stem. The leaf, flower, and stem of Polygonum Chinense had 17, 13, and 15 antioxidant components, respectively. Among them, neochlorogenic acid (2) and quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside (18) were considered as the main antioxidants in the leaf of Polygonum Chinense. In terms of flower, geraniin (10) and quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside (18) were proved as the major antioxidants. This is the first report on the antioxidant components from different parts of Polygonum Chinense. It provides foundational scientific data for the continued exploration of chemical and pharmacological study of Polygonum Chinense, which is beneficial for the future product development and quality evaluation improvement of Polygonum Chinense.

Phytochemical Profile, Acute, and Subacute Toxicity of Spray-Dried Hydroethanolic Extract From Punica granatum Leaves

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the acute and subacute safety and phytochemical profile of pomegranate leaves, aligning with the growing interest in sustainable, plant-based therapeutics. The phytochemical composition and the acute and subacute toxicity of a spray-dried hydroethanolic extract from pomegranate leaves (SDE) were investigated using experimental animal models. Utilizing UV-visible spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a diverse array of tannins and flavonoids, totaling 38 compounds, was identified. The findings revealed that SDE exhibited no adverse effects across various tests, including macroscopic, biochemical, hematological, and histological evaluations, even at high doses (2000 mg/kg for single doses and 1000 mg/kg for repeated doses). Furthermore, SDE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced serum total cholesterol levels in both acute and subacute toxicity evaluations, suggesting a positive impact on lipid metabolism. This research not only confirms the safety of pomegranate leaf spray-dried hydroethanolic extract at significant concentrations but also highlights its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. The absence of toxicity, coupled with its cholesterol-lowering properties, supports the use of pomegranate leaves in medicinal, nutritional, and food additive applications. Additionally, this study provides essential phytochemical and safety data, paving the way for future research exploring its potential as an active ingredient.

Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of Phyllanthus emblica L. flowers on UHPLC/MS quadrupole time of flight, HPTLC, HPLC, and NMR analytical platforms reveals functional metabolites with potent anti-inflammatory effects in human (THP-1) macrophages

INTRODUCTION

Phyllanthus emblica L., renowned for its pharmacological benefits found in its fruits and leaves, has received considerable attention. However, there is a notable lack of research on its flowers, specifically on metabolite profiling and pharmacological activity.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to delineate the phytochemical constituents of hydromethanolic extract of P. emblica flowers by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods and subsequent evaluation of its anti-inflammatory potential.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The identification and characterization of phytochemicals in P. emblica flowers was performed by UHPLC/MS-QToF in both positive and negative ionization modes. Additionally, marker compounds present in flower extract were analyzed using HPTLC, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages by evaluating inflammatory biomarkers.

RESULTS

UHPLC/MS-QToF analysis facilitated the identification of 51 compounds from P. emblica flowers including gallic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and tannins based on their fragmentation patterns and previous literature reports. Notably, the study also identified spermidine compounds for the first time in this species. Optimization of HPTLC and HPLC methods marked the presence of corilagin as major compound followed by FT-IR and NMR spectral methods. Moreover, treatment with hydromethanolic extract of P. emblica flowers resulted in decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, alongside modulation of nuclear factor-κB activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced THP-1 macrophages.

CONCLUSION

Chromatographic techniques in conjunction with spectral methods found robust prevalence in the identification of signature phytometabolites present in P. emblica flowers, which sets the basis for its anti-inflammatory potentials. The studies established a foundation for further exploration of potential applications of P. emblica flowers across various domains.

Unraveling the bioactive constituents of Typha elephantina: A comprehensive phytochemical analysis by tandem mass spectrometry

Phytochemicals derived from plants have gained significant attention in recent years due to their diverse therapeutic properties. Typha elephantina is an aquatic plant having ameliorative characteristics like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic etc. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical investigation by Tandem mass spectrometry on the aerial parts and roots of Typha elephantina with a focus on identifying and characterizing the bioactive compounds present in it. Maceration in methanol, preliminary, MS/MS analyses and DPPH antioxidant assay were carried out on this plant. This study led to the elucidation of 62 chemical constituents for the first time in Typha elephantina. 36 phytochemical compounds from aerial parts and 26 from roots i.e.,p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, ferulic acid derivative, dehydroascorbic acid derivative, 1-O-coumaroyl glycerol, glucaroyl-4-hydroxy benzoate, apigenin derivative, 3-O-glucopyranosyl isorhamnetin, isovitexin derivative, rutin, isorhamnetin diglycosides, verbascoside, forsythoside A, pinocembrin, dihydro quercetin, prunetin, ampelopsin, daidzein, genistein, catechin and procyanidin B1 were detected within this plant specimen. The DPPH assay results showed that aerial parts TE(1), TE(2) showed more antioxidant activity than roots TER/MeOH. These might be responsible for the understanding of the therapeutic potential of Typha elephantina and provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies.

Comprehensive Phytochemical Profile of Leaves, Stems and Fruits from Orthopterygium huaucui (A. Gray) Hemsl. and their Antioxidant Activities

Orthopterygium huaucui, commonly known as "Pate", is a medicinal shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family used locally to treat burns and stomach pains. Endemic to Peru, chemical studies on O. huaucui are limited. In this study, Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole/Orbitrap Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC Q/Orbitrap/ESI/MS/MS) was used to identify secondary metabolites in leaves, stems and fruits, and the antioxidant capacities of the different parts were compared. In addition, several compounds such as methyl gallate, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide were successfully isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of this species for the first time. Untargeted UHPLC Q/Orbitrap/ESI/MS/MS analysis tentatively identified seventy-six compounds in the different parts of the plant, showing that this species as an interesting source of flavonoids, procyanidins and tannins. The phenolic content in leaves and stems was 334.31±4.34 and 295.18±6.38 gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry plant, respectively, while that of fruits was lower (99.92±5.45 mg/100 g). Leaves had twice the flavonoid content than fruits (210.38±3.85 versus 87.42±3.85 quercetin equivalents/100 g). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) results indicated high antioxidant activity in all parts, with stems and leaves showing IC50 of 12.8 μg/mL, and fruits showing less activity (IC50=38.6 μg/mL). The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) test showed higher antioxidant values in the stems (467.82±21.17 μmol Trolox equivalents/100 g). This study provides valuable information on the chemistry of O. huaucui and highlights its antioxidant potential, especially in leaves and stems.

The potential of Terminalia chebula in alleviating mild cognitive impairment: a review

Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. Chebula, ཨ་རུ་ར།) is highly utilized in ethnic medicine. Its medicinal value is gradually being recognized and shows great potential in the improvement of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) disorders. Tibetan medicine theory classifies this type of disease as one of the "Jie Xie Syndrome (བརྗེད་བྱེད།)." The role of T. Chebula in such diseases has been increasingly studied. This work aimed to elucidate the research progress of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI. The review offers a critical update on the current understanding of the effect of T. Chebula on MCI and highlights new opportunities for exploring its therapeutic potential. This review discusses the role of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI and provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional medicinal uses, chemical composition, toxicology, and quality control aspects of T. Chebula. This review covers 171 chemical constituents and 11 active constituents targeting MCI, such as flavonoids, which can alleviate MCI, primarily through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. T. Chebula shows potential as a natural medicine for the treatment and prevention of MCI. As an important part of ethnomedicinal resources, this work offers valuable insights for future research on T. Chebula-containing ethnomedicines. Research on traditional drug treatments, optimized treatment standards, improved societal knowledge about MCI, and development of an early detection system is essential to the diagnosis and treatment of MCI. These efforts will provide better treatment resources for patients with MCI.

Exploring the composition and properties of Centella asiatica metabolites and investigating their impact on BSA glycation, LDL oxidation and α-amylase inhibition

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a small herbaceous plant belonging to the Apiaceae family that is rich in triterpenes, such as asiaticoside and madecassoside. Centella asiatica finds broad application in promoting wound healing, addressing skin disorders, and boosting both memory and cognitive function. Given its extensive therapeutic potential, this study aimed not only to investigate the Centella asiatica ethanolic extract but also to analyze the biological properties of its organic fractions, such as antioxidant antiglycation capacity, which are little explored. We also identified the main bioactive compounds through spectrometry analysis. The ethanolic extract (EE) was obtained through a static maceration for seven days, while organic fractions (HF: hexane fraction; DF: dichloromethane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; BF: n-butanol fraction and HMF: hydromethanolic fraction) were obtained via liquid-liquid fractionation. The concentration of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in each sample was quantified. Additionally, the antiglycation (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, and ARG/MGO models) and antioxidant (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH) properties, as well as the ability to inhibit LDL oxidation and hepatic tissue peroxidation were evaluated. The inhibition of enzyme activity was also analyzed (α-amylase, α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase). We also evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. The main compounds present in the most bioactive fractions were elucidated through ESI FT-ICR MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In the assessment of antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH), the EAF and BF fractions exhibited notable results, and as they are the phenolic compounds richest fractions, they also inhibited LDL oxidation, protected the hepatic tissue from peroxidation and inhibited α-amylase activity. Regarding glycation models, the EE, EAF, BF, and HMF fractions demonstrated substantial activity in the BSA/FRU model. However, BF was the only fraction that presented non-cytotoxic activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the antioxidant, antiglycation, and enzymatic inhibition capacities of the ethanolic extract and organic fractions of Centella asiatica. The findings suggest that further in vivo studies, particularly focusing on the butanol fraction (BF), may be promising routes for future research and potential therapeutic applications.

Chemical Composition of Extracts and Fractions from Miconia Ibaguensis (Melastomataceae) Leaves and Evaluation of Biological Activities

The study aimed to assess the chemical composition of Miconia ibaguensis leaves extracts and fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract (EE), along with evaluating their antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida spp (1.95-3.90 μg mL-1) and potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH (1.74±0.07 μg mL-1), FRAP (654.01±42.09 μmol ETrolox/gsample), and ORAC (3698.88±37.28 μmol ETrolox/gsample) methods. The EE displayed inhibition against the α-amylase enzyme (8.42±0.05 μg mL-1). Flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids, identified in the EE and fractions via (-)-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, were found to contribute to the species' biological activity potentially. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research and potential applications in pharmacology and natural products, offering new possibilities in the fight against global health issues.

Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Potential of Yellow Jaboticaba (Myrciaria glazioviana) Extracts Against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa cells line) and the Analysis of Their Chemical Composition by HPLC-HRESIMS

Cervical cancer is a specific type of cancer that affects women around the world, with an incidence of 604 thousand new cases per year and 341 thousand deaths. There is a high demand for new effective antineoplastic drugs with few side effects. In this sense, recent research highlights the potential of compounds of natural origin in treating and preventing different types of cancer. Myrciaria glazioviana is a Brazilian native species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which has previously described biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer activity of the dichloromethane extract (MGD) and ethyl acetate extract (MGA) of M. glazioviana leaves against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), as well as to identify their bioactive compounds. Using HPLC-HRESIMS technique, ten compounds were characterized in both samples: quinic acid, ellagic acid, Tri-O-methyl ellagic acid, two derivatives of Tetra-O-methyl flavellagic acid, quercetrin, Di-O-methyl ellagic acid, and three derivatives of pentamethyl coruleoellagic acid. Through MTT assays using HeLa cells and NIH/3T3 cells, it was observed that MGD and MGA were selective against tumor cells, with IC50 values of 24.31 and 12.62 μg/mL, respectively. The samples induced the tumor cell death by apoptosis, as evidenced by the activation of caspases 3/7, cell shrinkage, and pyknotic nuclei. Both samples were also able to inhibit the migration of HeLa cells after 24 hours of treatment, indicating a potential antimetastatic effect. Therefore, the present research highlights the antiproliferative and antimigratory potential of this species against HeLa cells.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy for systematic profiling of chemical components and associated quantitative analysis of quality markers in Qi-Wei-Tong-Bi oral liquid

Qi-Wei-Tong-Bi oral liquid (QWTB), a famous Chinese medicine preparation composed of seven crude drugs has a good therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis and is widely used in China. However, its chemical composition and quality control have not been comprehensively and systematically investigated. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for its chemical profiling. As a result, 100 components were chemically characterized. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously quantify nine bioactive components (hyperoside, ononin, quercetin, sinomenine, magnoflorine, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, monotropein, and cyclo-(Pro-Tyr)) in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. After successful validation in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, and recovery, the assay method was applied for the determination of 10 batches of QWTB. The results showed that QWTB was enriched in sinomenine and magnoflorine with the highest amount up to hundreds or even thousands of µg/mL, while quercetin, ononin, cyclo-(Pro-Tyr), and hyperoside were much lower with the lowest content below 10 µg/mL. This study work would help to reveal the chemical profiling and provide a valuable and reliable approach for quality evaluation and even pharmacodynamic material basis studies of QWTB.

Recent Advancements in Extraction Techniques of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) with Insights on Phytochemicals, Structural Significance, Pharmacology, and Current Trends in Food Applications

Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera (WS), is an ayurvedic botanical plant with numerous applications in dietary supplements and traditional medicines worldwide. Due to the restorative qualities of its roots, WS has potent therapeutic value in traditional Indian (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha) and modern medicine recognized as the "Indian ginseng". The presence of phytochemical bioactive compounds such as withanolides, withanosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds has an important role in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of WS. Thus, the choice of WS plant part and extraction solvents, with conventional and modern techniques, plays a role in establishing WS as a potential nutraceutical product. WS has recently made its way into food supplements and products, such as baked goods, juices, beverages, sweets, and dairy items. The review aims to cover the key perspectives about WS in terms of plant description, phytochemistry, structural significance, and earlier reported extraction methodologies along with the analytical and pharmacological landscape in the area. It also attempts to iterate the key limitations and further insights into extraction techniques and bioactive standardization with the regulatory framework. It presents a key to the future development of prospective applications in foods such as food supplements or functional foods.

Eremophila purpurascens: Anti-oxidant, Anti-hyperglycemic, and Hepatoprotective Potential of Its Polyphenolic Rich Leaf Extract and Its LC-ESI-MS/MS Chemical Characterization and Standardization

The genus Eremophila, despite comprising more than 250 species, has scarce literature studies that could be traced concerning the chemical profile and bioactivity of Eremophila purpurascens. The current study targets the investigation of the in vitro and in vivo anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective potential of the polyphenol-rich leaf extract of E. purpurascens (EP). EP showed promising total anti-oxidant capacity with IC50 values of 106 and 114 μg/mL in 2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]-diammonium salt (ABTS) and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively, with total anti-oxidant capacities of 331, 245, and 1767 μmol/g in ABTS, DPPH, and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power assays, respectively. In HepG2 cells, pre-treated with CCl4, a dose of 100 μg/mL EP ameliorated the reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels and total anti-oxidant capacity with values of 312.5 U/mL, 15.47 mg/dL, and 1.03 nmol/mL, respectively. In vitro anti-diabetic evaluation using 3T3-L1 adipocyte culture showed that at a dose of 30 μg/mL, the EP extract elicited a 6.3% decrease in the concentration of glucose (22.4 mmol/L), showing significant amelioration with regard to pioglitazone and insulin. EP also demonstrated elevated serum insulin by 77.78% with a marked reduction in fasting blood glucose level by 64.55% relative to the streptozotocin diabetic rats in vivo. EP also relieved the liver stress markers both in vitro in CCl4 and in vivo in tamoxifen (TAM) models. EP markedly decreased TAM toxicity, as demonstrated by the decline in the liver stress markers, ALT and AST, by 36.1 and 51.1%, respectively. It also relieved the oxidative stress triggered by TAM, as revealed by the reduction in the levels of TBARs and TNF-α by 21.4 and 40%, respectively. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of EP revealed a total of twelve peaks belonging to phenylpropanoids, lignans, and phenolics, where verbascoside and pinoresinol-4-O-β-d-glucoside represented the most abundant secondary metabolites. The docking experiment showed that tri-O-galloyl-hexoside had the best fitting within the NADPH oxidase active sites with binding energy (ΔG = -81.12 kcal/mol). Thus, the plant can be of beneficial value in the control of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, besides its prophylactic potential against hepatic complications.

Phenolic content of Terminalia catappa L. leaf and toxicity evaluation on red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Despite the use of Terminalia catappa (TC) leaf by traditional fish farmers around the world to improve the health status of cultured fish, there is a paucity of information on comprehensive metabolite profile and the maximum safe dose of the plant. This study aims at profiling the methanol leaf extract of T. catappa, quantifying total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the total flavonoid content (TFC) and evaluating its acute toxicity on blood, plasma biochemical parameters and histopathology of some vital organs in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The experimental fish were acclimatised for 2 weeks and divided into six groups. Group (1) served as a control group and was administered 0.2 ml,g^-1 of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Groups 2-6 were orally administered T. catappa leaf extracts (0.2 ml.50 g^-1 ) in the following sequence; 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg^-1 body weight. The metabolites identified in T. catappa using liquid chromatography-tandem mass electrospray ionisation spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) revealed the presence of organic acids, hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Phenolic quantification revealed reasonable quantity of phenolic compounds (217.48 μg GAEmg^-1 for TPC and 91.90 μg. QCEmg^-1 for TFC). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in all the tested doses in terms of blood parameters and plasma biochemical analysis except for the packed cell volume (PCV) at 500 mg.kg^-1 when compared to the control. Significant histopathological changes were observed in groups administered with the extract at 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg^-1 doses. To a very large extent it is therefore safe to administer the extract at 31.25 and 62.5 mg.kg^-1 in tilapia.

Beyond Traditional Use of Alchemilla vulgaris: Genoprotective and Antitumor Activity In Vitro

Alchemilla vulgaris L. (lady's mantle) was used for centuries in Europe and Balkan countries for treatments of numerous conditions and diseases of the reproductive system, yet some of the biological activities of lady's mantle have been poorly studied and neglected. The present study aimed to estimate the potential of A. vulgaris ethanolic extract from Southeast Serbia to prevent and suppress tumor development in vitro, validated by antioxidant, genoprotective, and cytotoxic properties. A total of 45 compounds were detected by UHPLC-HRMS analysis in A. vulgaris ethanolic extract. Measurement of antioxidant activity revealed the significant potential of the tested extract to scavenge free radicals. In addition, the analysis of micronuclei showed an in vitro protective effect on chromosome aberrations in peripheral human lymphocytes. A. vulgaris extract strongly suppressed the growth of human cell lines derived from different types of tumors (MCF-7, A375, A549, and HCT116). The observed antitumor effect is realized through the blockade of cell division, caspase-dependent apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Our study has shown that Alchemilla vulgaris L. is a valuable source of bioactive compounds able to protect the subcellular structure from damage, thus preventing tumorigenesis as well as suppressing tumor cell growth.

Comparative Chemical Analysis of Eight Punica granatum L. Peel Cultivars and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

A comparative quali-quantitative study of the peel extracts of eight Punica granatum cultivars obtained from underexploited areas of South Italy was carried out in order to valorize them as health-promoting by-products. The results showed that all of the samples possessed 45 ellagitannins, consisting mainly of polyhydroxyphenoyls; 10 flavonoids, belonging to flavonol, flavone, and catechin classes; and 2 anthocyanins. The most representative compounds underwent quantification through a LC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based method; their qualitative profile was almost superimposable, while variability in the quantitative phenolic content was observed. The antioxidant activity was investigated using cell-free and cell-based assays. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential was also studied by monitoring three typical markers of inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Moderate differences in both activities were observed between the cultivars. Results showed that all of the investigated peels have a potential use as healthy bioactive phytocomplexes due to the interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; in particular from the bioinformatic approaches a series of compounds, including galloyl-, pedunculagin- and ellagic acid-based, were found to be highly correlated with bioactivity of the extracts. Finally, the bioactivities showed by a Campanian local cultivar, 'Granato di Aiello del Sabato', could promote its cultivation by local farmers and germplasm conservation.

Allelopathic Potential of Mangroves from the Red River Estuary against the Rice Weed Echinochloa crus-galli and Variation in Their Leaf Metabolome

Mangroves are the only forests located at the sea–land interface in tropical and subtropical regions. They are key elements of tropical coastal ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services. Among them is the production of specialized metabolites by mangroves and their potential use in agriculture to limit weed growth in cultures. We explored the in vitro allelopathic potential of eight mangrove species’ aqueous leaf extracts (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora stylosa) on the germination and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, a weed species associated with rice, Oryza sativa. Leaf methanolic extracts of mangrove species were also studied via UHPLC-ESI/qToF to compare their metabolite fingerprints. Our results highlight that A. corniculatum and S. apetala negatively affected E. crus-galli development with a stimulating effect or no effect on O. sativa. Phytochemical investigations of A. corniculatum allowed us to putatively annotate three flavonoids and two saponins. For S. apetala, three flavonoids, a tannin and two unusual sulfated ellagic acid derivatives were found. Some of these compounds are described for the first time in these species. Overall, A. corniculatum and S. apetala leaves are proposed as promising natural alternatives against E. crus-galli and should be further assessed under field conditions.

LC-HRMS-Based Profiling: Antibacterial and Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Some Medicinal Plants for the Remedy of Obesity

Globally, obesity is a serious health concern that causes numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Medicinal plants have been used to aid in weight loss since ancient times. Thus, this research is focused on the exploration of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and secondary metabolite profiling of Bergenia ciliata, Mimosa pudica, and Phyllanthus emblica, selected based on an ethnobotanical survey. The lipase inhibition was investigated using 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) as a substrate. To uncover further therapeutic potentials of these medicinal plants, antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were also determined. The ethyl acetate plant extracts showed higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella sonnei. The MIC of ethyl acetate extracts of medicinal plants considered in this study ranges from 1.56 to 6.25 mg/mL. The hexane fraction of Mimosa pudica and Phyllanthus emblica showed a higher lipase inhibitory activity as compared to others, with IC50 values of 0.49 ± 0.02 and 2.45 ± 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. In the case of Bergenia ciliata, the methanolic extract inhibited lipase more effectively than others, with an IC50 value of 1.55 ± 0.02 mg/mL (IC50 value of orlistat was 179.70 ± 3.60 µg/mL). A mass spectrometry analysis of various solvent/solvent partition fractions (extracts) revealed 29 major secondary metabolites. The research offers a multitude of evidence for using medicinal plants as antiobesity and antimicrobial agents.

Margaritaria nobilis L.F. (Phyllanthaceae): Ethnopharmacology and Application of Computational Tools in the Annotation of Bioactive Molecules

Margaritaria nobilis is a shrubby species widely distributed in Brazil from the Amazon to the Atlantic Rainforest. Its bark and fruit are used in the Peruvian Amazon for disinfecting abscesses and as a tonic in pregnancy, respectively, and its leaves are used to treat cancer symptoms. From analyses via UHPLC-MS/MS, we sought to determine the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of M. nobilis leaves by means of putative analyses supported by computational tools and spectral libraries. Thus, it was possible to annotate 44 compounds, of which 12 are phenolic acid derivatives, 16 are O-glycosylated flavonoids and 16 hydrolysable tannins. Among the flavonoids, although they are known, except for kaempferol, which has already been isolated from this species, the other flavonoids (10, 14, 15, 21, 24–26, 28–30, 33–35, 40 and 41) are being reported for the first time in the genus. Among the hydrolysable tannins, six ellagitannins present the HHDP group (6, 19, 22, 31, 38 and 43), one presents the DHHDP group (5), and four contain oxidatively modified congeners (12, 20, 37 and 39). Through the annotation of these compounds, we hope to contribute to the improved chemosystematics knowledge of the genus. Furthermore, supported by a metric review of the literature, we observed that many of the compounds reported here are congeners of authentically bioactive compounds. Thus, we believe that this work may help in understanding future pharmacological activities.

Identification of gallotannins and ellagitannins in aged wine spirits: A new perspective using alternative ageing technology and high-resolution mass spectrometry

This research was focused on identifying gallotannins and ellagitannins degradation pathways to better understand their behavior in complex media such as wine spirits (WS). A WS was aged with chestnut wood staves with three levels of micro-oxygenation, nitrogen, and using wooden barrels. Gallotannins and ellagitannins were identified by LC-ESI-HRMS/MS using a Q-TOF in samples collected at 8, 21, 60, 180, 270, and 365 days of ageing, allowed comparing their relative abundances according to the ageing technology. It was established for the first time, the importance of oxygen in gallotannins and ellagitannins formation/degradation pathways in WS and shading light into the explanation for the steady increase of gallic and ellagic acid contents on WS during ageing. The results also highlighted the presence of penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, di-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, and mono-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-d-glucose, pedunculagin, isomers vescalagin/castalagin and two products stemming from ethanol-promoted oxidation of castalagin/vescalagin and vescalin/castalin, in the composition WS aged with chestnut wood.

Flowers and Leaves Extracts of Stachys palustris L. Exhibit Stronger Anti-Proliferative, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Obesity Potencies than Stems and Roots Due to More Phenolic Compounds as Revealed by UPLC-PDA-ESI-TQD-MS/MS

The present work aims to assess the biological potential of polyphenolic compounds in different parts (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of Stachys palustris L. Towards secondary metabolites profile, 89 polyphenolic compounds (PCs) were identified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-TQD-MS/MS, with a total average content of 6089 mg/100 g of dry matter (d.m.). In terms of biological activity, antioxidant activity (radical activity, reducing power), digestive enzyme inhibitory (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, pancreatic lipase) effect, and antiproliferative activity (inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis in different human cancer cell lines) were explored. Leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of S. palustris L. have not been studied in this regard until now. Vescalagin and cocciferin d2, isoverbascoside (verbascoside), luteolin 6-C-glucoside, luteolin 6-C-galactoside, apigenin 6-C-glucoside, (-)-epicatechin, ellagic acid, and malvidin 3-O-diglucoside were detected as main ingredients in the studied parts. Methanolic extract of S. palustris L. leaves and flowers revealed the highest amount of PCs with the strongest antiradical (18.5 and 15.6 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g d.m., respectively) and reducing power effects (7.3 and 5.6 mmol TE/g d.m.). Leaf extracts exhibited better α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibition effects, while flower extracts exhibited better α-glucosidase inhibition effect. Regarding antiproliferative activity, extracts of the leaves and flowers significantly reduced cell viability and induced a high level of apoptosis in human lung, pancreatic, bladder, and colon cancer cell lines, as well as in human acute myeloid leukemia; whereas the extracts from stems and roots revealed the weaker effects. The results of this work showed anti-proliferative and potentially anti-diabetic, anti-obesity properties of S. palustris L., especially for flowers and leaves, which may have wide potential applications in the functional food, special food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics industries, and/or in medicine.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Metabolomic Characterization of Blanched Pomegranate Peel Extracts: Effect of Cultivar

Hot water blanching at 80 °C for 3 min can be used as a novel pre-treatment step in pomegranate peel to preserve the integrity of the phytochemical content within the peel extracts by lowering or inactivating enzymes such as polyphenol (PPO) oxidase and peroxidase (POD) that are responsible for the break-down of phytochemicals within the peel. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water blanching pre-treatment on yield, bioactive compounds, antioxidants, enzyme inactivation, and antibacterial activity of ‘Wonderful’, ‘Acco’, and ‘Herskawitz’ pomegranate peel extracts. We used a variety of spectrophotometric-based assays and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based approach to characterize and quantify metabolites within the peel extracts. Blanching significantly (p < 0.05) reduced PPO activity in all peel extracts, with the highest PPO reduction in ‘Herskawitz’ peel extracts at 0.25 U/mL. Furthermore, higher antioxidant activity in ‘Herskawitz’ blanched peel extracts using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity at 567.78 ± 9.47 µmol Trolox/g DM, 800.05 ± 1.60 µmol Trolox/g DM, and 915.27 ± 0.61 µmol Trolox/g DM, respectively, was noted. ‘Herskawitz’ blanched peel extracts were recorded with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 80 µg/mL for Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria strains. A total of 30 metabolites were present in ‘Acco’ and ‘Herskawitz’ peel extracts and were tentatively identified after LC-MS profiling. This study demonstrates that blanched peel extracts from ‘Herskawitz’ cultivar have great potential for commercial use in value-added products in the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmacological industries.

Dracocephalum palmatum S. and Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. Originating from Yakutia: A High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Phenolic Compounds

Dracocephalum palmatum S. and Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. contain a large number of target analytes, which are biologically active compounds. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with an ion trap (tandem mass spectrometry) was used to identify target analytes in extracts of D. palmatum S. and D. ruyschiana L. originating from Yakutia. The results of initial studies revealed the presence of 114 compounds, of which 92 were identified for the first time in the genus Dracocephalum. New identified metabolites belonged to 17 classes, including 16 phenolic acids and their conjugates, 18 flavones, 5 flavonols, 2 flavan-3-ols, 1 flavanone, 2 stilbenes, 10 anthocyanins, 1 condensed tannin, 2 lignans, 6 carotenoids, 3 oxylipins, 2 amino acids, 3 sceletium alkaloids, 3 carboxylic acids, 8 fatty acids, 1 sterol, and 3 terpenes, along with 6 miscellaneous compounds. It was shown that extracts of D. palmatum are richer in the spectrum of polyphenolic compounds compared with extracts of D. ruyschiana, according to a study of the presence of these compounds in extracts, based on the results of mass spectrometric studies.

In Vitro Antineoplastic and Antiviral Activity and In Vivo Toxicity of Geum urbanum L. Extracts

This study evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral potential and in vivo toxicity of twelve extracts with different polarity obtained from the herbaceous perennial plant Geum urbanum L. (Rosaceae). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by ISO 10993-5/2009 on bladder cancer, (T-24 and BC-3C), liver carcinoma (HEP-G2) and normal embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. The antineoplastic activity was elucidated through assays of cell clonogenicity, apoptosis induction, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NFκB p65) activation and total glutathione levels. Neutral red uptake study was applied for antiviral activity. The most promising G. urbanum extract was analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS. The acute in vivo toxicity analysis was carried out following OEDC 423. The ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts (EtOAc-AP) exhibited the strongest antineoplastic activity on bladder cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 21.33–25.28 µg/mL) by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting NFκB p65 and cell clonogenicity. EtOAc and n-butanol extracts showed moderate antiviral activity against human adenovirus type 5 and human simplex virus type I. Seventy four secondary metabolites (gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) were identified in EtOAc-AP by UHPLC–HRMS. This extract induced no signs of acute toxicity in liver and kidney specimens of H-albino mice in doses up to 210 mg/kg. In conclusion, our study contributes substantially to the detailed pharmacological characterization of G. urbanum, thus helping the development of health-promoting phytopreparations.

Neuroprotective Potential of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea) Epicarp Extracts Obtained by Sustainable Extraction Process

Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt.), or tree tomato, is a tropical fruit from the Andean region of South America; it is highly rich in vitamins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. In this study, extracts from tamarillo epicarp (TE) were obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and their in-vitro neuroprotective potential was assessed. A central composite design with response surface methodology was performed to optimize PLE as a function of solvent composition and temperature. Selected response variables were extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carotenoid content (TCC), antioxidant (ABTS), and anti-inflammatory (LOX) activities, and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity. According to the desirability function, the optimal conditions were 100% ethanol and 180°C with a 0.87 desirability value. Next, the anti-butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BChE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) inhibition as well as cytotoxicity in HK-2, THP-1 monocytes, and SH-5YSY neuroblastoma cell lines were studied for the TE extract obtained under optimized conditions. The optimum TE extract provided the following results: extraction yield (36.25%), TPC (92.09 mg GAE/g extract), TFC (4.4 mg QE/g extract), TCC (107.15 mg CE/g extract), antioxidant capacity (ABTS, IC₅₀ = 6.33 mg/ml extract), LOX (IC₅₀ = 48.3 mg/ml extract), and AChE (IC₅₀ = 97.46 mg/ml extract), and showed no toxicity at concentration up to 120 μg/ml extract for all the tested cell lines. Finally, chemical characterization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF-MS/MS) of the optimum TE extract exhibited an important presence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and other phenolic acids as well as quercetin hexoside and rutin, as main metabolites responsible for the observed biological properties. All these results suggested that TE, which represents between 8 and 15% of the total fruit, could become a promising natural by-product with a potential "multitarget" activity against Alzheimer's disease.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Leandra dasytricha (A. Gray) Cong. Leaves Promotes Vasodilatation and Reduces Blood Pressure in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

Leandra dasytricha (A. Gray) Cong. is widely distributed in the south of Brazil and is commonly used for cardiovascular and kidney ailments. For this study, we used male Wistar normotensive rats (NTRs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to verify the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) obtained from L. dasytricha leaves on isolated aorta relaxation and in the arterial blood pressure. The EAF was analyzed by LC-DAD-MS, and several components were annotated, including hydrolysable tannins, triterpenes, and O- and C-glycosylated dihydrochalcones, such as the most intense ion peak relative to C-hexosyl phloretin (nothofagin; compound number 13). The EAF caused a concentration and endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta in both NTRs and SHRs. This effect was abolished in the endothelium-denuded aorta. L-NAME, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, entirely blocked the EAF-induced relaxation. The presence of a muscarinic receptor antagonist or a cyclooxygenase inhibitor did not alter the EAF's effectiveness in relaxing the aorta. The preincubation with tetraethylammonium, a Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel blocker, and with 4-aminopyridine, a voltage-dependent K⁺ channel blocker, significantly interfered with the EAF's relaxation. However, the incubation with glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel blocker, and barium chloride, an inward-rectifier K⁺ channel blocker, did not interfere with the EAF-induced relaxation. The EAF treatment also caused a dose-dependent decrease in the mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, and diastolic arterial pressure of both NTRs and SHRs, without significantly interfering with heart rate values. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the EAF-induced vasorelaxant and hypotensive actions, primarily dependent on the endothelium function and mainly with the participation of the nitric oxide and Ca²⁺-activated and voltage-dependent K⁺ channels.

Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Breonadia salicina Using 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of B. salicina. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of B. salicina were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the ¹H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of α-glucose, β-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, d-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 41.7263 ± 7.6401 μg/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC_0.5 value of 0.1481 ± 0.1441 μg/mL. Furthermore, the ¹H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of B. salicina. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of Breonadia salicina, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.

LC-MS/MS-QTOF Screening and Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Australian Grown Herbs and Their Antioxidant Potential

Culinary spices and herbs have been used to impart a characteristic flavour and aroma in food due to their appealing fragrance. Recently, bioactive compounds from herbs, especially phenolics, have gained much attention due to their potential health outcomes. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify the phenolic compounds from 10 widely used Australian-grown herbs (oregano, rosemary, bay, basil, sage, fenugreek, dill, parsley, mint and thyme). For this purpose, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for the complete profiling of polyphenolic compounds and quantification of abundant phenolic compounds was completed with high-performance liquid chromatography—photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). Polyphenols from Australian-grown herbs were estimated through total phenolic content (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and total tannins (TT) along with their in-vitro antioxidant activities. Oregano and mint were estimated with the highest value of TP (140.59 ± 9.52 and 103.28 ± 8.08 mg GAE/g, milligram gallic acid equivalent/gram) while rosemary and mint had the highest TF (8.19 ± 0.74 and 7.05 ± 0.43 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g). In this study, eighty-four (84) phenolic compounds were screened and confirmed through LC-MS/MS by comparing their masses and fragmentation pattern with published libraries. The results of this study validate the use of these herbs as bioactives and their positive impact on human health.

Barbeya oleoides Leaves Extracts: In Vitro Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes Inhibition and Phytochemical Characterization

This study investigated the in vitro inhibitory potential of different solvent extracts of leaves of Barbeya oleoides on key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) in combination with an aggregation assay (using 0.01% Triton X-100 detergent) to assess the specificity of action. The methanol extract was the most active in inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC₅₀ values of 6.67 ± 0.30 and 25.62 ± 4.12 µg/mL, respectively. However, these activities were significantly attenuated in the presence of 0.01% Triton X-100. The chemical analysis of the methanol extract was conducted utilizing a dereplication approach combing LC-ESI-MS/MS and database searching. The chemical analysis detected 27 major peaks in the negative ion mode, and 24 phenolic compounds, predominantly tannins and flavonol glycosides derivatives, were tentatively identified. Our data indicate that the enzyme inhibitory activity was probably due to aggregation-based inhibition, perhaps linked to polyphenols.

Anti-proliferative activity of Ensete superbum Roxb. Cheesman extract and its active principles on human colorectal cancer cell lines

Ensete superbum Roxb. Cheesman (wild banana) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of fever and diarrhea. On a preliminary screening, the ripe peel aqueous extract (PA) exhibited higher cytotoxicity (cell viability of 49% against HCT-15 at 75 µg/ml; and 46% against Caco2 at 50 µg/ml), superior anti-inflammatory (IC₅₀ of 0.49 µg/ml), and greater anti-mutagenic activity at 500 µg/plate compared to the aqueous extracts of seed (SA), flower (FA) and bract (BA). Therefore, we further evaluated the anti-proliferative activity of PA and its fractions. The ability to inhibit the growth of cell lines (HCT-15 and Caco2) was used for the bio-guided fractionation and isolation of active compounds in PA using chromatographic techniques. Multiple extractions of the PA yielded the peel dioxane fraction (PD), and column fractionation of PD yielded eight compounds, of which three (Compound D-PDD, Compound E-PDE, and Compound G-PDG) possessed higher cytotoxic activity. At 10 µg/ml, the cell viability of HCT-15 was 50.1%, 46.5%, and 61.9%, respectively; Caco2 was 98.2%, 62.9%, and 64.7%, respectively, for PDD, PDE, and PDG. These compounds also showed apoptotic effect as evidenced by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, dual staining (acridine orange/ethidium bromide), DNA fragmentation, and the ROS status in colorectal cell lines. The UPLC-HRMS/MS, FTIR, and NMR data revealed the active compounds as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone. These findings indicate the anti-proliferative potential of PA, and warrant further investigation of its active principles in the amelioration of colorectal cancer in in vivo models. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The potential of an underutilized crop as a source of therapeutic agents for colon cancer was established, as the study showed a high cytotoxic activity of wild bananas against HCT-15 and Caco2 cell lines. Bioactivity guided fractionation of peel fraction identified the active compounds present in wild banana, and their anticancer activity was attributed to the induction of cell death. The study indicated that wild banana has the potential to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antiviral, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Four Extracts of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f.: A Good Gift from the Natural Treasure

This study focused on the biological evaluation and chemical characterization of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. Different solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts) were prepared. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity were investigated. Cytotoxicity was assessed using VERO, FaDu, HeLa and RKO cells. The antiviral activity was carried out against HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) propagated in VERO cell line. The aqueous extract, possessing high phenolic content (170.50 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), showed the highest reducing capacity (613.27 and 364.10 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively), radical scavenging potential (469.82 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), metal chelating ability (52.39 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant capacity (3.15 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) alloved to tentatively identify a total of 56 compounds in the extracts, including ellagitannins, gallic acid and galloyl derivatives amongst others. The ethyl acetate extracts substantially depressed cholinesterase enzymes (4.49 and 12.26 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract against AChE and BChE, respectively) and α-amylase enzyme (1.04 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). On the other hand, the methanolic extract inhibited tyrosinase (121.42 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract) and α-glucosidase (2.39 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) activities. The highest selectivity towards all cancer cell lines (SI 4.5-10.8) was observed with aqueous extract with the FaDu cells being the most sensitive (CC50 40.22 µg/mL). It can be concluded that the presence of certain bioactive antiviral molecules may be related to the high anti HSV-1 activity of the methanolic extract. This work has generated vital scientific data on this medicinal plant, which is a prospective candidate for the creation of innovative phyto-pharmaceuticals.

Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of 'Wonderful' Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities

'Wonderful' pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel contains a wide range of phytochemicals including vitamins, dietary fibre, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. Yet, it is often used as animal feed or discarded in landfills, which is not the best eco-friendly way to utilize this phenolic-rich bioresource. Finding novel ways of utilizing pomegranate peel waste could prove a more profitable and eco-friendlier alternative that is far more beneficial to the economy. Adding a blanching pre-treatment step at optimal conditions prior to processing of pomegranate peel aids in the inactivation of quality changing enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), which are accountable for the degradation reactions that cause breakdown of nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of blanching at 80 °C for 3 min on the yield, polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, enzyme inactivation, and antibacterial activity of 'Wonderful' pomegranate peel ethanolic extracts from three different harvest maturities (unripe, ripe, and over ripe), including a comprehensive characterization and quantification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The blanched unripe peel extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content, total tannin content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at 14.0 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry mass (DM), 1.0 mg GAE/g DM, 359.1 µmol Trolox/g DM, 912.2 µmol Trolox/g DM and 802.5 µmol Trolox/g DM, respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PPO and POD activity of all blanched pomegranate peel extracts. The blanched unripe peel extracts had the lowest PPO activity at 0.2 U/g fresh weight (FW), with a 70% PPO inactivation compared to ripe and over ripe harvest, whereas the highest POD inactivation was recorded at 67% in over ripe peel extracts. All blanched peel extracts, irrespective of harvest maturity, had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values at 160 µg/mL against all four bacteria strains tested, which included two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 11775 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883). A total of 25 metabolites including phenolic acids (4), organic acids (1), flavonoids (4), ellagitannins (13), and other polyphenols (3) in all three pomegranate peel samples were tentatively identified after LC-MS profiling. The blanched unripe peel extracts showed significantly higher punicalin α and β, β punicalagin, catechin, epicatechin content at 414 mg/g, and 678 mg/g, 151 mg/g, 229 mg/g, respectively, compared to peel extracts from other harvest maturities. This study provides supportive information for the commercial utilization of pomegranate fruit peel as source of value-added ingredients for the development of novel food, cosmetics, and pharmacological products.

Walnut (J. regia) Agro-Residues as a Rich Source of Phenolic Compounds

The present study was designed to identify and quantify the major phenolic compounds (phenolics) in the inner and outer husks, buds and bark of the Persian walnut, Juglans regia L. A comparison across six different cultivars grown in Slovenia was also carried out: 'Fernor', 'Fernette', 'Franquette', 'Sava', 'Krka' and 'Rubina'. A total of 83 compounds were identified, which included 25 naphthoquinones, 15 hydroxycinnamic acids, 8 hydroxybenzoic acids, 13 flavanols, 2 flavones, 1 flavanone and 19 flavonols. For the first time, 38 phenolics in the husks, 57 phenolics in the buds and 29 phenolics in the bark were presented in J. regia within this study. Naphthoquinones were the major phenolics determined, approximately 75% of all analysed phenolics in the inner husk, 85% in the outer husk, 50% in buds and 80% in bark. The highest content of phenolics was found in the walnut buds, followed by the bark, the inner husk and the outer husk. On the basis of these high phenolic contents, walnut husks, buds and bark represented valuable by-products of the walnut tree. These data also show origin-related phenolic contents across the cultivars, and thus these phenolic profiles might serve to define the origins of different walnut cultivars.

Analysis of Unusual Sulfated Constituents and Anti-infective Properties of Two Indonesian Mangroves, Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa (Combretaceae)

Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa are mangrove species distributed widely along the Indonesian coasts. Besides their ecological importance, both are of interest owing to their wealth of natural products, some of which constitute potential sources for medicinal applications. We aimed to discover and characterize new anti-infective compounds, based on population-level sampling of both species from across the Indonesian Archipelago. Root metabolites were investigated by TLC, hyphenated LC-MS/MS and isolation, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was used for genetic characterization. Phytochemical characterization of both species revealed an unusual diversity in sulfated constituents with 3,3’,4’-tri-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-sulfate representing the major compound in most samples. None of these compounds was previously reported for mangroves. Chemophenetic comparison of L. racemosa populations from different localities provided evolutionary information, as supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence. Samples of both species from particular locations exhibited anti-bacterial potential (Southern Nias Island and East Java against Gram-negative bacteria, Halmahera and Ternate Island against Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, Lumnitzera roots from natural mangrove stands represent a promising source for sulfated ellagic acid derivatives and further sulfur containing plant metabolites with potential human health benefits.

Polyphenolic Compounds of Crataegus Berry, Leaf, and Flower Extracts Affect Viability and Invasive Potential of Human Glioblastoma Cells

Crataegus contains numerous health-promoting compounds that are also proposed to have anti-cancer properties. Herein, we aimed at a contemporaneous evaluation of the effects of polyphenol-rich extracts of berries, leaves, and flowers of six Crataegus species on the viability and invasive potential on the highly aggressive human glioblastoma U87MG cell line. The treatment with the extracts evoked cytotoxic effects, with the strongest in the berry extracts. All extracts not only promoted the apoptosis-related cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) but also substantially inhibited the activity of pro-survival kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and protein kinase B (PKB; also known as Akt), thus indicating the suppression of proliferative and invasive potentials of the examined glioblastoma cells. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of the extracts’ content was also performed and revealed that amongst 37 polyphenolic compounds identified in the examined Crataegus extracts, the majority (29) was detected in berries; the leaf and flower extracts, exerting milder cytotoxic effects, contained only 14 and 13 compounds, respectively. The highest polyphenol content was found in the berries of C. laevigata x rhipidophylla x monogyna, in which flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids predominated. Our results demonstrated that a high content of polyphenolic compounds correlated with the extract cytotoxicity, and especially berries were a valuable source of compounds with anti-cancer potential. This might be a promising option for the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against highly malignant glioblastomas in the future.

Polyphenol Profiling of Chestnut Pericarp, Integument and Curing Water Extracts to Qualify These Food By-Products as a Source of Antioxidants

Plant polyphenols have beneficial antioxidant effects on human health; practices aimed at preserving their content in foods and/or reusing food by-products are encouraged. The impact of the traditional practice of the water curing procedure of chestnuts, which prevents insect/mould damage during storage, was studied to assess the release of polyphenols from the fruit. Metabolites extracted from pericarp and integument tissues or released in the medium from the water curing process were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (ESI-qTOF-MS). This identified: (i) condensed and hydrolyzable tannins made of (epi)catechin (procyanidins) and acid ellagic units in pericarp tissues; (ii) polyphenols made of gallocatechin and catechin units condensed with gallate (prodelphinidins) in integument counterparts; (iii) metabolites resembling those reported above in the wastewater from the chestnut curing process. Comparative experiments were also performed on aqueous media recovered from fruits treated with processes involving: (i) tap water; (ii) tap water containing an antifungal Lb. pentosus strain; (iii) wastewater from a previous curing treatment. These analyses indicated that the former treatment determines a 6–7-fold higher release of polyphenols in the curing water with respect to the other ones. This event has a negative impact on the luster of treated fruits but qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of antioxidants. Such a phenomenon does not occur in wastewater from the other curing processes, where the release of polyphenols was reduced, thus preserving the chestnut’s appearance. Polyphenol profiling measurements demonstrated that bacterial presence in water hampered the release of pericarp metabolites. This study provides a rationale to traditional processing practices on fruit appearance and qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of bioactive compounds for other nutraceutical applications.

Anti-platelet activity and chemical characterization by UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS of the main polyphenols in extracts from Psidium leaves and fruits

In Costa Rica, two species of Psidium fruits, P. guajava and P. friedrichsthalianum, are widely consumed as food and used in folk medicine. Although studies have revealed the health effects of these fruits, there has been little research showing the antiplatelet activity of these species. This work evaluated the antiplatelet potential of aqueous extracts made from leaves and fruits of pink guava and Costa Rican guava. Platelet aggregation was induced by the platelet agonists ADP, TRAP-6, collagen and PMA. Platelet activation and secretion were studied using flow cytometry. The chemical profiles of the four extracts were characterized using UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. The studies revealed that the aqueous extracts of leaves and fruits of P. guajava and P. friedrichsthalianum inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP (4 µM), TRAP-6 (5 µM), collagen (1 µg mL^-1) and PMA (100 nM), and the effect was dependent on the extract concentration. Extracts of leaves and fruits of pink guava and Costa Rican guava reduced secretion of P-selectin and activation of GP IIb/IIIa. The extracts of leaves and fruits of pink guava and Costa Rican guava proved to be a rich source of phenolic compounds, mainly quercetin aglycones and proanthocyanidins derived from (epi) catechin units. Other compounds such as ellagitannins, and benzophenones were also putatively identified. This research showed that P. guajava and P. friedrichsthalianum could potentially be used for the prevention of thrombotic events.

Identification and quantification of the major phenolic constituents in Juglans regia L. peeled kernels and pellicles, using HPLC-MS/MS

This study was designed to identify and quantify the major phenolic constituents in peeled kernel and pellicle of the walnut Juglans regia L. Data were compared across six different cultivars: 'Fernor', 'Fernette', 'Franquette', 'Sava', 'Krka' and 'Rubina'. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify these compounds. Nineteen ellagitanins, 12 ellagic acid derivatives, 4 anthocyanins and 5 other phenols were identified in the pellicle of these walnuts, and 15 dicarboxylic acid derivatives and 1 phenol in the peeled walnut kernels. Thirteen previously unreported compounds were identified in the peeled walnut kernels, and 14 in the walnut pellicle. Hydrolysable tannins were the main phenolic compounds identified in the walnut kernels, and accounted for 31.0% to 35.1% of the total phenolics analysed. The highest intake of total phenolics content per walnut kernel can be obtained by consumption of 'Franquette' and 'Rubina', with the lowest for 'Krka'.

Phytometabolomic analysis of boiled rhizome of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f.) using UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE, LC-QqQ-MS & GC-MS and evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities

Phytometabolomic analysis of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. F.) boiled rhizome was carried out utilizing UPLC-Q-TOF-MS^E, LC-QqQ-MS and GC-MS techniques and evaluated for antihyperglycemic and antioxidative stress potentials. Metabolomic analysis revealed presence of multiple antidiabetic and antioxidant compounds. Boiled rhizome powder exhibited potent antihyperglycemic activity against sugar-induced postprandial hyperglycemia in rats plausibly due to the presence of intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and augmenting cellular glucose uptake activities. It also prevented hyperglycemia-induced hemoglobin and insulin glycation. Rhizome displayed potent reducing power, effectively scavenged various reactive oxygen species. It displayed antioxidative stress potential in assuaging H₂O₂ induced erythrocyte hemolysis and antioxidant activity by inhibiting membrane lipid peroxidation. Boiled rhizome was also found to preserve the loss of cellular antioxidants under H₂O₂ induced oxidative stress and disturbances caused to mitochondrial membrane potential. This is the first research reporting boiled N. nouchali rhizome as an ideal food material to manage the cause of hyperglycemia and resultant oxidative stress.

LC-MS Identification of Proanthocyanidins in Bark and Fruit of six Terminalia species

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the most important and valuable polyphenolic compounds of Terminalia species (family Combretaceae) used for the treatment of several diseases. This study aims to seek identification and characterization of PAs in the ethanolic extracts of bark and fruit of six Terminalia species viz T. arjuna, T. bellerica, T. catappa, T. chebula, T. elliptica and T. paniculata. A high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous identification and characterization of PAs. The chromatographic separation was carried on a Thermo Betasil C8 column (250 mmx4.5 mm, 5μm) operated with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The MS/MS fragmentation study of [M-H]- ions obtained from these PAs showed distinguishable fragment ions with high mass accuracy. Heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation, quinone methide (QM) fragmentation and benzofuran formation (BFF) have been identified as the characteristic fragments. Total of 51 PAs were tentatively identified which include 28 dimers, 15 trimers and 8 other flavan-3-ols.