A Review on Ethnobotanical and Therapeutic Uses of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L)

Medicinal plants and their derivatives for skin and hair: a Mediterranean perspective of women care

Since olden days, medicinal and aromatic plants have been consumed due to their well-known therapeutic, ornamental, culinary, and cosmetic properties. Plant-based cosmetics comprise a growing market offering brands of sustainable products with the ultimate goal of responding to the woman needs to boost their natural beauty, such as soothing, toning, moisturizing and protecting skin and hair. The increasing focus on body and beauty care, combined with a better understanding of the diverse biological effects of plants and their derivatives, has revitalized their significance in aesthetic, cosmetic, and dermatological contexts. Concurrently, the increasing prevalence of allergies and hypersensitivity reactions to synthetic additives commonly found in cosmetics and other skin products has spurred interest in seeking healthier and more efficacious natural alternatives. An intense investigation has been stated around the formulation of medicinal plants- and other plant-based cosmetic products for dermatological and aesthetic purposes. Similarly, a raising awareness by cosmetics' manufacturers and related industries have been progressively stated, culminating with the emergence of a line of plant-based cosmetics increasingly safe and with reliable quality features for multiple purposes. Although a high demand for natural-based products for cosmetic purposes has been stated, further studies are required to deepening knowledge on their beneficial properties, safety and quality features and to identify the main limitations and likelihood of side effects occurrence. In this review, an outlook of the current scenario regarding the use of medicinal and aromatic plants as cosmetic ingredients in the formulation of skin care and other dermatological products traditionally used by the Mediterranean woman for prevention and even cure of skin and hair diseases or for beautification is provided.

Comprehensive Ethnopharmacological Analysis of Medicinal Plants in the UAE: Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is home to diverse indigenous medicinal plants traditionally used for centuries. This study systematically evaluates the pharmacological and nutritional potential of key medicinal plants, including Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies relevant to their nutritional and pharmacological uses. The findings highlight the therapeutic roles of these plants in managing global health challenges such as gastrointestinal diseases, and antimicrobial resistance through bioactive compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, and antioxidants. Additionally, their contributions to nutrition, including essential vitamins and minerals, are emphasized for disease prevention and health promotion. While this research focuses on the UAE, the implications are globally relevant, as many of these plants are also found in traditional medicine across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Integrating these findings into global nutritional and healthcare systems offers potential solutions for pressing public health concerns, reduces reliance on synthetic pharmaceuticals, and promotes sustainable healthcare practices. This work is a valuable reference for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers, bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific applications globally.

Safety classification of herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The use of herbal medicines (HMs) for the treatment of hypertension (HTN) is increasing globally, but research on the potential adverse effects and safety of HMs in HTN patients is limited. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine the global prevalence of HM usage among HTN patients and assess the safety of identified herbs based on current scientific evidence.

Methods

The PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched for cross-sectional studies on the use of HM among HTN patients. Our review includes studies published in English up to the year 2023. After extracting and appraising the data from the studies, a meta-analysis was conducted using the Stata version 16.0 to estimate the pooled prevalence of HM use in patients with HTN (PROSPERO: CRD42023405537). The safety classification of the identified HM was done based on the existing scientific literature.

Results

This study analyzed 37 cross-sectional studies from 21 countries and found that 37.8% of HTN patients used HM to manage their health. The prevalence of HM use varied significantly based on publication year and geographical region. Among the 71 identified herbs, Allium sativum L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Olea europaea L. were the most commonly used. However, four herbs were identified as contraindicated, 50 herbs required caution, and only 11 herbs were considered safe for use.

Conclusion

The study highlights the potential risks of toxicities and adverse effects associated with HM use in the treatment of HTN. Ensuring patient safety involves using safe HMs in appropriate doses and avoiding contraindicated HMs. Future research should focus on identifying commonly used herbs, especially in resource-limited countries with poor HTN management, and additional clinical research is required to assess the toxicity and safety of commonly used HMs.

Current perspectives on fenugreek bioactive compounds and their potential impact on human health: A review of recent insights into functional foods and other high value applications

Despite long-standing uses in several food and medicine traditions, the full potential of the leguminous crop fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) remains to be realized in the modern diet. Not only its seeds, which are highly prized for their culinary and medicinal properties, but also its leaves and stems abound in phytochemicals with high nutritional and health promoting attributes. Fenugreek dual food-medicine applications and reported metabolic activities include hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, and antinociceptive effects, with potential organ-protective effects at the cardiovascular, digestive, hepatic, endocrine, and central nervous system levels. Effectiveness in alleviating certain inflammatory skin conditions and dysfunctions of the reproductive system was also suggested. As a food ingredient, fenugreek can enhance the sensory, nutritional, and nutraceutical qualities of a wide variety of foods. Its high nutritive density can assist with the design of dietary items that meet the demand for novelty, variety, and healthier foods. Its seeds provide essential protective nutrients and other bioactive compounds, notably galactomannans, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, and essential oils, whose health benefits, alone or in conjunction with other bioactives, are only beginning to be tapped into in the food industries. This review summarizes the current state of evidence on fenugreek potential for functional food development, focusing on the nutrients and non-nutrient bioactive components of interest from a dietary perspective, and their applications for enhancing the functional and nutraceutical value of foods and beverages. New developments, safety, clinical evidence, presumed mechanisms of action, and future perspectives are discussed. HIGHLIGHTS: Fenugreek seeds and leaves have long-standing uses in the food-medicine continuum. Fenugreek phytochemicals exert broad-spectrum biological and pharmacological activities. They show high preventive and nutraceutical potential against common chronic diseases. Current evidence supports multiple mechanisms of action mediated by distinct bioactives. Opportunities for fenugreek-based functional foods and nutraceuticals are expanding.

Unraveling the mechanisms of Fenugreek seed for managing different gynecological disorders: steroidal saponins and isoflavones revealed as key bioactive metabolites

This study employed network pharmacology-based analysis and reverse molecular docking to investigate the molecular targets and pathways associated with gynecological disorders, particularly those related to steroidal hormones and their receptors, and the potential therapeutic effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) constituents. The STITCH 5.0 database was utilized to identify potential molecular targets, and a compound-target network was constructed. The main targets associated with gynecological disorders included estrogen receptor beta (ESR2), estrogen-related receptor gamma (GPER1), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), progesterone receptor (PGR), prolactin receptor (PRLR), and several enzymes involved in sex hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, network topological analysis revealed that specific compounds, such as quercetin, luteolin, genistein, and vitexin, had significant interactions with the identified targets. Reverse molecular docking analysis confirmed the interactions between the identified compounds and target proteins where quercetin, luteolin, genistein, 4'-methylgenistein, trigoneoside IIB, diosgenin, and vitexin possessed the highest combined docking scores, indicating their multi-target nature. The results highlighted the potential of steroidal saponins, isoflavones, and flavones as active constituents of fenugreek with implications for lactation, reproductive processes, and estrogenic activity. The chemical profiling of saponin-enriched and flavonoid-enriched fractions using UPLC/MS/MS further supported the presence of these bioactive compounds. In an animal model study, the steroidal saponins-enriched fraction of fenugreek seed exhibited a significant increase in the body weight of lactating female rats and serum prolactin levels while the flavonoids-enriched fraction showed an increase in serum estradiol levels and improved the histological structure of ovaries.

The Effect of Fenugreek on the Severity of Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Dysmenorrhea is the most common periodic pain, which affects more than 50% of women with regular menstruation. Fenugreek is one of the medicinal plants with analgesic properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of fenugreek application in the severity of dysmenorrhea and its side effects in women with dysmenorrhea. PICO: Population: women with dysmenorrhea; Intervention: fenugreek; Comparison: control groups; and Outcome: reduction in the severity of dysmenorrhea and its side effects.

METHODS

English database (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Persian database [SID (Scientific Information Database) and Magiran] were used for research until February 11, 2023, using the keywords "Dysmenorrhea [Mesh]," "Foenum [Mesh]," "fenugreek [Mesh]," and "Trigonella [Mesh]." The reference list of the selected articles was also checked. The quality assessment was conducted through the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0. The RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze and report the data of the entered studies. Meta-analysis results were reported with the standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval). A subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of control groups. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

RESULTS

After removing duplicates and ineligible cases, four articles were included in the systematic review out of the 1526 records obtained. The results showed that the pain intensity caused by primary dysmenorrhea decreased with fenugreek compared to placebo (pooled result SMD: -2.21; 95% CI: -3.26 to -1.17; Z: 4.17; p <0.001). There was no significant difference between fenugreek with mefenamic acid (SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.57 to 0.67; Z: 0.17; p = 0.86) and fenugreek with Chandrasura churna (SMD: 0.06; 95% CI: -0.56 to 0.68; Z: 0.19; p = 0.85). Bias, in terms of incomplete outcome data and selective reporting, was low risk in all studies, and the available evidence was low quality according to the GRADE approach.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that the effect of fenugreek on pain intensity in dysmenorrhea is highly uncertain. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. Regarding the importance of the health and quality of life of women of reproductive age and the low quality of evidence of the studies, clinical trials with stronger methodology are suggested in this field.

Isolation of alkaloidal and glycosidal fractions from leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. cv. Desi indigenous to Pakistan for antiprostaglandin evaluation as substitute of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) has been in use for a long time as a traditional medicine and natural food additive. The reported gastro-protective property makes it unique among other herbs. Seeds and leaves have been shown to exert significant antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, antianorexic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antihyperlipidemic, galactogogue and anti-inflammatory effects in several animal and human models. But its use as a substitute for ulcerative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs needs to be confirmed.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are in common use in treating inflammation associated with a variety of ailments, fever and pain such as menstrual cramps, back pain, arthritic pain and headaches. Their toxicity profile includes the risk of severe gastro-intestinal adverse events like increased bleeding tendency, ulceration, perforation, etc. Conventional NSAIDs have also been reported to reduce the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by affecting afferent arterioles in nephrons. Exacerbated potassium levels were noted in patients using NSAIDs concomitantly with antihypertensive drugs belonging to the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) classes. In this context, the need of the hour is to discover and isolate new compounds from the reported medicinal plants for evaluation of antiprostaglandin potential and safety profile in terms of the hepato-renal system. These compounds may be used as substitutes for NSAIDs in the future management of inflammation and pain with therapeutic equivalency and organ safety. In this scenario, the present study aimed to assess the antiprostaglandin potential of alkaloidal and glycosidal fractions from the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. cv. Desi variety, indigenous to Pakistan, in albino mice along with safety profile. The herb has been used as folk medicine since ancient times for treating inflammation and pain.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Alkaloidal and glycosidal fractions were separated from a methanol extract of leaves of the fenugreek Desi variety. After separation of fractions, their subsiding effects on carrageenan-induced inflammation, air pouch exudate prostaglandin-E2 levels, Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions were assessed in adult male albino mice. The safety profile of fractions was assessed by measuring their effects on mice sera hepato-renal biomarkers.

RESULT

Alkaloidal fraction of T. foenum Desi variety was found to be significantly effective in reducing inflammation, air pouch exudate PGE2 levels, fever (≤37 °C) and pain by inhibiting writhes (up to 96.58%) Gradual inhibition of paw edema was observed 1-6 h post-dose, with maximum reduction percentages of 62.82% and 62.57% for 100 mg and 200 mg, respectively. Both fractions did not disturb the normal physiology of the hepato-renal system by showing normal biomarker values.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the results demonstrate the potent antiprostaglandin potential of the alkaloidal fraction of gastroprotective fenugreek "Desi" leaves with hepato-renal system safety and hence justify its use as a substitute for ulcerative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Assessing the Efficacy of Fenugreek Saponin Nanoparticles in Attenuating Nicotine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats

During smoking, nicotine, the most bountiful compound in cigarettes, is absorbed into the body by the lungs and quickly metabolized in the liver, causing three major adverse impacts such as toxic, neoplastic, and immunomodulatory effects. Saponins extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit various biological actions, such as anticancer effects. So, the potential protective effect of fenugreek saponin and nanofenugreek saponin against toxicity induced by nicotine in male rats was investigated in this study. Animals were exposed to nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day) and/or treated with fenugreek saponin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) and nanofenugreek saponin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day). Comet assays, histopathological examination, and analyses for the expression levels of glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) genes in liver tissues as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were conducted. The results revealed that nicotine treatment induced a significant increase in DNA damage, decrease in the expression levels of (GLAST) and (GLT-1) genes, and increase in histopathological alterations in liver tissues. Moreover, nicotine treatment induced a significant reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes GPx and GST. On the other hand, administration of fenugreek saponin or nanofenugreek saponin with nicotine significantly decreased the DNA damage, increased the expression levels of (GLAST) and (GLT-1) genes, and decreased histopathological alterations in liver tissues. Additionally, a significant increase in the activities of GPx and GST was observed. The results suggested that DNA damage and histological injuries induced by nicotine were decreased by the administration of fenugreek saponin or nanofenugreek saponin; thus, fenugreek saponin and nanofenugreek saponin can be used as ameliorative agents against nicotine toxicity.

Association of a novel begomovirus species with fenugreek yellow vein disease in India

BACKGROUND

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual medicinal and spice crop belonging to the family Fabaceae. The occurrence of a yellow vein disease was recorded in fenugreek in Jodhpur (India) in 2022. The infection of begomoviruses in legume crops results in significant yield loss and major economic loss. The current study reports an association of a novel begomovirus species associated with yellow vein disease in Fenugreek.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In symptomatic fenugreek plants, geminivirus-like particles were visible under a transmission electron microscope. Further, nucleotide sequence analysis of the rolling circle amplified product revealed 2743 nucleotide DNA-A genome with close relatedness to French bean leaf curl virus (88.21%) and Senna leaf curl virus (87.63%). It was proposed as a new begomovirus species, Fenugreek yellow vein Rajasthan virus. The genome organization suggested the presence of a typical nonanucleotide sequence along with 7 ORFs in DNA-A. A possible recombination event took place in the coat protein (V1) region with Pedilanthus leaf curl virus and Chilli leaf curl virus as major and minor parents. The recombinant virus poses possible threats to several other legume crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the association of FeYVRaV with fenugreek yellow vein disease from northwestern India.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the presence of a novel begomovirus species associated with yellow vein disease in fenugreek is alarming and needs further studies on its infectivity to prevent its spread to legume crops.

Spice-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Potential for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Different types of skin cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the advancements in targeted therapies, there is still a need for a safer, highly efficient approach to preventing and treating cutaneous malignancies. Spices have a rich history dating back thousands of years and are renowned for their ability to enhance the flavor, taste, and color of food. Derived from various plant parts like seeds, fruits, bark, roots, or flowers, spices are important culinary ingredients. However, their value extends beyond the culinary realm. Some spices contain bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, which are known for their significant biological effects. These compounds have attracted attention in scientific research due to their potential health benefits, including their possible role in disease prevention and treatment, such as cancer. This review focuses on examining the potential of spice-derived phenolic compounds as preventive or therapeutic agents for managing skin cancers. By compiling and analyzing the available knowledge, this review aims to provide insights that can guide future research in identifying new anticancer phytochemicals and uncovering additional mechanisms for combating skin cancer.

Integration of molecular docking, molecular dynamics and network pharmacology to explore the multi-target pharmacology of fenugreek against diabetes

Fenugreek is an ancient herb that has been used for centuries to treat diabetes. However, how the fenugreek-derived chemical compounds work in treating diabetes remains unclarified. Herein, we integrate molecular docking and network pharmacology to elucidate the active constituents and potential mechanisms of fenugreek against diabetes. First, 19 active compounds from fenugreek and 71 key diabetes-related targets were identified through network pharmacology analysis. Then, molecular docking and simulations results suggest diosgenin, luteolin and quercetin against diabetes via regulation of the genes ESR1, CAV1, VEGFA, TP53, CAT, AKT1, IL6 and IL1. These compounds and genes may be key factors of fenugreek in treating diabetes. Cells results demonstrate that fenugreek has good biological safety and can effectively improve the glucose consumption of IR-HepG2 cells. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the anti-diabetic effect of fenugreek was regulated by the AGE-RAGE and NF-κB signalling pathways. It is mainly associated with anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory response and β-cell protection. Our study identified the active constituents and potential signalling pathways involved in the anti-diabetic effect of fenugreek. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of fenugreek. Finally, this study may help for developing anti-diabetic dietary supplements or drugs based on fenugreek.

Cell Growth Inhibition, DNA Fragmentation and Apoptosis-Inducing Properties of Household-Processed Leaves and Seeds of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Linn.) against HepG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 Cancerous Cell Lines

Household processing of fenugreek seeds and leaves, including soaking, germination, and boiling of the seeds, and air-drying of the leaves, has improved the levels of human consumption of the bitter seeds and increased the shelf life of fresh leaves, respectively. The potential anticancer activity of either unprocessed or processed fenugreek seeds or leaves and the relative expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes of the studied cancerous cell lines exposed to IC50 crude extracts was investigated to observe the apoptotic-inducing property of this plant as an anticancer agent. The protein expression of IKK-α and IKK-β, as inhibitors of NF-KB which exhibit a critical function in the regulation of genes involved in chronic inflammatory disorders, were studied in the tested cancerous cell lines. In this study, the anticancer activity of household-processed fenugreek leaves and seeds against HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and VERO cell lines was measured using an MTT assay. DNA fragmentation of both HepG2 and MCF-7 was investigated by using gel electrophoresis. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the relative expression of each p53, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes, whereas ELISA assay determined the expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, and 8-OHDG genes. Western blotting analyzed the protein-expressing levels of IKK-α and IKK-β proteins in each studied cell line. Data showed that at 500 µg mL-1, ADFL had the highest cytotoxicity against the HepG2 and HCT-116 cell lines. Although, each UFS and GFS sample had a more inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells than ADFL. Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the IC50 of each ADFL, UFS, and GFS sample induced DNA fragmentation in HepG2 and MCF-7, contrary to untreated cell lines. Gene expression using RT-PCR showed that IC50 doses of each sample induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of the p53, caspase-3, and Bax genes and the down-regulation of the Bcl-2 gene in each studied cell line. The relative expression of TNF-α, 8-OHDG, and caspase-3 genes of each HepG2 and MCF-7 cell line using ELISA assays demonstrated that ADFL, UFS, and GFS samples reduced the expression of TNF-α and 8-OHDG genes but increased the expression of the caspase-3 gene. Protein-expressing levels of IKK-α and IKK-β proteins in each studied cell line, determined using Western blotting, indicated that household treatments decreased IKK-α expression compared to the UFS sample. Moreover, the ADFL and SFS samples had the most activity in the IKK-β expression levels. Among all studied samples, air-dried fenugreek leaves and unprocessed and germinated fenugreek seeds had the most anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing properties against human HepG2, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cell lines, as compared to the VERO cell line. So, these crude extracts can be used in the future for developing new effective natural drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular, breast, and colon carcinomas.

Safety and Efficacy of Furosap®, a Patented Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract, in Boosting Testosterone Level, Reproductive Health and Mood Alleviation in Male Volunteers

BACKGROUND

The medicinal herb fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds, fortified with dietary fibers and furostanolic saponins including protodioscin, have demonstrated a significant contribution to human health. In our laboratories, Furosap^®, a patented 20% protodioscin-enriched extract was developed from fenugreek seeds.

OBJECTIVE

In an open-label, one-arm, single-center longitudinal study, we examined the safety and efficacy of Furosap^® on free and total testosterone levels, fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, sperm count, motility and morphology, dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sexual health, reflex erection, mood alleviation, mental alertness, and total blood chemistry analyses over a period of 12 weeks in healthy male volunteers.

METHODS

Institutional Ethics Committee approvals and Clinicaltrials.gov registration were obtained. Effect of Furosap^® (500 mg/day) was examined of free and total testosterone levels, sperm count, motility and morphology, sexual health, mood and mental alertness, and total blood chemistry analyses in 100 healthy volunteers (age 35-60 Y) over a period of 12 consecutive weeks.

RESULTS

No changes were observed in body weight and BMI. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and DHEA levels significantly decreased. Free and bound testosterone levels improved significantly at 12 weeks of treatment. Sperm motility significantly increased at 8- and 12-weeks of treatment, while abnormal sperm morphology significantly decreased at 12-weeks of treatment. Mental alertness, mood, and reflex erection score significantly alleviated. An age-induced increasing effect was observed. Furthermore, cardiovascular health and libido significantly improved. Blood chemistry analyses exhibited broad spectrum safety. A decreasing trend was observed in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL levels, while an increasing trend was observed in HDL level at 12 weeks of treatment. LDL level decreased significantly at 12-weeks of treatment. No adverse events were observed.

CONCLUSION

Results demonstrate that Furosap^® is safe and effective in improving testosterone levels, cardiovascular health, healthy sperm profile, mental alertness in human male volunteers.

The effect of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) supplementation on the performance and milk yield characteristics of dairy goats

The use of fenugreek seed as a galactagogue has been investigated in ruminants. However, only a few studies have analyzed the effects of fenugreek seed on the milk fatty acid composition. To the authors' best knowledge, none of these studies have investigated the effects of fenugreek seed on milk volatile compounds. The objective of this study, which lasted 8 weeks, was to determine the effects of fenugreek seed supplementation on the performance, milk fatty acid profile, and milk volatile profile of goats. A total of 20 Turkish Saanen dairy goats that were mid-lactation were used in the study. This study was carried out with two homogeneous groups: the control group (CON) and fenugreek group (FG). Both groups were fed a total mixed ration (TMR), but the FG treatment had their diet supplemented with 0.1 kg d- 1 of fenugreek seed per animal. The feed intake, live weight, milk yield, milk chemical composition, serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration, milk fatty acid profile, and milk volatile compound profile were determined. The feed intake, live weight gain, and milk yield of the goats did not significantly differ between the CON and FG treatments ( P > 0.05 ), whereas the milk fat concentration increased ( P = 0.05 ) and the serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased ( P < 0.05 ) in the FG treatment. The unsaturated fatty acid concentration in milk ( P < 0.05 ) was also enhanced in the FG treatment. In addition, the FG treatment increased 2-propanone, 2-butanone, benzene, 1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl), and eucalyptol concentrations in milk ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, the supplementation of goats' diets with fenugreek seed during the mid-lactation period did not affect their performance and improved the unsaturated fatty acid profile of their milk. Of particular importance, we have also detected an increase in the 2-propanone concentration in milk following fenugreek supplementation.

Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects

Nature has abundant source of drugs that need to be identified/purified for use as essential biologics, either individually or in combination in the modern medical field. These drugs are divided into small bio-molecules, plant-made biologics, and a recently introduced third category known as phytopharmaceutical drugs. The development of phytopharmaceutical medicines is based on the ethnopharmacological approach, which relies on the traditional medicine system. The concept of ‘one-disease one-target drug’ is becoming less popular, and the use of plant extracts, fractions, and molecules is the new paradigm that holds promising scope to formulate appropriate drugs. This led to discovering a new concept known as polypharmacology, where natural products from varying sources can engage with multiple human physiology targets. This article summarizes different approaches for phytopharmaceutical drug development and discusses the progress in systems biology and computational tools for identifying drug targets. We review the existing drug delivery methods to facilitate the efficient delivery of drugs to the targets. In addition, we describe different analytical techniques for the authentication and fingerprinting of plant materials. Finally, we highlight the role of biopharming in developing plant-based biologics.

The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature

Dysglycemia is a disease state preceding the onset of diabetes and includes impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. This review aimed to collect and analyze the literature reporting the results of clinical trials evaluating the effects of selected nutraceuticals on glycemia in humans. The results of the analyzed trials, generally, showed the positive effects of the nutraceuticals studied alone or in association with other supplements on fasting plasma glucose and post-prandial plasma glucose as primary outcomes, and their efficacy in improving insulin resistance as a secondary outcome. Some evidences, obtained from clinical trials, suggest a role for some nutraceuticals, and in particular Berberis, Banaba, Curcumin, and Guar gum, in the management of prediabetes and diabetes. However, contradictory results were found on the hypoglycemic effects of Morus, Ilex paraguariensis, Omega-3, Allium cepa, and Trigonella faenum graecum, whereby rigorous long-term clinical trials are needed to confirm these data. More studies are also needed for Eugenia jambolana, as well as for Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus which glucose-lowering effects were observed when administered in combination, but not alone. Further trials are also needed for quercetin.

Phytochemical Screening, Quantification, FT-IR Analysis, and In Silico Characterization of Potential Bio-active Compounds Identified in HR-LC/MS Analysis of the Polyherbal Formulation from Northeast India

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, leading to many undesirable health consequences. There are many herbal formulations, traditionally used by the Northeast Indian population for disease management. These formulations require scientific validations to optimize their efficacy and increase their popularity. In this study, we attempt to scientifically validate a polyherbal formulation traditionally used for the management of diabetes through preliminary phytochemicals investigation, characterization of potential phytochemicals using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) analysis, and in silico characterization of physiochemical, drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of identified phytochemical compounds. Qualitative phytochemical screening of various extracts of the formulation confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenols and tannins, flavonoids, fats, and oils. Phytochemical quantification of the various extracts showed that the highest total phenolic content is present in the ethanolic extract (35.61 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g), while the highest total flavonoid content is present in the chloroform extract (76.33 ± 2.96 mg QE/g) of the formulation. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed various characteristic band values with various functional groups in the formulation extract such as amines, alcohol, fluoro compounds, phenol, alkane, alkene, and conjugated acid groups. HR-LC/MS analyses identified nearly 51 compounds including 9 small peptides and 42 potential phytochemical compounds. In silico SwissADME analysis of identified compounds revealed 25 potential compounds following Lipinski's rule and showing drug-like characteristics, and out of them, 16 compounds exhibited good oral bioavailability, as revealed in the bioavailability radar. The overall study showed that the presented polyherbal formulation is enriched with bio-active phytochemical compounds with good pharmaceutical values.

Herb and Spices in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Narrative Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide. CRC management is challenging due to late detection, high recurrence rate, and multi-drug resistance. Herbs and spices used in cooking, practised for generations, have been shown to contain CRC protective effect or even be useful as an anti-CRC adjuvant therapy when used in high doses. Herbs and spices contain many bioactive compounds and possess many beneficial health effects. The chemopreventive properties of these herbs and spices are mainly mediated by the BCL-2, K-ras, and MMP pathways, caspase activation, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the regulation of ER-stress-induced apoptosis. As a safer natural alternative, these herbs and spices could be good candidates for chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents for CRC management because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Therefore, in this narrative review, six different spices and herbs: ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) used in daily cuisine were selected for this study and analyzed for their chemoprotective or chemotherapeutic roles in CRC management with underlying molecular mechanisms of actions. Initially, this study comprehensively discussed the molecular basis of CRC development, followed by culinary and traditional uses, current scientific research, and publications of selected herbs and spices on cancers. Lead compounds have been discussed comprehensively for each herb and spice, including anti-CRC phytoconstituents, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and finally, anti-CRC effects with treatment mechanisms. Future possible works have been suggested where applicable.

Hydrophilic interaction LC-MS/MS method to avoid endogenous interference in the analysis of 4-hydroxy isoleucine from dietary supplementation of fenugreek

4-Hydroxy isoleucine is one of the potent hypoglycaemic active constituents of fenugreek seeds. A method capable of reducing biological interferences is required for bio-availability studies. An isocratic separation of 4-hydroxy isoleucine from endogenous interferences was achieved in ZIC-cHILIC column using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (20:80, % v/v) pumped at 0.5 mL/min. Quantification was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using the transitions of m/z 148.1→102.1 and m/z 276.1→142.2 for 4-hydroxy isoleucine and homatropine (as internal standard), respectively. After full method validation, 4-Hydroxy isoleucine levels in human plasma and commercial fenugreek formulations were determined. This method showed good linearity in the range of 50-2000 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy were in the range of 90.64-109.0% and precision was <4.82 % CV. The mean (SD) plasma concentration of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in healthy individuals at 2 hrs post oral administration of fenugreek tablet was found to be 1590 (260) ng/mL. Half of marketed formulations were found to contain < 0.05 % of 4-Hydroxy isoleucine content. We developed a rapid hydrophilic interaction LC-MS/MS method for analysis of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in human plasma. This method can be applied directly to conduct the clinical pharmacokinetics studies of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in human population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of polylactic acid/fenugreek essential oil/curcumin composite films for food packaging applications

Curcumin and Fenugreek essential oil (FEO) were blended into the PLA matrix by solution casting technique to improve the functional properties of the composite film. Both fillers (curcumin and FEO) were properly combined and uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix to create a PLA-compatible composite evidenced by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) results. The addition of FEO and curcumin to the composite film improved UV-blocking, surface color, tensile strength, flexibility, thickness, and Water contact angle (WCA). However, the inclusion of curcumin and FEO slightly diminish the Water vapor permeability (WVP) while maintaining its thermal stability. The PLA-based composite film exhibited good antibacterial and anti-oxidant properties. In addition, a food quality test was performed on strawberry, and the results were compared to the commercial (polyethylene) film.

Cytotoxic activity of standardized extracts, a fraction, and individual secondary metabolites from fenugreek seeds against SKOV-3, HeLa and MOLT-4 cell lines

CONTEXT

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae) has many therapeutic properties and anticancer potential.

OBJECTIVE

The cytotoxic activities of standardized extracts and a fraction from fenugreek seeds and their compounds (sapogenins, flavone C-glycosides, alkaloid trigonelline) against human cancer SKOV-3, HeLa and MOLT-4 cells were evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fenugreek seeds were extracted with 70% methanol (A) or water (B). Furthermore, the seeds were purified with petroleum ether and chloroform and next extracted with methanol to obtain fraction (C). The quantitative analysis of saponins and flavonoids in the extracts was done with HPLC methods. The extracts (5-120 µg/mL) and compounds (1-50 µg/mL) were tested on the cells by MTT assay and RTCA system. The effect of a fraction on ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3/7 activity in HeLa and SKOV-3 cells was also evaluated by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The strongest cytotoxic activity on cancer cells showed the fraction C (IC₅₀ was 3.91 ± 0.03 for HeLa, 3.97 ± 0.07 for SKOV-3, and 7.75 ± 0.37 for MOLT-4) with the highest content of steroidal saponins (163.18 ± 11.03 μg/mg) and flavone C-glycosides (820.18 ± 0.05 μg/mg). The fraction significantly increased ROS production (up to four times higher than in keratinocytes as control) and caspases activity in the cells. The examined flavonoids did not exhibit the cytotoxic activity in contrast to yamogenin, tigogenin, and diosgenin.

CONCLUSIONS

The obtained results complement the data on the cytotoxic activity of Foenugraeci Semen and synergistic effect of flavonoids and saponins complex contained in the plant.

Trigonelline induces autophagy to protect mesangial cells in response to high glucose via activating the miR-5189-5p-AMPK pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease. Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in DN pathogenesis. Trigonelline (TRL) has been shown to lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, promote nerve regeneration, and exert anti-cancer and sedative properties.

METHOD

The effect of TRL on human mesangial cell (HMC) growth was assessed using the MTT assay. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Bioinformatics, cell transfection, and Western blot analyses were utilized to confirm the binding of miR-5189-5p to HIF1AN. The effects of miR-5189-5 expression on cell proliferation were also assessed. Western blot analysis was used to determine the activation of multiple signaling molecules including phosphorylated-(p)-AMPK, SIRT1, LC3B, p62, and Beclin-1 in the autophagy pathway.

RESULTS

TRL improved proliferation, increased the expression of miR-5189-5p, reduced HIF1AN, and restored the inhibition of autophagy in HMCs induced by high glucose. MiR-5189-5p mimics inhibited HIF1AN expression, and the miR-5189-5p inhibitor increased HIF1AN expression. MiR-5189-5p mimics significantly improved the proliferation of HMCs induced by high glucose, reduced the relative protein expression of p-AMPK, SIRT1, LC3B, and Beclin-1, and significantly increased the relative protein expression of p62.

CONCLUSION

We showed that TRL up-regulated miR-5189-5p expression, activated the AMPK pathway, and activated autophagy in HMCs. Our study demonstrates that TRL could be a new treatment strategy to protect mesangial cells in response to high glucose.

Microbial Diversity and Metabolite Profile of Fermenting Millet in the Production of Hausa koko, a Ghanaian Fermented Cereal Porridge

Hausa koko is an indigenous porridge processed from millet in Ghana. The process involves fermentation stages, giving the characteristic organoleptic properties of the product that is produced largely at a small-scale household level and sold as a street food. Like many other indigenous foods, quality control is problematic and depends on the skills of the processor. In order to improve the quality of the product and standardize the process for large-scale production, we need a deeper understanding of the microbial processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the microbial community involved in the production of this traditional millet porridge and the metabolites produced during processing. High-throughput amplicon sequencing was used to identify the bacterial (16S rRNA V4 hypervariable region) and fungal [Intergenic Transcribed Spacer (ITS)] communities associated with the fermentation, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for metabolite profiling. The bacterial community diversity was reduced during the fermentation processes with an increase and predominance of lactobacilli. Other dominant bacteria in the fermentation included Pediococcus, Weissella, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Acetobacter. The species Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Ligilactobacillus salivarius accounted for some of the diversities within and between fermentation time points and processors. The fungal community was dominated by the genus Saccharomyces. Other genera such as Pichia, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Nakaseomyces, Torulaspora, and Cyberlindnera were also classified. The species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Stachybotrys sansevieriae, Malassezia restricta, Cyberlindnera fabianii, and Kluyveromyces marxianus accounted for some of the diversities within some fermentation time points. The species S. sansevieria and M. restricta may have been reported for the first time in cereal fermentation. This is the most diverse microbial community reported in Hausa koko. In this study, we could identify and quantify 33 key different metabolites produced by the interactions of the microbial communities with the millet, composed of organic compounds, sugars, amino acids and intermediary compounds, and other key fermentation compounds. An increase in the concentration of organic acids in parallel with the reduction of sugars occurred during the fermentation process while an initial increase of amino acids followed by a decrease in later fermentation steps was observed.

Fenugreek Cultivation with Emphasis on Historical Aspects and its uses in Traditional Medicine and Modern Pharmaceutical Science

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a native plant found in the parts of Iran to the North of India, and is presently planted also in other regions of the world. Fenugreek is considered a notable multipurpose medicinal and traditional herb in Iran, India, and China for several centuries. The most important components of fenugreek seeds are protein, neutral detergent fiber, gum, lipids, moisture, ash and starch. Fenugreek seeds and leaves are anti-cholesterolemic, anti-tumor, antiinflammatory, carminative, demulcent, deobstruent, emollient, expectorant, galactogogue, febrifuge, laxative, hypoglycaemic, restorative, parasiticide and uterine tonic and useful in burning sensation. Traditionally, fenugreek seeds being used worldwide are beneficial for bone and muscles, respiratory system, gastro-intestinal system, female reproductive system, cardio-vascular system, endocrinology and hepatic. Fenugreek helps reduce cholesterol, reduce cardiovascular risk, control diabetes, a good consolation for sore throats, a remedy for acid reflux, constipation, colon cancer prevention, appropriate for kidney trouble, skin infection, increase milk production, reduce menstrual discomfort, and reduce menopause symptoms. It is also an appetite suppressant that helps in weight loss. Both modern science and traditional medicine integration with novel technologies and discoveries will secure the cultivation of medicinal herbs and promote sustainability in the long-term and a wide-range.

Comparative analysis on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Algerian fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and Syrian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds

Introduction: Natural products represent a gold mine for scientists looking for compounds for the treatment of health problems and diseases with their different biological and pharmacological activities. However, recent research is focused on finding natural sources of antioxidants.

Objective: The objective of current research was to determine the phytochemical profile of Algerian fenu-greek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), and Syrian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds in order to characterize their phenolic compounds and to determine their antioxidant activities.

Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoids, condensed and hydrolysable tannins contents were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin and ferric chloride methods, respectively. Phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC method and antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH assay.

Results: The higher amounts of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, condensed and hydrolysable tannins were given by fenugreek. Results of HPLC analysis of our plants showed that eight phytochemical compounds were found in cumin extract, and seven molecules in fenugreek extract. Moreover, fenugreek possessed higher antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: This study confirmed that our plants are a good source of phenolic contents and possess a high antioxidant activity.

Modulation of inflammatory markers by petroleum ether fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract in ovariectomized rats

This study evaluates the modulation of inflammatory markers by petroleum ether fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (PE-TFG) seed extract in ovariectomized rats. The HPTLC method was used for standardization and to quantify the diosgenin in PE-TFG. For testing PE-TFG in rats, the total duration of treatment was 12-weeks, and the rats were sacrificed on week 12. The tissue samples such as blood, liver, heart, and aorta were isolated for testing inflammatory markers such as adiponectin, leptin, PPAR-γ, TNF-α, lipid profile, hepatic markers, antioxidants, and oxidative stress markers. The PE-TFG treatment decreased the elevation of total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, and ALT. Upon PE-TFG treatment, there was a significant increase in adiponectin and PPAR-γ mRNA expression. Leptin and TNF-α were normal after treatment with PE-TFG seed extract. Further, micro-steatosis of hepatocytes marked glomerular hypertrophy in the kidney and increased thickness of tunica intima and media of common carotid artery was reversed after treatment with PE-TFG. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is a curative plant used to treat inflammatory conditions like diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, arthritis, cancer, and digestive disorders. In our study, PE-TFG supplementation has a protective effect on OVX-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, mRNA expression of adiponectin and PPAR-γ, hepatic steatosis, and decreased thickness of tunica intima and media of common carotid artery.

Middle East Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes: A Review

Diabetes is a global health problem, and the number of diabetic patients is in continuous rise. Conventional antidiabetic therapies are associated with high costs and limited efficiency. The use of traditional medicine and plant extracts to treat diabetes is gaining high popularity in many countries. Countries in the Middle East region have a long history of using herbal medicine to treat different diseases, including diabetes. In this review, we compiled and summarized all the in vivo and in vitro studies conducted for plants with potential antidiabetic activity in the Middle East region. Plants of the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families are the most investigated. It is hoped that this review will contribute scientifically to evidence the ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants as antidiabetic agents. Work has to be done to define tagetes, mechanism of action and the compound responsible for activity. In addition, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters should be investigated.

Cardioprotective effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum) seed extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Inadequate control of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to considerable cardiovascular implications like diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms of DCM pathogenesis associated with hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipidemia and several other factors. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) has been long used as a traditional medicine and has many therapeutic effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate cardioprotective effects of fenugreek seed on diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in forty-two male rats by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/ kg). Diabetic animals were treated with three different doses of fenugreek seed extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) or metformin (300 mg/kg) for six weeks by gavage. Nondiabetic rats served as controls. Glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were measured in the blood samples, and oxidative stress markers as well as gene expression of ICAM1 , Bax and Bcl2 were assessed in the cardiac tissues of the experimental groups. Results: Diabetic rats exhibited increased serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels, elevated markers of oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) levels , total thiol groups (SH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and enhanced apoptosis cell death (ratio of Bax/Bcl2). Fenugreek seed extract considerably improved metabolism abnormalities, attenuated oxidative stress and diminished apoptosis index. Conclusion: Our study suggests that fenugreek seed may protect the cardiac structure in STZ-induced diabetic rats by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Optimization of a process for microgreen and fruit-based functional beverage

Microgreen based functional juice blends containing fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and aloe vera (Aloe brobadensis) in different ratios were blended with sorbitol and stevia. The different ratios of juice blends were analyzed for total soluble solids, sedimentation, viscosity and titrable acidity. They were also screened for total phenolic content, total carotenoid content and antioxidant properties such as DPPH, reducing power and metal chelating activity. The formulation with highest TPC, TCC and antioxidant property was selected to optimize a microgreen based functional juice. The optimized microgreen blend formulation had 20 ml 100-1 ml microgreen juice, 40 ml 100-1 ml kinnow juice, 8.5 ml 100-1 ml sorbitol, 1.78 g 100-1 ml stevia and 29.72 ml 100-1 ml aloe vera juice. It had high protein, minerals (sodium and potassium) and vitamin (vitamin C) content as well as good source beta-carotene, phenols and antioxidants. Antioxidant helps in reducing diabetic complications by reducing the oxidative stress and because of their protective action against reactive oxygen species.

Fenugreek Stimulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Milk Synthesis and Milk Flow through Modulation of Insulin/GH/IGF-1 Axis and Oxytocin Secretion

We previously demonstrated galactagogue effect of fenugreek in a rat model of lactation challenge, foreshadowing its use in women's breastfeeding management. To assess longitudinal molecular mechanisms involved in milk synthesis/secretion in dams submitted to fenugreek supplementation, inguinal mammary, pituitary glands and plasma were isolated in forty-three rats nursing large 12 pups-litters and assigned to either a control (CTL) or a fenugreek-supplemented (FEN) diet during lactation. RT-PCR were performed at days 12 and 18 of lactation (L12 and L18) and the first day of involution (Inv1) to measure the relative expression of genes related to both milk synthesis and its regulation in the mammary gland and lactogenic hormones in the pituitary gland. Plasma hormone concentrations were measured by ELISA. FEN diet induced 2- to 3-times higher fold change in relative expression of several genes related to macronutrient synthesis (Fasn, Acaca, Fabp3, B4galt1, Lalba and Csn2) and energy metabolism (Cpt1a, Acads) and in IGF-1 receptor in mammary gland, mainly at L12. Pituitary oxytocin expression and plasma insulin concentration (+77.1%) were also significantly increased. Altogether, these findings suggest fenugreek might extend duration of peak milk synthesis through modulation of the insulin/GH/IGF-1 axis and increase milk ejection by activation of oxytocin secretion.

Efficacy of a novel extract of fenugreek seeds in alleviating vasomotor symptoms and depression in perimenopausal women: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study

The present randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of a standardized fenugreek extract (FHE) on perimenopausal discomforts and its influence on hormonal balance and safety. Healthy women characterized with perimenopausal symptoms (n = 48), as assessed by MRS questionnaire, were randomized either to FHE (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24) and supplemented with 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days. Both inter and intra-group comparison revealed a significant improvement in somatic, psychological, and urogenital scores in FHE group, especially for hot flashes (25.9%), night sweats (26.5%), depression (31.8%), and insomnia (21.6%). Further hormone analysis revealed an enhancement in serum estradiol (18.9%), free testosterone (38.2%), and progesterone (19.9%) concentrations and a significant decrease in FSH (38.2%) and SHBG (21.1%) concentrations toward establishing a hormonal balance among FHE-group; without significant changes in other clinical safety parameters. Thus, FHE supplementation offered a significant reduction in vasomotor effects and depression in perimenopausal women, without any adverse effects PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fenugreek is a popular kitchen spice and Ayurvedic medicine for a variety of health conditions including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hepatotoxicity, gastritis, and also for a variety of hormone-related health conditions such as sexual functions, lactation, osteoporosis, PCOS, and post/perimenopausal discomforts. Fenugreek is rich in alkaloids, steroidal saponins, flavonoids and 4-hydroxyisoleucine. The present randomized-controlled study investigated the plausible application of a standardized hydro-ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds (FHE) having a unique 3:1 ratio for protodioscin to trigonelline in the management of perimenopausal discomforts. It was observed that FHE at a dosage of 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days significantly reduced the discomforts, especially vasomotor symptoms and depression, and helped to attain a hormonal balance without any adverse effects or deviations in clinical safety parameters. Thus, FHE could be a potential natural agent for the management of post and perimenopausal discomforts and has to be explored in future studies.

Indian Traditional medicinal plants as a source of potent Anti-diabetic agents: A Review

Objective

The present review aims to provide an overview of traditional medicinal plants known to be of anti-diabetic potential.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using the scientific databases including PubMed, EMBASE and google scholar and a total of fifty herbs have been described and their possible mechanism of anti-diabetic action has been mentioned. Among them, in-depth discussion on five most potent anti-diabetic herbs has been provided with respect to their mechanism of action, in-vivo studies and clinical efficacies.

Results

The present review has highlighted the usefulness of the herbal source for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. With the help of previous literature published on In-vivo animal studies and human clinical studies; the effectiveness of Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum graecum, Tinospora cordifolia and Curcuma longa in the treatment and management of Diabetes has been proved.

Conclusion

Based on this review it can be concluded that herbs can serve as more efficient, safer, and cost-effective adjuvant therapy in the management and treatment of diabetes. Further investigations mainly focusing on the isolation of phytocompounds from these herbs can lead to the discovery of newer antidiabetic agents.

Effect of Nigella sativa and Fenugreek on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Amlodipine in Hypertensive Rats

BACKGROUND

The present article is related to in-vitro and in-vivo herb-drug interaction studies.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa and fenugreek on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

METHOD

Hypertensive rats of group-I were treated with amlodipine and rats of group-II and III were treated with N. sativa, and N. sativa + amlodipine and fenugreek, and fenugreek + amlodipine, respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) of group-I, II and III rats were measured by the "tail-cuff system".

RESULTS

N. sativa, as well as fenugreek, reduced the SBP, DBP and MBP. Simultaneously, administration of fenugreek + amlodipine or N. sativa + amlodipine showed better control of BP. Individually, fenugreek, as well as N. sativa, showed a surprising reduction in the heart rate. There was no remarkable effect of any of these two herbs on Cmax, AUC0-t, Kel, and terminal elimination half-life of amlodipine, but fenugreek altered the Tmax of amlodipine significantly, from 2 ± 1.2h in control to 7.2 ± 1.7h in fenugreek treated group, probably by delaying the absorption.

CONCLUSION

Results of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics studies suggested that simultaneous administration of fenugreek or N. sativa with amlodipine improved the pharmacological response of amlodipine in hypertensive rats, though there was no remarkable change in pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Kel, elimination t1/2, and AUC0-t).

Effect of fenugreek supplementation on blood lipids and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fenugreek is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used for centuries to treat hyperglycemia, muscle spasms, gastritis, constipation, edema, and other metabolic disorders. Recently, lipid-lowering effects of fenugreek have been identified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine and clarify the impact of fenugreek supplementation on anthropometric indices and serum lipid levels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception to June 2019 using relevant keywords. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of fenugreek on anthropometric indices and plasma lipids in adults were included. A random-effects model was used for quantitative data synthesis. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method.

RESULTS

A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (14 arms) with 560 participants suggested a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD = -9.371 mg/dL; 95% CI: -15.419, -3.323, p = 0.002), triglycerides (WMD = -13.776 mg/dL; 95% CI: -26.636, -0.916, p = 0.036), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = -6.590 mg/Dl; 95% CI: -13.042, -0.137, p = 0.045), as well as an increase in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = 3.501 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.309, 5.692, p = 0.002), while body weight (WMD = 0.223 kg; 95% CI: -0.509, 0.955, p = 0.551) and body mass index (WMD = 0.091 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.244, 0.426, p = 0.596) were not altered.

CONCLUSION

Fenugreek supplementation improved lipid parameters in adults. However, to confirm these results, more studies, particularly among hyperlipidemic patients, are needed.

Effect of fenugreek extract supplement on testosterone levels in male: A meta-analysis of clinical trials

Different types of glycosides extract of fenugreek have shown androgenic and anabolic effect in male. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek extract on total testosterone levels in male. Medline via PubMed, Scopus databases, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to November 2018 for randomized clinical trials comparing intake of fenugreek extract with control group. Data on change in serum total testosterone were pooled using random-effects models. A total of four trials were included. Fenugreek extract has a significant effect on total serum testosterone. Results from clinical trials suggest that fenugreek extract supplement has an effect on serum total testosterone levels in male.

Determination of Bioactive Compounds of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seeds Using LC-MS Techniques

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), a legume has been used as spice throughout the world to enhance the sensory quality of foods, is considered to have a high nutraceutical value. The antidiabetic actions of Trigonella seeds have been speculated due to the presence of steroid saponins, alkaloids, and fiber content. Five bioactive compounds, namely, trigonelline, isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin, were detected and quantified by HPLC system. Further rapid detection of bioactive compounds was achieved using high-performance liquid chromatography hybrid electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) method. Twenty-five compounds were tentatively identified based on their retention time and measured accurate mass. The fragmentation patterns of known compounds were utilized to elucidate their structures. Six of these identified compounds, that is, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, trigonelline, isoorientin, isovitexin, pinitol, and sarsasapogenin, were simultaneously quantified by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method under the multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography hybrid electrospray triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The analytical method was validated and successfully applied for simultaneous determination of compounds in Fenugreek seeds, which indicated the suitability of the validated method for its quality control.

Impact of Fenugreek on Milk Production in Rodent Models of Lactation Challenge

Fenugreek, a herbal remedy, has long been used as galactologue to help mothers likely to stop breastfeeding because of perceived insufficient milk production. However, few studies highlight the efficacy of fenugreek in enhancing milk production. The aims of our study were to determine whether fenugreek increased milk yield in rodent models of lactation challenge and if so, to verify the lack of adverse effects on dam and offspring metabolism. Two lactation challenges were tested: increased litter size to 12 pups in dams fed a 20% protein diet and perinatal restriction to an 8% protein diet with eight pups’ litter, with or without 1 g.kg⁻¹.day⁻¹ dietary supplementation of fenugreek, compared to control dams fed 20% protein diet with eight pups’ litters. Milk flow was measured by the deuterium oxide enrichment method, and milk composition was assessed. Lipid and glucose metabolism parameters were assessed in dam and offspring plasmas. Fenugreek increased milk production by 16% in the litter size increase challenge, resulting in an 11% increase in pup growth without deleterious effect on dam-litter metabolism. Fenugreek had no effect in the maternal protein restriction challenge. These results suggest a galactologue effect of fenugreek when mothers have no physiological difficulties in producing milk.

Fenugreek seeds estrogenic activity in ovariectomized female rats

The estrogenic activities of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia, are reflected in the uterus of ovariectomized female rats, with a slight increase in dry and wet weight, a thickening of the stroma and the uterine epithelium and the development of the endometrial glands. In the vagina, the estrogenic action is shown through an increase in the epidermal cell number and a tendency to keratinization, leading to vaginal opening.

Furthermore, this estrogenic potential of fenugreek seeds is confirmed by the over-expression of progesterone receptors in the uterine tissues supporting possible interactions between phytoestrogens and estrogen receptors.

Therefore, Fenugreek seeds may be capable of promoting the development of reproductive tissues of immature ovariectomized rats, and its estrogenic activity may take its action by holding phystoestrogens that interact with estrogen binding sites and activate the same estradiol-mediated cell signaling pathways.

Thus, our results give added scientific support to the popular use of Fenugreek seeds as an alternative for several health problems such as fertility and menopause related disorders.

Fenugreek Leaf Extract and Its Gel Formulation Show Activity Against Malassezia furfur

Malassezia spp. are commensal yeasts that can cause cutaneous ailments such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We sought to develop a cost-effective, herbal formulation for the treatment of cutaneous ailments related to Malassezia spp. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) leaves exhibited activity against a clinical isolate and commercial strain of Malassezia furfur. The extracts were also found to be active against other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extract showed a predominant presence of flavonoids apart from alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins. Gel formulation of 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract was developed and optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The formulation showed good physicochemical characteristics and retained activity against M. furfur during 3-month accelerated stability studies. Furthermore, the developed herbal gel formulation did not show any irritation or sensitization in New Zealand rabbits after topical application, proving its cutaneous safety. Thus, topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract could be a safe and effective herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff.

Anti-Diabetic Effect of a Shihunine-Rich Extract of Dendrobium loddigesii on 3T3-L1 Cells and db/db Mice by Up-Regulating AMPK-GLUT4-PPARα

The stems of Dendrobium loddigesii, a Chinese herb, are often used to treat diabetes and its polar extract is rich in shihunine, a water-soluble Orchidaceae alkaloid, but little is known about the anti-diabetes effects and mechanism of shihunine. This study investigated the anti-diabetic effect of a shihunine-rich extract of D. loddigesii (DLS) based on 3T3-L1 cells and db/db mice. The underlying mechanisms were primarily explored using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The 3T3-L1 cell experiments showed that DLS can reduce the intracellular accumulation of oil droplets as well as triglycerides (p < 0.001) and promote the 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) uptake of 3T3-L1 cells (p < 0.001). The animal experiments confirmed that after 8 weeks of DLS treatment, the body weight, fasting blood sugar, and serum lipid levels of mice were significantly lowered, and the oral glucose tolerance test and serum insulin level were significantly improved compared to the no-treatment diabetes mellitus group. Further histomorphology observation led to the conclusion that the quantities of islet cells were significantly increased and the increase in adipose cell size was significantly suppressed. The immunohistochemical test of pancreatic tissue revealed that DLS inhibited the expression of cleaved cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 3 (cleaved caspase-3). Western blot experiments showed that DLS had agonistic effects on adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (p-AMPK) and increased the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in liver or adipose tissues. These data suggest that the shihunine-rich extract of D. loddigesii is an anti-diabetic fraction of D. loddigesii. Under our experimental condition, DLS at a dose of 50 mg/kg has good anti-diabetic efficacy.

A review of the most important medicinal herbs affecting giardiasis

Infection due to the protozoa giardia is one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. Millions of people across the world acquire this infection each year. The most common clinical symptoms of giardiasis include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea, indigestion, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and oily feces with bad smell. Drugs used for giardiasis lead to certain side effects, such as unpleasant taste in the mouth, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, headache and leukopenia. Considering the importance of giardiasis infection, it is essential to identify anti-parasitic herbal drugs to eliminate cystic and trophozoite types of this disease. Hence, this article is aimed to report the medicinal plants that are used in Iranian traditional medicine against giardiasis. The information in this review study was obtained from scientific articles indexed in databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar that were retrieved using the search terms giardia, protozoa, herbs, extracts and essential oils. Medicinal plants such as Lavandula stoechas, Ferula assa-foetida, Tanacetum parthenium, Allium paradoxum, Chenopodium botrys, Carum copticum, Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, Allium ascalonicum, ZizIphora clinopodioides, Zataria multiflorahad, Eucalyptus globulus, Lippia beriandievi, Punica granatum are among the most important herbs used in Iranian herbal medicine as anti-giardiasis agents. These herbs are good candidates to produce natural and effective drugs for giardia.

Integrative herbal treatments of diabetes in Beni Mellal region of Morocco

OBJECTIVES

Diabetes is one of the most life-threatening chronic metabolic disorders and is considered a global health problem due to its prevalence and incidence. In Morocco, several herbal preparations are utilized to treat this disease. For this reason, the current study aimed to identify and to collect data about the medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in the Beni Mellal region of Morocco.

METHODS

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 400 herbalists, competent villagers and traditional healers from the Beni Mellal region through direct interviews using a semistructured questionnaire.

RESULTS

Forty-five medicinal plants belonging to 25 families were identified for their use in diabetes treatment. Interview results showed that the most frequently used plants were Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Allium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with a relative frequency of citation values of 24.3%, 23.0%, 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Fabaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves and roots were the most commonly used parts, for the treatment of diabetes.

CONCLUSION

The Beni Mellal region of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of plants used to treat diabetes in traditional medicinal practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screenings in the search for plant-based antidiabetic medications.

Effects of Fenugreek, Ginger, and Turmeric Supplementation on Human Milk Volume and Nutrient Content in Breastfeeding Mothers: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best way to accomplish optimal growth and health in infants. Low milk volume is a major problem that leads to nonexclusive breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the effects of mixed herbal supplementation, including fenugreek, ginger, and turmeric on human milk volume and nutrient content.

METHODS

The study design was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Fifty exclusively breastfeeding mothers were randomly divided into two groups. The herbal group (n = 25) received mixed herbal supplementation containing fenugreek, ginger, and turmeric, three capsules three times daily for 4 weeks. The control group (n = 25) took a placebo. Anthropometric and dietary data, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood and milk samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks after the intervention. Milk volume was measured using a manual breast pump and recorded for 2 days at baseline, week 2, and week 4.

RESULTS

Breastfeeding mothers receiving herbal supplementation had a 49% increase in milk volume at week 2 and a 103% increase at week 4. These increases were greater than mothers in the placebo group (p < 0.05). There was no difference in milk nutrient content for both groups. Moreover, there were no differences in adverse effects observed in the placebo and herbal groups.

CONCLUSION

Mixed herbal supplementation that contained fenugreek, ginger, and turmeric can increase human milk volume without adverse effects.

Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Cancer Properties of Diosgenin: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

Novel and alternative options are being adopted to combat the initiation and progression of human cancers. One of the approaches is the use of molecules isolated from traditional medicinal herbs, edible dietary plants and seeds that play a pivotal role in the prevention/treatment of cancer, either alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents. Compounds that modulate these oncogenic processes are potential candidates for cancer therapy and may eventually make it to clinical applications. Diosgenin is a naturally occurring steroidal sapogenin and is one of the major bioactive compounds found in dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. In addition to being a lactation aid, diosgenin has been shown to be hypocholesterolemic, gastro- and hepato-protective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Diosgenin has a unique structural similarity to estrogen. Several preclinical studies have reported on the pro-apoptotic and anti-cancer properties of diosgenin against a variety of cancers, both in in vitro and in vivo. Diosgenin has also been reported to reverse multi-drug resistance in cancer cells and sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. Remarkably, diosgenin has also been reported to be used by pharmaceutical companies to synthesize steroidal drugs. Several novel diosgenin analogs and nano-formulations have been synthesized with improved anti-cancer efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. In this review we discuss in detail the multifaceted anti-cancer properties of diosgenin that have found application in pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetic industries; and the various intracellular molecular targets modulated by diosgenin that abrogate the oncogenic process.

Medicinal plants for primary dysmenorrhoea: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common complaint experienced by many females in their reproductive years. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various gynaecological conditions is on the increase, despite the limited evidence available regarding efficacy and safety of their use. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the most recent evidence relating to the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea with medicinal plants.

METHODOLOGY

A thorough database search was conducted using defined search terms, and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 2008 and 2016, pertaining to the use of medicinal plants (single use) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, were assessed. Studies evaluating dysmenorrhoeal pain and associated symptoms as a primary or secondary outcome were considered and assessed by two reviewers independently of each other, using the JADAD scale and the Cochrane risk of bias tool,.

RESULTS

22 RCTs were included in the review; 9 were placebo-controlled trials and 13 were comparative studies to pharmacological treatment or nutritional supplements. Most of the evaluated medicinal plants showed evidence of efficacy in relieving menstrual pain in at least one RCT. The low or unclear quality of the majority of these studies however warrants caution in interpreting these results.

CONCLUSION

This review adds to the knowledge-base on the use of these medicinal plants in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Further research is needed before definitive conclusions can be made regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of these medicinal plants.