1
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Dong Z, Song JY, Thieme E, Anderson A, Oh E, Cheng WA, Kuang BZ, Lee V, Zhang T, Wang Z, Szymura S, Smith DL, Zhang J, Nian W, Zheng X, He F, Zhou Q, Cha SC, Danilov AV, Qin H, Kwak LW. Generation of a humanized afucosylated BAFF-R antibody with broad activity against human B-cell malignancies. Blood Adv 2023; 7:918-932. [PMID: 36469551 PMCID: PMC10027513 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) is a mature B-cell survival receptor, which is highly expressed in a wide variety of B-cell malignancies but with minimal expression in immature B cells. These properties make BAFF-R an attractive target for therapy of B-cell lymphomas. We generated a novel humanized anti BAFF-R monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high specificity and potent in vitro and in vivo activity against B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. The humanized variants of an original chimeric BAFF-R mAb retained BAFF-R binding affinity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a panel of human cell lines and primary lymphoma samples. Furthermore, 1 humanized BAFF-R mAb clone and its afucosylated version, glycoengineered to optimize the primary mechanism of action, prolonged survival of immunodeficient mice bearing human tumor cell lines or patient-derived lymphoma xenografts in 3 separate models, compared with controls. Finally, the tissue specificity of this humanized mAb was confirmed against a broad panel of normal human tissues. Taken together, we have identified a robust lead-candidate BAFF-R mAb for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Dong
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Joo Y. Song
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Elana Thieme
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Aaron Anderson
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Elizabeth Oh
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Wesley A. Cheng
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Benjamin Z. Kuang
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Vincent Lee
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Szymon Szymura
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - D. Lynne Smith
- Clinical and Translational Project Development, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Weihong Nian
- Shanghai Escugen Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xintong Zheng
- Shanghai Escugen Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng He
- Shanghai Escugen Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Shanghai Escugen Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Soung-chul Cha
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Alexey V. Danilov
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Hong Qin
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Larry W. Kwak
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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2
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Linciano S, Wong EL, Mazzocato Y, Chinellato M, Scaravetti T, Caregnato A, Cacco V, Romanyuk Z, Angelini A. Guidelines, Strategies, and Principles for the Directed Evolution of Cross-Reactive Antibodies Using Yeast Surface Display Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:251-262. [PMID: 35482195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cross-reactive antibodies to bind multiple related or unrelated targets derived from different species provides not only superior therapeutic efficacy but also a better assessment of treatment toxicity, thereby facilitating the transition from preclinical models to human clinical studies. This chapter provides some guidelines for the directed evolution of cross-reactive antibodies using yeast surface display technology. Cross-reactive antibodies are initially isolated from a naïve library by combining highly avid magnetic bead separations followed by multiple cycles of flow cytometry sorting. Once initial cross-reactive clones are identified, sequential rounds of mutagenesis and two-pressure selection strategies are applied to engineer cross-reactive antibodies with improved affinity and yet retained or superior cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linciano
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ee Lin Wong
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Monica Chinellato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziano Scaravetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Caregnato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Veronica Cacco
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Zhanna Romanyuk
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy.
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Venice, Italy.
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3
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Qin H, Dong Z, Wang X, Cheng WA, Wen F, Xue W, Sun H, Walter M, Wei G, Smith DL, Sun X, Fei F, Xie J, Panagopoulou TI, Chen CW, Song JY, Aldoss I, Kayembe C, Sarno L, Müschen M, Inghirami GG, Forman SJ, Kwak LW. CAR T cells targeting BAFF-R can overcome CD19 antigen loss in B cell malignancies. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/511/eaaw9414. [PMID: 31554741 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CAR T cells targeting CD19 provide promising options for treatment of B cell malignancies. However, tumor relapse from antigen loss can limit efficacy. We developed humanized, second-generation CAR T cells against another B cell-specific marker, B cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), which demonstrated cytotoxicity against human lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines. Adoptively transferred BAFF-R-CAR T cells eradicated 10-day preestablished tumor xenografts after a single treatment and retained efficacy against xenografts deficient in CD19 expression, including CD19-negative variants within a background of CD19-positive lymphoma cells. Four relapsed, primary ALLs with CD19 antigen loss obtained after CD19-directed therapy retained BAFF-R expression and activated BAFF-R-CAR, but not CD19-CAR, T cells. BAFF-R-CAR, but not CD19-CAR, T cells also demonstrated antitumor effects against an additional CD19 antigen loss primary patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in vivo. BAFF-R is amenable to CAR T cell therapy, and its targeting may prevent emergence of CD19 antigen loss variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Dong
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Center for CAR T Cell Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wesley A Cheng
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 910041, China
| | - Weili Xue
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Han Sun
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Miriam Walter
- Center for CAR T Cell Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guowei Wei
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - D Lynne Smith
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiuhua Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Fan Fei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, CA 90007, USA
| | - Jianming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, CA 90007, USA
| | - Theano I Panagopoulou
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joo Y Song
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Clarisse Kayembe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luisa Sarno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Giorgio G Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Center for CAR T Cell Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. sRNA-Based Screening Chromosomal Gene Targets and Modular Designing Escherichia coli for High-Titer Production of Aglycosylated Immunoglobulin G. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 32396719 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of the aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Escherichia coli has received wide interest for its analytical and therapeutic applications. To enhance the production titer of IgG, we first used synthetic sRNAs to perform a systematical analysis of the gene expression in the translational level in the glycolytic pathway (module 1) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (module 2) to reveal the critical genes for the efficient IgG production. Second, to provide sufficient amino acid precursors for the protein biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis pathways (module 3) were enhanced to facilitate the IgG production. Upon integrated engineering of these genes in the three modules (module 1, aceF; module 2, gltA and acnA; module 3, serB) and optimization of fermentation conditions, the recombinant E. coli enabled a titer of the full-assembled IgG of 4.5 ± 0.6 mg/L in flask cultures and 184 ± 9.2 mg/L in the 5 L high cell density fed-batch fermenter, which is, as far as we know, the highest reported titer of IgG production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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5
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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6
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Xu X, Sun Q, Liang X, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Li M, Tu H, Liu Y, Tu S, Li Y. Mechanisms of Relapse After CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2664. [PMID: 31798590 PMCID: PMC6863137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is highly effective in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or B-cell lymphoma, providing alternative therapeutic options for patients who failed to respond to conventional treatment or relapse. Moreover, it can bridge other therapeutic strategies and greatly improve patient prognosis, with broad applicable prospects. Even so, 30–60% patients relapse after treatment, probably due to persistence of CAR T-cells and escape or downregulation of CD19 antigen, which is a great challenge for disease control. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that underlie post-CAR relapse and establishing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies is important. Herein, we discuss post-CAR relapse from the aspects of CD19-positive and CD19-negative and provide some reasonable prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihang Sun
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Tu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanfang Tu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Shin W, Lee HT, Lim H, Lee SH, Son JY, Lee JU, Yoo KY, Ryu SE, Rhie J, Lee JY, Heo YS. BAFF-neutralizing interaction of belimumab related to its therapeutic efficacy for treating systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1200. [PMID: 29572471 PMCID: PMC5865148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BAFF, a member of the TNF superfamily, has been recognized as a good target for autoimmune diseases. Belimumab, an anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody, was approved by the FDA for use in treating systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the molecular basis of BAFF neutralization by belimumab remains unclear. Here our crystal structure of the BAFF-belimumab Fab complex shows the precise epitope and the BAFF-neutralizing mechanism of belimumab, and demonstrates that the therapeutic activity of belimumab involves not only antagonizing the BAFF-receptor interaction, but also disrupting the formation of the more active BAFF 60-mer to favor the induction of the less active BAFF trimer through interaction with the flap region of BAFF. In addition, the belimumab HCDR3 loop mimics the DxL(V/L) motif of BAFF receptors, thereby binding to BAFF in a similar manner as endogenous BAFF receptors. Our data thus provides insights for the design of new drugs targeting BAFF for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Son
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Un Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eon Ryu
- Department of Bio Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejun Rhie
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Qin H, Wei G, Sakamaki I, Dong Z, Cheng WA, Smith DL, Wen F, Sun H, Kim K, Cha S, Bover L, Neelapu SS, Kwak LW. Novel BAFF-Receptor Antibody to Natively Folded Recombinant Protein Eliminates Drug-Resistant Human B-cell Malignancies In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1114-1123. [PMID: 29180606 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: mAbs such as anti-CD20 rituximab are proven therapies in B-cell malignancies, yet many patients develop resistance. Novel therapies against alternative targets are needed to circumvent resistance mechanisms. We sought to generate mAbs against human B-cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R/TNFRSF13C), which has not yet been targeted successfully for cancer therapy.Experimental Design: Novel mAbs were generated against BAFF-R, expressed as a natively folded cell surface immunogen on mouse fibroblast cells. Chimeric BAFF-R mAbs were developed and assessed for in vitro and in vivo monotherapy cytotoxicity. The chimeric mAbs were tested against human B-cell tumor lines, primary patient samples, and drug-resistant tumors.Results: Chimeric antibodies bound with high affinity to multiple human malignant B-cell lines and induced potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against multiple subtypes of human lymphoma and leukemia, including primary tumors from patients who had relapsed after anti-CD20 therapy. Chimeric antibodies also induced ADCC against ibrutinib-resistant and rituximab-insensitive CD20-deficient variant lymphomas, respectively. Importantly, they demonstrated remarkable in vivo growth inhibition of drug-resistant tumor models in immunodeficient mice.Conclusions: Our method generated novel anti-BAFF-R antibody therapeutics with remarkable single-agent antitumor effects. We propose that these antibodies represent an effective new strategy for targeting and treating drug-resistant B-cell malignancies and warrant further development. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1114-23. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California.
| | - Guowei Wei
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California
| | - Ippei Sakamaki
- Department of Clinical Infectious diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Zhenyuan Dong
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California
| | - Wesley A Cheng
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California
| | - D Lynne Smith
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California
| | - Feng Wen
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California.,Department of Medical Oncology Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Sun
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California
| | - Kunhwa Kim
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Soungchul Cha
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Bover
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center, Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, and Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Duarte, California.
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9
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Mahmud MN, Oda M, Usui D, Inoshima Y, Ishiguro N, Kamatari YO. A multispecific monoclonal antibody G2 recognizes at least three completely different epitope sequences with high affinity. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2162-2169. [PMID: 28791742 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) G2 possesses an unusual characteristic of reacting with at least three proteins (ATP6V1C1, SEPT3, and C6H10orf76) other than its original antigen, chicken prion protein (ChPrP). The epitopes on ChPrP and ATP6V1C1 have been identified previously. In this study, we identified the epitope in the third protein, SEPT3. Interestingly, there was no amino acid sequence similarity among the epitopes on the three proteins. These epitopes had high binding affinities to G2 (KD = ∼10-7 M for monovalent binding and KD = ∼10-9 M for divalent binding), as determined using a SPR biosensor. This is the first report on a three-in-one mAb recognizing completely different epitope sequences with high affinity. Additionally, competitive ELISA indicated that the binding sites on G2, specific for the three different epitopes, overlapped, suggesting that the antigen-binding site may be flexible in the free form and capable of adapting to at least three different conformations to enable interactions with three different antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin Mahmud
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Daiki Usui
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naotaka Ishiguro
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Koenig P, Sanowar S, Lee CV, Fuh G. Tuning the specificity of a Two-in-One Fab against three angiogenic antigens by fully utilizing the information of deep mutational scanning. MAbs 2017; 9:959-967. [PMID: 28585908 PMCID: PMC5540083 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1337618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies developed for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes need to demonstrate highly defined binding specificity profiles. Engineering of an antibody to enhance or reduce binding to related antigens is often needed to achieve the desired biologic activity without safety concern. Here, we describe a deep sequencing-aided engineering strategy to fine-tune the specificity of an angiopoietin-2 (Ang2)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dual action Fab, 5A12.1 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. This antibody utilizes overlapping complementarity-determining region (CDR) sites for dual Ang2/VEGF interaction with KD in the sub-nanomolar range. However, it also exhibits significant (KD of 4 nM) binding to angiopoietin-1, which has high sequence identity with Ang2. We generated a large phage-displayed library of 5A12.1 Fab variants with all possible single mutations in the 6 CDRs. By tracking the change of prevalence of each mutation during various selection conditions, we identified 35 mutations predicted to decrease the affinity for Ang1 while maintaining the affinity for Ang2 and VEGF. We confirmed the specificity profiles for 25 of these single mutations as Fab protein. Structural analysis showed that some of the Fab mutations cluster near a potential Ang1/2 epitope residue that differs in the 2 proteins, while others are up to 15 Å away from the antigen-binding site and likely influence the binding interaction remotely. The approach presented here provides a robust and efficient method for specificity engineering that does not require prior knowledge of the antigen antibody interaction and can be broadly applied to antibody specificity engineering projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Koenig
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sanowar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chingwei V. Lee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Germaine Fuh
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Mutational landscape of antibody variable domains reveals a switch modulating the interdomain conformational dynamics and antigen binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E486-E495. [PMID: 28057863 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613231114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations within the antibody variable domains are critical to the immense capacity of the immune repertoire. Here, via a deep mutational scan, we dissect how mutations at all positions of the variable domains of a high-affinity anti-VEGF antibody G6.31 impact its antigen-binding function. The resulting mutational landscape demonstrates that large portions of antibody variable domain positions are open to mutation, and that beneficial mutations can be found throughout the variable domains. We determine the role of one antigen-distal light chain position 83, demonstrating that mutation at this site optimizes both antigen affinity and thermostability by modulating the interdomain conformational dynamics of the antigen-binding fragment. Furthermore, by analyzing a large number of human antibody sequences and structures, we demonstrate that somatic mutations occur frequently at position 83, with corresponding domain conformations observed for G6.31. Therefore, the modulation of interdomain dynamics represents an important mechanism during antibody maturation in vivo.
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12
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Abstract
A brief outline of antibody structure is followed by highlights from several recently determined crystal structures of human, antiviral Fabs. These Fabs all have novel structural features that allow them to potently and broadly neutralize their targets.
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13
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Baglin TP, Langdown J, Frasson R, Huntington JA. Discovery and characterization of an antibody directed against exosite I of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:137-42. [PMID: 26469093 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: An IgA paraprotein with anti-thrombin activity was not associated with a severe bleeding phenotype. This observation challenges the paradigm that anticoagulant therapy necessarily increases bleeding risk. Characterization of the antibody showed that it specifically binds to thrombin exosite I. A therapeutic drug with the properties of this antibody might be an antithrombotic that doesn't cause bleeding. BACKGROUND We report the case of a 54-year-old female who presented with a traumatic subdural hemorrhage. Coagulation tests were markedly prolonged due to the presence of an anti-thrombin IgA paraprotein at 3 g L(-1) . The patient made a complete recovery and has had no abnormal bleeding during a 7-year follow-up, despite the persistence of the paraprotein. OBJECTIVES To determine how the paraprotein prolonged clotting tests by defining its target and its epitope. METHODS The paraprotein was purified and added to normal pooled plasma for in vitro clotting assays. Binding studies were conducted to determine the affinity of the IgA for thrombin. The Fab was isolated and crystallized with thrombin. RESULTS The purified IgA was sufficient to confer the patient's in vitro coagulation profile in normal pooled plasma, and was found to bind specifically and with high affinity to thrombin. A crystal structure of the Fab fragment in complex with thrombin revealed an exosite I interaction involving CDRH3 of the antibody. CONCLUSIONS Although the patient originally presented with a subdural bleed, the hematoma resolved without intervention, and no other bleeding event occurred during the subsequent 7 years. During this period, the patient's IgA paraprotein levels have remained constant at 3 g L(-1) , suggesting that the presence of a high-affinity, exosite I-directed antibody is consistent with normal hemostasis. A therapeutic derivative of this antibody might therefore permit antithrombotic dose escalation without an associated increase in the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Baglin
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Langdown
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Frasson
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Huang H, Economopoulos NO, Liu BA, Uetrecht A, Gu J, Jarvik N, Nadeem V, Pawson T, Moffat J, Miersch S, Sidhu SS. Selection of recombinant anti-SH3 domain antibodies by high-throughput phage display. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1890-900. [PMID: 26332758 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are indispensable tools in biochemical research and play an expanding role as therapeutics. While hybridoma technology is the dominant method for antibody production, phage display is an emerging technology. Here, we developed and employed a high-throughput pipeline that enables selection of antibodies against hundreds of antigens in parallel. Binding selections using a phage-displayed synthetic antigen-binding fragment (Fab) library against 110 human SH3 domains yielded hundreds of Fabs targeting 58 antigens. Affinity assays demonstrated that representative Fabs bind tightly and specifically to their targets. Furthermore, we developed an efficient affinity maturation strategy adaptable to high-throughput, which increased affinity dramatically but did not compromise specificity. Finally, we tested Fabs in common cell biology applications and confirmed recognition of the full-length antigen in immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. In summary, we have established a rapid and robust high-throughput methodology that can be applied to generate highly functional and renewable antibodies targeting protein domains on a proteome-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Huang
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Nicolas O Economopoulos
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Bernard A Liu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Andrea Uetrecht
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Jun Gu
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Nick Jarvik
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Vincent Nadeem
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Tony Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Jason Moffat
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E1
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15
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Koenig P, Lee CV, Sanowar S, Wu P, Stinson J, Harris SF, Fuh G. Deep Sequencing-guided Design of a High Affinity Dual Specificity Antibody to Target Two Angiogenic Factors in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21773-86. [PMID: 26088137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of dual targeting antibodies promises therapies with improved efficacy over mono-specific antibodies. Here, we engineered a Two-in-One VEGF/angiopoietin 2 antibody with dual action Fab (DAF) as a potential therapeutic for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Crystal structures of the VEGF/angiopoietin 2 DAF in complex with its two antigens showed highly overlapping binding sites. To achieve sufficient affinity of the DAF to block both angiogenic factors, we turned to deep mutational scanning in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). By mutating all three CDRs of each antibody chain simultaneously, we were able not only to identify affinity improving single mutations but also mutation pairs from different CDRs that synergistically improve both binding functions. Furthermore, insights into the cooperativity between mutations allowed us to identify fold-stabilizing mutations in the CDRs. The data obtained from deep mutational scanning reveal that the majority of the 52 CDR residues are utilized differently for the two antigen binding function and permit, for the first time, the engineering of several DAF variants with sub-nanomolar affinity against two structurally unrelated antigens. The improved variants show similar blocking activity of receptor binding as the high affinity mono-specific antibodies against these two proteins, demonstrating the feasibility of generating a dual specificity binding surface with comparable properties to individual high affinity mono-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ping Wu
- Structural Biology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Seth F Harris
- Structural Biology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080
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16
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Genetic methods of antibody generation and their use in immunohistochemistry. Methods 2014; 70:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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Parameswaran R, Lim M, Fei F, Abdel-Azim H, Arutyunyan A, Schiffer I, McLaughlin ME, Gram H, Huet H, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Effector-mediated eradication of precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a novel Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody targeting the BAFF-R. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1567-77. [PMID: 24825858 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) is expressed on precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) cells, but not on their pre-B normal counterparts. Thus, selective killing of ALL cells is possible by targeting this receptor. Here, we have further examined therapeutic targeting of pre-B ALL based on the presence of the BAFF-R. Mouse pre-B ALL cells lacking BAFF-R function had comparable viability and proliferation to wild-type cells, but were more sensitive to drug treatment in vitro. Viability of human pre-B ALL cells was further reduced when antibodies to the BAFF-R were combined with other drugs, even in the presence of stromal protection. This indicates that inhibition of BAFF-R function reduces fitness of stressed pre-B ALL cells. We tested a novel humanized anti-BAFF-R monoclonal antibody optimalized for FcRγIII-mediated, antibody-dependent cell killing by effector cells. Antibody binding to human ALL cells was inhibitable, in a dose-dependent manner, by recombinant human BAFF. There was no evidence for internalization of the antibodies. The antibodies significantly stimulated natural killer cell-mediated killing of different human patient-derived ALL cells. Moreover, incubation of such ALL cells with these antibodies stimulated phagocytosis by macrophages. When this was tested in an immunodeficient transplant model, mice that were treated with the antibody had a significantly decreased leukemia burden in bone marrow and spleen. In view of the restricted expression of the BAFF-R on normal cells and the multiple anti-pre-B ALL activities stimulated by this antibody, a further examination of its use for treatment of pre-B ALL is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Parameswaran
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Min Lim
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fei Fei
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Arutyunyan
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schiffer
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margaret E McLaughlin
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Gram
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heather Huet
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Groffen
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora Heisterkamp
- Authors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, SwitzerlandAuthors' Affiliations: Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Oncology Translational Medicine and Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Malia TJ, Teplyakov A, Brezski RJ, Luo J, Kinder M, Sweet RW, Almagro JC, Jordan RE, Gilliland GL. Structure and specificity of an antibody targeting a proteolytically cleaved IgG hinge. Proteins 2014; 82:1656-67. [PMID: 24638881 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of human antihinge (HAH) autoantibodies in normal health and disease remains elusive, but recent evidence supports their role in the host response to IgG cleavage by proteases that are prevalent in certain disorders. Characterization and potential exploitation of these HAH antibodies has been hindered by the absence of monoclonal reagents. 2095-2 is a rabbit monoclonal antibody targeting the IdeS-cleaved hinge of human IgG1. We have determined the crystal structure of the Fab of 2095-2 and its complex with a hinge analog peptide. The antibody is selective for the C-terminally cleaved hinge ending in G236 and this interaction involves an uncommon disulfide in VL CDR3. We probed the importance of the disulfide in VL CDR3 through engineering variants. We identified one variant, QAA, which does not require the disulfide for biological activity or peptide binding. The structure of this variant offers a starting point for further engineering of 2095-2 with the same specificity, but lacking the potential manufacturing liability of an additional disulfide. Proteins 2014; 82:1656-1667. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Malia
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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19
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Enquist IB, Good Z, Jubb AM, Fuh G, Wang X, Junttila MR, Jackson EL, Leong KG. Lymph node-independent liver metastasis in a model of metastatic colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3530. [PMID: 24667486 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering metastatic routes is critically important as metastasis is a primary cause of cancer mortality. In colorectal cancer (CRC), it is unknown whether liver metastases derive from cancer cells that first colonize intestinal lymph nodes, or whether such metastases can form without prior lymph node involvement. A lack of relevant metastatic CRC models has precluded investigations into metastatic routes. Here we describe a metastatic CRC mouse model and show that liver metastases can manifest without a lymph node metastatic intermediary. Colorectal tumours transplanted onto the colonic mucosa invade and metastasize to specific target organs including the intestinal lymph nodes, liver and lungs. Importantly, this metastatic pattern differs from that observed following caecum implantation, which invariably involves peritoneal carcinomatosis. Anti-angiogenesis inhibits liver metastasis, yet anti-lymphangiogenesis does not impact liver metastasis despite abrogating lymph node metastasis. Our data demonstrate direct hematogenous spread as a dissemination route that contributes to CRC liver malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida B Enquist
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Zinaida Good
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Adrian M Jubb
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Germaine Fuh
- 1] Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA [2] Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Melissa R Junttila
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Erica L Jackson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kevin G Leong
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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20
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Lee CV, Koenig P, Fuh G. A two-in-one antibody engineered from a humanized interleukin 4 antibody through mutation in heavy chain complementarity-determining regions. MAbs 2014; 6:622-7. [PMID: 24618680 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A mono-specific antibody may recruit a second antigen binding specificity, thus converting to a dual-specific Two-in-One antibody through mutation at the light chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). It is, however, unknown whether mutation at the heavy chain CDRs may evolve such dual specificity. Herein, we examined the CDRs of a humanized interleukin 4 (IL4) antibody using alanine scanning and structural modeling, designed libraries of mutants in regions that tolerate mutation, and isolated dual specific antibodies harboring mutation at the heavy chain CDRs only. We then affinity improved an IL4/IL5 dual specific antibody to variants with dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range for both antigens. The results demonstrate the full capacity of antibodies to evolve dual binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chingwei V Lee
- Department of Antibody Engineering; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Patrick Koenig
- Department of Antibody Engineering; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Germaine Fuh
- Department of Antibody Engineering; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
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21
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Abstract
With the approval by the FDA in 2011 of a biologic agent (namely belimumab) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), optimism abounds that additional biologic (and nonbiologic) agents will be similarly endorsed. Given the numerous immune-based abnormalities associated with SLE, the potential therapeutic targets for biologic agents and the candidate biologic approaches are also numerous. These approaches include: biologic agents that promote B-cell depletion, B-cell inactivation, or the generation of regulatory B cells; biologic agents that induce T-cell tolerance, block T-cell activation and differentiation, or alter T-cell trafficking; biologic agents that target the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) axis, type I interferons, IL-6 and its receptor, or TNF; and the adoptive transfer of ex vivo-generated regulatory T cells. Owing to the great heterogeneity inherent to SLE, no single approach should be expected to be effective in all patients. As our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE continues to expand, additional therapeutic targets and approaches will undoubtedly be identified and should be fully exploited.
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22
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Two-in-One antibodies with dual action Fabs. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:400-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Persson H, Ye W, Wernimont A, Adams JJ, Koide A, Koide S, Lam R, Sidhu SS. CDR-H3 diversity is not required for antigen recognition by synthetic antibodies. J Mol Biol 2012; 425:803-11. [PMID: 23219464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic phage-displayed antibody repertoire was constructed with equivalent chemical diversity in the third complementarity-determining regions of the heavy (CDR-H3) and light (CDR-L3) chains, which contrasts with natural antibodies in which CDR-H3 is much more diverse than CDR-L3 due to the genetic mechanisms that generate antibody encoding genes. Surprisingly, the synthetic repertoire yielded numerous functional antibodies that contained mutated CDR-L3 sequences but a fixed CDR-H3 sequence. Alanine-scanning analysis of antibodies that recognized 10 different antigens but contained a common CDR-H3 loop showed that, in most cases, the fixed CDR-H3 sequence was able to contribute favorably to antigen recognition, but in some cases, the loop was functionally inert. Structural analysis of one such antibody in complex with antigen showed that the inert CDR-H3 loop was nonetheless highly buried at the antibody-antigen interface. Taken together, these results show that CDR-H3 diversity is not necessarily required for the generation of antibodies that recognize diverse protein antigens with high affinity and specificity, and if given the chance, CDR-L3 readily assumes the dominant role for antigen recognition. These results contrast with the commonly accepted view of antigen recognition derived from the analysis of natural antibodies, in which CDR-H3 is presumed to be dominant and CDR-L3 is presumed to play an auxiliary role. Furthermore, the results show that natural antibody function is genetically constrained, and it should be possible to develop more functional synthetic antibody libraries by expanding the diversity of CDR-L3 beyond what is observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Persson
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
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24
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Finlay WJJ, Almagro JC. Natural and man-made V-gene repertoires for antibody discovery. Front Immunol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 23162556 PMCID: PMC3498902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market. The success of antibody-based drugs resides in their exquisite specificity, high potency, stability, solubility, safety, and relatively inexpensive manufacturing process in comparison with other biologics. We outline here the structural studies and fundamental principles that define how antibodies interact with diverse targets. We also describe the antibody repertoires and affinity maturation mechanisms of humans, mice, and chickens, plus the use of novel single-domain antibodies in camelids and sharks. These species all utilize diverse evolutionary solutions to generate specific and high affinity antibodies and illustrate the plasticity of natural antibody repertoires. In addition, we discuss the multiple variations of man-made antibody repertoires designed and validated in the last two decades, which have served as tools to explore how the size, diversity, and composition of a repertoire impact the antibody discovery process.
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25
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Marathe A, Iyer S, Qiu ZJ, Visich J, Mager DE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-BR3 monoclonal antibody in mice. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3180-7. [PMID: 22806404 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of a monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) receptor 3 (BR3), following intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration in mice. METHODS Single IV doses of 0.2, 2.0 and 20 mg/kg and a single SC injection of 20 mg/kg of anti-BR3 antibody was administered to mice. Serum drug and BAFF concentrations and splenic B-cell concentrations were measured at various time points. Pooled PK profiles were described by a two-compartmental model with time-dependent nonlinear elimination, and BAFF profiles were defined by an indirect response model. Fractional receptor occupancy served as the driving function for a competitive reversible antagonism model to characterize B-cell dynamics. RESULTS Noncompartmental analysis revealed a decrease in drug clearance (31.3 to 7.93 mL/day/kg) with increasing IV doses. The SC dose exhibited slow absorption (T(max) = 2 days) and complete bioavailability. All doses resulted in a dose-dependent increase in BAFF concentrations and decrease in B-cell counts. The proposed model reasonably captured complex PK/PD profiles of anti-BR3 antibody after IV and SC administration. CONCLUSIONS A mechanistic model was developed that describes the reversible competition between anti-BR3 antibody and BAFF for BR3 receptors and its influence on B-cell pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Marathe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 431 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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26
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Almagro JC, Raghunathan G, Beil E, Janecki DJ, Chen Q, Dinh T, LaCombe A, Connor J, Ware M, Kim PH, Swanson RV, Fransson J. Characterization of a high-affinity human antibody with a disulfide bridge in the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:125-35. [PMID: 22407976 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bridges are common in the antigen-binding site from sharks (new antigen receptor) and camels (single variable heavy-chain domain, VHH), in which they confer both structural diversity and domain stability. In human antibodies, cysteine residues in the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) are rare but naturally encoded in the IGHD germline genes. Here, by panning a phage display library designed based on human germline genes and synthetic CDR-H3 regions against a human cytokine, we identified an antibody (M3) containing two cysteine residues in the CDR-H3. It binds the cytokine with high affinity (0.4 nM), recognizes a unique epitope on the antigen, and has a distinct neutralization profile as compared with all other antibodies selected from the library. The two cysteine residues form a disulfide bridge as determined by mass spectrometric peptide mapping. Replacing the cysteines with alanines did not change the solubility and stability of the monoclonal antibody, but binding to the antigen was significantly impaired. Three-dimensional modeling and dynamic simulations were employed to explore how the disulfide bridge influences the conformation of CDR-H3 and binding to the antigen. On the basis of these results, we envision that designing human combinatorial antibody libraries to contain intra-CDR or inter-CDR disulfide bridges could lead to identification of human antibodies with unique binding profiles.
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27
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Miersch S, Sidhu SS. Synthetic antibodies: concepts, potential and practical considerations. Methods 2012; 57:486-98. [PMID: 22750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last 100 years of enquiry into the fundamental basis of humoral immunity has resulted in the identification of antibodies as key molecular sentinels responsible for the in vivo surveillance, neutralization and clearance of foreign substances. Intense efforts aimed at understanding and exploiting their exquisite molecular specificity have positioned antibodies as a cornerstone supporting basic research, diagnostics and therapeutic applications [1]. More recently, efforts have aimed to circumvent the limitations of developing antibodies in animals by developing wholly in vitro techniques for designing antibodies of tailored specificity. This has been realized with the advent of synthetic antibody libraries that possess diversity outside the scope of natural immune repertoires and are thus capable of yielding specificities not otherwise attainable. This review examines the convergence of technologies that have contributed to the development of combinatorial phage-displayed antibody libraries. It further explores the practical concepts that underlie phage display, antibody diversity and the methods used in the generation of and selection from phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries, highlighting specific applications in which design approaches gave rise to specificities that could not easily be obtained with libraries based upon natural immune repertories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Varfolomeev E, Goncharov T, Maecker H, Zobel K, Kömüves LG, Deshayes K, Vucic D. Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis are global regulators of NF-κB and MAPK activation by members of the TNF family of receptors. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra22. [PMID: 22434933 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are essential for the development and proper functioning of the immune system. TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling is mediated through the assembly of protein signaling complexes that activate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (c-IAP) proteins c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that are recruited to TNFR signaling complexes through their constitutive association with the adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). We demonstrated that c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were required for canonical activation of NF-κB and MAPK by members of the TNFR family. c-IAPs were required for the recruitment of inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), the IKK regulatory subunit NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and RBCK1/Hoil1-interacting protein (HOIP) to TNFR signaling complexes and the induction of gene expression by TNF family members. In contrast, TNFRs that stimulated the noncanonical NF-κB pathway triggered translocation of c-IAPs, TRAF2, and TRAF3 from the cytosol to membrane fractions, which led to their proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Finally, we established that signaling by B cell-activating factor receptor 3 induced the cytosolic depletion of TRAF3, which enabled noncanonical NF-κB activation. These results define c-IAP proteins as critical regulators of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by members of the TNFR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Varfolomeev
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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29
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Geyer CR, McCafferty J, Dübel S, Bradbury ARM, Sidhu SS. Recombinant antibodies and in vitro selection technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 901:11-32. [PMID: 22723092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-931-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the accumulation of detailed knowledge of antibody structure and function has enabled antibody phage display to emerge as a powerful in vitro alternative to hybridoma methods for creating antibodies. Many antibodies produced using phage display technology have unique properties that are not obtainable using traditional hybridoma technologies. In phage display, selections are performed under controlled, in vitro conditions that are tailored to suit demands of the antigen and the sequence encoding the antibody is immediately available. These features obviate many of the limitations of hybridoma methodology, and because the entire process relies on scalable molecular biology techniques, phage display is also suitable for high-throughput applications. Thus, antibody phage display technology is well suited for genome-scale biotechnology and therapeutic applications. This review describes the antibody phage display technology and highlights examples of antibodies with unique properties that cannot easily be obtained by other technologies.
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30
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Wu L, Oficjalska K, Lambert M, Fennell BJ, Darmanin-Sheehan A, Ní Shúilleabháin D, Autin B, Cummins E, Tchistiakova L, Bloom L, Paulsen J, Gill D, Cunningham O, Finlay WJJ. Fundamental characteristics of the immunoglobulin VH repertoire of chickens in comparison with those of humans, mice, and camelids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:322-33. [PMID: 22131336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Examination of 1269 unique naive chicken V(H) sequences showed that the majority of positions in the framework (FW) regions were maintained as germline, with high mutation rates observed in the CDRs. Many FW mutations could be clearly related to the modulation of CDR structure or the V(H)-V(L) interface. CDRs 1 and 2 of the V(H) exhibited frequent mutation in solvent-exposed positions, but conservation of common structural residues also found in human CDRs at the same positions. In comparison with humans and mice, the chicken CDR3 repertoire was skewed toward longer sequences, was dominated by small amino acids (G/S/A/C/T), and had higher cysteine (chicken, 9.4%; human, 1.6%; and mouse, 0.25%) but lower tyrosine content (chicken, 9.2%; human, 16.8%; and mouse 26.4%). A strong correlation (R(2) = 0.97) was observed between increasing CDR3 length and higher cysteine content. This suggests that noncanonical disulfides are strongly favored in chickens, potentially increasing CDR stability and complexity in the topology of the combining site. The probable formation of disulfide bonds between CDR3 and CDR1, FW2, or CDR2 was also observed, as described in camelids. All features of the naive repertoire were fully replicated in the target-selected, phage-displayed repertoire. The isolation of a chicken Fab with four noncanonical cysteines in the V(H) that exhibits 64 nM (K(D)) binding affinity for its target proved these constituents to be part of the humoral response, not artifacts. This study supports the hypothesis that disulfide bond-constrained CDR3s are a structural diversification strategy in the restricted germline v-gene repertoire of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeying Wu
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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31
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Schaefer G, Haber L, Crocker LM, Shia S, Shao L, Dowbenko D, Totpal K, Wong A, Lee CV, Stawicki S, Clark R, Fields C, Lewis Phillips GD, Prell RA, Danilenko DM, Franke Y, Stephan JP, Hwang J, Wu Y, Bostrom J, Sliwkowski MX, Fuh G, Eigenbrot C. A two-in-one antibody against HER3 and EGFR has superior inhibitory activity compared with monospecific antibodies. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:472-86. [PMID: 22014573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive crosstalk among ErbB/HER receptors suggests that blocking signaling from more than one family member may be essential to effectively treat cancer and limit drug resistance. We generated a conventional IgG molecule MEHD7945A with dual HER3/EGFR specificity by phage display engineering and used structural and mutational studies to understand how a single antigen recognition surface binds two epitopes with high affinity. As a human IgG1, MEHD7945A exhibited dual action by inhibiting EGFR- and HER3-mediated signaling in vitro and in vivo and the ability to engage immune effector functions. Compared with monospecific anti-HER antibodies, MEHD7945A was more broadly efficacious in multiple tumor models, showing that combined inhibition of EGFR and HER3 with a single antibody is beneficial.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/chemistry
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bispecific/toxicity
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody Specificity
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Binding, Competitive
- Cetuximab
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-3/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-3/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schaefer
- Department of Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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32
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Bostrom J, Haber L, Koenig P, Kelley RF, Fuh G. High affinity antigen recognition of the dual specific variants of herceptin is entropy-driven in spite of structural plasticity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17887. [PMID: 21526167 PMCID: PMC3081289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-binding site of Herceptin, an anti-human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) antibody, was engineered to add a second specificity toward Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) to create a high affinity two-in-one antibody bH1. Crystal structures of bH1 in complex with either antigen showed that, in comparison to Herceptin, this antibody exhibited greater conformational variability, also called "structural plasticity". Here, we analyzed the biophysical and thermodynamic properties of the dual specific variants of Herceptin to understand how a single antibody binds two unrelated protein antigens. We showed that while bH1 and the affinity-improved bH1-44, in particular, maintained many properties of Herceptin including binding affinity, kinetics and the use of residues for antigen recognition, they differed in the binding thermodynamics. The interactions of bH1 and its variants with both antigens were characterized by large favorable entropy changes whereas the Herceptin/HER2 interaction involved a large favorable enthalpy change. By dissecting the total entropy change and the energy barrier for dual interaction, we determined that the significant structural plasticity of the bH1 antibodies demanded by the dual specificity did not translate into the expected increase of entropic penalty relative to Herceptin. Clearly, dual antigen recognition of the Herceptin variants involves divergent antibody conformations of nearly equivalent energetic states. Hence, increasing the structural plasticity of an antigen-binding site without increasing the entropic cost may play a role for antibodies to evolve multi-specificity. Our report represents the first comprehensive biophysical analysis of a high affinity dual specific antibody binding two unrelated protein antigens, furthering our understanding of the thermodynamics that drive the vast antigen recognition capacity of the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bostrom
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauric Haber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Koenig
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Germaine Fuh
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Bradbury ARM, Sidhu S, Dübel S, McCafferty J. Beyond natural antibodies: the power of in vitro display technologies. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:245-54. [PMID: 21390033 PMCID: PMC3057417 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro display technologies, best exemplified by phage and yeast display, were first described for the selection of antibodies some 20 years ago. Since then, many antibodies have been selected and improved upon using these methods. Although it is not widely recognized, many of the antibodies derived using in vitro display methods have properties that would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by immunizing animals. The first antibodies derived using in vitro display methods are now in the clinic, with many more waiting in the wings. Unlike immunization, in vitro display permits the use of defined selection conditions and provides immediate availability of the sequence encoding the antibody. The amenability of in vitro display to high-throughput applications broadens the prospects for their wider use in basic and applied research.
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Abstract
The dysfunctional immune response that characterizes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associates with an unbalanced production of soluble mediators that are crucial in promoting and sustaining chronic inflammation. The successful use of biologics in several autoimmune diseases has led to studies in SLE aimed at contrasting the proinflammatory responses that contribute to tissue and organ damage in the disease. Several approaches have been developed and tested as potential therapeutic agents in SLE in preclinical studies and in clinical trials. This article provides an overview on antibody-based approaches in SLE that, although preliminary, have the potential to expand the current therapeutic possibilities in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Cava
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Avenue 32-59, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA.
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35
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The use of biologics as immune modulators in several autoimmune diseases has provided new tools to the physician's therapeutic armamentiarium and has led to improved patients' outcomes and quality of life. By producing autoantibodies, B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are key players in the pathogenesis of the disease and in its clinical manifestations. Therefore, biologics that target B cells in SLE aim at reducing the activity of these cells for the induction of remissions and/or amelioration of disease activity, reduction of organ involvement, and limitation of the complications and side effects caused by immunosuppressive therapies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the past and current clinical trials with B-cell-targeted biologics in SLE, to provide a historical perspective and the state-of-the-art on the topic. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We review how the disappointment in the field from promising agents has been instrumental in providing valuable lessons leading to an improved design of new trials that are now giving encouraging results. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the use of B-cell-based biologics in clinical trials has shown both disappointment and promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Cava
- Lupus Research Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Avenue 32-59, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Phage display has been extensively used to study protein-protein interactions, receptor- and antibody-binding sites, and immune responses, to modify protein properties, and to select antibodies against a wide range of different antigens. In the format most often used, a polypeptide is displayed on the surface of a filamentous phage by genetic fusion to one of the coat proteins, creating a chimeric coat protein, and coupling phenotype (the protein) to genotype (the gene within). As the gene encoding the chimeric coat protein is packaged within the phage, selection of the phage on the basis of the binding properties of the polypeptide displayed on the surface simultaneously results in the isolation of the gene encoding the polypeptide. This unit describes the background to the technique, and illustrates how it has been applied to a number of different problems, each of which has its neurobiological counterparts. Although this overview concentrates on the use of filamentous phage, which is the most popular platform, other systems are also described.
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Hall SS, Daugherty PS. Quantitative specificity-based display library screening identifies determinants of antibody-epitope binding specificity. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1926-34. [PMID: 19610073 DOI: 10.1002/pro.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of molecular specificity in bimolecular systems, in vitro display technologies have been applied extensively for affinity maturation of peptides and antibodies without explicitly measuring the specificity of the desired interaction. We devised a general strategy to measure, screen, and evolve specificity of protein ligand interactions analogous to widely used affinity maturation strategies. The specificity of binding to target and nontarget antibodies labeled with spectrally distinct fluorophores was measured simultaneously in protein mixtures via multiparameter flow cytometry, thereby enabling screening for high target antibody specificity. Isolated antibody specific ligands exhibited varying specificity, revealing critical amino acid determinants for target recognition and nontarget avoidance in complex mixtures. Molecular specificity in the mixture was further enhanced by quantitative directed evolution, yielding a family of epitopes exhibiting improved specificities equivalent, or superior to, the native peptide antigen to which the antibody was raised. Specificity screening simultaneously favored affinity, yielding ligands with three-fold improved affinity relative to the parent epitope. Quantitative specificity screening will be useful to screen, evolve, and characterize the specificity of protein and peptide interactions for molecular recognition applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal S Hall
- The Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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38
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Improving antibody binding affinity and specificity for therapeutic development. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 525:353-76, xiii. [PMID: 19252851 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-554-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity maturation is an important part of the therapeutic antibody development process as in vivo activity often requires high binding affinity. Here, we describe a targeted approach for affinity improvement of therapeutic antibodies. Sets of CDR residues that are solvent accessible and relatively diverse in natural antibodies are targeted for diversification. Degenerate oligonucleotides are used to generate combinatorial phage-displayed antibody libraries with varying degree of diversity at randomized positions from which high-affinity antibodies can be selected. An advantage of using antibodies for therapy is their exquisite target specificity, which enables selective antigen binding and reduces off-target effects. However, it can be useful, and often it is necessary, to generate cross-reactive antibodies binding to not only the human antigen but also the corresponding non-human primate or rodent orthologs. Such cross-reactive antibodies can be used to validate the therapeutic targeting and examine the safety profile in preclinical animal models before committing to a costly development track. We show how affinity improvement and cross-species binding can be achieved in a one-step process.
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Cao P, Zhang S, Fang Z, Huang H, Bai P, Zhang Q, Luo C. Generation of a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of BR3 with the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (sBR3-Fc) in Pichia pastoris as an antagonist for BLyS. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:275-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Treon SP, Hatjiharissi E, Leleu X, Moreau AS, Roccaro A, Hunter ZR, Soumerai JD, Ciccarelli B, Xu L, Sacco A, Ngo HT, Jia X, Yang C, Adamia S, Branagan AR, Ho AW, Santos DD, Tournilhac O, Manning RJ, Leduc R, O'Connor K, Nelson M, Patterson CJ, Ghobrial I. Novel agents in the treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 7 Suppl 5:S199-206. [PMID: 17877845 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2007.s.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a B-cell disorder characterized by bone marrow infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells and demonstration of an immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy. Despite advances in therapy, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia remains incurable. As such, novel therapeutic agents are needed for the treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. In ongoing efforts, we and others have sought to exploit advances made in the understanding of the biology of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia so as to better target therapeutics for this malignancy. Importantly, as part of these efforts, we have prioritized the development of stem cell-sparing drugs because autologous stem cell transplantation remains a viable salvage option in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. These efforts have led to the development of several novel agents for treating Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, including bortezomib; monoclonal antibodies and/or blocking protein targeting CD40, CD52, or CD70, a proliferation-inducing ligand and B-lymphocyte stimulator; the immunomodulator thalidomide as an enhancer of rituximab activity, as well as agents interfering with stem cell factor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, phosphodiesterase, cholesterol, and protein kinase C beta signaling. This report provides an update on biologic studies and clinical efforts for the development of these novel agents in the treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Treon
- Bing Center for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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42
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Dörner T, Lipsky PE. B-cell targeting: a novel approach to immune intervention today and tomorrow. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1287-99. [PMID: 17727320 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B cells and their products, antibodies, play an important role in the diagnosis and, in some instances, in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Specific B-cell directed therapies are of recent interest as their impact on B-cell activity can influence a variety of autoimmune diseases. The development and introduction of rituximab, a depleting antibody targeting CD20+ B cells, and previously CD52-directed treatment with Campath-1h for the treatment of B-cell malignancies as well as rheumatoid arthritis have pioneered this therapeutic field. Other non-depleting strategies employ CD22 or B-cell activating factor/B lymphocyte stimulator and apoptosis-inducing ligand as targets and are under clinical investigation at present. Abnormalities of B-cell subsets have been identified by a number of independent groups which often represent characteristic patterns of disturbances of the human B-cell repertoire. However, the clinical value of specific B-cell subset targeting/depletion has not been addressed extensively. As such an approach may afford the possibility to avoid unnecessary adverse events related to depletion of non-pathogenic B-cell populations, B-cell subset targeting may have the capacity to enhance the benefit/risk ratio of B-cell immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Charite University Hospital Berlin and Deutsche Rheumaforschungszentrum, Chariteplatz 01, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Lin WY, Gong Q, Seshasayee D, Lin Z, Ou Q, Ye S, Suto E, Shu J, Lee WP, Lee CWV, Fuh G, Leabman M, Iyer S, Howell K, Gelzleichter T, Beyer J, Danilenko D, Yeh S, DeForge LE, Ebens A, Thompson JS, Ambrose C, Balazs M, Starovasnik MA, Martin F. Anti-BR3 antibodies: a new class of B-cell immunotherapy combining cellular depletion and survival blockade. Blood 2007; 110:3959-67. [PMID: 17687108 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-088088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of pathogenic B lymphocytes by depletion of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or deprivation of B-cell survival factors has demonstrated clinical benefit in both oncologic and immunologic diseases. Partial clinical responses and emerging data demonstrating incomplete B-cell depletion after immunotherapy fuels the need for improved therapeutic modalities. Lessons from the first generation of therapeutics directed against B-cell-specific antigens (CD20, CD22) are being applied to develop novel antibodies with additional functional attributes. We describe the generation of a novel class of B-cell-directed therapy (anti-BR3 mAbs) that combines the depleting capacity of a therapeutic mAb and blockade of B-cell-activating factor (BAFF)-BR3 B-cell survival. In mice, treatment with antagonistic anti-BR3 antibodies results in quantitatively greater reduction in some B-cell subsets and qualitatively different effects on bone marrow plasma cells compared with BR3-Fc BAFF blockade or with anti-CD20 treatment. Comparative analysis of BR3-Fc and anti-BR3 mAb reveals a lower B-cell dependence for BAFF-mediated survival in nonhuman primates than in mice. This novel class of B-cell-targeted therapies shows species characteristics in mice and primates that will guide translation to treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu Lin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Sidhu SS, Kossiakoff AA. Exploring and designing protein function with restricted diversity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:347-54. [PMID: 17500026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial libraries with restricted diversity can be used to rapidly map binding energetics across protein interfaces. Shotgun scanning strategies have been used for alanine scanning and for alternative mutagenesis schemes that provide high-resolution functional views of binding interfaces. In addition, synthetic antibodies have been derived from naïve libraries restricted to a binary code to explore the minimal requirements for molecular recognition. These studies shed light on the underlying principles governing molecular recognition, and provide rapid yet quantitative alternatives to conventional biophysical methods for exploring protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachdev S Sidhu
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Pantophlet R, Aguilar-Sino RO, Wrin T, Cavacini LA, Burton DR. Analysis of the neutralization breadth of the anti-V3 antibody F425-B4e8 and re-assessment of its epitope fine specificity by scanning mutagenesis. Virology 2007; 364:441-53. [PMID: 17418361 PMCID: PMC1985947 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of cross-neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is important for designing antigens aimed at eliciting similar antibodies upon immunization. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) F425-B4e8 had been suggested previously to bind an epitope at the base of V3 and shown to neutralize two primary HIV isolates. Here, we have assessed the neutralization breadth of mAb F425-B4e8 using a 40-member panel of primary HIV-1 and determined the epitope specificity of the mAb. The antibody was able to neutralize 8 clade B viruses (n=16), 1 clade C virus (n=11), and 2 clade D viruses (n=6), thus placing it among the more broadly neutralizing anti-V3 antibodies described so far. Contrary to an initial report, results from our scanning mutagenesis of the V3 region suggest that mAb F425-B4e8 interacts primarily with the crown/tip of V3, notably Ile(309), Arg(315), and Phe(317). Despite the somewhat limited neutralization breadth of mAb F425-B4e8, the results presented here, along with analyses from other cross-neutralizing anti-V3 mAbs, may facilitate the template-based design of antigens that target V3 and permit neutralization of HIV-1 strains in which the V3 region is accessible to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pantophlet
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, IMM2, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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46
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Synthetic antibody libraries, whose repertoires are designed, have advanced in the last decade to rival natural repertoire-based libraries. Many types of diversity design have been shown to generate highly functional libraries. Defined template and defined diversity in synthetic antibody libraries improve the process of discovering and optimizing new antibodies. Synthetic libraries with different diversity design have targeted different epitopes on antigens, including epitopes that are unlikely to be targeted by immunization and hybridoma. Cross-species binding antibodies are prime examples of products generated by synthetic antibody libraries, and they are becoming the tools of choice to validate the selection of targeted molecules in therapeutic development. Synthetic antibody libraries complement the existing natural repertoire-based antibody libraries and hybridoma approach to maximize the potentials of antibodies as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Fuh
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Protein Engineering, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Endo T, Nishio M, Enzler T, Cottam HB, Fukuda T, James DF, Karin M, Kipps TJ. BAFF and APRIL support chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell survival through activation of the canonical NF-kappaB pathway. Blood 2006; 109:703-10. [PMID: 16973958 PMCID: PMC1890820 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells express BR3, the specific receptor for the B cell-activating factor of tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF). CLL cells also express 2 other receptors for BAFF, namely B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand-interactor (TACI), which also bind a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). We found that signaling through BR3, but not BCMA or TACI, activated the alternative nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in CLL cells, whereas signaling through BCMA/TACI induced activation of the canonical NF-kappaB pathway. Blocking BR3 did not inhibit the capacity of BAFF to support CLL cell survival in vitro. On the other hand, specifically blocking the canonical NF-kappaB pathway with UTC, an inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), or transfection of CLL cells with the IkappaBalpha super-repressor, blocked the capacity of BAFF and APRIL to promote CLL cell survival in vitro. This contrasts what is found with normal blood B cells, which apparently depend on activation of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway for BAFF-enhanced survival. These findings suggest that inhibitors of protein kinase IKKbeta, which is required for activation of the canonical NF-kappaB pathway, might have a therapeutic role in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Endo
- Moores Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
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